Artificial Intelligence

Jane Hsu
Computer Science & Information Engineering
National Taiwan University
What is intelligence?
Multiple Dimensions of Intelligence
p Linguistic
p Logico-mathematical
p Spatial
p Musical
p Kinesthetic
p Intrapersonal
p Interpersonal

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Hallmarks of Intelligent Behavior
p The ability to solve complex problems
p Learning from experience
p Adaptability
p Self-awareness
p Dealing with incomplete information
p Action under time pressure
p Creativity
p Common sense reasoning etc.

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What is AI?
Can machines think?
— Alan Turing [1950]
1956: The Birth of AI
“Every aspect of
learning or any other
feature of intelligence
can in principle be so
precisely described
that a machine can be
made to simulate it.”
– Dartmouth AI Project Proposal; J.
McCarthy et al.;
Aug. 31, 1955.
Knowledge Is Power
- Francis Bacon
Definition
p “There are computer systems that can diagnose
diseases, plan the synthesis of complex organic
chemical compounds, solve differential equations
in symbolic form, analyze electronic circuits,
understand limited amounts of human speech
and natural language text, or write small
computer programs to meet formal specifications.
We might say that such systems possess some
degree of artificial intelligence… This work has
had largely an empirical and engineering
orientation.” (Nilsson, 1980)

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Data-Driven AI
Data Life Cycle
“Machine Learning is a field within AI and the
science of getting computers to act without
being explicitly programmed.”
— Andrew Ng
AI: What comes to mind?
• 1997 IBM Deep Blue
• 2006 Google Translate
• 2011 IBM Watson won Jeopardy!
• 2011 Apple Siri
• 2014 Microsoft Cortana
• 2015 Amazon Echo
• 2016 Google Home
• 2017 Alibaba Smart Speaker
• 2018 Google Duplex, BERT
• 2019 GPT-2, AlphaStar
• 2020 YOLOv4/YOLOv5, GPT-3
• 1995 No Hands Across America
• 2002 iRobot Roomba
• 2005 DARPA Grand Challenge
• 2007 DARPA Urban Challenge
• 2009 Google Self-Driving Cars
• 2011 Amazon Kiva Robots
• 2014 Pepper Robot
• 2017 Alibaba Smart Store
• 2017 Tesla Automated Factory
• 2018 Waymo Self-Driving Cars
• 2019 Boston Dynamics Spot
• 2021 NASA Perseverence
Work with Nest
Google acquired Nest for $3.2B USD in 2014

Smart Healthy Home

1
Smart Warehouse
2016: AlphaGo vs. Lee Sedol
The “Intelligent Cloud” by IPR
The AI Revolution

AI (esp. machine learning) as the new

electricity in the 4th industrial revolution
What is the goal of AI?
To create intelligent
machines
The Turing Test
p "Can machines think?" à "Can machines behave intelligently?"
p Imagine that you are typing into a computer terminal. At the other end of
the line is either another person or an artificial system of some sort. You
have thirty minutes to ask whatever you want; if, at the end of that time,
you cannot reliably distinguish the human from the artificial respondent,
the artificial system is deemed to be generally intelligent.

p Predicted that by 2000, a machine might have a 30% chance of fooling a

lay person for 5 minutes
p Anticipated all major arguments against AI in following 50 years
p Suggested major components of AI: knowledge, reasoning, language
understanding, learning

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Problems with The Turing Test
p The human interrogator may be incompetent.
p The human interrogator is too lazy to ask any questions.
p The human at the other end may try to trick the
interrogator.
p The machine may store (if possible) all possible sequences
of up to 18,000 characters together with appropriate
responses.
p The communication channel is too narrow. No gestures,
facial expressions, or physical contacts may be used.
p The test equates intelligence with conversational human-
like behavior.
p Philosophical objections
p The implication of such a test is: A program doesn't have
to think like a human. Intelligence is really decided by
what a program (or other agent) does, not how it does it.

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Thinking Humanly: Cognitive Modeling
p 1960s "cognitive revolution": information-
processing psychology requires scientific
theories of internal activities of the brain
p How to validate? Requires
n Predicting and testing behavior of human
subjects (top-down, Cognitive Science)
n Direct identification from neurological data
(bottom-up, Cognitive Neuroscience)
p Both approaches are now distinct from AI

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Thinking Rationally: “Laws of Thought"
p Aristotle: what are correct arguments/thought
processes?
p Several Greek schools developed various forms of
logic: notation and rules of derivation for
thoughts; may or may not have proceeded to the
idea of mechanization
p Direct line through mathematics and philosophy
to modern AI
p Problems:
n Not all intelligent behavior is mediated by logical
deliberation
n What is the purpose of thinking?
n What thoughts should I have?

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Acting Rationally: Rational Agent
p Rational behavior: doing the right thing
p The right thing: that which is expected to
maximize goal achievement, given the
available information
p Doesn't necessarily involve thinking – e.g.,
blinking reflex – but thinking should be in
the service of rational action

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Taxonomy of AI
p Acting humanly:
Turing test
n Natural language
n Automated reasoning
n Machine learning
n Computer vision
n Humanoid Robots
p Thinking humanly:
cognitive modeling
n Introspection
n Psychological
experiments
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p Acting rationally:
rational agent
n Knowledge
representation and
reasoning
n Natural language
n Learning
n Visual perception
n Limited rationality
p Thinking rationally:
laws of thought
n Formal logic
n (Correct) Inference
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Agent
sensors

?
environment
agent

actuators

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AI Prehistory
p Philosophy Logic, methods of reasoning, mind as
physical system, foundations of learning,
language, rationality
p Mathematics Formal representation and proof algorithms,
computation, (un)decidability, (in)tractability,
probability
p Economics utility, decision theory
p Neuroscience physical substrate for mental activity
p Psychology phenomena of perception and motor control,
experimental techniques
p Computer building fast computers
engineering
p Control theory design systems that maximize an objective
function over time
p Linguistics knowledge representation, grammar

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The History of AI
p The gestation of AI (1943-1956)
n Dartmouth conference (Summer of 1956)
n Participants: McCarthy, Minsky, Shannon, Rochester, More
(Princeton), Newell, Simon (CMU), Solomonoff, Selfridge (MIT),
Samuel (IBM)
p Early enthusiasm and expectations (1952-1969)
p A dose of reality (1966-1974)
p Knowledge-based systems (1969-1979)
p AI (expert systems) becomes an industry (1980-1988)
p The return of neural networks (1986-1995)
p Broader technical development: probability, ALife, GA, soft
computing (1988-)
p Machine learning and data mining (1990- )
p Intelligent agents (1995- )
p Bayesian probabilistic reasoning

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AI: The Pioneering Days
p Shakey the Robot (1966-1972)
n the first mobile robot to reason about its actions.
n Developed by SRI's Artificial Intelligence Center
p Hardware
n TV camera
n A triangulating range finder
n Bump sensors, and was connected to DEC PDP-10 and
PDP-15 computers via radio and video links.
p Software
n perception, world-modeling, and acting.
n Low-level action routines took care of simple moving,
turning, and route planning.
n Intermediate level actions strung the low level ones
together in ways that robustly accomplished more
complex tasks.
n The highest level programs could make and execute
plans to achieve goals given it by a user.
n The system also generalized and saved these plans for
possible future use.
p Shakey currently resides in the Computer History
Museum in Mountain View, CA.
p In 2004, Shakey was selected for induction to the
Robot Hall of Fame at Carnegie Mellon University.

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Early Achievements
p Deep Blue defeated the reigning world chess champion
Garry Kasparov in 1997
p Proved a mathematical conjecture (Robbins conjecture)
unsolved for decades
p No hands across America (driving autonomously 98% of the
time from Pittsburgh to San Diego)
p During the 1991 Gulf War, US forces deployed an AI
logistics planning and scheduling program that involved up
to 50,000 vehicles, cargo, and people
p NASA's on-board autonomous planning program controlled
the scheduling of operations for a spacecraft
p Proverb solves crossword puzzles better than most humans
p Stanley drove 132 miles to win the Grand Challenge.

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AI in the News
p Kasparov vs. Deep Blue
p The Match
n May 3~11, 1997
n Deep Blue won in 6 games

p Contrast in styles

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No Hands Across America
p CMU Robotics Institute
p Build robot cars, trucks,
and buses, capable of
autonomous driving or
driver assistance
p Autonomous Land Vehicle
In a Neural Network
(ALVINN)
n a perception system which
learns to control the NAVLAB
vehicles by watching a
person drive.
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DARPA Grand Challenge

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DARPA Urban Challenge 2007
p Victorville, California (former George Air Force
Base) on November 3, 2007
p DARPA has selected thirty-five teams as
semifinalists in the National Qualification Event.

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DARPA Urban Challenge 2007

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Waymo’s cars drive 10 million miles a day in a perilous virtual
world

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AI/Robotics in Space
p NASA
n Mars Exploration Rover Mission
n Robotics Education Project
p ESA
n Mars Express
p CMU
p MIT
p Georgia Tech

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NASA Mars Missions
p Pathfinder
n Rover Sojourner
n July 1997
p Mars exploration rover
n Spirit (01/04/2004)
n Opportunity (01/25/2004)

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Mars Rover Mission

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AI on The Market
p Roomba by iRobot
Official Site
p Demo video
n Roomba cleans
n Roomba navigates
n Roomba on table
p Features
n Effective cleaning
n Returns to recharge
n Detects dirtier areas
n Avoids stairs and cliffs
n Stays where you want it

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AI for Fun

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Robot Soccer
p RoboCup

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