‘CHAPTER 1 PROCEDURE OF ESTIMATING INTRODUCTION Forallenginering works tis equicedtoknow belorchand the probable cos of construction ‘known asthe estimated cos. Ifthe esuimated cot greater than the money avalabl, then ates tare made to rede the cost by reducing the work or by changing the specications: From this he importance of estimate fr engineers may be understood. In preparing sa esimat, the quantities of diferent items of work are calculated by simple mensuration method and rom eve Quantities the costs calculated. The subject of estimating simple, nothing much a understand, but knowledge lengths, breads, eights, etc fom the drawing without dificult and may calla the quantities, The caiaulations manly consist ef, length = breath » height o length» breadth KEngth «height. Student who s wea n drawing. ves attention estimating and prepares cw ¢stimates from th: drawings. wil unin power of understanding of raving and bis knowledge ot Arawing willbe mach improve. In preparing in estsmate onc haste gointodstal ofeach tem or small nothingcan be et or mined. Estimating mas one thorough, seperial work dos not 4o, one has to go deep into deta: The subject of estimating cannot be prepared jest blore the ‘examination, bot preparation of afew estimates eset There is mo hard ad fast rae for fining Out the dimensions from the drawing (plans, Clevations, setioss ct) but for quick work cera principe, as explained this Book, eay Be followed. Beginners find it dtfieult to ake out dimensions length, breadth and height) irom the plan, clevation and setin, but they eat easy ind out the dimensions by mearorements rom the Existing building Foundations more dificu forthe beginner as tis ot caposed and wot visible ‘An estimator should picture the objet (Dulin, structure. ce) im hin md from the study of drawing and specifications. Beginners, general find balding easier to estimate than bed, tulvers,ierigation work, ec. as they are mor familar with diferent parts of building than Oe of other works In faet the estimating of wors othe than balling omplet, Accuracy in estimate is very important, if estimate exceeded it becomes very difficult problem for engieers to explain, to account fr and arange or the aditinal money Inacearary exceeding the estima, though increase nthe ate sone othe ma enon lraming acorert ‘timate, care should be taken to find out the dimension ofa the tems correctly. and to avoid ‘misions ofan Ling of work or pant thereof The rate each tm should alsa be reasonable and workable. The rates in the estimate provide for the complete work, which consist of the cost of tiaterials, cost of transport, cost af labour, cost of scaffolding cost of tos and pants cost of water, tates, establishment and supervision cot reasonable profit of comacton ee Both standard brick 20 cm» 10cm *10 cm nominal site) and traditional bicks 94°23" or 22.9 cm » 11 4em 7.6m (nominal sie) have been used nts Book. The convention and wis the items are same. An uniformity in unis oral ems work should pe maintained treughot the country based on the Indian Standard Iesttion, In preparing ctmate the principle to be followed iso mate each tem or dimension deat and icc vo thal they can be wnderstood checked or vetfied by anybody A remark calumn may be introduced and tes mas be piven where necessary: ESTIMATING AND CosTING PROCEDURE OF ESTIMATING 3 METRIC SYSTEM AND UNITS INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNIT—St UNIT Met stein is ver simple as the urits ate mutes of enor oe-enth ofthe other. The ‘mon ineran advantage ofthe metricsystem the emendoussnpiication of calcu Mite, Kilogran, Second. Ampere System) ‘des not ince the wi of Thermod num temperate so teeta Laas ee Tae ‘Taeadopion of he mein system has sch upliied the usthneteal operations of aaa Intemational Conference has adopted the International spuemel Uae Gene feel subsraction, mulation and division and also harsaved much asl ime being uicker Unit ~ SI Uni) which inchades si basicunts covering althe uate Tee tan a ae foot pound sstem of acuations by ration also al fpis whichiscompicned, Re es symbwisare— Metre) for length, Kilegram (hg) for many Second pj ortnas, Ame ones ‘lear cure, Degree Kelvn(K) for themodynamitempetatee snd CandetGavie ie {atenity The St unit covers the co-herea unit ofthe sstem (he banca seen For Cl Engineering Works the unis whic are commonly wsedate—() Metre fr length andthe o-herent derived units and decimal multiples and subsmaiphcat he ea ined Cone (G) Sauaremeirefor ares. i) Cubic mee for lune, (n) Klogam (or mame aod) Lae tes ofthe petites (See page. 2, The coherent smnts ely ar denoted Sheena ec. Th shunts ar med y adding he suitable preines mil (on thowand, cna sytem ihe uo te rant quan foreleg an aera te The pines ft formation of mipts and st-muliples of waits ares given below (ian el be reer cine ato ce eee ae ee ee tes(T) iooodmomow 10 aaa - Semen tere) 1% pono) 008 01 ahs aasic st uNITs oi) 1 perp 04000000001 a nctbe ae fea 00000 0 oc wos uso one tdaioncenpoumeg rtm Sete Dat RaSa TE (0100000 0000 1 io Ryperw ove , Mhatrations 2, Unit of Mass-Kilogram (kg). The kslogram is the wnt of mass and is equal tothe mass 4. ait ee Cet — Amp (AD Thc amp taco cet hi 5. Unite Thermodynamic Temperature —Kelvn( XK. — The hin unt of thermodynamic‘ ESTIMATING AND COSTING Unis. — Inthe ternational Sytem of wis the quatti, plane angle ang sald ange, are ened a independent guanties with Stunts Fadia (fa) 0d scrahan (os) ropes cual in engi the adi, ‘One seradian ise solid ange which having vertex inthe centr of aspects fan aca of he erfaeof the phere equal te that a guar ith sides of length egal othe rad ofthe ‘here Derived Units The expression forthe derive I untae stain terms ofthe basic unis, ‘the I units for vec mere per second (ms). Forsome ofthe derived uns, special pane ave en adopted ogee with seca syrbols a the unit for force newton Nfs says) fr pres wa Wt Same ved Stora ered ems oe ‘mere for dens is toga per cube mere gc cer METHOD OF ESTIMATING Estimate, — Beare undertaking the comsrvtion of project it is necessary to know its Probab cost bichsworked ot by estimating Anestimalelracomputaionorcculsion ie antes required ant expenditure ly obec ithe consracion af rk. The sco ‘bjs ofthe inate i to enable one to Know botthand the com of Ihe Sack (oaicee Siuctures ee). The ema the probable cout ofa work td is deerminedtheoccly fy fmathematcal calulaions bated onthe plans and drawing and current aie. Aporccenee Setimate may bo prepared by various methods bu ecurate estimate w prepa Pee Estate Method —_ DataesEsimate — Preparation of detailed eximate coms of ferent items of wrk ad then stages ‘working Ou he cost La. the stmt speparcd in tro (Detain of Mensarenets 0d Cslelation of Quanies The whole work sdvided int diferent tems of work as carthwork, corte brickwork cic eed tc tee Presctibel form ~ Dev of Meas os Pek Meee Foe = ae Se ocr wor Per. Quantiy | PROCEDURE OF ESTIMATING : vis better old one mote clams for total quantity or content. i) Autre of Estimated Cont. Th cost Under cn of work i caleulate fom the antics ready compte woke ae andthe otal cnt woke ott {orcntngenis te allow for pty contingent expends, alors expend= tures, changrsin design change snraten ee which na) over during the exertion ‘ol thework A percentage a ito? percent n ao added omc the expenditare of Srorkcharged exablshment. The gan total thus Obtained the eiated cot of Abstract of Estimate Form— Tem No. pion | Quanlny | Unie Bae | Arona nthe sbove forms the ection of ch tm thd ach us texpaveely she i eee ot eimai ces ae voll Cried nd pouped med wine but ox Deane eco ihc isa of footage of coumreciatomounaaons® se ers ee rice cme eae eae tor nth ing acne atng te eral mes i te th Fon aa em dosing, he should btaken parse. Taken trench ing and pln ing nd vually no paid fer epee, tut eae tistcnloded under a eparateHem-<"Retar land ram or bckfi™” na pid 3.8 fide ere arpa earth ate acre. Era carn requred orig bon rom oie, he aaa {recht pin fing hr may be wile nm rac cu m by length» breadth thickness. 4 Conc infunion ~The coms ae cnc myer ee the hogan beat of foundation once ae wa depth or thicken dilfers. The thickness of ces ee 8 oo oe See cctl tcc niedaonmn et ert Sm os segomers ise tad ne ayer ofy brick orstonesoling sapped blow ee Sepang ne bn oaESTIMATING AND COSTING = D.P wally o2Sem(t")tihicheement comet 1:30, rat 2 mised wihtandardwaerprooimng mara provided amma ae computes i 04. (Length t isenand verabuah enn. fo" which soot ater standad ateprooting 4. Damp prt coune emiehntenneren nora. 2d BeSaUacty ens prone athe al Ese oe tate (One he of Com-Sea! or ‘pow or bg comen erally cd) Brace Masonry i computed inc (Lemos Breaths) Foundation and samaner is enact on em, and monty on superar shen under ascparae Pre ee etdinthe meson cach trey ms pround Moar above lath ve Ce Noor, sere epuriy ating cut sates te was ae easel as wd 4d then Se ccoetee ade ft openings u doors windows ee wd ache portions as necesar Ses Matec pps or cess, tarony ih een mora, ahen Mean ot ita ay work iakencoseperacy.Spnped x rounded Sides f wall ae eam Monger ual cere dimension retaken to ibd out he gUantsies. Thin ceed oaateed insqs. Honey comb wick wallistaken under aseprate em inim. 0 Terie iatiortoes Stone masonry ncaclaed inthe same manne asfor brick masonry ‘DEDUCTION FOR OPENING. BEARINGS ETC. IN MASONRY ‘No dedctions made fr the flowing ; Uy Opexing exh p10 100 94cm 0.1 54m (1948 (B) Peatat cae pss aie prince. upto 30m of 0.05 34m (72540) i Bed ln, wal plate, Searing af hor ad th ie upto 1 mt" deh Bearing of for and 00 labs are ot deuce from wall masoary Fe other opeings deduction are made ithe following mace | Rectangular Opening Full deduction is made et a Feta ‘Doors and Windows with Smal Segmental Arches— Deductionis made orrectangola portion ony up tothe springing line The segmental portion considered stl to alow forthe exra expenses imconstrctng the ach, ad the filing up with thn al, “i Fig 12 PROCEDURE OF ESTIMATING , 1: -sSiranenee eater | so. ttn te a he meal pion i aia hy ang spe ne, (a 1) andthe quay fr els Gauci wal ing wal nei Tot The total deduction willbe ="((1+o( Bx 9} thicknes of wal Semi-icular Atch Openings The area of semi-circular portion « Ym rg a cl atte Ae he ctl eof pig shoal eee 6. Arch masonry work Masonry work in arches is caulted in xm scarab muting he men gt a be chy the hes Quanity of arch masonry = 1» thickness of wall re Dedvction = 1 <1 thicknes of wall Fg. 1-5 Cakulation ofarch work have ben del in detail in Chapter 2 [Zi 7. Lintels over openings. — Lint are ether of RCC. oF of RB. «antes are calculated incu, Length of the Hitel is equal to the leat ‘pan plus two bearings. I dimension of bearing mt given the Beating may be taken ab same asthe thickness of intl with minima of [2em (45") Ths the length of the ine, = +24 cea pan pls two bearings. ‘Quanity of itl = = 7» thickness of wal ay Deduction = 11 thickness of wall Fig. 16 8. RCC. and RB. work. —R CC. and RB. work may be in roof or floor sab, in beams, lintels, coum, foundations ci. andthe quanitics ae calculated incu. Length, breadth and thcknes around coset irom the pl clevaton, nd section o fom other tale drawings Bearings ac alded with he lear panto rt the dimensions. The quantities ae calculated incom nce oft einforcement and ts beeding but incisive o centering und shuttering and ing‘ ESTIMATING AND CosTING and binding iafrcemeat in positon. The renforsemeatincinding is bending is taken v purty andra wort in gust Forhs purposed oto e(wealy Jot RCC ae RS Irs by volume may be taken for ste other Stas ae not piven. The Youme of steel inns gid tobe deduce rom the RCC. oc RB, work MCC and RB works may ao be esimatd incline of tel and centring and foci complete wisi speed (Centering nd shtering form work) are way included in the RCC. o¢ RB. work, but maya Be ken separately in qm of surface i ootact with concrete RCC. work plastering is ot taken separates but the exposed sorte Ahir comet sand mortar plastering to give eoth and even sacs, which ine consgeation (Poe REC. oR.B. wor, See aso Chapter 5 9 Ploorng und Rosine — {() Ground leor—The bse ime concrete andor inshing of CC. o sone or mar cai ray en jor oe tem embed he quantity i clelated in gm maiplying te length bythe brad ad brad re measured asinsidediensions fom wall wall afsuperse Both te works of ase concrete an lor lishing are pak wade ooo ne (tow. 20d or ee Supporing ssctre i then separately acum oe RCC RB cand the oor ishing is ale separately in sg mat 2S os bee TAIEC-or marble or mossic.ctc. acusbioninglaetoflinc concrtae gcen c Petre he stab and the oor, the cshioning concrete moy be mesrorea San ‘or der one eno ake ipa — 6 ea Seporing sca i ae pry nc including sucfuce rendering smicoth The compa ‘erasing is 73cm to I2 em ("te 4 ‘alclate in cu m with average thine The bearing of of olor slabs piven ame woe "ease are finshed with ually snot taken one tem). and th. The length and the lime concrete peiid, under a separate cm acted thickness of ime concrtc 14° average LC: terracing may als be ss, (sin practic in UP) hethicknes of la, usally Wemto 15cm Incave fe, pasa ion sexo these omens het un eran, enhon ee hice ames inion oes wih ang ato Floor of door sland sls of opening. hould ab fools shou be ten spuratey aries nin aan shea of ound Paring ssualy 12mm (*) hick isc efor the whole fhe ofthe wal for bat asa For ein the following manne ca {) No deductions made or endr of Beant pea eye (0) Fas sal opctig up 10544 m 54} e deduction made, and Soffits ad of sis ofthese opens (6) or opesings tov 3 m (209 1) dec ol and are taken no cn is made for bot aces of he opening account and aed acne PROCEDURE OF ESTIMATING ° ‘As the outer jambs, et. are much smaller han the inner ones, the dedction is wally made fiom the outer face |, coum = apa = LM | —_—_ Fe.17 For deductiontor arch opaning the same principle for maronry work (pages 6-2 afollowed. Plastering of cling usually of !2m(1")thickiscompetedineqmunder a separate head 32 this work s done with cher mortar For R.CC. work usualy no plastering allowed bat for fit finish thin plaster of rich cement mortar may be allowed which shoud note taken in the ‘measurement separately. Thin rich cement mortar plastering in R.C.C. work may also be taken Uder a separate item, specially in the ceiling inside room Poloting. — Pointing in walls calculated in sqm or whole surface and deductions similar to plastering are mace pa Th. Corie. — Ornamental or large Cori measure running mete runing foo fr “Similar, sting course, drip course, corbeling coping te are trasured and paid for ih running mete forthe compete work. 12 Pillars. ~ Pillars are taken scparsely in cu m for their net volume and quantities are calculated by coret geometrical measurements hy simple mensuration method ‘Quantity = See. area fe = "4°x fx cum for round pillars, is the dia, 4 be cum for square pillar, a these Hexagonal, ctagonal cc. plrs are dealt sly Paseing ine plas re aulatd ing mr ulin the circumference of perimeter by the nig 13. Door a Windows. — 5 3 "d) Chowtoa or Frame, — Door sod window ames or dbowkbuts acompas in cum, Length is cbuained by adding the engih ofall the members ofthe Shown op and evar he no meme, nd ing San ‘iho tere sl, ad tw length stp bythe two dimensions rousecton ofthe member. I there horn projection these projections ase Should be added te lng threo ll member verte member shold ‘enwened int the Noor about 23 canto em (10 1)ESTIMATING AND COSTING (Dw tr Leo Sie 9 sputter cee tigracoeas he nae ‘The name ofthe imber used, te thickness of shuts type of shuters andthe nature of fiingsron bam, te should be od inthe eon Sutter of deen types panelled hares ‘uty panied and party glazed, ertian ct shouldbe compute separately sth ates if fate ofsbters For estimate, the ating tay be taken unde a separate Her Wy 0 Basi ot a So Aad scx and consuling see table. Sometimes certain peremtage of the wot, neal ea ‘Provided for rivets and bolts and nuts. For stet rool trst 3 per cent o the steel cet i Provided for rivets and bolts and nuts, oe habe parece era pi iconarnecmnamren ae ardealtn the bedone nd may be taken acondingly PROCEDURE OF ESTIMATING " 17 Painting. ~ Painting or Varnishing of doors and windows ate computed in 9, the dimensions should be taken for outer dimensions of the chowthat Le. ouerdemensions of Joa" land windows. The arc is measured Mat oot gre). No separate measuement taken forthe Sheets the areaiesama nthe areal wall opening Foreeebur twee the wea of tnecleat ‘pening inside the chowthat i tae. For both Vacs of doors and windows, the simple ea a5 ‘eased above is multiplied by agpropinte numbers ss belo 0) Pancled. ramed and brava ledged and battened oF edged Baitened aod braced 24 times one surface ares, for both sides (i aly glared or pooged Vtime one suiace are. for both sides ii) Party paneled nd party glazed eet 2 times one sufce aca, for both sides (i) Nenetan 5 times one surface are, fr both sides (39 feo bas, gills in windows | ume the area of lear opening in Between ‘howkhat for overall. Tihs covers also for chowkhats on three faces, Painting is done in twa or Uvee coats esuly ver acoatof priming. The ratecoers for inc nombe foal under oe tem The number ooat Should be mentioned in the description of ie, (Tre uatipving factors ile slightly from State to State 1S 120 should be followed. For UP. consul UP. PWD. St Te concealed surface ofthe chowkhat which sin contact withthe jamb of the walls wally painted with two coats of costar cr soligntm, ad this te i competed separ Fer beams rafters, purlins, pats. of timber of iro the area of staal expos saflaceis ‘Corrugated surface i taken lat and a percentage increas allowed (See Chapter 4 Methods of Measure r Lamp-sum Hem. — Som lump-sum rates provided for certain smal items fr which ‘etalce quamies cannot he tance out cay OF take tient me to ind the deat oat Srchitccural or decoration work ola balding r-place, site deaning and dressing Other Items. — For other items the wats of diferent works given i pages 14 to 23 may be const. The uns being known, «wll ot be difficult toetimate the quantities of diferentes work Electrification and Sanitary and Waterwpply Works.—For Sanitary and Water supply ‘Works 87 and for Fletncation B% ofthe estimated cost of the building works are esually Provided in estimate Nomenclature of Hems.— The nomenclature of tems are fly described to that each tem is ‘ear and there sno ambiguity, Type and quality af materials, proportion of mortar, method of ition ofthe stems, Nomencatares of tem inthe solved ample ints book are given nit. or detailed nomenclature, P-W.D. Schedule of rats may example ts book are given in bit Be comsaled Rates. — Rates of different items in the estimate ae the cunent ats for the completion ofthe items of work which incase supply of materials, tratspor. labour scalfolding. oveheads, oatracior’s profit anes ete. Theres are wally taken fom the “P.W.D, Schedule of Rate”2 ESTIMATING AND COSTING ‘Seducing Caealation. — Thee are certain items whore calculation ca be reduce sod iio ated adopting ne folowing bods =n nnn, And ting 1, Foundation Coacrete= QUanity of earthwork in excavation in fo epi of excavation For example if the depth of excavation in 90cm and the thickness rama tn pho co andthe thicknes of concrete is 30cm, then Siri sce etn aie excnaon athe he fone are same a ticket ati not same uk by pars none epee sae 2 Sun ign Pin Qnty ear ing in itd Hh fs oe a iling or xupe igh of cart iting i path hes ue of ing Sasa Sat WM fn igs 30cm, eaten anc a of dS nM PE Pe th, wich mye Vie Wire ams frie peg — CUNY Mme rine plang Spy wit sae sae ae sor onde pacing, NY #14 mfr ouie pater, Simpy write te 4 Macy ta — Seseaeettemeeammnte come ‘by smultipying by the length and height. 7 - ‘Quantity of masonry to the footing en QUMtY th obtained sent fon peta arpa tly approrinate bus may be Fe te ‘Length. shoul te mean length or cate line length 1 legs cea rare roy memncarrecc rn saa eet a PROCEDURE OF ESTIMATING a eof Accaracy in Estimating. — The scuracy tobe abserved in preparing an estimate Mn the ateof the tem and the unit of payment, The higher the ae the greater showld Be depen oy with which the quantities are calculated. Where rates ae high and paid per unit, the sess shouldbe absolutely coret,thowph taking dimensions tothe nearest mnt Sem" dns oe llowed for peacteal purposes, Toe quantiesin such caren should be worked xt toe) places of decimal. But where rats ae low and pas for Se to unit such extreme eure not required nthe cas of wall where masonry is pai pr cu mafew em added voor subtracted fom the engl or height woul but ite alec the toa cootent, Bot the width or hcknes ofthe wal vent fry half cor Quarter cm affect the fesult considerably should te taken outwith great wer The quantities may be computed tothe nearest two places of decimal In general, dimensions shouldbe measured. the nearest Im 01m) aeat should be worked oer ett jm and cubic content should be worked ost to he nearest 10 O91 xm Fare slabs partion, cle and sectional dimensions ofcolum, plas, beams, ct. should Te taken othe nearest half cemimetre (05 m) {Sep also Chaper 14— Rules and Method of Measurements and Taking out Quantities. UNITS OF MEASUREMENTS IN METRIC SYSTEM. The principle for dimensions and menurements is 10 use milimere (wm) for minute dimensions ertincie (em) for smal dimensions and metre) fr big imasions Distances are treasured in klo mete (km), 1nd works for general construction works ‘The dimensional units for mainitem of materials sed in metric system are as follows Units of Dimensions for Materials and Works — "Particulars of Materials and Works 1. Bricks stone blocks, et 2. Files, sates, wallboard, glass panes, AC. shects, Length 1. Door, windows, ee 4 Parts of doors and window. as pannel tiers 5. Timber Dimensions Metre System All dimensions cm. ad breadth in em or Height and breadth in em orm. ‘Length in m ad cros-sectional Length aod bight im. Thickness or breadth in cm. Length and breadth in Thickest in em. {6 Masonty (brickwork, stone masox, et) 1, Cemeat concrete, Lime concrete, RCC. Floering, ec & Whitcwnshing, Colour washing, Distempering, Length and breadth or height Pasting te nm, Sie ia mm 9. Angreyats,callast, gt, sand, te 10, Rolle sted sections as -beam. channel, ana, 11. Mild weet bars Length nm, section in om Length in m, Dia. in mm,ESTIMATING AND cosriNG Principle f Units for Various Items of Works ‘The uit of diferent works depend on thee nature, size and shape. In general the uni of ferent items of work are based onthe following principe, (9 Mass, voluminous and thick works shall be taken in cubic unit or volume, The {meavirements of length, breadth and height of depth shall be taken to compa ne ‘volume or cubic contents (2) Shallow, thin and surace works shall be taken in square unit or in atea. The ‘measurement of length and breadth or height shal e taken to compute the sre (Gi) Long and thin work shal be a ken in near or running unit and linear mearorement shall be taken 9 ece work, job work, et, shal be taken in number, The units of payments and measirements of various items of work in metric systen\ ae ame execpt for earthwork, Earthwork measured i cu m bul payment is made pe In (wer cum, THE UNITS OF MEASUREMENTS AND PAYMENTS FOR VARIOUS ITEMS OF WORKS AND MATERIALS ee er ee = aa “ MKS [in MKS Earthwork, i - | 1, | Eaethwork in excavation in orinary soit arth- | Mork in'mixed soi! with Kankar, ba ce in FPS 2 | Rock excavation cum |per%eum| %cuft | (Cay et measured on net pupae oi 1.| suo tng Bean | nan 1 Mice as Pci Rel ican | aac 12. | Blasting of rock (Blasted stone stacked and | eee a Note. € ~(For earthwork, nocmal lead is 301 ‘and normal it ie 13m) Units of | Units of | Units of Loom ae ee 7 Cos | eas o foot aco hdewet wae aseasiel am | pram | sat ee ee ae ates aa.. jemath SEA hae ae ao (weet hrepk pombeance aeons Naceteriauibea ocean en aoe jos ae | pean | pene ee ee = ac. ee on ees cum Gout s sh heickwark thicksese specified sam per sam Saft (ay also be in volume basis as practice it ao sqm Gsqh perp ee ee F TS) : i ran nail] seeder Sen leaas we | mem | oe6 ESTIMATING AND CosTING unrs i: = i [tsa | Uae ot] tama = Tats] Waiat | Univat Ne.| Panicle of 1 lmeaserement| payment | atest ‘S| aries of tems lnceveent] peymeat | parent in MKS | in MKS | ‘a'ppe’ inMKS | in MKS | in FPS Us, | Comice (Projection and type specified) mete | perm perf 4. | Fabrication and hoisting of steel work quintal | perq | perewe 12 | Brickwork in Fire place, Chulla, Chiraney cum percum eeu fe 5. | Expended Metal (X.P.M.), size specified qm persqm | persg it 1D | Pargetting Chimney, fire place Nuc metre perm pert 6. | Fabric reinforcement, wire netting 91] Senn, per sg ft i nee (er rond nite) mere | perm | preg 27. | tron work in strass qital | pera | perm is ca ‘Gust plate (Minimum rectangr ie rom si I] Stone eon, Random Rebbe masonry “| Samo et RE une Rabble masoory, Ashar masonry in : } j 9, | Cutting of tron Joists, channels oe) ee . cm reum | Geuft 2 3 a jem | persq inch 2} Cu stonework inte, beam, tc com | prem | pereun ee Sa pee | eee 3 | Stone slat in root, shelve, etc., stone chuijjas, set ‘inch stone sun shed, ct. (Thickness specified) sm | pram | sgn 12, | Welding, solder of sets plats | =| em eee Be ed otloscg cee Cructdes [eae ooh ses eee specified) fam | opesam | persae - > perno. | perno. ee 13,| Boring oles i ion ms 1. | Wood work, door and window frame orchow- | 14, | Cast ton (C1) pipe, Dia. specified |e ae Kha, rafters beams, fot wanes, se cum | peoum | pereut 15 | ity ate and mas, Ancor bo Uv] | | 2 | Door and window ste: eves, pnt | tots, Holding down bots, ee eer on attened, glazed, part panciied and part glazed, - Las sel ‘suagce neyo lemma | 16. | Barbed wie fencing | amen esp sim | mmm | mone Sa sam | persam | persait a (May also be by weight, quintal ah (May also be on the bass of area of shuuers as rae 18. | tron hold fast ee ree practice in .P) (Bay ako be by 20) | Me 4 | Timring toating Ticoes cit) | sam} pergm | peri 19, | ro ating (Height and pe ec), pepe facie ba 4} Tomeing oF wrenches (Ate of fu sup | 20,| tron git colpsibe gate on sam | pecsam | persatt (May also be by weight, quiat | fe | Sowing otter oa. | Be sae sam | pecsam | pers ‘Woodwork in partition, Ply wood, et | pera m | pers 2.| Stet doors and windows (ope an Suing || | sae 8, | Bales (Diameter specified) mere | perm | peret — Stet mork | Ret 1. | Role Steps, Channels, Angles, Tron, 1. [Hist Bot — Atahaed oe Fainbed || | ag Flas Square, Rounds. ce ea ws, |,-poeew Mangalore le, te inching batens * Swede 2. | Steet reinforcement bars, etc.,in R.C.C.,R. Be | 2. | Country tite roof including bamboo jaffri — == work 7 eee) me | pete 4. | Coreatediron(6.C:1) rot, Asbo come = =| san Bending binding of steel reinforcement aio | pre) | percnt (ACh aheet rook a! aRB sab roof excluding sce) roof over and incusve of tes o iab, ete. (Thickness Mat ot sera incites, oc rik, ene slab te Ticks ns See fed) rs ‘Rides, vales, puters, Girth pected) | Tar feng, Bituminous panting Inelting layer in root of sind and cay. — a Expansion contraction orconstrsction joint Ceiing — Timber, A.C. Sheet plan, Cloth, ‘Cement plaster on XPM, Paste board, si (May also be per cum (cu ht) of RCC or RB. | cS | Pointing— Struck, Flush, Weather te Dado (Thickness and type specified) Skirting (Thickness type and height specified) ‘Cement mortar or lime mortar rubbing | White washing. Colour washing, Cement wash ing (No of cost specifica) Distempering (No, of coat specified) specified) a Unis of payment fn MKS Per sqm persqm persq m Units TOFS Sqn Fern Perse percum | percat oye pean | sah perm perr ft am | sme perqm Sean ee" persam | pers peram | siaqn reriam | 5 | as Particulars of tems [usar [Mews | Painting. Varnishing (No.of coat specie, Polishing of wood work (No.of coat specified) Painting liters and figures (Height specie) iling and clearing of doors and windows Coal uring (No, of coat specified) Removing of paint or varish Gobri Lepping (cow dung wash) Flooring 25cm {1") CC. over 78m (0°) LC. Floor incding LC) Conglomerate oor, anf patent stone Naor | 2Sem("VCC. over? Sem ILC including icy 4m (14") thick stone Nor Nag stone flor 25.em (1") marble loorieg over 75 em (3")| LC including LC) Mosic or terazo or granaithic lor over 75 em (3°) LE Ginlading LC) Brick Mat Noor over 7.Sem(3")LC.(inclodng Lo, (incoding -C) 2Sem(I") or dem 145") CC | Mud Nooring finished gobs lepping Apron or Plinth protection (May te of CC LC, brick, te} oor and window sill (CC or cement morta mastered) Miscellaneous tems 1. | Omamental cornice (Projection, ype spe | ba) 2.) Mou ing. Throating et ng String course, Drip cours, Bead am sam am em= ESTIMATING AND COSTING a ot tems Volo | Units at [Uso = are Taisat | tainot | aimot No, cael Imeasurement] payment | payncm, No. ae measurement] payment, | payment inks | tens | "27s * inMas | ‘even | "ares 5) Oram Pita cap, Par tase, Flower, 24, | Paining orice a? genie eee a 25 | Caning cas 0] om foe A: | Railing (Height and type specified) | =e perm | perr 26. | aching of bric, sone, kasha, etc an | eam | se 3 Surface dein sat (size, material, cc spec (Bock pthing tay alo te ace basin ay mere | perm | peer n= | Surface drain age item wise) 2. | Lining of rigation Chast, Tenn, ex, | | () Masonry cum | pres | Gaus Mattias, tks peed sm | pram | Sact (i) Pastering ma jean | a (Ticking ay el ole bass ince) | 2.| Ripe — riowater, sanitary, water pipe. ot 28; | Ranta querying. banc spy cn | prom | Seat (8 specied) | mere | perm | ern B, | Kankac consolidation, roa metal conoid. | Laying pipe ine — sanitary, water pipe | | tion an | pram | sot | (Ora depth, bedding spec), mom | perm | pecrn 10, | Dagbeling wae | perm | rh | 9. | dangle clearance same |prmmor| xx (ay aso be per km | | (Gaya Be per im for rnd snd irigaion | Mcare_| ers | of ea 34, | Beminows road surfacing ae | perme | sect { Src | 132, | Dismantling. ‘Same as for | Same as for | Same asior 10, | Sit clearance in irrigation channels (Similar to | ‘tere | "aiterent | irom { | (For chin layer upto cm may be on arc basis) " r | | wo... 53, | Dismanting of rick mason com | prom | Seah . See ae” 34, | Grouting (Bituminous grouing of road mea, _ 12. | Chenin foes wo | perme. | perm teen pong of cones sam | pam | cage (tay a tebe in be) 36. | Hectic Wiring or Electrification Ligh, Fan 14 | Easing door ad windows Pee pate Lp Pi points snint| irt ee 19. | fining aoors ana wingows no perno. | 37. | Watercloset (W.C.), Wash hand basin, Man- 16.| Supply and-fixing of Hinges, Tower bots tote, especie) mf meme | em Hap and staples, Handles, Hardware, cc me | mmo | mes . v7.| Ging sins | pram | perme aay ~' | eee 18 | Glas panes supply) | vam | eran | sean 2 Sept o Sand, arti, Cinder, om | prom | Sout 19, | Fiing of hss pans or cleming ; pero: || pero sat rage ae 3: Septy ot cement apt | per bag a 20, | Renewing of hss pans ee Oi | Fergani | orp 21. | Well sinking (Masonary or ube wei) ete | poem | peret ae 22. | Pe driving o sinking mp pein 4 | Ser cine nt a 23, | Furnitures — Chairs, tables, et. (size shape | sheen a sprites) no. | perm, |p6 | Supply of Brick baa, Stone bala, Aggre- 7. Broken bricks, Kankar, es 1 | Sot Tinber 9. | Supply of Stet M.| Supply of switches. pus, ceiling roses, bulbs, | brackets, et species) 16, | Supply of bare electric wire size speciied) 17, | Tents, sholdace (size specified) | Supply of Water closet, W.C. (size specified) 18.| Supply of Wash hand bsn (ie specified) 28 | Supply of Com, Mice vale, lmtercepting tap, | te (ie specifi) 21, | Supply of Bib cock, Stop cock, Ball cock, ee (sae species) 22 | Supply of Ferrule, C1. Tank, Water meter, te (sie specified) 23 | Supply of pipe, C:. pipe, SW. pipe. Hume Pipe. A.C. pipe, Gl. piper ete. (Dia pectic) 24 | Supply of ead, end wo 25.| Spun yarn 26. | Supply of varnish, oi, ete 2 ESTIMATING AND COSTING Units of in MKS Units of payment tn MKS. cum | percom per tone tonne | per tonne am | am | | avintal | per qunitat | avintat | per quintal we | pares, | | | sere | perm qin | per quia he perks | fue | pertre ar in FPS. rere ons a Particlas of heme 2. | Supply of paint ready mix 28, | Supply of sit pact 20, | Explosive for basing Note: (i) Particulars of tims shouldbe fly decribed (0) For tarts tes of werk PW. Sched of Rates may be contd (Sr Chapter (i) For Rules and Methods of Measurement. (See Chater 4) SIZES AND DIMENSIONS OF VARIOUS WORKS 1 MKS 4 (CORRESPONDING FPS UNITS, APPAORGSE SD 1 Sigs of Doors — $+ Tica of Door nd Windows, St (aimaziem)}—¢—" x8 ae | ee eae ae Hidem = 200 cm ie tente dee (10 m = 2.00 my} — ¥ ~ 6° 6 ~ 6 r i hhoen poem ae (idm tg0m)—2-F%6-¥ |b Theta tine Con in Foe @xomm iso }-3-0 6-6 Sen—6 mens Tsem> (Rem | yy Ben emir (05m> 130m) S28 x6 Sane Seenie 2. Sim of Windows — 7. Thies of Lime Concrete ia Root ibocn cm ee ae (tem sim} 3-2 ate Hem™ Iie) yey ene som «120m)— Rea 3. Six of CS. Windows, Vetiator — ‘ioem» @ cm 8 Thckne of RCC. Sab — (120m 060m) —# <2 73am 3 Wem" Ween sem " nsm—s Seno (2.00 m «0.60 m} — = Semxsem) ge, ’. of Pairing — Qpaxeae) Fert ee | isme=t Soe 4. Siz of Chowsnat sections for Doors and Wisdows — Wem 7Sem—s*x3" 10, Thickze of B.P.C. — Wem™ 10 am — ara ten Ke Wem=75em— 423" | 2sa—r 7Sem%73em—3%3 sem 1"» ESTIMATING AND COSTING —— mage ge-* Sere Sao fsa eerie acces ioe: i eas es 1 Ran ad Ta ass i sa, me nd Ss a ferret foe foe ie fae | Le | |i st wei | eure [BBS "| omen na 22 mam | 25 mm |32 mm | P96 ke 9.85 ke f6.31 ke 6 ag STANDARD MODULAR BRICKS. Site of wandard modular bricks — Size of standard modular brcts as fixed by Indian Standard Institution areas piven below (Fig. 1-9, These tandard bricks wil now be manufactured and used andl tr Mk de: (Standard Modular Bricks wth Frog. ll Dimensions in Cemimetres (ig -9) Units, 2s Actual sie Nominal size Wem*9ems9em 29am lOem™ Hem Wem*9em*sem em ~IOem~ Sem Standard molar brick Standard modula brik “hehe: wall i standard rk — a van] eee | RE | i ae ae | Thekoes ofWat "| “dem | 2000 | 'Socm' | was | “Soest | woos ‘Actual thickness of wal with I cm mortar joint are 9 em for bic, 19cm for Ick 2hem for 1) back, 39 em for 2 brick, 49m fr 2 brik, 59 em for 3 brick But the thickness taken as muliple of 10s gvenin the above tabletvespetive ofthe scual hicks foreniating ld for payment. Above 3 brick wath thicknese of walls cay measred her consretion ior payment but for estimating the thickness may be taken a mulpe of 10 Thicknes of RB. lintel and slab wih standard brick — Layer ‘Mat brick 2a ck 3 Mat rick 4 lat brick Thess Wem Mem em adem Using brick n combination with brick the thicken of RB. intel and slab may ao be sande a5 co, 25 cma 35 om, TRADITIONAL BRICKS Metric dimensions of present traditional (9° x 44" x 3) bricks and width of walls ‘Av the standard modular bricks ae not being manufactured the metic dimension of present bricks 9" = 44" >" (nominal ix have been fined othe nearest one place of decimal Unt the Imctnicvandard bricks are available, the present traditional brik reo be wed andthe hikes ‘St wale shall be measured as multiple of hal brick (11cm. The mensions of traditional rick td thickness of walle im meric unt areas piven below Dimensions of traditional brick in met Mec Dunession Aca oan cay 29cm = I 2em<79.em Nomiml 9 ear x 29.cm* 1hdem*76em ‘Width of walls preset traditional bricks in met nit — Wats brick I rik 1 brick 2brick 24 jek 3 brick 2 brick bck yr as) (be) Ue) G2) Gh) GI) 6) Thickaes of als "76cm 14cm 22cm 33cm 487em S7em 686em 80.0cm 94cm For 10° 5°» 3 size nominal bck, the metric imensio wil be taken as 254m «127 74 con laomnal andthe tke of wal shal be measured malig af hal bck (127 ch ant ahal be cm, 12cm 356m 37 fom em 615 om, Mem, BES TOLESTIMATING OF WALL (CHAPTER? Plan ad Section Fe21 Fe 22 METHOD OF BUILDING ESTIMATE ac oane renee i eicatate WALL WITH TRADTONAL BACKS. example — Estimate be guamtii o rickwork nd plastering requredns wall $migh and 9 cm hick. Calcul ano the cost ifthe rate of wrickwork ss. 520.00 perce mint y of lastering is Re 830 per sam Quantity of biekwork = L = mx3mx 30=36cm, ‘Quaatcy of pasering two faces)= 2 LD H= 24 m<3m= 24g m (Cou of brickwork = 3.632000 Rs 115200 Cost of plastering» 24 #50» Rs. 304.00, Tota cout = 115200 + Rs, 264.00 © Re. 1356.0, Arample 2. — Pr and ect pare a detailed estimate of part of wal of building 800 the sve plan GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS (©) Foundation concrete shal be of ime concrete (2) Foundation and plinth shall eof It clas brickwork in ime mots. ©) Damp Proof Course —25 mm ee. 1: 15:3 with wae prooting compound, (4 Superructre — Is clas brickwork in ime mor (3) Wall ishing Hasie wall 12 mm Cement plastered |: 6 and white washed 3 cous = ‘— —$$<—_s__— PLAN AT PUNT PLAN AT PUNT Outside wall 12mm cement plsered 1: 6 including 10cm blow ground ie and ished ‘wiht cots of colour wash ver oe coat of white washing With Stundard Bric, Fig. 2-4 — DETAILS OF MEASUREMENT AND CALCULATION OF QUANTITIES Ex. 2) mens jai tin) acipilat as ota I [el rad Ki Tet etal eo | Contes | quae Doi | RATES: Assume local current rates. 1. | artwork in excavation ta foun] [=f I, lie concrete in foundation | 1 [tape] Some | som] tar frances 3 [latte cei ine nec pisces apes a nd footing + [600%m| 30m | 20m) 60 ich ah te Pe 232 pe ad rset of wal vith santrd mec Print walla o Gi 1 |soom| 20m | 30m | 8 fls3¢eom arn raltonal brick respectively, Fr simplicity only paion fanaa Plinth wall above GL 4 ‘and hence there are no footings 41 the ends My aportion of x wall has been then —ESTIMATING AND COSTING METHOD OF BUILDING ESTIMATE » I ]—] Dimensions | Quantities tem Description of items of work | No. or ne | ene io coca a po Bes | + [isembegpctennsiB FS] | t 1 5 [Rn con pcre in | Hr | «ie ii ll a |00m) — {350m | tmioe ABSTRACT OF ESTIMATED COST (Ex.2) tem) Description of Items of, Work Puantity) Unit haa | Per a ten] Dri pe ey 1, [Earthwork in excavation io Foundaion| 432 |aum | amoo Te cum} 1542 2: | Lime concrete in foundation with white | | ime, suck and brick ballast 3 | Ist clas brickwork with white time and | 14 | cum | 200 [per can] 0 ‘surkhi mortar 1: 2 in foundation and | Eee ee re or] 224 | em | 30000 | ereum| 97900 Ist las Brickwork with white me and surthi 1-2 mortar in superstructore frome] ae Clear rere. 63, | cum | 32000 | percu m| 2016.00 Hes 462 |sam| 130 lpesam| a0 (ee ee arse Eaigciese mse] Be ‘Ad foe Contingencies 3 poncetnee as” cist toar «fr anh a ig heen eso Haken nto consderation:and the outer plinth ole of Sem has boon okt ‘Trench Fling. — Earthwork in trench ling swell ot taken into account. reqsired this eat be clelated a flows Quanity of earthwork in ues ling ~ Quantity in excavation — Quantity of concete + Quantiy of brickwork uploGL=432 “(Lae s 1B) Lobea : Fer simplicity the earthwork intrench filing may be takenas 5 of earthworkin excanation Example 2 — With Traditional Bricks, Fig. 22 — ‘Wah traditional bricks, the tems of foundation concrete, Plastering, White washing and Colour washing are same as for above. The earthwork. Brciwork if anlones se tnt, Brickwork in superstructure and D.P-C. die andar a calesatad blow hem 1. — Earthwork in excavation in founds tion 1<60)m* 80 m* 75m=360com Tem 3. — Ist class brickwort in lime mortar in foundation and plinth Ist footing 160) m* 686 m%18m=062cum 2nd foting [xem m~ S7tm= 1S m=082 Piineh wall above footing 1x80) x 457m TS en Tol =320e0m ten 4, — 25 em thick DPC. 1114-3 1x6Om* 457m = 274sqm Hem 5, — First las brickwork in lime mortar in superstructure 1x60 mx 38m3Sm-1H8M Abstract of cost maybe prepared acordingy METHODS OF BUILDING ESTIMATE “Th dimensions, tong, beads indigo arc be en Om from un ang — lao, etvaion and section. From the study of the drawings, he building iso be imagined nd Picturedin the mind and the dimensions are tobe taken ot corecy. There iso hard and fst ule for find out dimensions from the drawing but the dimensions are o be taken out accurately unetons of walla the corners and atthe meeting pont of walls require special attention. Forsymmetrical foundation which is the usual ate, earthwork in excavation in foundation, foundation concrete, brickwork in foundation and plinth, and Wickwork insuperstrctute ay Be ‘timated by iter of the following two methods METHOD 1 rind wal method. — Inti method mea o find out the exernalegth watt aang nthe oaghalsarcion pry nope ootioat al eke lengths twats anaing nthe rannersGecion mown escrow rho Wale ren ead ¢alelt uanisis mailing teeth by the breadth andthe eight of wal. The sae Fle {plist theexcavationnfoundaon toconeein foundation sn omasony- Care shld Be talento note the difference in dimensions at fret height oe to ffect, foutng ment to imagine pana dire ee of begs a fonda trench plan fousation onerete lan ofeach foting. ce and dealing each plan Pa Separately.ESTIMATING AND COSTING “The simple methodisto take the long walls snd shor ox cross wallseparately and tind out thecenretocetrelengihs ofong walls nd short walle romthe plan. Forsymnmetscalfootega, ‘hier sides the cee ine remains same for supersrvture and or foundation ad pint For Jong ath tthe cet length oe brea of wall, which ves the enh the wal satsoon matin hi cng by th teh nthe hgh Sod pc ene ae finding the Guates of earthwork in excaation, fr lngih of the tench outtoont adda fe ene lng ore breath ofoundaion.Adopthe same proces for fondston conse saa, Sach footing shoud be note that cach Tong to taken eparaly andthe headin oe Porta footing to be added to the conte ean {Long wail enethout-t-out = centre tocentr length + half breadthon one side + hal readeh For short o cross walls subrac (instead of adding from the centre kngth one breadth of wal, hich gives the lng n-o-n, and repeat the same process ws forthe lang walls, subtracting ane breadth instead of adding (Short wa ath instonin» centre to centre length — one breadth, Thats. inca offong wall dd one breadth andin case of shor wall aubtact one breadth rom the centre leno yet he corresponding tength, n foundation the oft of concrete on tither se may be 10m 10 20cm depending onthe thickness of concrete (asualy ess than the ecknes of concrete) The olct on ether sue of ecg Wall of standard bricks is 3 em, and of traditonal bricks 3 eon This method can also be worked out in «quicker way. For long wall ind the length ofthe foundation enchof the long wall out-to-outin the same manner as explained above, te ener the foundation conree i the same, forth lng ofthe first footing ne fret cont tok on wv founGation concrete rom the length ofthe tench or concrete for the secood footing subtract fom the ength of Istfootingtwo ollesinfootingie 2: 3- Wea tener eits ‘mor traditional bricks), for the third footing subtract from the length of the 2nd loctog tists ie 10 em (14 crm for traditional Wicks) inthis way dea the long wall corns he offset in footing = 6.35 foperstructue, [F025 46m »12.7em> 7.6m (10° 3°% 35") bree mand two ose, = 13 Fem Fos short wallfoiow the same method bt insiad of subtracting, ad two offs to gt the oeresponding lent inti lb noticed {length from foundation to superstructure, while the short walle re by taking dimensions inthis way, the long walls are gradually decreasing {cemay ano be noted thatthe wall wich stake Gti tobe treated as long wall hough ts length may be ese, and the other wall be cited as short wh Thismethodis\imple and securat and there isn chance of any mistake. This method may named Long wall and short wall method, o:gencra method METHOD OF BUILDING ESTIMATE ” The following examples (Exs. 3,4, and Sa) illestrat this method. = Example a) Fig. 2-3. the plan sepresens te plan of spersrutur wal ofa singe room ‘building of 5 m™ 4 m. and Sections represent the ers scons ofthe wale with ledonoe Estimate the quantities of — (1) Earthwork in excavation in foundation, (2) Concrete in foundation, (3) Beickwork i foundation snd plinth and (2) Brickwork in superstructure The length of ong wall cent to centre = $00 +40 +14 30-5.30m The length ofsbon 90° 4% 30 430m,mained as gi Then the long wal ston iu the short wal torino ‘Sie part maybe dai one By Fens ESTIMATING AND COSTING PLANS AT OIFFERENT LEVELS. bocaeest os mason fl § Be a ae et ES EB METHOD OF BUILDING ESTIMATE 2 DETAILS OF MEASUREMENT AND CALCULATION OF QUANTITIES (Ex. 3) ‘tem Particulars of Heeb oles 1a | ese atl "2m gma pea oat ea cia Tages | 2 |sma| om | som Sectea =| 3 [Sa] Se | som Teal 2 | Toews | 2 |oomt sem] som] 35 | eepnaoee eee Stor'wals | 2 |$40m| 90m | 20m | 183 |Gumuy' tjrotecarasen Total | SR | 4. | writ in | easateesat_| res Magee, lial eee oe Selfonte | 3 |S30m) Smt aom| tx |Lmpe=dsee S0=Seom Fergus | 3 |3%¥m) em] m| 20 |tmpnos302 0-38 aren | Taicateg --| 2 |37m1 4m| 20m] 133 [tng -430— 00-3700 2nd footing 2 |3:80.m)SOm | 30m) 1.14 | Length = 430-50 380m Mies ~| 3 [soa] om [aa | ia [Lapnease—ae=asem | | Teal | 1095 Tegea”..| 2 |300m| 20m Length = 520+ 20-560 Sotvats <2] 2 [2am Jom tap 2303s ioom | ‘Note? The door openings, window perme, nil, shal have to be deduced trom ‘See nest paze (page 34 for further clasifiation. eamay be noted that in the cate of tong wal the length of the 2nd footing, 3d footing et ‘ifr by Wem and each shorter han he previous ome by 10 cm Simi fr short wal the leghh ‘longer thn she peviows Foting by 10 em Taste length canbe obtained y sbtrneting ‘Sdding 10cm a the case may be. For raditvonal bricks (22 8em= Il 2em> 7.6em) thelenginess te obtained by subtracting o adding 1.2 om. (For 284 em = 127 em » 7. cm bricks a ot cburact 12.7 cm= ESTIMATING AND COSTING jas maty ofthe plans ned levtions (Fig. 25) wil make itches. The foundation 0otingsThelong wal nd short wale maybe mapine tobe costucted sep fete long wala thn he sort walls From the vation) and (ole clear, length feach successive footing a ong malls edaced length snd tht ofthe short seen Tooting is eteaed i eth ‘The soresponding breath and ght canbe obtained fom the crosesecton of wall PLAN AND ELEVATION OF WALLS (EARTH REMOVED) Figs )PUNOFFOUNGATION AFOOT nthe Ecample Na wih traditional bck, te bread of wall init ooting ec pligh waland superstructure wall willbe 4s Gem 5° Vom15 Pem and 9. Fem reap Stadeats may solve ths problem having walls wih radsional bricks METHOD OF BUILDING ESTIMATE. from he pen plan and set (0) Earthwork i excavation inf bret werk incement morta ‘TWO ROOMED BUILDING (ROSS SECTON OF Wat OWA No Beam has ben shown 1th lan athe objet ofthis examp ‘nethad of etinating the walsh s upttic fthe flowing items of «two roomed bing Lime concrete i foundation, (3) Ist cass ith, @)2 seme damp pod course tndESTIMATING AND COSTING DETAILS OF MEASUREMENT AND CALCULATION OF QUANTITIES (Es. 4s) Height No. |Length{Breadty oF | Quanty| Explanatory note Depth Tong wall ce ena 16 +.30+2«20 =10.60m | Short and Inter walls, e/c Grrl wo. engin = 6 +2 22 = 630 8 2 [1170 m) 110m) Lom) 2874 | 1 =1040+ 110-1170 3 sara] 1.0m| 100m 1116 |i =630-110+520m ey | focsaion Lone waty | 2 [1.7m] 1.0m] 20m | 222 | eagh same or exavation sor wats.| 3 | 20m] 110m] 20 Total | 1287 515 _ | Quamity-3/10 of excavation oes ees som! Z| sto |L=1060+,90 140m 2nd footing. 2 be Mm] 0m) 158 |L-1060+ 70-1130m i tetig a] snl toe |-mes as itzee | se Bol in| “uit echade baie | mee fan] in| 20 |unmass m=iig0m ae sen] 2am] 26 |t-0- m-ss00 Boa el tal te ee Soest None “rN aan of subsequent footings of long walle alter Ist foting may be obtained 10m from fist footing METHOD OF BUILDING ESTIMATE E pS (Ese Cont) i Paria of coy Noten eng rea |Qaniy| Explanatory note Dep Hedtooine | 3 [3700] 6m] Wom] toy LER eT ‘entooting | > |380m] 20m | 10m) 087 |L=e20- soeaeon Pith wat ove foting| 3 | 590m 40m | som] 566 [L630 40-5500 Toul | 360 4 | Damp proot em tik ‘ong wats | 2 |t1000] som Laon Shor wats] 3 | 590m) a0 waned | | | Det door rey 2 | 1200] 40m oss | | Ne iar ea ae 5 | std aria || cc i |fmpcmrecare_ | | Tong wale | 2 [1090 20m |e20m| 2747 |1=10407-30- 10908 | shorewats.-| 3 | 600m] 20% [420m] 2268 |t-63- s9-800m | Toa | 015 Deduct — | | Dosroperines | 2 |120m| 20m [210m] 151 Window Bod | Somes | 4 |100m) 20m [150m] 140 shaves ..| 2 |1.00m| 20m 130m] 00 |e ofsbenes lem mick Lola |e ] timeis over | | | toon .| 2 |150m| 20m) 15m) 014 | bearing Sem Lintels over | windows’ .| 4 |120] 30m] 15m] 029 | anne 1Sem selves |? net 30m | 15m | 0.12 | Bearing 15 em |... | hae ae ee ‘ate Leegbfsabgucn tng shor walle toting an Be baied emp by ding 10cm Irom fit footing» ESTIMATING AND COSTING wana eas se est ' of, ; aa) — 2 = 2 2 oe 2m : (ROSS SECTION OF MAM WALLS CAOSS SECTION AB CF VER WALL [Note No beam has ecn shown i the pla. M-te0n™ 100m, 78m 120m Fig.27 METHOD OF BUILDING ESTIMATE » Example S(a) — Entiatethe quantities of the follows sven Savings (Fi. 27) -— () Earthwork in excavation in foundation, (2) Lime concrete in foundation (3) First clase twickwork in: 6 cement sand mortar in foundation and plath,() 1S cme Damp pect cours fed () Fiat ins bickwork is ane soi ln supercars . ing tems oa residential building fom Cnr o cence length of Foretinsng ts convenin 1d hsm cent kag of ire wal fs cena conte ag of itret was hve bce woe ote oa andlelt hand side bed room combined — toe. leng walls = 600 * 400 +2 ™.1$= 100m. © toc, short walls = 500 * 2.15 =5.0.m, Bed rooms right side (both combined) toe kng walls = 5.00 400 + 20 +2%.15 9.60 m, E toe short walls = 4.90 +2%.15-480m. Front verandah Front wal. lng 00 +40 +2%.20+30-2 965m Side walle to length = 2.00 + 32 Back verandah inching bath room «10 Jong wall (ear wall acing hath room) 9.65 m same os foot ver. wall, to img fide wll of bth oom = 259-30 28275 mESTINATING AND COSTING Earoworh in ce raving rom and (emaining walls of Lime concrete in foundation Draw: Bed room night side DETAILS OF MEASUREMENT AND CALCULATION OF QUANTITIES (Ex. 53) ee 2070 ine 128 20 288 ea sis Lis om 10.50 + 90 = 11.50 m [=520- 90°44 m 950m L same a for earthwork ie ‘Lem Pariculars of Back verandah, incuding ath ah Short wall (remaining wals of 3, | totctas brickwork in foundation nd pliath in 8 Drawing and left as 2nd footing Plinth walt above footing Short walt 2d footing Plath wall above footing Bed rooms right Long walls — Is footing Plinth wall ‘shove footing METHOD OF BUILDING ESTIMATE i No. | Length tread) Log wall including 2 | 20] om | 2 | 960m) som 2 | 940m) 40m os ai 20 22 12 la sx | L=1040+.40=1120m }L=11.10-.10= 100m 1=470+2% 05" 410m 480 +.10= 4900ESTIMATING AND COSTING METHOD OF BUILDING ESTIMATE i — 6 cover ex sacom ae Tom] iten] Dai of [=a eae a Fe a a ioe = faecal a eee | oa : a | cael gona || raat } io io oe eee Ceemt | 2 | sal som |scon] 2641-040 «Mt Bend ~ | | tal see asm) eatmaanae oes | # [seal 0 [aaa] iano |L-a00-So-aSom Dawor®: “| |tal aon] tm tae eaten a ee 1 | ssa) aon toc) oa lnc a 1 |osaml 20m [245m] 596 [L065 Ore nine | en .. | Ssmiwr, | 11] 130m] 30m | am] ca [meine em en Meets sa |wnndeos | 1 |230e) som ase gae ce | | Owmtom¥ | 2 ssa] 300] teu] oer [acmgeen incng bath Over CW. 18| 95m) 30m 15m] 070 | Rearing 10 em Omrscbe | 3 | voodoo) sal em emg 1 | som] 20m [308m] 26 | sea nt raat | I Side ad inter walls | Verandah intel } stat | 250m) 20m fxosm| 30s (sa 1 | 25a 20m 13m] 020 fueneos sears | Toat| 339° | | sae 1 |218a] 20m | 13a) ong |usaeeeaseaisn fee bet 1 | 750m] 20m | 15m) a2 [u=sa-2a0r2as edict — | | = Bese | |rdae=laenl os aaa ee stab, ..| ¢ | 1200] 20m |210m| 450 Tate deca | Dregne D: | $ | taon| 20m [200m] 130 ref cect [zt Jain [Bseame.D | i |atse| som tan] 627 lease Peopasew | 11] 1000] 30m |130m} 49s ss 2 tom __ Wess ws | {| 00m] 30m |t30m] aso eet || |205 Belize] a0 oot ranh el abe rac le So ee eee mah is acaceain reece aan few)seum”. | 18] 0250] 20m |acom| 203 prasagpenpesiee rs sim opsing | $ [10] 20m | 150m) 150 | neck of see 0 en met cut ataroes mec aceeane den — Of as awe ieee naan aie : 1 |e} 200 [2am] 403 |.-900-2* 0-100 i cas cir tl od ph cee | oe ee nme US aes aver eps 69am | Ter Sge hae ot bes es isms ao EG 1 [sos] 20m aim} 326 |1-940-240-40- 40m "na apaordapebortorahe abode« ESTIMATING AND COSTING METHOD 1 (Cenre Line Method.—In his methodknown a cent lne methodsum total length of tate nya bngan short han be foot Fed hel nthe cnn of wa of quan by mating theta centre keg by the repocvebreaath sd the hog Tote ‘Bethe, the length wl remain same for exesation n foundation, for enerete a foundation, for sil feotings and for superstructre (with slight difference when there are cross walls or numb of junctions). Ti method quick but requires special attention and consderation atthe junction, ‘meting points of partition or ron wal Fr rectangular czcular polygonal (hexagonal, octagonal, ct) builings having no inter or ross wall, thit method is gut simple. Fer buildings having cross or partition wall, Tor every junction of partion or ros walls with main wall, special consideration shall ave to be made to find the correct quantity For each junctional rendthf the rexpetire tem a fasting to be deducted fom tnetotalcenreength. Ths the casos ulding wih one patton wal or cross ‘allhaving two junctions, for earthwork in foundation trench and foundation concrete deduct one breadth of trench or concrete from the total centre length half breadth fo" one junction snd ome breadth (21s one for tw junctions). For footings, simary deduct on breath of footing for {vo junctions frm the fora centre length, and 30 on if two walls come rom opposite directions and meet «walla the same point then there wll be two junctions For building having different ype of wal, each tof wal shall have to be deal separately Find the total centre length ofall wall of one type and proceed inthe sme manner a descibed Inthe cas of building having differenttype of was suppose the onter (main) walls ace of A type and inter crs wallsare of Biype, then ll A type walls shall be taken ott, and then all ‘Boypewallsshallbe aken together separately Insuch cass no deduction any kind ned be made for type walls, ut when Btype walls are taken, fr each junction deduction of half breadth ofA ‘ype wall (main wal) shall have wo be made from the total ente length of wall may be noted that at cornersof the bung where two walls ae mictng no substraction or When there are number of footings, th length ofthe frst footing i to be determined by deducting half breath of footing per junction from the total centre line ength and then the length ofthe subsequent footing canbe obtained simpy by adding one off of fcting ve Sem for every junction to the length ofthe previous footing ‘The etamples 3a), (a) and (a) which have been solved by method i the previous pags, ave been solved agin under examples 3b), 4() and 5() i the following page, by method Ito ilustrate thi method. These lutrationswillmake this method quite clear Note, —Stadent should practice method I first and when they hive become sufficintly ‘cquainted with method I, then only they should take up the method IL. Example 30) —Estimate by centre line method the quantities ofthe following items of single room building Fig. 2-3 of example 3a (page 31) (1)Earthwork in ecavation in foundation, (@) Concrete in foundation, (3) Brickwork in foundation and plinth, and (3) Weickwork superstructure ‘Totalcente length of walls AB+ BC +CD + DA =330. Fig 25 represents the Youndation trench plan uhetotal centre length is mali by the bread and the depth we pet the gunning {ake certan portion twice and fave at equal portion bat ths does no affect the quant “The quantity of excavation = AB» 90cm 90cm r BC 90em =90em= CD Sem 90 cm » DA» 90cm » 90 cm. I may be noticed that the portions P.QR and'S tarked with double hatch ines come twice thie the portions K.L.MN let bank o aot tnagnitde we get the correct quanti “The same principle applies foundation cow crc, footings plinth wall aad supertictee wall METHOD OF BUILDING ESTIMATE 4004530 + 430: CLE }— tence Fe2s DETAILS OF MEASUREMENT AND CALCULATION OF QUANTITIES (Ex. 38) Tem Description of | [iene Ne. | tens No, Lenin fread oF |Quaniy| Explanatory notes Dept 7. | Bariwork in Saton 1 920m) 90m) 90m] 1535 | Total cen lngh fal Concrete in founds 3. | arctwort in foundation and pint Is footing 1 |ia20m| 60m) 20m) 346 2rd footing 1 [i920] Som| 30m| 288 Pinch wall 1 [oan aon] a] aah Tou | 1095 | am 4, | Brietwork in super | race 1 lis20m| 30/350] Note The above may be compared wi wale 1520 au (Rea caseee ings, ines ete to Be Sebacted. ‘the solution by method I given in page 88ESTIMATING AND COSTING. Examples). — Estimate by centre ie method the quantities ofthe fllowing items of 140 roomed busking Fig. 2 Example 4 (pase 1) 1) Eartoork in excavation in foundation, 2) Lime concrete i oundaion, (2) Ist class sont Ati mortar ein foundoson an plinth () 2 Scmcx damp pro! cove, and (istcaseBeckwort in ime morarin perso “In this problem there are two junctions ofthe inter wal with the ain wal “otal enue length of wall = 2 0. of long wall + 3% oc. of short wall 2 foo 36304010 m Fig. 29 represents the foundation trench plan 4 a ree Sm Fe 29 he tota centre length is multiplied bythe breadth and depth, ttt junction the portions A sad B shown by hatch lines in Fig. 29 come twice, and we get the quamity in excess by these ne eng uth by half cad foreach juncion “Thus the quantity of earthwork in excaration = [Total cent length —(2* breadth} «bread * depth, = (4010-2 4 * 1.10) «1.10» L.00=39.00 1.10 1.00 = 42.90 cam. “Thesame principle applies to foundation concrete, to footings, pith walland superstructure wall Atevery stage deduction of half breadth ofthe main wall at hat parcular level shall ave to remade per junction (.e one breadth fortwo junctions) fom the total centre length, and his net ‘eatclengthalter deduction shall be mauiphd bythe respective breadth and the height or depth to et quantities The estimate ofthe quantities ofthis Example 4b) sa follows: leugbof the nt footing. the lento rd oating by adding 10cm the lego the 2nd footing METHOD OF BUILDING ESTIMATE ° DETAILS OF MEASUREMENT AND CALCULATION OF QUANTITIES a TION item] Parclas of mea] = tine No, | Length Bread ‘ iy (Cut Exlanatay nts 1 | Eartwork in ae ere Sion 1 00 e{ts0m|t00m| eg |Lmseso an 2. | Lime concrete in oe oom fountaica 1 pogo| 10m) 30m) 1287 |L sane a aor. 3. |Istelas brickwork || \oFPag intsement | ecain aq it | in foting | : 1 0m) 50m) 20m) 62 |i-mso- 2282 aap 1 rare! 70m] 0m] 296 |Lowote-25 28 -3900m 3rd footing 1 ssn) om) tom] 237 |Lni0-2% 5 «39500 stn coting | 1 fo4om} som) tom) 190 |inw0i0-2* = wm Path wall above footing f970 40m| s0m| 1270 |1-4.10-2*42«3970m Tout | 2610 4. | Damp proof course Bemee 1 920m om) — | 588 |.-4010-2%42~ 3970 odes | 2 | 20m wal — | i | Ne] 5S. | Ist class brick-work | 1a |intime mona | Jocerzsor® ~ | + eso: 30m/420m| 501s |t-1i0=2%%--3950m window, shelve | tae Spend | sat ime 1 | Same | a pe ea | | feean P40 | Dsuon tote made | eed Note. Th knghof nd ooting canbe Oto imp by aig 10cm (ie 2> Sema the ‘This may be compared with the solution by method I worked outin pages 3637.* ESTINATING AND COSTING ample 5). Estate by cere line method the quant of the lowing items of esidenl bing, Fig 20 of Example Sa (page) 1) Eabwork in xeon a fundation, 2) Line concrete in foundation, (3) First clan seclrtin nocement sat mortar foundation ap) Damp prot course and) Fit “otal entre length of al 30cm walls same type) of main rooms “otal entre length of walls of drawing and sie bedroom Total centre length of walls of te roomsright side Sidiee te length of fong wall +3 to, length af short va 32 ) Surface area of riser = Curved length height of sr Stitce area of tread = Mean cured leapt Seeath of tread t items * Be coed. Oy Eariworkinexcmation 1 {6)*356x 156 1) LS Geteum { ran) Arex depth = 912 depth Conc in foundation “T{ @x356x 15) ~ 10 ao3cum Bricks instep Ise tep fe veaaeeraye * 20708 xs 38 sed wep Hennes nas es { =— fomameny { { 20.mm cement plaster 1:3 Toul 13iFeum Istuep-- Tread 1 Ans3% x» i Riser 1 on ah ae Indep Tread =| NBD » * Bed sep Tread 2ad 190 0 Boa Riser 1 so en ep Tread te Py Is Riser 1 ts ia es Taal Stam