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Error Analysis Thesis PDF
Error Analysis Thesis PDF
A PAPER
Presented as Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Degree of
Sarjana Pendidikan
BY
ERYK PRIYA SUCIPTA
020106050
ABSTRACT
ERYK PS. Error Analysis of the Students Descriptive Writing of the Eleventh
Grade of Madrasah Aliyah Darul Maarif Jakarta. Paper, Jakarta: The Study
Program of English Education, the Department of Language and Art Education,
the University of Muhammadiyah Prof. DR Hamka, 2009.
The objective of this research is to find out the most typical errors made by the
students in writing. The writer uses a descriptive method. In collecting the data
the writer administers a kind of writing test to the students. Then, the writer
analyzes the writing errors done by the students. This research was conducted at
Madrasah Aliyah Darul Marif on the eleventh grade students which consists 30
students.
From data calculation, the writer comes to a conclusion that the most typical
errors in the students writing errors are errors in capitalization (23.64%), errors in
verb tense (16.23%), errors in add a word (13.67%), errors in word choice are 43
(12.25%), errors in omit a word are 25 (7.12%), errors in singular-plural are 22
(6.26%), errors in spelling are 19 (5.41%), errors in word order are 14 (3.98%),
errors in meaning not clear are 10 (2.84%), errors in incomplete sentence are 9
(2.56%), errors in punctuation are 8 (2.27%), errors in word form are 6 (1.70%),
errors in Article are 5 (1.42%),errors in run-on sentence (0.56%). It indicates that
most of students need more treatment and remedial teaching from the teacher
toward their errors in English writhing and the eleventh grade students of
Madrasah Aliyah Darul Maarif still need more practice in order to develop their
writings.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Bismillah hirrahmanirrahim
Alhamdulillahirrabbilalamin, because of His Blessing and Mercies, the
writer could finish this paper. This paper, entitled Error Analysis of the Students
Descriptive Writing of the Eleventh Grade of Madrasah Aliyah Darul Maarif
Jakarta, has been written as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree
of Sarjana Pendidikan, at The Study Program of English Education the
Department of Language and Art Education, The School of Teacher Training and
Education, The University of Muhammadiyah Prof. DR. HAMKA.
The writer realized that this paper could not be completed without support
from many people who had given the writer many ideas during the process of
completing this paper. In this best opportunity the writer would like to express his
deepest gratitude to:
1.
The writers beloved parents who had been giving everything that never
given by someone else.
2.
Beloved Yono S. and his family who always give support for the writer.
3.
Prima S, S. Sos. who always gives support, love and care for the writer.
4.
Dra. Eni Burhayani, M. Pd. as the writers advisor who has given valuable
guidance, criticism, suggestion and patience so the writer could finish this
paper.
5.
6.
Drs. Sigit Sumarsono, M. Pd. and Dra. Roslaini, M. Hum. as the writers
advisor and examiner.
7.
8.
The head master of Madrasah Aliyah Darul Marif and Mister Sauki, S. Pd.
as the English teacher.
9.
The writers best friends (Jimmy Ahmad, S. Pd. Budi Rifai, S. Pd. Rini
Ifadati, S. Pd. Ahmad Fauzi, S.T. Opie Satriani, S.T. Dena, S.T. Asep, S.T,
Betha, Deo, Widian, Rio, Aam, Harlan, Are and many others that the writer
could not mention one by one because of the limitation of this space) who
have given him support in finishing this paper.
The writer realizes that this paper is far from perfect, thus he appreciates any
opinion and suggestion for the improvement of this paper. Finally, the writer
whishes that the paper would be useful for himself and all of the readers.
The writer
TABLE OF CONTENT
ABSTRACT ...........................................................................................................
A KNOWLEDGEMENT
.....................................................................................
ii
TABLE OF CONTENT
........................................................................
CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION
A. The Background of study
.....................................................
................................................
..................................................
............................................. 13
................................................... 14
......................................... 15
4. Types of Errors
.............................................................. 17
REFRENCES
APPENDIXES
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
From the four skills above, for educated persons writing plays
important role for expressing ideas, describing feeling, and conveying
messages to readers. Penny Ur states, The purpose of writing is the
expression of ideas, the conveying message to readers, so the ideas themselves
should arguably be seen the most aspect of writing.3
Of the four skills of English (listening, speaking, reading and writing)
writing is often considered as the most difficult one. Nunan states,
It has been argued that learning to write fluently and expressively is
the most difficulty of the macro skills of all language users regardless
of whether the language in question in a first, second, or foreign
language.4
1
Depdiknas. Kurikulum dan Hasil Belajar (Jakarta: Departemen Pendidikan Nasional,
2002). p.5
2
Depdiknas. Kurikulum 2004 Standar Kompetensi (Jakarta: Departemen Pendidikan
Nasional,2003).p.6
3
Penny Ur. A Course in Language Teaching (Cambridge: University Press,1996). p.163
4
David Nunan. Designing Task for the Communicative classroom (Cambridge:
University Press, 1989).p.3
writer got, the teacher found a lot of mistakes in students writing because
students have not proper understanding of the grammar aspect and the
knowledge of vocabulary as well.
Based on the writers experience when he taught the eleventh grade of
Madrasah Aliyah Darul Maarif, the writer has assumed the mistakes made by
the students is the problem that have to be analyzed and corrected through
remedial programs. It enables the students can transfer their ideas in writing
English well. The students will not make the same mistakes anymore for the
next writing activity.
This problem needs to be handled. To support it, the problem must be
mapped through a scientific activity called error analysis. By doing error
analysis, the teacher can identify and classify the students errors. Based on the
results of error analysis, the writer can find the way to correct the errors and
plan the appropriate remedial programs. Error analysis has several working
procedures that are usually used by the researchers and teachers. The
procedures consist of collecting sample, identifying errors, classifying errors
based on the cause of errors, and then evaluating errors to see the seriousness
of these errors. These procedures according to Tarigan:
Analisis kesalahan adalah suatu prosedur kerja yang biasa
digunakan oleh para peneliti dan guru bahasa, yang meliputi
pengumpulan sampel, pengidentifikasian kesalahan yang terdapat
dalam sample, penjelasan kesalahan tersebut, pengklasifikasian
kesalahan itu berdasarkan penyebabnya, serta pengevaluasian atau
penilaian taraf keseriusan kesalahan tersebut. 6
6
Based on the explanations above, the writer would like to analyze the
students errors in their writing. The writer limits the respondents on the
eleventh grade students of Madrasah Aliyah Darul Maarif Jakarta Selatan.
Choice, Verb Tense, Add a Word, Omit a Word, Word Order, Incomplete
Sentence, Spelling, Punctuation, Capitalization, Article, Meaning not Clear
and Run-on Sentence.7
Betty Schrampfer Azar. Understanding and Using English Grammar (Guide for
Correcting Writing Error) (New Jersey: Prentice Hall,1989).p. A29-A30
CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
A. Writing
10
1986).p.4
be seen the most aspect of writing.11 Hugo quoted by Tarigan states that
there are some purposes of writing. They are as follow:
11
3. Kinds of Writing
Parera gives kind writing as follow:
3.1 Narasi. Narasi merupakan satu bentuk pengembangan karangan
dan tulisan yang bersifat menyejarahkan sesuatu berdasarkan
perkembangannya dari waktu ke waktu.
3.2 Eksposisi. Eksposisi adalah mememberikan informasi kepada
orang lain. Dalam tulisan eksposisi, penulis berusaha
memaparkan kejadian atau masalah agar pembaca dan pendengar
memahaminya.
3.3 Deskripsi. Deskripsi dalam suatu bentuk karangan yang hidup dan
berpengaruh. Karangan deskriptif berhubungan dengan
pengalaman
pancaindra seperti penglihatan, pendengaran,
peradaban, penciuman dan perasaan. Deskripsi memberikan satu
gambaran tentang satu peristiwa atau kejadian dan masalah.
3.4 Argumentasi.Argumentasi merupakan satu bentuk karangan
eksposisi yang khusus. Pengarang argumentasi berusaha untuk
meyakinkan atau membujuk pembaca atau pendengar untuk
percaya dan menerima apa yang dikatakan.13
13
Jos. Daniel Parera. Menulis Tertib dan Sistematik (Jakarta: Erlangga, 1987).p.5-6
Melinda G. Kramer et al. Handbook for Writer (New Jersey: Prentice
Hall,Inc,1995).p.11-1
15
Depdiknas. Op.cit.p.17
14
16
oral. In teaching writing, the teacher usually asks the students to make a
sentence.
Based on KTSP curriculum, the English teacher should make the
syllabus and lesson plan which content materials of writing. Descriptive
is one of other kinds of writing. It is the reason why the English teacher
usually asks the students to make short paragraph in descriptive form.
From the information above, the writer gives a writing test, in
which the students asked to make short paragraph in the form of
descriptive writing telling about describe their partner. Then, these
students writing will be analyzed in order to find out the mistakes or
errors made by students.
B. Error
1. The Understanding of Error
Errors to language learners are an unavoidable things and a part of
their language learning. There are many understandings of error which
linguists present. According Harlow, An error is an instance of language
an intentionally deviant and is not self-corrigible whereas a mistake is
either intentionally or unintentionally deviant or self-corrigible.17 From
this definition, it can be identified that the errors occur intentionally. The
17
Carl James Harlow.Errors in Language Learning and Use: Exploring Error Analysis
(Addison Wesley Longman,1998).p.14
learners make deviation in norm of mature language. The errors can not
self corrected by the learners.
Chanier say: Error is taken to mean some idiosyncratic or un-native
like, piece of language produced regularly and systematically by a foreign
language learner.18
From the explanations above, it can be said that the errors are caused
by students inappropriate competence in using language. The errors occur
intentionally. The learners make deviation in norm of mature language and
the errors can not self corrected by the learners.
20
21
23
4. Types of Errors.
In fact, error can be classified into many types. For example, it is
classified based on linguistic or non linguistic category taxonomies
aspect. These are the sample of the students common error according
Betty S. Azar:
1. Singular- Plural
Incorrect
Correct
2. Word Form
Incorrect
Correct
3. Word Choice
Incorrect
Correct
4. Verb Tense
Incorrect
Correct
5. Add a Word
Incorrect
Correct
6. Omit a Word
Incorrect
Correct
7. Word Order
Incorrect
Correct
8. Incomplete Sentence
Incorrect
Correct
9. Spelling
Incorrect
Correct
10. Punctuation
Incorrect
Correct
11. Capitalization
Incorrect
Correct
12. Article
Incorrect
Correct
13. Meaning Not Clear
Incorrect
14. Run on Sentence
Incorrect
Correct
: I had a accident.
: I had an accident.
: He borrowed some smoke. (???)
: My roommate was sleeping; we didnt
want to wake her up
: My roommate was sleeping. We didnt
want to wake her up.24
Those types of errors above will be used by the writer in analyzing the
students writing.
C. Error Analysis
1. The Understanding of error analysis
Errors must not be neglected. The teachers should identify and
classify the most common error made by the learners before giving them a
remedial treatment. One way to identify and classify the learners error is
by using error analysis. Brown states,
The fact that learners do make errors and that these errors can be
observed, analyzed and classified to reveal something of the system
operating within the learner, led to a surge of study of learners errors,
called error analysis.25
This description indicates that errors are observable, analyzable and can be
classified. All of these work can be done through a process called error
analysis.
24
Betty Schrampfer Azar. Understanding and Using English Grammar (Guide for
Correcting Writing Error) (New Jersey: Prentice Hall,1989).p. A29-A30
25
H. Douglas Brown. 1987. Op. Cit.p.218
26
Based on the statements above, the writer can say that error
analysis is a kind of procedures used to recognize, identify, classify and
explain kinds of errors made by learners along the learning process of a
target language. By doing error analysis, the learning and the teaching
strategies can be evaluated and the remedial program can be rearranged.
28
S.P. Corder. Error Analysis and Interlanguuage (Great Britain: Oxford University
Press,1981).p.45
29
Kelompok Study Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia.1992,Op. Cit.p.5
(4)
pengklasifikasian
kesalahan
(5)
pengevaluasian
kesalahan..30
Chanier has procedures of error analysis. They are:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
30
Tarigan.1990, Op.Cit.p.67
Thierry Chanier et al.Conceptual Modelling in Error Analysis in Language
Systems..http://life.univ- fcomte.fr/RECHE/P7/pb/Washing/Washing.htm
31
CHAPTER III
THE IMPLEMENTATION AND THE FINDING OF THE
RESEARCH
23
find the research finding. The writer divided the data tabulation into
x 100%
N
32
8. Incomplete Sentence
2. Word Form
9. Spelling
3. Word Choice
10. Punctuation
4. Verb Tense
11. Capitalization
5. Add a Word
12. Article
6. Omit a Word
7. Word Order
After analyzing the errors, the writer counts the errors by using
the table and calculates the number of each types of error. Next, the writer
processed the calculation of the result of the test by changing the results of error
into percentage then the writer make a graphic of writing error based on the
calculation. Here are the data of students error writing:
Student 1
No Error Recognition
1.
2.
3.
4.
Error Classification
Sources of Error
Reconstruction
I have a Friend
his name is Januar
He has a small,
Capitalization,
Run-on sentence
Punctuation,
Incomplete sentence
Ignorance of rule
restriction and
False concept
hypothesized
I have a friend,
his name is
Januar. He has a
small face,
Add a word,
Add a word,
Word order
Add a word,
Punctuation,
Add a word
Word choice,
Word order,
Ignorance of rule
restriction and
overgeneralization
Ignorance of rule
restriction
Error Classification
Sources of Error
Reconstruction
My Friend he
name is Ibnu
Rusdy. He Has a,
Capitalization,
Omit a word,
Run-on sentence
Ignorance of rule
restriction
My friend is Ibnu
Rusdy.
He have a large
nose and he
round face.
Verb tense,
Add a word,
Verb tense
False concept
hypothesized and
Ignorance of rule
restriction
He has a large
nose and he has a
round face
Student 2
No Error Recognition
1.
2.
3.
4.
Interlingual
???
Interlingual
???
Error Classification
Sources of Error
Reconstruction
Student 3
No Error Recognition
1.
2.
3.
4.
I have a Friend.
And her name is
mudrika ulfa.
Capitalization,
Ignorance of rule
Incomplete sentence restriction
Capitalization
She has an
angular face and
flat nose. She
seems a kind girl.
False concept
hypothesized,
Interlingual,
Ignorance of rule
restriction and
overgeneralization
She her tall is
Omit a word,
Ignorance of rule
around 155cm. and Incomplete sentence restriction,
She her medium a Verb tense,
False concept
body
Word order
hypothesized,
overgeneralization
The skin color
Word choice,
Interlingual and
black.
Add a word
Ignorance of rule
Word choice
restriction
Student 4
No Error Recognition
1.
2.
Error Classification
Sources of Error
Reconstruction
I heve a Friend.
Her name
Asnita Nurmala.
Spelling,
Capitalization,
Run-on sentence
Add a word
I have a friend,
her name is
Asnita Nurmala.
Omit a word,
Capitalization,
Word choice,
Incomplete
Application of
rules,
False concept
hypothesized,
Ignorance of rule
restriction
Ignorance of rule
restriction and
Interlingual
Add a word
3.
4.
5.
6.
Verb tense,
Incomplete sentence
Add a word,
Verb tense,
Capitalization
She is weering
glasses. Her tell is
around 150cm
Her character is
Friendly. funny.
and She tolerant..
Spelling, Spelling
She waring is
sneaker.
False concept
hypothesized and
Ignorance of rule
restriction
Incomplete
Application of
rule
Singular- Plural,
Interlingual,
Verb tense,
False concept
Capitalization,
hypothesized,
Incomplete sentence Ignorance of rule
Omit a word
restriction
Spelling,
Incomplete
Word choice
Application of
rule and
Interlingual
She is wearing
glasses. Her tall is
around 150cm.
Her characters are
friendly, funny
and tolerant.
She wears
sneaker.
Student 5
No Error Recognition
1.
2.
3.
Error Classification
Sources of Error
I have a Friend
her name is Umi
Aninda. She has a
anjular Face.
Capitalization,
Punctuation,
Article, Spelling
Capitalization
She waring a
veil and she wars
glasses too.
Add a word,
Spelling,
Word choice
Omit a word,
Omit a word,
Word choice
Ignorance of rule
restriction,
Interlingual and
Incomplete
Application of
rule
Ignorance of rule
restriction,
Incomplete
Application of
rules, Interlingual
Ignorance of rule
restriction,
Interlingual
Reconstruction
I have a friend,
her name is Umi
Aninda. She has
an angular face.
She is wearing a
veil and she
wears glasses too.
4.
Word choice,
Add a word,
Omit a word
Interlingual and
Ignorance of rule
restriction
Error Classification
Sources of Error
I have a Friend,
her name is f riska
suryana.
Capitalization,
Capitalization
Ignorance of rule
restriction
I have a friend,
her name is
Friska Suryana.
Word form,
Singular-Plural,
Verb tense
Omit a word,
Word choice,
Add a word
Overgeneralization
Interlingual,
False concept
hypothesized
Ignorance of rule
restriction and
Interlingual
Student 6
No Error Recognition
1.
2.
3.
4.
Reconstruction
Omit a word
Ignorance of rule
restriction
Error Classification
Sources of Error
Reconstruction
Ignorance of rule
restriction and
Interlingual
I have a best
friend, her name
is Dauti Sarah.
Word choice,
Verb tense,
Word form,
Singular-Plural
Add a word,
Add a word
Interlingual,
False concept
hypothesized,
Overgeneralization
Ignorance of rule
restriction
Singular-Plural,
Verb tense,
Spelling
Interlingual,
False concept
hypothesized,
Incomplete
Application of
rules
Student 7
No Error Recognition
1.
2.
3.
4.
Verb tense
False concept
hypothesized
Error Classification
Sources of Error
Reconstruction
I have a Friend, he
name is Sukria. He
has a long, He has
a Round Face.
he tall is around
170cm and his
body are thin.
Capitalization,
Word choice,
Incomplete sentence
Capitalization
Word choice,
Verb tense
Ignorance of rule
restriction and
Interlingual
I have a friend,
his name is
Sukria. He has a
long round face.
His tall is around
170cm and his
body is thin.
He character is in
the a Fussy man
Word choice,
Omit a word,
Capitalization
Meaning not clear
Interlingual and
Ignorance of rule
restriction
Interlingual
Error Classification
Sources of Error
I have a Friend,
his name is Reza.
He have a thin
face and flat nose.
He eyes small.
He is best my
friend and he have
a good body.
Capitalization,
Verb tense
He look very
happy.
Verb tense
Ignorance of rule
restriction and
False concept
hypothesized
Ignorance of rule
restriction,
overgeneralization,
False concept
hypothesized
False concept
hypothesized
5.
Student 8
No Error Recognition
1.
2.
3.
4.
And kind of
sneakers shoes
Interlingual and
False concept
hypothesized
His character is a
fussy man.
???
Student 9
No Error Recognition
1.
2.
3.
Add a word,
Word order,
Verb tense
Reconstruction
I have a friend,
his name is Reza.
He has a thin face
and flat nose.
His eyes are
small. He is my
best friend and he
has a good body.
He looks very
happy.
4.
Interlingual
Error Classification
Sources of Error
He have a long
face and pointed
nose and He also
have a small
moustache.
He have a body
slim and the skin
color black.
Verb tense,
Capitalization,
Verb tense
False concept
hypothesized and
Ignorance of rule
restriction
Verb tense,
Word choice,
Add a word,
Word choice
Word choice,
Verb tense
He wearing
sneaker.
Add a word,
Verb tense
False concept
hypothesized,
Interlingual,
Ignorance of rule
restriction
Interlingual, False
concept
hypothesized
Ignorance of rule
restriction and
False concept
hypothesized
he has a shoes
sporty and simple
for school and
white color.
???
Student 10
No Error Recognition
1.
2.
3.
4.
Reconstruction
He has a long
face and pointed
nose and he also
has a small
moustache.
He has a body
slim and his skin
color is dark
He is serious and
impatient
He is wearing
sneaker.
Student 11
No Error Recognition
Error Classification
Sources of Error
1.
I have a FrienD,
he name is YaYan
Kurniawan. his
face shape long.
Capitalization,
Word choice,
Capitalization,
Add a word
Ignorance of rule
restriction and
Interlingual
2.
His nose a
pointed. His have
hair a short black
hair.
Add a word,
Word choice,
Verb tense,
Omit a word
Ignorance of rule
restriction,
Interlingual,
False concept
hypothesized
Reconstruction
I have a friend,
his name is
Yayan
Kurniawan. His
face shape is
long.
His nose is a
pointed. He has
short black hair.
3.
4.
5.
He have a body
thin and the skin
color
white
Verb tense,
Word order,
Word choice,
Add a word
He character is
happy, kind and
patient.
He waring is
shoes.
Word choice,
Singular-Plural,
Verb tense
Spelling,
Word order
False concept
hypothesized,
Overgeneralization,
Ignorance of rule
restriction,
Interlingual
Interlingual and
False concept
hypothesized
Incomplete
Application of rule
Overgeneralization,
He has a thin
body and his skin
color is white.
Student 12
No Error Recognition
Error Classification
Sources of Error
Reconstruction
Capitalization,
Capitalization,
Capitalization,
Add a word
Ignorance of rule
restriction
I have a best
friend, her name
is Izzoh.
Omit a word,
She her has a
round Face and the Capitalization,
Nose is Flat.
Word choice,
Capitalization,
Capitalization,
Ignorance of rule
restriction and
Interlingual
3.
Verb tense,
Add a word,
Add a word,
Capitalization,
Word form
False concept
hypothesized,
Ignorance of rule
restriction,
Overgeneralization
4.
She Body
slim
and She very
good for me. She
wear shoe
Word choice,
Capitalization,
Add a word,
Verb tense,
Singular-Plural
Interlingual,
Ignorance of rule
restriction,
False concept
hypothesized
1.
2.
I have a Best
Friend, her Name
Izzoh.
Student 13
No Error Recognition
1.
2.
3.
4.
Error Classification
Sources of Error
Reconstruction
I Have a Friend,
his name is
Marvel. He Has a
long and thin Face.
Capitalization,
Capitalization,
Capitalization,
Capitalization
Ignorance of rule
restriction
I have a friend,
his name is
Marvel. He has a
long and thin
face.
He Has a Big
moustache. and he
Body
proportioned
figure.
Capitalization,
Capitalization,
Incomplete
sentence
Word choice,
Capitalization,
Add a word
Ignorance of rule
restriction and
Interlingual
He has a big
moustache and
his body is
proportioned
figure.
He seems a Kind
man and he very
understanding.
Capitalization,
Add a word
Ignorance of rule
restriction
He wearing is
sneaker.
Word order
He seems a kind
man and he is
very
understanding.
Overgeneralization He is wearing
sneaker.
Student 14
No Error Recognition
1.
2.
3.
4.
Error Classification
Sources of Error
Reconstruction
I have a Friend
her name is Siti
Julekha.
Capitalization,
Punctuation
Ignorance of rule
restriction
I have a friend,
her name is Siti
Julekha.
Capitalization,
Capitalization,
Word choice
Ignorance of rule
restriction,
Interlingual
Verb tense,
Word choice,
Add a word,
Word choice
Omit a word
False concept
hypothesized,
Interlingual,
Ignorance of rule
restriction
Ignorance of rule
restriction
She wears
sneaker
Student 15
No Error Recognition
1.
2.
3.
4.
Error Classification
Sources of Error
Reconstruction
Spelling,
Word choice,
Add a word
I have a friend,
his name is Didik.
Incomplete
Application of
rule, Ignorance of
rule restriction
Interlingual
Omit a word,
Add a word,
Word choice,
Ignorance of rule
restriction,
Interlingual
Interlingual
???
Error Classification
Sources of Error
Reconstruction
He has a Pointed
nuse and he seems
Kind Man.
Capitalization,
Spelling,
Add a word,
Capitalization,
Ignorance of rule
restriction,
Incomplete
Application of
rules,
He has a pointed
nose and he
seems a kind
man.
He his tall is
around 175cm and
He his have a
body thin.
Omit a word,
Omit a word,
Verb tense,
Word order
Word choice,
Add a word
Ignorance of rule
restriction,
False concept
hypothesized,
Overgeneralization
Ignorance of rule
restriction,
Interlingual
???
Students 16
No Error Recognition
1.
2.
3.
4.
He his wears
sneper.
Omit a word,
Spelling
Ignorance of rule
restriction,
Incomplete
Application of
rules,
He wears
sneaker.
Error Classification
Sources of Error
I have a Friend
his name is wijaya
and his Face shape
is Round.
Capitalization,
Punctuation,
Capitalization,
Capitalization,
Capitalization,
Ignorance of rule
restriction,
I have a friend,
his name is
Wijaya and his
face shape is
round.
Interlingual
???
Verb tense,
Capitalization,
Capitalization,
False concept
hypothesized,
Ignorance of rule
restriction,
Word order
Error Classification
Sources of Error
Reconstruction
I have a friend
her name is
najibah. She her
has a angular face.
Punctuation,
Capitalization,
Verb tense,
Omit a word,
Article
Ignorance of rule
restriction,
False concept
hypothesized,
Interlingual,
I have a friend,
her name is
Najibah. She has
an angular face.
Capitalization,
Capitalization,
Singular-Plural
Ignorance of rule
restriction,
Interlingual
Student 17
No Error Recognition
1.
2.
3.
4.
He kind of shoes
wearing is
sneaker.
Reconstruction
Student 18
No Error Recognition
1.
2.
3.
False concept
She has a thin
hypothesized,
body and his skin
Overgeneralization, color is white.
Ignorance of rule
4.
Word choice,
Add a word
restriction,
She character is
happy,
Understanding and
Patient.
Word choice,
Singular-Plural,
Verb tense,
Capitalization,
Capitalization
Interlingual
False concept
hypothesized,
Ignorance of rule
restriction,
Her characters
are happy,
understanding
and patient.
Verb tense,
False concept
hypothesized
5.
Student 19
No Error Recognition
1.
2.
3.
Error Classification
Sources of Error
Reconstruction
I have a Friend
her name is
Khaerul amalia.
Capitalization,
Punctuation,
Ignorance of rule
restriction,
I have a friend,
her name is
Khaerul Amalia.
Her character is
kind, patient and
happy.
Singular-Plural,
Verb tense,
Interlingual
False concept
hypothesized
Her a tall is
around 158cm.
The skin color
black
Omit a word,
Word choice,
Add a word
Ignorance of rule
restriction,
Interlingual
Error Classification
Sources of Error
Students 20
No Error Recognition
1.
Ignorance of rule
restriction,
False concept
hypothesized
Interlingual,
Incomplete
Application of
rules,
Reconstruction
My friend is
Alan, he is an
ordinary man
2.
3.
His very
understanding and
patient. He has a
body medium
Word choice,
Verb tense,
Word order
Interlingual,
False concept
hypothesized,
Overgeneralization
He is sneaker
every day.
Add a word
Verb tense
Ignorance of rule
restriction,
False concept
hypothesized
Error Classification
Sources of Error
I have a friends
her Name is
Fadilatunisa.
Singular-Plural,
Punctuation,
Capitalization
Interlingual,
Ignorance of rule
restriction
I have a friend,
her name is
Fadilatunisa.
Verb tense,
Capitalization,
Singular-Plural,
Verb tense
False concept
hypothesized,
Interlingual
Her height
about 155cm and
her character is
tolerant, happy,
understanding and
Fussy.
She wearing is
shoes.
Add a word,
Singular-Plural,
Verb tense,
Capitalization
Ignorance of rule
restriction,
Interlingual,
False concept
hypothesized
He is very
understanding
and patient. He
has a medium
body.
He is wearing
sneaker every
day.
Student 21
No Error Recognition
1.
2.
3.
4.
Word order
Reconstruction
Her height is
about 155cm and
her characters are
tolerant, happy,
understanding
and fussy.
Overgeneralization She is wearing
shoes.
Student 22
No Error Recognition
1.
2.
Error Classification
Sources of Error
Reconstruction
Ignorance of rule
restriction,
Interlingual
I have a friend,
her name is Asri
Rahmatia.
Ignorance of rule
restriction,
False concept
hypothesized
Capitalization,
Capitalization,
Capitalization,
Verb tense,
Add a word
3.
4.
Capitalization,
Word choice
Ignorance of rule
restriction,
Interlingual
Singular-Plural,
Verb tense,
Capitalization
Interlingual,
False concept
hypothesized,
Ignorance of rule
restriction,
Error Classification
Sources of Error
Singular-Plural
Interlingual
Capitalization,
Spelling,
Capitalization,
Ignorance of rule
restriction,
Incomplete
Application of
rules,
His character is
strict and
suspicious
Singular-Plural,
Verb tense
Interlingual,
False concept
hypothesized,
He is waring
shoes.
Spelling
Incomplete
Application of
rules
He is wearing
shoes
Student 23
No Error Recognition
1.
2.
3.
4.
Reconstruction
Student 24
No Error Recognition
1.
Error Classification
Sources of Error
Word form,
Singular-Plural,
Word choice,
Overgeneralization,
Interlingual,
Ignorance of rule
Reconstruction
2.
3.
Add a word
restriction,
Word choice,
Article,
Capitalization,
Capitalization,
Word choice,
Singular-Plural
Interlingual,
Ignorance of rule
restriction,
She has an
angular face and
flat nose. She
seems a kind girl.
She wearing
sneaker.
Verb tense
False concept
hypothesized
She wears
sneaker.
Student 25
No Error Recognition
1.
2.
3.
Error Classification
Sources of Error
Reconstruction
I have a Friend,
her name is
sukayah. She is
round Face and
Pointed nose.
Capitalization,
Capitalization,
Verb tense,
Capitalization
Ignorance of rule
restriction,
False concept
hypothesized
I have a friend,
her name is
Sukayah. She has
round face and
pointed nose.
Verb tense,
Capitalization,
Verb tense,
Add a word
Word choice
False concept
hypothesized,
Ignorance of rule
restriction,
Interlingual,
She wearing
sneker
Verb tense,
Spelling
False concept
hypothesized,
Incomplete
Application of
rules
She wears
sneaker
Error Classification
Sources of Error
Singular-Plural,
Verb tense,
Capitalization,
Interlingual,
False concept
hypothesized,
Student 26
No Error Recognition
1.
I have a friends,
her name is Siti
Romlah. She have
Reconstruction
I have a friend her
name is Siti
Romlah. She has
2.
3.
4.
a Baby-Face and
Pointed nose.
Capitalization,
Capitalization
Ignorance of rule
restriction,
a baby-face and
pointed nose.
Interlingual
???
Omit a word,
Verb tense,
Capitalization
Ignorance of rule
restriction,
False concept
hypothesized
Ignorance of rule
restriction,
False concept
hypothesized
Omit a word,
Verb tense
She is wearing
sneaker
Student 27
No Error Recognition
Error Classification
Sources of Error
1.
He has a face
shape and angular
shape and He has
fla nose.
Omit a word,
Word order,
Spelling
2.
He is my fiend I
and my name is
Fathur and he has
a long hair
Ignorance of rule
He has an angular
restriction,
face and flat nose.
Overgeneralization
Incomplete
Application of
rules
Interlingual
???
3.
He eyes is small.
He has a her tall a
height is around
175cm
Word choice,
Verb tense,
Omit a word
4.
He body medium
and He character
in the Good man
and happy
Word choice,
Add a word
Word choice,
Singular-Plural,
Verb tense,
Capitalization,
Word order
Interlingual
False concept
hypothesized
Ignorance of rule
restriction,
Interlingual
Ignorance of rule
restriction,
False concept
hypothesized,
Overgeneralization
Reconstruction
His body is
medium and his
characters are
happy and
good man
5.
Kind of shoes he
wearing in the
white and red and
kind shoes px
style casual and
kind shoes high
heeled shoes and
sneaker
Interlingual
???
Error Classification
Sources of Error
Reconstruction
I have a Friend
his nurul
Rozalia.
Capitalization,
Add a word,
Capitalization,
Ignorance of rule
restriction
I have a friend,
his name is Nurul
Rozalia.
Add a word,
Verb tense,
Spelling
His character is
Funny and
Understanding
Singular-Plural,
Verb tense,
Capitalization
Ignorance of rule
restriction,
False concept
hypothesized,
Incomplete
Application of
rules
Interlingual,
False concept
hypothesized,
Ignorance of rule
restriction
Error Classification
Sources of Error
Reconstruction
Capitalization,
Word choice,
Add a word,
Capitalization
Ignorance of rule
restriction,
Interlingual
I have a best
friend, her name
is Nur Aftiyani.
Add a word,
Add a word,
Ignorance of rule
restriction,
Her character is
Fussy, Funny,
chaidist and
Suspicious.
Singular-Plural,
Verb tense,
Capitalization,
Spelling
Interlingual
False concept
hypothesized,
Ignorance of rule
Student 28
No Error Recognition
1.
2.
3.
Student 29
No Error Recognition
1.
2.
3.
4.
restriction
Incomplete
Application of
rules,
False concept
hypothesized,
Ignorance of rule
restriction
Incomplete
Application of
rules,
She wears
sneaker.
Student 30
No Error Recognition
1.
2.
3.
Error Classification
Sources of Error
Reconstruction
I have a Friend,
his name is Jerry
Knoxville. He
have thin face and
flat nose.
He have a body
slim and the skin
color White.
Capitalization,
Verb tense
Ignorance of rule
restriction,
False concept
hypothesized,
Verb tense,
Word choice,
Add a word,
Capitalization,
False concept
hypothesized,
Interlingual
Ignorance of rule
restriction,
I have a friend,
his name is Jerry
Knoxville. He has
thin face and flat
nose.
He has a body
slim and his skin
color is white.
he wearing is
shoes.
Word order
Overgeneralization He is wearing
shoes.
2
1
1
1
1
2
7
Students
Total
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
1 1
2 1
3 1 2 2
1 1 1 1
22
1
1 1
1
6
2 2 3
2
3 4 2 1 3 2 1
2 1 1
2
3 1
3
1 1
43
2 2
1 3 5 3 2
1
1 1 4 1 3 3 2 1 1 4 3 2 2 2 2
57
2 3 2
1 2 3 4 2 1 2 2
1 1 1 1 1
1 1
1 2 3
48
2 2 3
1
1 1
1 1 3
1 1
2 2
1
25
1
1
2
1 1 1
1 1
2
1
14
2 2
1
1
1
9
4 2
1
1
1 2
1
2
1
1 1 2
19
1
1
1 1 1
1
8
2 4 2 2
3 1 1 2 8 8 3
2 6 5 1 1 3 6 2 2 4 4 1 3 3 2
83
1
1
1
1
1
5
1 1
2
2 2
10
1
2
15 21 14 9 13 9 7 11 17 19 13 10 8 12 9 19 7 9 12 12 7 11 11 12 15 9 13 6
351
3
4
1
6
1
1
1
1
1
2
7
3
1
1
3
4
K: Capitalization
L: Article
M: Meaning not clear
N: Run-on sentence
44
: 22
X 100% = 6.26%
351
B. Word Form
: 6
X 100% =1.70%
351
C. Word Choice
: 43
X 100% =12.25%
351
D. Verb Tense
: 57 X 100% =16.23%
351
E. Add a Word
: 48
X 100% =13.67%
351
F. Omit a Word
: 25 X 100% =7.12%
351
G. Word Order
: 14
X 100% =3.98%
351
H. Incomplete Sentence
: 9
X 100% =2.56%
351
I. Spelling
: 19 X 100% =5.41%
351
J. Punctuation
: 8
X 100% =2.27%
351
K. Capitalization
: 83 X 100% =23.64%
351
L. Article
:5
X 100% =1.42%
351
M. Meaning not Clear
: 10
X 100% =2.84%
351
N. Run-on Sentence
: 2 X 100% =0.56%
351
23.64
25
20
16.23
15
12.25
10
7.12
6.26
13.67
1.7
3.98
2.56
5.41
2.27
1.42
2.84
0.56
0
singular plural
word form
word choice
verb tense
add a word
omit a word
word order
incomplete sentence
spelling
punctuation
capitalization
article
run on sentence
46
Based on the table of recapitulation of the students writing errors, it can be said
that:
1. Total errors of singular-plural are 22 (6.26%)
2. Total errors of word form are 6 (1.70%)
3. Total errors of word choice are 43 (12.25%)
4. Total errors of verb tense are 57 (16.23%)
5. Total errors of add a word are 48 (13.67%)
6. Total errors of omit a word are 25 (7.12%)
7. Total errors of word order are 14 (3.98%)
8. Total errors of incomplete sentence are 9 (2.56%)
9. Total errors of spelling are 19 (5.41%)
10. Total errors of punctuation are 8 (2.27%)
11. Total errors of capitalization are 83 (23.64%)
12. Total errors of Article are 5 (1.42%)
13. Total errors of meaning not clear are 10 (2.84%)
14. Total errors of run-on sentence are 2 (0.56%)
1 2 3
1 2 1
2
2
3 2 4
Students
Total
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
2 2 3
1 1
4 7 3 2 2
3 2
1
1 1 2 3
1 3 1
7 5 9 11 11 7 9 6
1
1
2
3
7
4
9
4
2
3
1
3
13
2
1
4
1
1
3
2
9
1
1
1
1
4
2
1
7
1
1
2
3
1
4
1
5
4
12
1
5
2
1
2
1
3
9
3
1
2
2
8
2
9
1
2
1
6
2
1
2
1
6
3
6
3
8
4
2
3
1
2
12
3
1
2
6
4
2
2
10
1
1
2
2
6
58
20
67
17
50
212
48
58
X 100% = 27.35%
212
B. Overgeneralization
20
X 100% = 9.43%
212
C. Ignorance of rule restriction
67
X 100% = 31.60%
212
D. Incomplete application of rules:
17 X 100% = 8.01%
212
50 X 100% = 23.58%
212
!" !
50
Based on the table of recapitulation of the students writing errors, it can be said
that:
Total source of error of interlingual are 58 (27.35%)
Total source of error of overgeneralization are 20 (9.43%)
Total source of error of ignorance of rule restriction are 67 (31.60%)
Total source of error of incomplete application of rules are 17 (8.01%)
Total source of error of false concept hypothesized are 50 (23.58%)
She wears
(11). Capitalization
The total number of errors is 83 or 23.64%. It means that the
most of
Capital letter use in name of people, cities, country etc, for example:
her name is najibah instead of her name is Najibah. This error may be
caused carelessness students and the teacher might be seldom to
explain the use of the capitalization in the correct way.
(12). Article
The total number of errors is 5 or 1.42%. It means that the
students used article inappropriately and the lack of knowledge, for
example:
She has a angular face instead of She has an angular face. This error
may
(1). Interlingual
The total number of interlingual is 58 or 27.35%. It is caused by
interference of mother tongue to the target language. The students put
Indonesian system in English.
(2). Overgeneralization
The total number of overgeneralization is 20 or 9.43%. It means the
students are still confused about the word will use in their sentence. It can
be seen from the students made a deviation of structure based on their
experience of another structures and placed it into the new one.
(3). Ignorance of rule restriction
The total number of ignorance of rule restriction is 67 or 31.60%. It
is caused by carelessness of the students on their own writing. It means the
students failed to observe the restriction of existing structure.
(4). Incomplete application of rules
The total number of incomplete application of rules is 17 or 8.01%.
The students made deviations of structure of rules development to make an
acceptable sentence.
(5). False concept hypothesized
The total number of false concept hypothesized is 50 or 23.58%. The
students made a wrong comprehension of divergences of the target
language.
CHAPTER IV
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGESTIONS
A. Conclusions
After collecting the samples, identifying the errors, classifying the errors
and calculating the data, the writer comes to a conclusion related to the
objective of the study. The writer found that the most typical error at
Madrasah Aliyah Darul Maarif Jakarta in their writing is in capitalization
(23.64%) and the less typical error is in run-on sentence (0.56%).The most
typical error happened because the students do not have great concern in using
capitalization in the correct usage in writing English, the students careless to
write it down. The teacher might be seldom gave explanation to use
capitalization in the correct usage in the teaching and learning process.
B. Suggestions
Based on the conclusions above, the writer has some suggestions which
may be useful for the English teacher and the students of Madrasah Aliyah
Darul Maarif Jakarta. The writer suggestions are:
1. The teacher should give more practice to write in English to their students.
2. The teacher should choose the suitable materials for their students and
create a pleasant atmosphere in the classroom.
59
3. The teacher should give more explanation about the correct usage of
capitalization and the examples of the words use in capitalization.
4. The teacher has to recheck the students writing.
5. The students should give great concern to the capitalization in order to
avoid errors in their writing.
6. The students must know and realize about capitalization and apply it to
their writing.
REFERENCES
Azar, Betty Schrampfer. 1989. Understanding and Using English Grammar
Guide for Correcting Writing Error. New Jersey: Prentice Hall
Brown, H. Douglas. 1987. Principles of
Prentice
Departemen
C.T.
2005.
The
Importance
of
Writing
Well.
http://novaonline.nvcc.ed/eli/evans/Writing Center/Importance.html
Gould, Eric, et al. 1989. The Act of Writing. New York: Random House
Haris, David P. 1974. Testing English as A Second Language. Graw-Hill: Tata Mc
Harlow, Carl James.1998. Errors in Language Learning and Use: Exploring
Error Analysis. Addison Wesley Longman
James, Reinking. 1986. A. Strategies for Successful Writing. New Jersey: Prentice
Hall
Kelompok Studi Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia. 1992. Analisis kesalahan
Berbahasa dan Problematika Bahasa Indonesia. Malang: YA3 Malang
Kramer, Melinda G et al. 1995. Handbook for Writer. New Jersey: Prentice Hall,
Inc
Nunan, David. 1989. Designing Task for the Communicative classroom.
Cambridge: University Press
Parera, Jos Daniel. 1987. Menulis Tertib dan Sistematik. Jakarta: Erlangga
Appendix I