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The following is a part of the description of the preparation of the soluble salt lithium chloride.
25.0 cm3 of a solution of lithium hydroxide, concentration 1.00 mol/dm3 was placed in a
beaker. A few drops of the indicator, methyl orange, were added and the mixture turned
yellow. Hydrochloric acid was added form a burette until the mixture just turned red. 20.0 cm3
of the acid was needed to neutralise the alkali.
Calculate the concentration of the hydrochloric acid.
= __________________
= _________________ mol/dm3
[4]
Q2)
Potassium chlorate, which has a formula of the type, KClOn, decomposes to form oxygen.
2.45 g of the chlorate produced 1.49 g of potassium chloride and 0.72dm3 of oxygen at r.t.p.
Find the value of n.
n
KClOn KCl + O2
2
Mass of one mole of KCl = 74.5 g
Number of moles of KCl formed = ________________
Number of moles of oxygen molecules formed = ________________
Number of moles of oxygen atoms = ________________
Mole ratio KCl : O is ________________
n =________________
[4]
Q3)
a) A 20 cm3 sample of butyne, C4H6, is burnt in 150 cm3 of oxygen. This is an excess of
oxygen.
Q4)
[3]
2Na + S Na2S
An 11.5 g sample of sodium is reacted with 10 g of sulphur. All of the sodium reacted but
there was an excess of sulphur.
Calculate the mass of sulphur left unreacted.
a) Number of moles of sodium atoms reacted = ___________
[2 moles of Na react with 1 mole of S]
b) Number of moles of sulphur atoms that reacted = ___________
c) Mass of sulphur reacted = ___________ g
d) Mass of sulphur left unreacted = ___________ g
[4]
Q5)
Each tablet contains the same number of moles of CaCO3 and MgCO3. One tablet reacted
with excess hydrochloric acid to produce 0.24 dm3 of carbon dioxide at r.t.p.
____________
____________
____________
[3]
b) Calculate the volume of hydrochloric acid, 1.0 mol /dm3, needed to react with one tablet.
number of moles of CaCO3 and Mg CO3 in one tablet =
____________
____________
volume of hydrochloric acid, 1.0 mol /dm3, needed to react with one tablet
=
____________
[2]
Q6)
Sulphur dioxide reacts with chlorine in an addition reaction to form sulphuryl chloride.
[5]
Q7)
Question 7
Chemists use the concept of the mole to calculate the amounts of chemicals involved in a
reaction.
a) Define mole.
________________________________________________________________________[1]
b) 3.0 g of magnesium was added to 12.0 g of ethanoic acid.
Mg + 2CH3COOH (CH3COO)2Mg + H2
The mass of one mole of Mg is 24 g.
The mass of one mole of CH3COOH is 60 g.
i) Which one, magnesium or ethanoic acid, is in excess? You must show your reasoning.
________________________________________________________________________[3]
ii) How many moles of hydrogen were formed?
________________________________________________________________________[1]
iii) Calculate the volume of hydrogen formed, measured at r.t.p.
________________________________________________________________________[2]
c) In an experiment, 25.0cm3 of aqueous sodium hydroxide, 0.4mol /dm3, was neutralised by
20.0cm3 of aqueous oxalic acid, H2C2O4.
Q8)
Iron(III) sulphate decomposes when heated. Calculate the mass of iron(III) oxide formed and
the volume of sulphur trioxide produced when 10.0 g of iron(III) sulphate was heated.
Mass of one mole of Fe2(SO4)3 is 400 g.
_________________
_________________
_________________ g
_________________
_________________ dm3
[5]
Q9)
Q10)
[3]
a) The following method is used to make crystals of hydrated nickel sulphate. An excess of
nickel carbonate, 12.0 g, was added to 40 cm3 of sulphuric acid, 2.0 mol/dm3. The unreacted
nickel carbonate was filtered off and the filtrate evaporated to obtain the crystals.
_________________
_________________ g
_________________ g
[3]
(ii) The experiment produced 10.4 g of hydrated nickel sulphate. Calculate the percentage
yield.
The maximum number of moles of NiSO4 .7H2O that could be formed =
____________________________________________________________________
The maximum mass of NiSO4 .7H2O that could be formed = __________________ g
The percentage yield = ___________________________________________ %
Q11)
[3]
CH3CH=CH2 + HI CH3CHICH3
1.4 g of propene produced 4.0 g of 2 - iodopropane.
Calculate the percentage yield.
moles of CH3CH=CH2 reacted =
__________________________
___________________
___________________
_________________________ %
[4]
Q12)
An ore of copper is the mineral, chalcopyrite. This is a mixed sulphide of iron and copper.
Analysis of a sample of this ore shows that 13.80 g of the ore contained 4.80 g of copper,
4.20 g of iron and the rest sulphur.
copper
iron
4.80
4.20
composition by mass / g
sulphur
[3]
The empirical formula is
________________________________________________________________________[1]
Q13)
A better way of measuring the degree of unsaturation is to find the iodine number of the
unsaturated compound. This is the mass of iodine that reacts with all the double bonds in 100
g of the fat. Use the following information to calculate the number of double bonds in one
molecule of the fat.
C=C.
Q14)
A small piece of marble, calcium carbonate, was added to 5 cm 3 of hydrochloric acid at 25C.
The time taken for the reaction to stop was measured.
CaCO3 (s) + 2HCl (aq) CaCl2 (aq) + CO2 (g) + H2O (l)
One piece of marble, 0.3 g, was added to 5 cm3 of hydrochloric acid, concentration 1.00 mol /
dm3. Which reagent is in excess? Give a reason for your choice.
mass of one mole of CaCO3 = 100 g
number of moles of CaCO3 = __________________________________________________
number of moles of HCl = _____________________________________________________
reagent in excess is _________________________________________________________
reason _________________________________________________________________ [4]
Q15)
Variant 31
Using 25.0 cm3 of aqueous sodium hydroxide, 2.24 mol / dm 3, 3.86 g of crystals were
obtained. Calculate the percentage yield.
Q16)
Variant 32
[4]
Using 25.0 cm3 of aqueous sodium hydroxide, 2.64 mol / dm 3, 3.95 g of crystals were
obtained. Calculate the percentage yield.
[4]
Q17)
Variant 31
Across the world, food safety agencies are investigating the presence of minute traces of the
toxic hydrocarbon, benzene, in soft drinks. It is formed by the reduction of sodium benzoate
by vitamin C.
Sodium benzoate is a salt, it has the formula C6H5COONa. It can be made by the
neutralisation of benzoic acid by sodium hydroxide.
Benzene contains 92.3% of carbon and its relative molecular mass is 78.
a) What is the percentage of hydrogen in benzene?
________________________________________________________________________[1]
b) Calculate the ratio of moles of C atoms: moles of H atoms in benzene.
__________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________ [1]
c) Calculate its empirical formula and then its molecular formula.
The empirical formula of benzene is
__________________________________
__________________________________
[2]
Q18)
Variant 31
The alkanes are generally unreactive. Their reactions include combustion, substitution and
cracking .The complete combustion of an alkane gives carbon dioxide and water.
10 cm3 of butane is mixed with 100 cm3 of oxygen, which is an excess. The mixture is
ignited. What is the volume of unreacted oxygen left and what is the volume of carbon
dioxide formed ?
1
___________________________ cm 3
___________________________ cm 3
[2]
Q19)
Variant 31
Question 9
Quantities of chemicals, expressed in moles, can be used to find the formula of a compound,
to establish an equation and to determine reacting masses.
a) A compound contains 72% magnesium and 28% nitrogen. What is its empirical formula?
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________ [2]
b) A compound contains only aluminium and carbon. 0.03 moles of this compound reacted
with excess water to form 0.12 moles of Al(OH)3 and 0.09 moles of CH4.
Write a balanced equation for this reaction.
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________ [2]
c) 0.07 moles of silicon reacts with 25 g of bromine.
Si + 2Br2 SiBr4
i) Which one is the limiting reagent? Explain your choice.
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________ [3]
ii) How many moles of SiBr4 are formed?
_______________________________________________________________________ [1]
Q20)
Variant 32
Question 9
Part (a) and (b) are same as it is in Q19) part (a) and (b) only part (c) form this variant is
different, so for part (a) and (b) of this question refer Q19) part (a) and (b).
c) 0.08 moles of silicon reacts with 7.2g of fluorine.
Si + 2F2 SiF4
i) Which one is the limiting reagent? Explain your choice.
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________ [3]
ii) How many moles of SiF4 are formed?
_______________________________________________________________________ [1]
Q21)
Variant 31
9.12 g of anhydrous iron(II) sulfate was heated. Calculate the mass of iron(III) oxide
formed and the volume of sulfur trioxide, at r.t.p., formed.
= _______________
= _______________
= _______________ g
= _______________ g
= _______________
= _______________ dm3
[6]
Q22)
Variant 31
Question 7
part (e)
titanium(IV) oxide
titanium(IV) chloride
TiO2
TiCl
titanium
Ti
The titanium ore contains 36.8% iron, 31.6% titanium and the remainder is oxygen.
i) Determine the percentage of oxygen in this titanium compound.
percentage of oxygen = __________________________________ % [1]
ii) Calculate the number of moles of atoms for each element.
The number of moles of Fe is shown as an example.
number of moles of Fe = 36.8 / 56 = 0.66
number of moles of Ti = ______________________________________________________
number of moles of O = ____________________________________________________ [1]
iii) What is the simplest ratio for the moles of atoms?
Fe
_______
Ti
_______
O
_______
[1]
Q23)
Variant 32
Question 8
part (c)
A 5.00 g sample of impure lead(II) nitrate was heated. The volume of oxygen formed was
0.16dm3 measured at r.t.p. The impurities did not decompose.
Calculate the percentage of lead(II) nitrate in the sample.
Q24)
Variant 31
6.0 g of cobalt(II) carbonate was added to 40 cm 3 of hydrochloric acid, concentration 2.0 mol
/dm3. Calculate the maximum yield of cobalt(II) chloride 6 water and show that the
cobalt(II) carbonate was in excess.
Q25)
Variant 32
20.0 cm3 of sulfuric acid, concentration 0.30 mol / dm3, was added to 40 cm3 of sodium
hydroxide, concentration 0.20 mol / dm3.
Q26)
Variant 33
Maleic acid is an unsaturated acid. 5.8 g of this acid contained 2.4 g of carbon, 0.2 g of
hydrogen and 3.2 g of oxygen.
a) How do you know that the acid contained only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen?
__________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________ [1]
b) Calculate the empirical formula of maleic acid.
Number of moles of carbon atoms = _________________
Number of moles of hydrogen atoms = _________________
Number of moles of oxygen atoms = _________________
The empirical formula is ____________________________________________________ [3]
Q27)
Variant 31
Question 7
Excess hydrochloric acid was added to powdered zinc. The hydrogen evolved was collected
and its volume measured every 20 seconds.
The experiments were repeated at the same temperature using the same number of moles of
powdered magnesium and aluminium.
a) Identify metals A, B and C by choosing from zinc, magnesium and aluminium. Give a
reason for each choice.
metal A ___________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
metal B ___________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
metal C ___________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________ [5]
b) Using moles, explain why two of the metals form the same volume of hydrogen but the
third metal forms a larger volume.
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________ [3]
Q28)
Variant 32
______ CxHy (g) + ______ O2 (g) ______ CO2 (g) + ______ H2O (l)
Q29)
Variant 31
There are three possible equations for the thermal decomposition of sodium
hydrogencarbonate.
Q30)
Variant 32
Insoluble salts are made by precipitation. An equation for the preparation of barium sulfate is
given below.
[1]
x = __________
[1]
Q31)
Variant 33
The alkenes are a series of unsaturated hydrocarbons. They have the general molecular
formula CnH2n.
a) Deduce the molecular formula of an alkene which has a relative molecular mass of 126.
Show your working.
__________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________ [2]
b) Bond energy is the amount of energy, in kJ, which must be supplied to break one mole of
the bond.
bond energy
bond
in kJ / mol
HH
+436
C == C
+610
CC
+346
CH
+415
Use the data in the table to show that the following reaction is exothermic.
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________ [3]
Q32)
Variant 31
A sample of rust had the following composition: 51.85 g of iron 22.22 g of oxygen 16.67 g of
water.
Calculate the following and then write the formula for this sample of rust.
number of moles of iron atoms, Fe = ____________
[1]
number of moles of oxygen atoms, O = ____________
[1]
number of moles of water molecules, H2O =____________
[1]
simplest mole ratio Fe : O : H2O is ______ : ______ : ______
formula for this sample of rust is ____________
[1]
Q33)
Variant 32
0.01 moles of an alkene needed 2.4 g of oxygen for complete combustion. 2.2 g of carbon
dioxide were formed. Determine the following mole ratio.
moles of alkene : moles of O2 : moles of CO2
From this ratio determine the formula of the alkene.
_______________________________________________________________________ [3]
Write an equation for the complete combustion of this alkene.
_______________________________________________________________________ [1]
Q34)
Variant 31
Strontium chloride-6-water can be made from the insoluble compound, strontium carbonate,
by the following reactions.
SrCO3 (s) + 2 HCl (aq) Sr Cl2 (aq) + CO2 (g) + H2O (l)
SrCl 2 (aq) + 6H2 O (l) SrCl2.6H2O(s)
The following method was used to prepare the crystals.
1 Add excess strontium carbonate to hot hydrochloric acid.
2 Filter the resulting mixture.
3 Partially evaporate the filtrate and allow to cool.
4 Filter off the crystals of SrCl2.6H2O.
5 Dry the crystals between filter papers.
In the above experiment, 50.0 cm3 of hydrochloric acid of concentration 2.0 mol / dm3 was
used. 6.4 g of SrCl2.6H2O was made.
Calculate the percentage yield.
number of moles of HCl used = ________________
number of moles of SrCl2.6H2O which could be formed = ________________
mass of one mole of SrCl2.6H2O is 267 g
theoretical yield of SrCl2.6H2O = ________________ g
percentage yield = ________________ %
[4]
Q35)
Variant 32
Sulfur dioxide can also be made by the reaction between a sulfite and an acid.
Q36)
Variant 33
Q37)
Variant 33
bond energy
kJ / mol
944
energy change
kJ
+944
HH
436
3 436 = +1308
NH
388
bond
N
exothermic
or endothermic
Endothermic
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________ [3]
Q38)
Variant 31
Q39)
Variant 31
The concentration of the hydrochloric acid was 2.20 mol / dm3. The volume of acid needed to
neutralise the 25.0 cm3 of lithium hydroxide was 20.0 cm3. Calculate the concentration of the
aqueous lithium hydroxide.
Q40)
Variant 32
Ca + 2H2O Ca(OH)2 + H2
i) the number of moles of Ca = _______________
the number of moles of H2O = ________________ [1]
ii) Which reagent is in excess? Explain your choice.
__________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________ [2]
iii) Calculate the mass of the reagent named in (ii) which remained at the end of the
experiment.
__________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________ [1]
Q41)
Variant 33
20cm3 of a hydrocarbon was burnt in 175cm3 of oxygen. After cooling, the volume of the
remaining gases was 125cm3. The addition of aqueous sodium hydroxide removed carbon
dioxide leaving 25cm3 of unreacted oxygen.
i) volume of oxygen used = _____________ cm3
[1]
ii) volume of carbon dioxide formed = ___________
cm 3
[1]
iii) Deduce the formula of the hydrocarbon and the balanced equation for the reaction.
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________ [2]
Q42)
Variant 31
Calculate the maximum mass of carbon dioxide given off when 20.0 g of small lumps of
calcium carbonate react with 40 cm3 of hydrochloric acid, concentration 2.0 mol / dm3.
CaCO3(s) + 2HCl (aq) CaCl 2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
number of moles of HCl used =
Q43)
Variant 31
Basic lead(II) carbonate has a formula of the type xPbCO3.yPb(OH)2 where x and y are
whole numbers.
Determine x and y from the following information.
Q44)
Variant 32
Q45)
Variant 33
Q46)
Variant 31
Hydrogen peroxide decomposes to form water and oxygen. This reaction is catalysed by
manganese(IV) oxide. In the first experiment, the maximum volume of oxygen produced was
96 cm3 measured at r.t.p. Calculate the concentration of the aqueous hydrogen peroxide in
mol / dm3.
Q47)
Variant 32
The soluble salt hydrated lithium sulfate is made by titration from the soluble base lithium
hydroxide. Using 25.0 cm3 of aqueous lithium hydroxide, concentration 2.48 mol / dm 3, 2.20 g
of hydrated lithium sulfate was obtained.
Calculate the percentage yield, giving your answer to one decimal place.
Q48)
Variant 33
b) Ammonia is used to make nitrogen trifluoride, NF3. Nitrogen trifluoride is essential to the
electronics industry. It is made by the following reaction.
Determine if the above reaction is exothermic or endothermic using the following bond
energies and by completing the following table. The first line has been done as an example.
Bond energy is the amount of energy, in kJ / mole, needed to break or make one mole of the
bond.
bond
NH
390
FF
155
NF
280
HF
565
bond
NH
FF
(3 390) = 1170
NF
HF
__________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________ [4]
Q49)
Variant 33
The alkanes are a family of saturated hydrocarbons. Their reactions include combustion,
cracking and substitution. The complete combustion of hydrocarbons produces carbon
dioxide and water only.
a) Write the equation for the complete combustion of nonane, C9H20.
_______________________________________________________________________ [2]
b) 20 cm3 of a gaseous hydrocarbon was mixed with an excess of oxygen, 200 cm 3. The
mixture was ignited. After cooling, 40 cm3 of oxygen and 100 cm3 of carbon dioxide
remained. Deduce the formula of the hydrocarbon and the equation for its combustion. All
volumes were measured at r.t.p..
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________ [3]
Q50)
Variant 31
Use the above data to show that the following reaction is exothermic.
H H + Cl Cl 2H Cl
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________ [3]
Q51)
Variant 31
Q52)
Variant 32
A group of naturally occurring minerals have the formula of the type FeSO 4.xH2O where x is
1, 4, 5, 6 or 7. The most common of these minerals is iron(II) sulfate-7-water.
When this mineral is heated gently it dehydrates.
FeSO4.7H2O
green
FeSO4 + 7H2O
pale yellow
Q53)
Variant 33
The preparation of crystals of the soluble salt, cobalt(II) chloride-6-water, CoCl 2.6H2O, from
the insoluble base, cobalt(II) carbonate.