Experiment2

INME 4032

Table of Contents
Principle

Objective

Background

Newtons law of cooling

Experimental Setup

3
5

Description of the Combined Convection and Radiation

Heat Transfer Equipment:

Useful Data

Procedure

1. Free convection experiments

Observations

Analysis of results

Comparison to theoretical correlations

2. Forced convection experiments

10

Observations

10

Analysis of results

10

Comparison to theoretical correlations

11

Discussion

Experiment2

12

INME 4032

University of Puerto Rico

Mayagez Campus
Department of Mechanical Engineering
INME 4032 - LABORATORY II
Spring 2004
Instructor: Guillermo Araya

Experiment 2: Natural And Forced Convection Experiment

Principle
This experiment is designed to illustrate the Newtons law of cooling by
convection and to understand how the heat transfer coefficient is obtained
experimentally. Natural and forced convection over a heated cylinder is
analyzed and experimental results are compared with standard correlations.

Objective
Determine the heat transfer coefficient for a flow around a cylinder under
free and forced convection. Understand the correlation between Nu,
Reynolds and Rayleigh numbers. Compare with standard correlation from
textbooks on heat transfer. The effect of thermal radiation is also included.

Background
Newtons law of cooling
For convective heat transfer, the rate equation is known as Newtons law of
cooling and is expressed as:
q h (Ts T )

Where Ts is the surface temperature, T the fluid temperature, h the

convection heat transfer coefficient and q the convective heat flux. The heat
transfer coefficient h is a function of the fluid flow, so, it is influenced by the
surface geometry, the fluid motion in the boundary layer and the fluid
properties as well.

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INME 4032

From the normalized momentum and energy equation in the boundary layer:
U*

*
U *
P *
1 2U *
* U

x *
y *
x * Re L y * 2

U*

Momentum equation

*
T *
1 2T *
* T

Re L Pr y * 2
x *
y *

Energy equation

Independently of the solution of these equations for a particular case, the

functional form for U* and T* can be written as:
U* = f(x*,y*,ReL, dp*/dx*)
and
T* = f(x*,y*,ReL, Pr, dp*/dx*)
Heat transfer, due to the no-slip condition at the wall surface of the boundary
layer, occurs by conduction;

qs

"

T
y

y 0

By combining with the Newtons law of cooling, we obtain:

kf
h

T
y

y 0

Ts T

TT

*
s
Since T* was defined as T T T

h can be written in terms of the dimensionless temperature profile T*

h

k f (T Ts ) T *
L(Ts T ) y *

y* 0

k f T *
L y *

y * 0

This expression suggests defining a dimensionless parameter;

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INME 4032

Nu

hL
T *

kf
y *

y* 0

From the dimensionless temperature profiles, we can imply a functional form

for the Nusselt number,
Nu = f(x*,ReL*,Pr,dp*/dx*)
To calculate an average heat transfer coefficient, we have to integrate over
x*, so the average Nusselt number becomes independent of x *. For a
prescribed geometry,

dp *
is specified and
dx *

Nu L f (Re L , Pr)

This means that the Nusselt number, for a prescribed geometry is a universal
function of the Reynolds and Prandtl numbers.
Doing a similar analysis for free convection, it can be shown that,
Nu f (Gr, Pr)

or

Nu f ( Ra , Pr)

Where Gr is the Grashof number and Ra is the Rayleigh number. The

Rayleigh number is simply the product of Grashof and Prandtl numbers ( Ra =
Gr Pr)
Pr)
Then, for free convection the Nusselt number is a universal function of the
Grashof and Prandtl numbers or Rayleigh and Prandtl numbers.

Experimental setup
Description of the Combined Convection and Radiation Heat Transfer
Equipment:
Equipment:
The combined convection and radiation heat transfer equipment allows
investigate the heat transfer of a radiant cylinder located in flow of air (cross
flow) and the effect of increasing the surface temperature. The unit allows
Experiment2

INME 4032

investigation

of

both

natural

convection

with

radiation

and

forced

convection. The mounting arrangement is designed such that heat loss by

conduction through the wall of the duct is minimized. A thermocouple (T 10) is
attached to the surface of the cylinder. The surface of the cylinder is coated
with a matt black finished, which gives an emissivity close to 1.0. The
cylinder mounting allows the cylinder and thermocouple (T10) position to be
turned 360 and locked in any position using a screw. An index mark on the
end of the mounting allows the actual position of the surface to be
determined. The cylinder can reach in excess 600C when operated at
maximum voltage and in still air. However the recommended maximum
for the normal operation is 500C.
500C.

Useful Data:
Cylinder diameter D = 0.01 m
Cylinder heated length L = 0.07 m
Effective air velocity local to cylinder due to blockage effect Ue = (1.22) (Ua
)
Physical Properties of Air at Atmospheric Pressure
T
K
300
350
400
450
500
550
600

V
m2/s
1.568E-5
2.076E-5
2.590E-5
2.886E-5
3.790E-5
4.434E-5
5.134E-5

k
W/mK
0.02624
0.03003
0.03365
0.03707
0.04038
0.04360
0.04659

Pr
0.708
0.697
0.689
0.683
0.68
0.68
0.68

Where:
T is the absolute temperature, V is the Dynamic viscosity of air, k is the
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INME 4032

thermal conductivity and Pr is the Prandtl number.

Combined Convection and Radiation

Heat Transfer Equipment

Schematic Diagram showing the

Combined Convection and Radiation
Heat Transfer Equipment

Procedure
a) Connect instruments to the heat transfer unit
b) Measure the reading for the surface temperature of the cylinder, the
temperature and velocity of the air flow and the power supplied by the
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INME 4032

heater.
c) Repeat steps 1 and 2 for different velocities the air flow and power
input.

1. Free convection experiments

Observations
Set
1
2
3
4

V
Volts
4
8
12
16

I
Amp

T9
C

T10
C

hr
W/m2K

hC1th
W/m2K

hC2th
W/m2K

Analysis of results
Set
1
2
3
4

Qinput
W
4
8
12
16

The total heat input is:

Qinput = VI
The heat transfer rate by radiation is:
Qrad = A (Ts4 Ta4) = hr A (Ts Ta)
So,

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INME 4032

hr

(Ts4 Ta4 )
Ts Ta

The heat transfer rate by convection is:

Qconv = Qinput - Qrad
From Newtons law of cooling
Qconv hc A(Ts Ta )

And
hc

Qconv
A(Ts Ta )

Comparison to theoretical correlations

For an isothermal long horizontal cylinder, Morgan suggests a correlation of
the form,
Nu D

hD
cRa nD
k

(1)

c and n are coefficients that depend on the Rayleigh number

Rayleigh
number
10-10 10-2
10-2 102
102 104
104 107
107 1012

0.675
1.02
0.850
0.480
0.125

0.058
0.148
0.188
0.250
0.333

The Rayleigh number is calculated from,

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INME 4032

g(Ts Ta )D 3
Ra
Pr
2
where

1
Tfilm

and
Tfilm

Ts Ta
2

Churchill and Chu recommend a single correlation for a wide range of

Rayleigh number,

0.387 Ra 1 / 6

Nu D 0.60

1 (0.559 / Pr) 9 / 16

8 / 27

Ra 1012

(2)

From correlation (1) and (2) we can determine hC1th and hC2th and compare
with hc obtained from the experiment.

Forced convection
Observations
Set
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

Experiment2

V
Volts
20
20
20
20
20
20
20

I
Amp

10

Va
m/s
0.5
1
2
3
4
5
6

T9
C

T10
C

INME 4032

Analysis of results
Qinput
W

Set

hr
W/m2K

hC
W/m2K

Re
-

Nu1
-

Nu2
-

hC1th
-

hC2th
-

1
2
3
4
5
6
7

The total heat input is:

Qinput = VI
The heat transfer rate by radiation is:
Qrad = A (Ts4 Ta4) = hr A (Ts Ta)
So,

hr

(Ts4 Ta4 )
Ts Ta

The heat transfer rate by convection is:

Qconv = Qinput - Qrad
From Newtons law of cooling
Qconv hc A(Ts Ta )

and
hc

Q conv
A (Ts Ta )

Comparison with theoretical correlations

For an isothermal long horizontal cylinder, Hilper suggests,

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INME 4032

Nu D

hD
1/ 3
C Re m
D Pr
k

(3)

where C and m are coefficient that depend on the Reynolds number:

ReD
0.4-4
4-40
40-4000
4000-400000
40000-400000

C
0.989
0.911
0.683
0.193
0.027

m
0.330
0.385
0.466
0.618
0.805

All properties are evaluated at the film temperature

Tfilm

Ts Ta
2

Churchill and Bernstein proposed the following correlation for Re Pr>0.2

Nu D 0.3

0.62 Re1 / 2 Pr 1 / 3

0.4

1
Pr

1/ 4

2/3

Re D

1
282000

4/5

5/8

(4)

where all properties are evaluated at the film temperature.

From correlation (3) and (4) we can determine hC1th and hC2th and compare
with hc obtained from the experiment.

Discussion

Experiment2

12

INME 4032