Toan Cao Cap A1

GIO TRNH TON CAO CP A1
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Bi 1 Gii hn v lin tc
I. S THC V HM S
1.Cc s thc v ng thng thc

Cc s thc l nhng s c th biu din di dng thp phn nh :
trong du ba chm ( ) ch dy cc k s sau du chm thp phn ko di n v

hn .
Cc s thc c th c biu din v mt hnh hc bi cc im trn 1 ng thng,
c gi l ng thng thc nh minh ha di y:
Tp hp tt c cc s thc (hay ng thng thc ) s c k hiu l R.

Trn tp hp cc s thc ta c hai php ton c bn + v * vi mt s tnh cht i s
quen thuc bit . T ta cng c php ton tr (-) v php chia (/) cho s khc 0.
Ngoi ra trn R ta cng c mt th t thng thng v vi th t ny ta c mt s
tnh cht c vit di dng cc bt ng thc nh sau:
Nu a,b, v c l cc s thc th ta c
a < b a+c <b+c
a < b a-c <b-c
a < b v c > 0 ac <bc
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a < b v c< 0 bc <ac

c bit : a < b -b <-a
a>0
>0
Nu (a v b cng l s dng )
hay (a v b cng l s m )
Th ta c :
R c mt s tp hp con quen thuc l tp hp cc s t nhin N ,tp hp cc s

nguyn Z, v tp hp cc s hu t Q . Theo th t "bao hm trong " th
NZQR
Cc s thc khng thuc Q c gi l cc s v t .
K hiu cc khong on v na khong :
Vi a v b l cc s thc , ta k hiu :
(a ,b ) l { x R / a< x <b}
[ a,b ] l {x R / a <=x <= b}
[a,b) l {x R / a <= x < b }
(a ,b ] l { x R / a < x <=b}
(a, ) l {x R / x > a}
[a, ) l { x R /x >= a}
( - ,b) l {x R /x < b }
( - b] l {x R /x <= b}
( - , ) l R
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Ghi ch : Ngi ta cn chng minh c rng R c tnh cht y . Theo tnh

cht ny th mi tp s thc khc rng b chn trn u c cn trn ng (tc l chn
trn nh nht). Tng t , mi tp s thc khc rng b c chn di ng.
K hiu "gi tr tuyt i:
Gi tr tuyt i ca mt s thc x ,k hiu bi |x|, c nh ngha nh sau :
T ta c mt s tnh cht di y:
(1)
Vi mi
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
Lu rng v mt hnh hc , x biu din khong cch t im x n im 0 trn
ng thng thc . Tng qut hn l :
x-y = khong cch gia x v y
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2. Hm s
nh ngha:
Mt hm s f t mt tp D vo IR l mt quy tc cho ng vi mi x D l mt phn
t duy nht f (x) R.
Mt hm s thng c cho di dng cng thc nh cc v d sau:
Khi hm s c cho bi mt cng thc nh hm s g(x) trn th tp hp tt c cc

x m g(x) xc nh c gi l min xc nh ca hm s.
V d: Min xc nh ca hm s
l tp hp cc s thc x sao cho :
x2 4 0
x -2 hay x 2
Vy min xc nh l : ( - , -2 ] [ 2 , )
th ca hm s:
th ca hm s f l ng biu din trong mt phng Oxy c phng trnh y=f(x).
N bao gm tt c cc im (x , f(x)) vi x chy trong min xc nh ca hm s.
V d :
1) th hm s y = x2
2) th hm s y = x3/2
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Tng, hiu, tch, thng ca cc hm s:

Cho f v g l 2 hm s, v c l mt hng s. Ta nh ngha cc hm f+g, fg, f.g, f/g
v c.f bi cc cng thc sau:
(f + g) (x) = f(x) + g(x)
(f - g) (x) = f(x) - g(x)
(f . g) (x) = f(x) . g(x)
(c.f) (x) =c.f(x)

Hp ni ca cc hm s:
Hp ni ca f(x) v g(x) l 1 hm s c k hiu l gf v c nh ngha bi :
(g f) (x) = g(f(x) )
Min xc nh ca g f l tp hp cc gi tr x sao cho f(x) min xc nh ca g.
V d: Hm s y =
sao cho
c min xc nh l tp hp tt c cc s thc x
hay x (1, 2). Vy min xc nh l D = (- , 1] [2, + ).
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III. CC DNG V NH
1 . Hm tng ng ,VCB ,VCL
nh ngha 1:
Cho hai hm s f(x)v g(x) khng trit tiu trong mt khong quanh xo ( c th loi
tr xo). Ta ni f(x) tng ng vi g(x) khi x -> xo nu:
Khi y , ta vit :
f(x) g(x) khi x -> xo
Hoc l : khi x -> xo , f(x) g(x)
Tnh cht : Khi x -> xo
(i) f(x) g(x)
(ii) f(x) g(x) g(x) f(x)
(iii) f(x) g(x) v g(x) h(x) f(x) h(x)
V d : Khi x -> 0, ta c :
sin x ~ x ln(1+x) ~ x
tg x ~ x ex -1 ~ x
arcsin x ~ x arctg x ~ x
nh ngha 2:
Cho f (x) xc nh quanh xo (c th loi tr xo). Ta ni f (x) l mt i lng v cng
b khi x -> xo vit tt l VCB , khi
Trong trng hp ta c
(vit tt l VCL) khi x -> xo
(hoc + , hoc - ) ta ni f (x) l v cng ln
V d:
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Khi x -> 0 , ta c x, ln(1+x), 1 cos x l cc VCB.
Khi x -> 0+, ta c ln(x),
l cc VCL
Khi x -> + , ta c x, ln(x), ex l cc VCL

Ghi ch : Cc khi nim v hm tng ng, VCB v VCL cng c nh
ngha tng t nh hai nh ngha trn khi xt gii hn v tn, tc l khi xt x - >
, hoc x -> + , hoc x -> - .
2. By dng v nh.
Gi s ta xt gii hn ca f(x) v g(x)trong cng mt qa trnh bin i ca
x.Khi
1) Ta ni f (x) g (x) c dng v nh - nu f (x) v g (x) cng tin v + (hoc
l - ).
2) Ta ni f(x).g (x) c dng v nh o . nu:
f (x) l VCB v g (x) l VCL , hoc l:
f (x) l VCL v g (x) l VCB
3) Ta ni
c dng v nh
nu f(x) v g (x) u l cc VCB
4) Ta ni
c dng v nh
nu f(x) v g(x) u l cc VCL
5) Ta ni f(x) g(x) c dng v nh 00 khi f (x) v g (x) u l cc VCB.

6) Ta ni f(x) g(x) c dng v nh 0 nu f(x) -> + v g (x) l VCB.
7) Ta ni f (x) g(x) c dng v nh 1 nu f(x) -> 1 v g (x) l VCL .
3. Quy tc thay th tng ng khi tnh gii hn.
nh l : Gi s ta xt gii hn trong mt qu trnh bin i ca x. khi y :
f (x) ~ g (x) v g (x) c gii hn L
f(x) c gii hn L. (L hu hn hoc v hn)
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V d: Tnh
Khi x -> 0, ta c : x . ln(1+x) ~ x . x = x2
=>
Vy:
4. So snh cc VCB , v cc VCL
nh ngha: Xt x -> a (a R , hoc a l v tn )
Gi s u = f (x)v v = g (x) l cc VCB . Khi :
(i) Ta ni u v v c cng cp nu
(ii) Ta ni u c cp cao hn v nu
(iii) Ta ni u c cp thp hn v nu
V d : Khi xt x -> 0, ta c 1 cos x v x2 l 2 VCB cng cp , 1 cos x l VCB cp
cao hn ln(1+x)
nh ngha: (So snh VCL)
Gi s f(x) v g (x) l 2 VCL khi x -> a . Ta ni
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(i) f (x) c cng cp vi g (x) nu
(ii) f(x) c cp cao hn g (x) nu
(iii) f(x) c cp thp hn g(x) nu

V d: Khi x -> + , ta c x v
cng cp , x3/2 c cp cao hn
nh l: Gi s f (x) v g(x) l cc VCB khi x -> a .Ta c:

(i) Nu f(x) c cp nh hn g(x) th f(x) g(x) ~ f(x) khi x->a
(ii) Nu f(x) cng cp g(x) v f(x) ~ f1(x), g(x) ~ g1(x) th :
f(x) - g(x) ~ f1(x) - g1(x)
vi iu kin f(x) v g(x) khng tng ng.
nh l: Gi s f(x) v g(x) l cc VCL khi x -> a. Ta c:
(i) Nu f(x) c cp ln hn g(x) th:
f(x) g(x) ~ f(x) khi x->a
(ii) Nu f v g cng cp nhng khng tng ng, v: f(x) ~ f1(x), g(x) ~ g1(x) th :
f(x) - g(x) ~ f1(x) - g1(x)
V d: Khi x - > + , ta c:
3x4 + x + 1 ~ 3x2
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IV. KH DNG V NH
Nh bit , ta c th dng cc quy tc tnh gii hn trong trng hp khng phi

dng v nh v cc quy tc thay th tng ng tnh gii hn . Trong trng hp
gp cc dng v nh : - , 0. , , v ta c th phn tch biu thc n
gin hay thc hin cc quy tc thay th tng ng , c bit l p dng vic th
tng ng cho VCB v VCL c trnh by trong cc nh l mc II trn . i
vi cc dng v nh 00 , 1 v 0 ta thng dng cng thc bin i sau y :
(u > 0)
ri xt gii hn ca v. lnu
Ngoi ra , i vi cc dng v nh v ta cn c th p dng quy tc L

Hospitale. Quy tc ny s c trnh by trong phn p dng ca o hm trong
chng sau .
Di y chng ta s xt mt s v d minh ha cho cc phng php kh dng v
nh nu trn.
V d 1:
Tm
Khi x -> + , ta c :
=>
Khi x -> + , ta c :
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=>
V d 2:
Tm
Khi x-> 0 , ta c :
2x + sin 3x ~ 5x
sin2 x ~ x2
2x + sin 3x + sin2 x ~ 5x
sin 4x + ln(1+x) ~ 4x + x =5x
sin 4x + ln(1+x) - x2 ~ 5x
suy ra :
Vy:
V d 3:
Tm
Khi x -> 0, ta c:
=>
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Vy:
V d 4:
Tnh gii hn
Ta c dng v nh
. Bin i:
Khi x ,ta c:
Suy ra
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V. HM S LIN TC
1 . nh ngha
(i) Cho hm s f(x) xc nh trn mt khong cha xo. Ta ni f(x) lin tc ti xo nu
(ii) Cho f (x) xc nh trn vi [ xo, xo + ] vi s > 0. Ta ni f (x) lin tc bn phi ti

xo nu:
(iii) Cho f(x) xc nh tn ( xo - , xo ] vi s > 0

Ta ni f(x) lin tc bn tri ti xo nu:
Mnh : f lin tc ti xo <=> f lin tc bn tri v lin tc bn phi ti xo

nh l: Cho f(x) v g(x) l cc hm s lin tc ti xo. Khi ta c :
(i) f(x) + g(x) v f(x) . g (x) cng lin tc ti xo
(ii)
lin tc ti xo vi iu kin
(iii) f (x) lin tc ti xo.

nh l: Nu hm s f(x) lin tc ti xo v hm s g(u) lin tc ti uo = f(xo) th
hm s hp h (x) =gof(x) lin tc ti xo.
2.Tnh cht ca hm hm s lin tc trn mt on

nh ngha: Hm s f(x) c gi l lin tc trn on [a,b] nu:
(i) f(x) lin tc trn khang (a,b) ,tc l f (x) lin tc ti mi xo (a,b)
(ii) f(x) lin tc bn phi ti a.
(iii) f(x) lin tc bn tri ti b.
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Lin quan n hm s lin tc trn mt on , ngi ta chng minh c nh l

sau y:
nh l: Cho hm s f(x) lin tc trn [a,b]. Khi ta c:
(i) f c ga tr nh nht v ga tr ln nht trn [a,b]
(ii) t m = min {f(x)/ x [a,b]}
M = max {f(x) / x [a,b]}
Ta c f ([a,b] ) =[m,M]
(iii) Cho mt s thc yo ty thuc [m,M], ta c xo [a,b] sao cho yo=f(xo)
H qu: Nu f lin tc trn [a,b] v:
f(a) .f(b) <0
Th phng trnh f(x) =0 c nghim trong khong (a,b).
BI TP CHNG I
1. Tnh cc gii hn sau:
(a > b)
2.Tnh gii hn :
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3.Tnh gii hn :
4.Xc nh a v b sao cho cc hm s sau y l lin tc trn IR.
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5.Chng minh rng phng trnh

2x3 6x+1=0
C 3 nghim trn on [-2,2]
6.Chng minh rng cc phng trnh sau y c nghim :
2x2 5x3-2x-1=0
2x +3x = 6x
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Bi 2 o hm v vi phn ca mt s bin
I. KHI NIM V O HM
1.nh ngha:
Cho hm s f(x) xc nh trong mt khong cha xo. Nu t s

c gii
hn R khi x xo th ta ni f c o hm ti xo v gi tr ca gii hn trn c gi
l o hm ca hm s f ti xo . o hm ca f ti xo thng c k hiu l: f(xo)
Cc k hiu khc ca o hm :
Cho hm s y = f(x). Ngoi cch k hiu o hm l f(x) ta cn c mt s cch k
hiu khc nh sau:
yHay yx
ngha hnh hc ca o hm :
x= xo+h
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PT l tip tuyn ti
H s gc ca tip tuyn vi ng cong l

Vy phng trnh tip tuyn vi th hm s y = f (x) ti Mo(xo f(x) l:
y-yo = f(xo) . (x- xo)
trong yo =f(xo)
2. Lin h gia o hm v tnh lin tc

nh l: nu f(x) lin tc ti xo th f(x) lin tc ti xo
3. Bng o hm thng dng

(1) C=0 (C l hng s)
(2)
c bit:
(3) (sin x)= cos x
(4) (cos x) = -sin x
(5)
(6)
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(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
(13)
(14)
II. CC QUY TC TNH O HM

1.o hm ca tng, hiu, tch , thng
nh l: Nu u(x) v v(x) u c o hm theo bin x th ta c:
(u + v)= u+ v
(u.v)= u.v+u.v
H qu :
(u1+u2 un )=u1+u2+ +un
2. o hm ca hm s hp
nh l:
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Xt hm s hp y = f(u(x)). Gi s u(x) c o hm ti xo v f(u) c o hm ti

uo=u(xo). Khi y, hm s y = f(u(x)) c o hm ti xo v y(xo) = f(uo). u(xo).
V d:
3. o hm ca hm ngc
nh l:
Nu hm s y = y(x) c o hm y(xo) 0 v nu c hm ngc x = x(y) lin tc ti
yo=y(xo), th hm ngc c o hm ti yo v:
4. o hm ca hm s c dng y = u(x)v(x) vi u(x)>0

Ta c:
V d:
y = xx (x > 0)
Ta c: y =
= xx . (lnx+1)
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III. O HM CP CAO
Gi s f(x) c o hm ti mi x thuc mt khong no . Khi y f(x) l mt hm s
xc nh trn khong . Nu hm s f(x) c o hm th o hm ny gi l o
hm cp 2 ca f(x), k hiu l f(x). Vy :
f(x)= (f(x))
Ta cn k hiu o hm cp 2 l :
Tng qut, o hm ca o hm cp n-1 c gi l o hm cp n. o hm cp n
ca f(x) c k hiu l
vy:
o hm cp n ca f(x) cn c k hiu l:
V d : Tnh y(n) vi y=sinx
(*)
Cng thc (*) trn c th c chng minh bng phng php qui np.
IV .VI PHN
1.Vi phn cp 1
nh ngha:
Xt hm s f(x) xc nh trn 1 khong quanh xo. Ta ni f kh vi ti xo . Khi ta c
mt hng s sao cho ng vi mi s gia x nh ca bin x, s gia ca hm l f
( x0 +x ) - f ( x0 ) c th vit di dng :
f = A.x + 0(x)
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Trong 0(x) l VCB cp cao hn x khi x 0

Biu thc A. x c gi l vi phn ca f(x) ti xo ng vi s gia x v c k hiu
l df
Vy: df = A. x
nh l: Hm s f(x) kh vi ti xo khi v ch khi f(x) c o hm ti xo. Khi ta
c:
df = f(xo) . x
T nh l trn vi f(x) = x ta c dx = x
Do biu thc vi phn ca mt hm s y=y(x) s c vit di dng :
dy = y. dx
Ghi ch:
T nh ngha ca vi phn trn v cng thc : dy = ydx
Ta c: nu y(x) 0 th dy v y l 2 VCB tng ng khi x 0
Gi s y = f(x) v x = (t). Xt hm hp y = f( (t)), ta c:
Do dy = yx . xt .dt = yx .dx
Vy dng vi phn dy ca hm y = f(x) khng thay i d x l bin c lp hay l hm
kh vi theo bin c lp khc. Tnh cht ny c gi l tnh bt bin ca biu thc vi
phn.
T cc qui tc tnh o hm, ta c cc qui tc tnh vi phn nh sau :
d(u+v)=du + dv
d(u.v)=v.du + u.dv
2. Vi phn cp cao
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Gi s hm s y=f(x) kh vi trn mt khong no . Nh th vi phn dy=y.dx l

mt hm theo x trn khong v nu hm ny kh vi th vi phn ca n c gi l
vi phn cp 2 cu y v c k hiu l d2y.Vy:
Tng qut, vi phn cp n ca hm s y c k hiu l dny v c nh ngha bi:
Ta c th kim chng d dng cng thc sau:
V d : Vi y= sin x, ta c:
dy= cosx dx
Nhn xt: Cng thc vi phn cp cao:

(n2)
khng cn ng na nu x khng phi l bin c lp
V. CC NH L C BN
1. Cc tr a phng v nh l Fermat
nh ngha:
Hm s f(x) c gi l t cc i a phng ti xo nu c mt ln cn quanh im
xo sao cho vi mi x thuc ln cn ny ta c :
f(x) f(xo)
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Khi nim cc tiu a phng cng c nh ngha tng t. Cc i a phng

v cc tiu a phng c gi chung l cc tr a phng.
nh l (Fermat):
Nu hm s f(x) t cc tr a phng ti xo v c o hm ti xo th f(xo )=0
Chng minh:
Gi s f(x) t cc i a phng ti x0 v c o hm ti xo. Khi f(x) xc nh
trn 1 khong ( xo - , xo + )vi mt > 0 v trn khong ny ta c:
Vi mi x <
Do :
Suy ra f(x0) = 0
2. nh l Rolle
Nu f(x) lin tc trn [a,b], c o hm trong khong (a,b) v f(a)=f(b) th tn ti c
(a,b) sao cho f(c)=0
Chng minh:
Nu f(x) l hm hng trn [a,b], th f(x) = 0. x (a,b). Vy ta c th gi s f(x)
khng hng trn [a,b]. V f(x) lin tc trn on [a,b] nn f([a,b]) = [m,M] vi m M.
Ta c f(a) m hay f(a) M. Ta xt trng hp m f(a). (trng hp M f(a) th
tng t). Do m f(a) = f(b) v m f([a,b]) nn c (a,b) sao cho f(c) = m. Ta s
chng minh f(c)=0
Vi h nh c+h (a,b) ta c:
V f(c+h) f(c) 0
Suy ra f(c) = 0
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3. nh l Lagrange
Nu hm s f(x) lin tc trn [a,b] v c o hm
trn (a,b) th tn ti c (a,b) sao cho:
f(b) - f(a) = f(c) . (b-a).
Chng minh
t k =
, v xt hm g(x) = f(x) - f(a) - k.(x-a). Ta thy g(x) lin tc trn
[a,b], c o hm trn (a,b) v g(a) =g(b)=0. Do ,theo nh l Rolle ta c c (a,b)
sao cho c (a, b) sao cho: g(c) =0
V : g(x)=f(x)-k, nn:
g(c) = 0 f(c ) -k =0
f(c) =k
f (b)-f(a)=f(c).(b-a)
Minh ha hnh hc:
Gi s cung AB l th ca hm s f(x) tho iu kin ca nh l Lagrange trn

[a,b] nh hnh v. Khi trn cung AB phi c t nht mt im C c honh c
(a,b) sao cho tip tuyn vi th ti C l song song vi ng thng AB.
Ch : Nu t h = b-a th ng thc trong nh l Lagrange c th c vit

li nh sau:
f(a + b) - f(a)= h . f(a+ h) vi 0 < < 1
4. nh l Cauchy
Nu f(x) v g(x) l 2 hm s lin tc trn [a,b], c o hm trn (a,b) v g(x) 0 ti
mi x (a,b), th tn ti c (a,b) sao cho:
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Chng minh:
t k =
. Do g(x) 0 x (a,b)
Nn theo nh l Rolle ta phi c g(a) g(b) . Vy gi tr k l xc nh .

Xt hm s h(x) = f(x) - k.g(x)
Ta thy h(x) lin tc trn [a,b], c o hm trn (a,b) cho bi :
h(x)=f(x) - k.g(x).
Hn na h(a) = h(b) nn theo nh l Rolle ta c c (a,b) sao cho h(c) = 0.
Suy ra:
Hay
VI. CNG THC TAYLOR
1.nh l Taylor
Nu hm s f(x) c o hm n cp n+1 trong mt khong cha xo v x th ta c
cng thc Taylor sau y :
trong c l mt s nm gia xo v x
Trong cng thc trn ta gi:
l phn d Lagrange trong cng thc Taylor

Ch :
1) S c trong cng thc Taylor cn c vit di dng:
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c = xo + (x- xo) vi 0 < < 1

2) Phn d Rn(x) cng cn c vit di dng:
tc l VCB cp cao hn (x - xo)n. Dng ny c gi l phn d dng Peano

Cng thc Taylor ca hm s f(x) thng c gi l khai trin Taylor ca hm s f.
Trong trng hp xo = 0, cng thc Taylor c dng :
Vi
V cng thc ny c gi l cng thc Maclaurin ca hm s f
2.Khai trin Maclaurin ca mt s hm s cp

Khai trin hm s : y = ex
Vi mi k ta c y(k)(x) = ex v y(k)(0)=1
Vy :
Trong 0( xn ) l VCB bc cao hn xn khi x -> 0.

Khai trin hm y=sin x
Ta c
, nn:
Su tm by hoangly85
Vy:
Vi 0 < <
Tng t , ta c cc khai trin Maclausin sau y:

Khai trin cos x.
vi 0 < < 1
Khai trin
Khai trin ln(1+x), x > -1
vi 0 < < 1
Su tm by hoangly85
Khai trin
vi 0< <1
Khai trin arctg x
Su tm by hoangly85
BI TP CHNG 2
1. Tnh o hm ca
2. Tnh gn ng
chnh xc n 0,0001
3.Dng cng thc gn ng:
tnh ln (1,5) v nh gi sai s.

4. Tm gii hn ca cc hm s sau y khi x 0:
5. Tm gii hn ca cc hm s sau y khi x :
Su tm by hoangly85
6. p dng nh l Lagrange chng minh.
Vi x (0,1)
Vi x>0
7. Kho st v v th cc hm s :
8. Vit cng thc khai trin Taylor ca hm s f(x) ti xo n cp n
9. Tm hin ca cc ng cong theo hm s :
Su tm by hoangly85
10. Phn tch 8 thnh tng ca 2 s dng sao cho tng lp phng ca 2 s ln
nht .
Su tm by hoangly85
Bi 3 ng dng ca o hm
VII .NG DNG:TNH XP X V TNH GII HN
1.Tnh gn ng (hay tnh xp x ) v tnh gii hn
Ta thng dng khai trin Taylor v khai trin Maclaurin tnh xp x gi tr ca
hm f(x) sau khi chn n ln phn d Rn(x) c gi tr tuyt i khng vt qu
sai s cho php.
V d: Tnh s e chnh xc n 0,00001.
Trong cng thc khai trin Maclaurin ca hm s ex :
Vi 0 < < 1
ta ly x=1 v n=8 th phn d R8 tha:
Vy ta c th tnh e chnh xc n 0,00001 bng cng thc xp x sau
Ta cn c th dng khai trin Maclaurin tnh gii hn c dng v nh nh trong

v d sau y :
V d:
1) Tm
Ta c:
S dng khai trin Maclaurin ca sinx n cp 4, ta c th vit sinx di dng:
Vi
Su tm by hoangly85
Suy ra
Khi x 0
Vy:
2) Tm
p dng khai trin Maclaurin ca cc hm sinx v cosx ta c :
trong
Khi x 0
Vy
2. Quy tc LHospitale
Su tm by hoangly85
Nh nh l Cauchy, ngi ta chng minh c cc nh l di y m ta gi

l quy tc LHospitale. Quy tc ny rt thun li tm gii hn ca cc dng v nh
v
nh l: (Quy tc LHospitale 1)
Gi s f(x) v g(x) c o hm trong khong (a,b) v g 0 trong khong . Khi y,
nu:
th
nh l vn ng khi thay cho qu trnh x a+, ta xt qu trnh x b- hoc x c
vi c (a,b). Trng hp a= - , b= + nh l vn ng.
nh l: (Quy tc LHospitale 2)
Gi s f(x) v g(x) c o hm trong (a,b) v g(x) 0 trong khong . Khi y nu :
(i) f(x) v g (x) l cc VLC khi x -> a+ ,v
(hu hn hoc v tn)
th
nh l cng ng cho cc qu trnh x b-, x c (a,b) v cho cc trng hp a =
- v b = +
Ch :
1) Khi xt trong quy tc lHospitale, nu thy

ta li c th p dng tip quy tc lHospitale
vn c dng v nh
hoc
Su tm by hoangly85
th
2) Quy rc lHospitale ch l iu kin c gii hn ca

kin cn. Do , nu khng tn ti gii hn ca
khng phi l iu
th ta cha c kt lun g v gii
hn ca
V d:
1) Tm
v g(x) = x - sin x
Xt qa trnh x 0 ta c:
c dng v nh
cng c dng v nh
cng c dng v nh
Vy sau 3 ln p dng quy tc lHospitale ta suy ra:
2)
Su tm by hoangly85
3) Tm
Gii hn ny c dng v nh - . Ta c th bin i gii hn v dng v nh

p dng quy tc lHospitale nh sau:
4) Tm
Gii hn ny c dng v nh
. Ta bin i nh sau:
Ta c:
Suy ra
VIII. NG DNG :KHO ST HM S
1. Chiu bin thin v cc tr a phng
nh l:
Su tm by hoangly85
iu kin cn v f(x) hng trn khong (a,b) l f(x) = 0 vi mi x (a,b)

nh l:
Gi s f c o hm trn khong (a,b) . Khi iu kin cn v hm s tng
trn (a,b) l f(x) 0 vi mi x (a,b). Tng t , iu kin cn v hm s f(x)
gim trn (a,b) l f'(x) 0.
T nh l ny, xt s bin thin ca hm s f(x) ta tnh o hm f'(x)v xt du
o hm. Vic xt du o hm cng cho ta bit cc tr a phng ca hm s theo
nh l sau y:
nh l: ( iu kin c cc tr a phng)
Gi s f(x) lin tc ti xo v c o hm trong mt khong quanh xo (c th tr im
xo). Khi ta c:
(i) Nu khi x vt qua xo m f(x) i du t sang + th f(x) t cc tiu a phng
ti xo
(ii) Nu khi x vt qua xo m f'(x) i du t + sang th f(x) t cc i a phng
ti xo
(iii) Nu khi x vt qua xo m f'(x) khng i du th khng c cc tr a phng ti
xo
Ngoi cch kho st cc tr i phng bng vic xt du o hm cp 1 f'(x), ta cn
c th xt du ca o hm cp 2 f''(x) ti im xo, nh vo nh l sau :
nh l : Gi s f(x) c o hm cp 2 lin tc f''(xo) v f'(xo)=0.
Khi :
(i) Nu f''(xo) > 0 th f(x) t cc tiu a phng ti xo
(ii) Nu f''(xo) < 0 th f(x) t cc i a phng ti xo
Ch : nh l trn c th c m rng v c pht biu nh sau: Gi s f(x)
c o hm cp n lin tc trn mt khong cha xo v gi s :
Khi :
(i) Nu n chn th f(x) t cc tr (i phng) ti xo Hn na nu f(n)(xo) >0 th f(x)
t cc tiu ti xo nu f(n)(xo) < 0 th f(x) t cc i ti xo
(ii) Nu n l th f(x) khng t cc tr ti xo
Su tm by hoangly85
Mt vn c lin quan n cc tr l tm ga tr nh nht v ga tr ln nht ca

mt hm s f(x) lin tc trn on [a,b]. tm gi tr ln nht v b nht ca f(x)
trn on [a,b] ta ch cn so snh cc ga tr ca f ti 3 loi im :
(1) Cc im dng ( tc l f' ti bng 0)
(2) Cc im k d ( tc l f' khng tn ti )
(3) Hai u nt a v b.
V d:
1) Tm cc khong tng gim ca hm s v tm cc tr a phng:
Ta c:
y= 0 ti ti x = 1 v ykhng xc nh ti x = 0
Bng xt du ca nh sau:
Vy hm s gim trong khong(- ,1) v tng trong (1,+ ). Hm s y t cc tiu ti

x=1. Vi y(1) = -3.
2) Tm gi tr nh nht cu hm s.
vi
Ta c:
Su tm by hoangly85
Nhn xt rng trn khong

ngt t 2 ln 1 trong
th
tng nghim
. Do tnh lin tc ca
nn c duy nht
sao cho:
Khi ta c bng xt du ca L( )nh sau:
Suy ra ga tr nh nht ca L( ) trn khong
l:
2.Tnh li, lm v im un
nh ngha:
Hm s f (x) lin tc trn khong (a,b) c gi l li trn (a,b) nu vi mi x1 , x2
(a,b) v mi x1 ,x2 (a,b) v mi [0,1] ta c:
Hm s f(x) c gi l lm trn (a,b) nu f (x) l li trn (a,b).
Su tm by hoangly85
Hm s f(x) l li
Hm s f(x) l lm
V mt hnh hc, hm s f(x) l li trn 1 khong ngha l mi cung AB ca th

hm s u nm di dy cung AB.
Lu : Trong mt s gio trnh khc, ngi ta c th dng thut ng li v lm theo
ngha ngc vi y.
nh ngha im un:
im phn cch gia khong li v khong lm ca hm s y=f(x) c gi l im
un.
nh l di y cho ta cch dng o hm kho st tnh li, lm v tm im
un.
nh l:
(i) Gi s f(x) c o hm cp 2 f(x) trong khong (a,b). Khi hm s f l li
(tng ng lm) trn khong (a,b) nu v ch nu f(x) 0 (tng ng, f(x) 0) trn
(a,b).
(ii) Nu f(x) i du khi x vt qua xo th im (xo,f(xo)) trn th ca hm s
f(x) l mt im un.
V d: Xt tnh li, lm v tm im un cho hm s :
Min xc nh ca hm s l D = R \ {-1, +1}.

Tnh o hm :
Su tm by hoangly85
Bng xt du ca y:
Vy hm s y lm trn cc khong (- , -1) v (-1,0); li trn cc khong (0,1) v

(1,+ ). T , th hm s c 1 im un l M(0,0).
3. S kho st hm s
1) Tm min xc nh ca hm s y =f(x) ng thi nhn xt v tnh chn l, tnh tun
hon cu hm s rt gn min kho st.
2) Kho st s bin thin ca hm s v tm cc cc tr a phng. Tnh mt s gii
hn quan trng v lp bng bin thin ca hm s.
3) Kho st tnh li lm v im un.
4) Tm cc ng tim cn.
5) V th. v c th chnh xc ta cn xc nh cc im cc tr , im un,
giao im vi cc trc to v c th xc nh c tip tuyn ti cc im .
Ch : Cn lu cc trng hp sau y khi tm tin cn .
Th ng thng x = a l tim cn ng
Th ng thng y = b l mt tim cn ngang

Nu y = f(x) c dng f(x) = ax + b + x
Vi
Th ng thng y = ax + b l mt tin cn
Trong trng hp a 0, ta ni tim cn ny l tim cn xin .
Lu rng cc h s a,b cu tim cn y = ax + b khi xt x (+ hay - ) c th
c tnh bi:
Su tm by hoangly85
V d : Kho st v v th hm s
Min xc nh : D = R \ {-1,+1}. Hm s y l hm s l.
Cc o hm:
Ta c ycng du vi 1-x2 v:
ycng du vi 2x v ytrit tiu ti x = 0
Bng bin thin:
Tin cn ngang : y = 0
Tin cn ng : x = 1 ; x = -1
th ca hm s nh sau :
Su tm by hoangly85
IX. NG CONG THEO THAM S V NG CONG

TRONG TO CC
1 .ng cong theo tham s
Phng trnh tham s ca ng cong trong mt phng Oxy cho bi h 2 hm:
Trong t l tham s chy trn mt tp D R.

Khi t thay i im M( x(t),y(t) ) vch nn mt ng cong trong mt phng Oxy.
V d: ellipse
c phng trnh tham s l:
9;
kho st ng cong theo tham s ta cng tin hnh tin cc bc nh i vi
hm s y = f(x).
Tm min xc nh , xt tnh chn l, tnh tun hon nu c.
Kho st s bin thin ca x v y bng cch xt du cc o hm x(t) v y(t) theo
t.
Tm cc tim cn
V th
2. ng cong trong ta cc
Ta cc:
xc nh v tr ca cc im trong mt phng, ngoi cch dng ta
Descartes(x,y) ta cn c th dng ta cc nh sau :
Su tm by hoangly85
r = OM 0
Ta c s lin h gia (x,y) v (r, )
9;
V 9;
Phng trnh ca ng cong trong ta cc c th c cho bi h thc
F(r, ) = 0
Hay r = f( )
V d:
Phng trnh r = a l phng trnh ng trn tm 0, v bn knh a. Phng trnh

phng trnh ca na ng thng (hay tia) lp vi Ox mt gc
kho st ng cong trong ta cc ta cng c th thc hin cc bc nh
thng thng.
Su tm by hoangly85
Bi 4 Nguyn hm v tch phn bt nh

I. NH NGHA & TNH CHT
1.nh ngha
Ta gi mt nguyn hm ca hm s f(x) trn (a,b) l mt hm F(x) m F(x)= f(x) ,
x (a,b)
V d:
1)
l mt nguyn hm ca f(x) = x trn R
2) F(x) = tgx l mt nguyn hm ca hm f(x) = 1 + tg2x trn cc khong xc nh ca

tgx.
nh l:
Nu F(x) l mt nguyn hm ca f(x) trn khong (a,b) th mi nguyn hm ca f(x)
trn khong (a,b) u c dng F(x) + C vi C l mt hng s.
nh ngha:
Nu F(x ) l mt nguyn hm f(x) th biu thc F(x) + C, trong C l hng s c th
ly gi tr ty , c gi l tch phn bt nh ca hm s f(x), k hiu l
Vy:
Du
c gi l du tch phn, f(x) l hm di du tch phn, f(x)dx l biu thc
di du tch phn v x l bin tch phn.
2.Cc tnh cht
(1)
(2)
(3)
3.Bng cc tch phn c bn
1)
Su tm by hoangly85
2)
( -1 )
3)
4)
(a>
0, a 1)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
11)
12)
(h l hng s ty )
V d 1: Tnh:
Su tm by hoangly85
V d 2: Tnh:
II. PHNG PHP TNH TCH PHN

1.Phng php phn tch
Tch phn f (x) dx c th c tnh bng cch phn tch hm s f(x) thnh tng ca
cc hm n gin hn hay d tnh tch phn hn :
f(x) = f1(x) + f2(x) + +fn (x)
V p dng cng thc :
V d:
1)
2)
3) Tnh
Su tm by hoangly85
Vi n 2:
Nh h thc ny ta c th tnh In vi n ty .
2. Phng php i bin
Phng php i bin trong tch phn bt nh c 2 dng sau y :
Dng 1: Gi s biu thc di du tch phn c dng:
F(u(x)) . u(x)dx
Trong u(x) l mt hm s kh vi. Khi y ta c th i bin bng cch t u=u(x),v
c:
Dng 2: t x = (+) , trong (t) l mt hm kh vi, n iu i vi bin t,

ta c :
V d:
Su tm by hoangly85
1) Tnh:
t: u = x2 + 1, du = 2xdx
2)
, vi u = sinx
3) Tnh:
t u = x2, du = 2xdx hay xdx =
4) Tnh
t u = ex. Ta c : du = exdx, v:
Su tm by hoangly85
5) Tnh
t u = cos2x Ta c:
du = -2cos x sinx dx = -sin 2xdx
Suy ra:
6) Tnh
t: x = sint ;
t = arcsin x, ( -1 x 1)
Ta c: dx = cost dt
Suy ra
Su tm by hoangly85
M
v t = arcsin x
Nn:
3.Phng php tch phn tng phn

Gi s u = u(x) v v = v(x) l cc hm s c o hm lin tc u= u(x) v v= v(x) :
Ta bit:
(u.v)= uv+u.v
hay u.v= (uv)-v.u
T suy ra cng thc:
Cng thc ny c gi l cng thc tch phn tng phn , v cn c vit di

dng :
Cng thc tch phn tng phn thng c p dng trong trng hp hm di du
tch phn c dng f(x) = u.vm hm g = v.uc tch phn d tnh hn.
Trong mt s bi ton, sau khi p dng cng thc tch phn tng phn v phi li
xut hin tch phn cho ban u vi h s khc, tc l :
Khi ta tnh c :
V d:
1)Tnh
Su tm by hoangly85
u = ln x
v= x
p dng cng thc tch phn tng phn, ta c :
2) Tnh
t u = arctg x
v= x ,
Ta c :
Suy ra :
3) Tnh
t
u = sinx u= cos x
Su tm by hoangly85
v= ex ; v = ex
ta t:
tnh:
u1 = cos
x u1= -sinx
v1= ex v1 = ex
Suy ra:
Vy:
Suy ra:
4) Tnh
(a > 0)
v= 1 v = x
Suy ra:
Ta c:
Su tm by hoangly85
Do :
Suy ra
Vy:
5) Tnh
v=1 v = x
Suy ra :
Ta c:
Suy ra:
Su tm by hoangly85
6) Tm cng thc truy hi tnh tch phn
(a>0)
Ta c:
Vi n 1, t:
v= 1 v = x
Suy ra:
Ta c:
Suy ra:
Vy:
BI TP CHNG 3
1. Tnh cc tch phn:
Su tm by hoangly85
2.Tnh cc tch phn:
3.Tnh tch phn bng phng php tch phn ton phn:
4.Tnh tch phn hm hu t.
5. Tnh tch phn hm lng gic.
6. Tnh tch phn hm v t.
7. Tnh cc tch phn sau:
Su tm by hoangly85
8. Tnh tch phn:
9. Lp cng thc truy hi v tnh tch phn:

v tnh I4
v tnh I6, I7
10. Tnh tch phn:
Su tm by hoangly85
Bi 5 Tch phn hm hu t v hm lng gic
III. TCH PHN HM HU T
Cho tch phn
trong
l mt phn thc hu t ti gin theo x.
Nu bc ca P(x) bc ca Q(x) th bng cch chia a thc P(x) cho Q(x) ta vit
c:
P(x) = Q(x) . S(x) + R(x), vi bc R(x) < bc Q(x)
Do :
V S(x) l mt a thc theo x nn

vy ta ch cn tm cch tnh
c th tnh c mt cch d dng. Nh

vi bc ca R(x) < bc ca Q(x).
Tch phn
c th c tnh bng cch phn tch phn thc hu t
thnh tng ca cc phn thc hu t n gin hn da vo 2 mnh sau y.
Mnh 1: Mi a thc Q(x) vi h s thc u c th phn tch thnh tch ca
cc nh thc bc nht v cc tam thc bc 2 khng c nghim thc :
Trong cc tam thc x2+ px + q , ., x2 + px + qkhng c nghim thc
Mnh 2: Gi s phn thc hu t

c dng
c bc ca P(x)<bc ca Q(x) v Q(x)
Trong cc tam thc (x2 + px + q), .,(x2 + px + q) khng c nghim thc. Khi y
phn thc hu t c th phn tch thnh tng ca cc phn thc n gin hn nh sau:
Su tm by hoangly85
Trong cc h s A1, , Am, B1, ., Bk, M1, N1, ., Ml, Nl, , R1,
S1, ..,Rl,Sll cc hng s, v ta c th tnh c cc hng s ny bng phng php
h s bt nh, phng php tr ring hay phng php phn tch tng bc. (Cc
phng php ny s c minh ha qua cc v d bn di).
Nh vy vic tnh tch phn
c a v vic tnh 2 loi tch phn sau :
V:
vi p2 - 4q < 0 ( Tc l x2 + px + q khng c nghim thc).

tnh I1 ta ch cn t u = x a
tnh I2 ta c th phn tch I2 di dng:
Tch phn
i vi
a v dng:
c tnh d dng bng cch t: u = x2 + px + q.
. Ta bin i x2 + px + q = (x-b)2 + c2 v t u = x b
m ta bit cch tnh trong v d 6 ), Mc II.3.
V d :
Su tm by hoangly85
1) Tnh
x5 - x2 = x2(x3 1) = x2 (x 1) (x2 + x + 1)
Do :
Nhn 2 v cho x5 x2 ta c:
Thay x = 0, ri x = 1 vo ta c :1 = -B v 1 = 3c
B=-1; C =
ng nht cc h s ca x4, x3, x2 2 v ca ng thc trn (ng vi mi x) ta c:
Thay B= -1 v C=
vo, ri gii h ny s c:
Vy:
Ta c:
Su tm by hoangly85
Suy ra:
2) Tnh
Phn tch phn thc
ta c:
Ta c :
Theo cng thc truy hi trong v d 6) mc II,3, ta c
Su tm by hoangly85
Vy
3) Tnh
Trc ht ta i bin n gin ha tnh phn trn bng cch t u = x2 ,du =
2xdx
IV. TCH PHN HM LNG GIC

Xt tch phn I = R(sinx, cosx)dx, trong R(u, v) l hm hu t i vi u v v.
tnh tch phn ny ta c th dng cc phng php i bin sau :
1. Phng php chung
t
Su tm by hoangly85
hay
Ta c:
Suy ra:
Tch phn ny c dng tch phn ca phn thc hu t xt trong mc III.

V d:
1) Tnh:
t:
#9;
Suy ra:
2) Tnh:
t:
9;
Suy ra:
Su tm by hoangly85
Phn tch phn thc hu t ta c:
2. Mt s trng hp c bit
(1) Nu R(-sinx, -cosx) = R(sinx,cosx)
th t u=tgxhoc u=cotgx
(2) Nu R(sinx, -cosx) = -R(sinx,cosx)
th t u = sinx.
(3) Nu R(-sinx, cosx) = -R(sinx,cosx)
th t u = cosx
(4) Tch phn dng sinmx cosnx dx vi m v n l cc s chn dng.Ta c th i
bin bng cch dng cng thc :
V d :
Su tm by hoangly85
1) Tnh:
t
Suy ra:
2) Tnh:
t u = sinx du = cosx dx
Suy ra:
3) Tnh:
t u = cosx du = -sinx dx.
Su tm by hoangly85
4) Tnh:
Ta c:
Suy ra:
Ch :
i vi cc tch phn dng
ta dng cc cng thc bin i tch thnh tng:
Su tm by hoangly85
V. TCH PHNHM HU T I VI X V
Xt tch phn
, trong R(u,v) l hm hu t i vi u
v v v a2x + bx + c l mt tam thc bc 2 khng c nghim kp.
1. Phng php tng qut
Ty theo du ca h s a ta a tam thc a2x + bx + c v dng tng hay hiu hai bnh
phng . Khi tch phn I c mt trong ba dng sau:
(a)
t:
vi
(b)
t:
(c)
t:
V d :
1)
Bin i : x2 + 2x = (x+1)2 - 1
Su tm by hoangly85
Xt trng hp x+1 1
t
Ta c:
Do :
M:
Trng hp x + 1 < -1 ; cng thc (*) trn vn ng v o hm ca hm s v

phi (*) lun bng:
2)
t
Ta c dx = ( 1 + tg2 t) dt
Su tm by hoangly85
t u = sin x du = cost dt. Khi :
sint v tgt cng du vi
2.Tch phn dng
tnh tch phn dng ny ta c th t :
3. Tch phn dng
tnh cc tch phn dng ta bin i tam thc ax2 + bx + c thnh tng hoc hiu ca
hai bnh phng ri i bin a v cc dng tch phn bit sau y:
Su tm by hoangly85
V d : Tnh cc tch phn:
1)
Bin i: x2 - 4x + 5 = (x-2)2 + 1
t u = x 2 du = dx
Ta c :
2)
Bin i: 3 4x 4x2 = 4 (2x+1)2
t u = 2x + 1 du = 2dx
Ta c:
Su tm by hoangly85
BI TP CHNG 3
1. Tnh cc tch phn:
2.Tnh cc tch phn:
3.Tnh tch phn bng phng php tch phn ton phn:
4.Tnh tch phn hm hu t.
5. Tnh tch phn hm lng gic.
6. Tnh tch phn hm v t.
Su tm by hoangly85
7. Tnh cc tch phn sau:
8. Tnh tch phn:
9. Lp cng thc truy hi v tnh tch phn:

v tnh I4
v tnh I6, I7
10. Tnh tch phn:
Su tm by hoangly85
Bi 6 Mt s dng tch phn khc
VI. MT S DNG TCH PHN KHC

1. Tch phn dng
Trong R l mt hm hu t v m, ,k l cc s nguyn dng; a, b, c, d l cc hng

s
tnh tch phn ny ta gi x l mt bi s chung nh nht ca m, ,k v t:
T , tch phn s c chuyn v dng:
Trong R1 l mt hm hu t i vi u
V d: Tnh
Ta c:
Su tm by hoangly85
2. Tch phn hm hu t i vi eax
Trong R l mt hm hu t i v a 0
tnh phn tch ny ta t : u = eax
Khi dx =
v:
C dng tch phn hm hu t.
V d:
t: u = ex du = exdx
3.Cc tch phn c dng:

Su tm by hoangly85
Trong p(x) l mt a thc theo bin x.

tnh cc tch phn ny ta dng phng php tch phn ton phn bng cch t :
u = p(x)
V d:
t:
Suy ra
4.Cc tch phn c dng :
tnh cc tch phn ny ta dng phng php tch phn ton phn bng cch t:
dv= p (x) dx
V d: Tnh xarctgxdx
t u = arctgx
du= xdx ,
Suy ra
Ta c
Su tm by hoangly85
Vy:
VII. MT S TCH PHN KHNG BIU DIN C

DI DNG HM S CP
Nu hm s f(x) lin tc trn (a,b) th f (x) lun lun c nguyn hm trn khong ,
tc l tch phn f(x) dv tn ti . Tuy nhin c mt s tch phn khng th biu din
di dng hm s cp , chng hn cc tch phn nh sau y:
Su tm by hoangly85
Bi 7 Tch phn xc nh
I. NH NGHA V CC TNH CHT
1.nh ngha
Cho hm f(x) trn on [a.b]. Chia on [a.b] mt cch ty thnh n on nh bi
cc im a = xo < x1 < < xn = b. t xi = xi xi-1 v trn
[ xi-1, xi ] ly mt im ti ty , i = 1, 2 , , n. Lp tng
V gi Sn l tng tch phn ca hm f(x) trn on [a,b] . Nu Sn c gii hn hu hn

I khi n sao cho max{ xi } 0 v I khng ph thuc vo cch chia on [a,b]
v cch chn cc ti, th I c gi l tch phn xc nh ca f(x) trn on [a,b] v
c k hiu l:
Vy:
Khi ta ni f(x) l kh tch trn [a,b]; [a,b] l khong ly tch phn, a l cn di, b
l cn trn , f l hm di du tch phn v x l bin tch phn.
Ch :
(i)
l:
ch ph thuc f v cc cn a, b m khng ph thuc vo bin tch phn, tc
(ii) Trng hp a > b , ta nh ngha :
Su tm by hoangly85
(iii) Trng hp a = b, nh ngha
(iv) T nh ngha, ta thy ngay hm f(x) b chn trn [a,b] nu f(x) kh tch trn [a,b].
ngha hnh hc:
f(x) 0 trn [a,b] v f(x) kh tch trn [a,b] th

hnh thang cong gii hn bi cc ng :
Nu
chnh l din tch S ca
x = a; x = b; y = f(x) v trc honh y=0.
2.Cc tnh cht
(1)
(2)
(3) Nu
H qu:
(4) Vi c [a,b] ta c:
(5) Gi s f(x) kh tch trn [-a, a]. Khi :
Su tm by hoangly85
nu f(x) l hm s chn
nu f (x) l hm s l
3.Tng Darboux & iu kin kh tch
Do hm kh tch th b chn nn ta ch xt cc hm b chn trn [a, b]. Mi php chia
nh on [a,b] bi cc im a = xo < x1 < < xn c gi l mt phn hoch
ca[a,b] , k hiu P = { xo, x1 . xn }. t:
(cn trn ng cu f(x) trn [ xi-1, xi ] )
(cn di ng cu f(x) trn [ xi-1, xi ] )
Ta gi U(f,P) v L(f,P) l cc tng (Darboux) trn v di ca f ng vi phn hoch

P. Ngi ta chng minh c mt iu kin kh tch c pht biu trong nh l
sau y :
nh l 1: iu kin cn v f kh tch l:
T nh l ny ta c th chng minh mt s lp hm kh tch c pht biu trong

cc nh l di y.
nh l 2: Hm f(x) lin tc trn [a,b] th kh tch trn [a,b].
nh ngha:
Nu hm s f(x) xc nh ti xo v khng lin tc ti xo nhng c gii hn 2 pha ti xo
th ta ni xo l im gin on loi 1 ti xo.
nh l 3:
Nu f ch c hu hn im gin on loi 1 trn [a,b] th f kh tch trn [a,b].
Su tm by hoangly85
nh l 4: Hm b chn v n iu trn [a,b] th kh tch trn [a,b].

II- LIN H GIA TCH PHN XC NH V NGUYN HM
1.Tch phn xc nh nh hm ca cn trn
Cho f l mt hm kh tch trn [a ,b ]vi x [ a , b ],
Xc nh v l mt hm s theo bin x. Hm s ny c chng minh l c nhng

tnh cht pht biu trong mnh sau y:
Mnh :
(i) Nu f kh tch trn [a,b] th F(x)=
l hm lin tc trn [a,b].
(ii) Nu f(t) lin tc ti t = xo (a,b), th F(x) c o hm ti xo v F(xo)=f(xo).

Nhn xt :
Nu f lin tc trn [a,b] th hm s
l nguyn hm ca f trn [a,b].
2.nh l c bn
nh l : Gi s f lin tc trn [ a,b]. Khi :
(i)
l mt nguyn hm ca f(x) trn [a,b].
(ii) Nu G(x) l mt nguyn hm bt k ca f(x) trn [a,b] th:
(Cng thc ny c gi l cng thc Newton-Leibnitz)

Chng minh: Ta ch cn chng minh phn (ii).
Do F(x) v G(x) l cc nguyn hm ca f(x) trn [a,b] nn ta c hng s C sao cho
F(x) = G(x) + C, x [a,b]. Cho x = a ta c 0 = G(a) + C, suy ra:
G(a) = - C
Vy F(b) = G(b) - G(a), tc l:
Su tm by hoangly85
Hiu s G(b) - G(a) trong cng thc Newton-Leibnitz ca nh l trn thng c

vit di cc k hiu sau:
, hay vn tt l
hay vn tt l
V d:Tnh tch phn xc nh :
1)
2)
3)
Su tm by hoangly85
BI TP CHNG 4
1.Tnh cc tch phn :
2/ Tnh cc tch phn :
3. Tnh tch phn suy rng:
4. Tnh din tch hnh phng gii hn bi cc ng
5. Tnh th tch khi trn xoay do hnh phng gii hn bi:
Su tm by hoangly85
6. Mt hnh cu bn knh R v mt nn trn xoay c bn knh y r v ng cao h >

R sao cho nh nn trng vi tm cu. Tm th tch phn giao ca hai hnh.
7. Tnh di ng cong:
8. tnh din tch mt trn xoay:
Su tm by hoangly85
Bi 8 Phng php tnh tch phn xc nh

III- I BIN V TCH PHN TNG PHN I VI TCH PHN XC
NH
Tng t nh i vi tch phn bt nh, trong tch phn xc nh ta cng c th
i bin hoc dng phng php tch phn tng phn.
1.Phng php i bin
Dng 1:
t x = (t) tha cc iu kin:
a) (t) v (t) lin tc trn [ , ]
b) ( ) =a v ( ) = b
c) Khi t bin thin trong [ , ] th x bin thin trong [a.,b]
Khi :
Dng 2:
Gi s hm u = u(x) kh vi lin tc trn [ a,b ] v hm s g lin tc trn min gi tr
ca u. Khi :
V d:
1) Tnh:
t u = sinx ta c du = cosx dx v:
2)
Su tm by hoangly85
3)
Ta c
v khi
Th 0 x 1. Vy:
4) Chng minh rng:
t
Ta c du = - du
2. Phng php tch phn tng phn

Su tm by hoangly85
Gi s cc hm s u = u(x) v v = v(x) c cc o hm theo bin x: u= u(x) v v=

v(x) c cc o hm theo bin x: u= u(x) v v= v(x) lin tc trn [a,b]. Khi ta
c cng thc tch phn tng phn sau y:
Trong :
V d: Tnh tch phn xc nh:
1)
t:
Suy ra:
2)
t:
Suy ra:
tnh:
ta li t:
Su tm by hoangly85
Suy ra:
Vy:
3)
t:
tnh
ta li t:
Vy:
Su tm by hoangly85
Bi 9 Tch phn suy rng

IV. TCH PHN SUY RNG
1. Tch phn suy rng c cn v tn
nh ngha:
a) Gi s f(x) xc nh trn [a,+ ] v kh tch trn[a,b] vi mi b [a, ]. Nu tn
ti gii hn
l hu hn hoc v cng th gii hn ny c gi l tch
phn suy rng ca f(x) trn [a, ] k hiu l

Vy:
Khi tch phn suy rng l hu hn th ta ni l tch phn suy rng hi t, ngc li,
nu tch phn suy rng khng tn ti hoc l v cng th ta ni tch phn suy rng l
phn k.
b) Hon ton tng t, i vi cc hm s f(x) xc nh trn (- ,a] v kh tch trn
[c,a] vi mi c (- ,a] ta nh ngha tch phn suy rng ca f(x) trn (- ,a] bi:
c) i vi hm s f(x) xc nh trn (- ,+ ) ta nh ngha tch phn suy rng bi:
v tch phn ny hi t khi cc tch phn suy rng:
l hi t.
V d:
1)Tnh
Su tm by hoangly85
2) Tnh
Cho b [o+ ), ta tnh
bng phng php tch phn tng phn. t:
Suy ra:
Vy
Do tch phn suy rng l phn k
3) Tnh
Ta c:
Suy ra
m
(p dng quy tc l' hospitale)
Su tm by hoangly85
Vy:
4) Xt s hi t ca phn tch suy rng:
Tch phn ny c tnh theo 3 trng hp ca nh sau:

=1
khi b +
Vy
l phn k
>1
do
nn
Vy tch phn
hi t vi >1
<1
Trong trng hp ny ta c
Suy ra tch phn
l phn k
2.Tch phn ca hm s khng b chn

nh ngha:
Gi s f(x) kh tch trn [a.c], c [a,b] v khng b chn ti b (ngha l
). Nu tn ti gii hn (hu hn hay v cng)
Su tm by hoangly85
th gii hn ny s c gi l tch phn suy rng ca f(x) trn [a,b], k hiu l:
Nu gii hn l hu hn th ta ni tch phn suy rng

hi t, nu gii hn
khng tn ti hoc l v cng th ta ni tch phn suy rng ny l phn k.
Vy:
Hon ton tng t, nu hm s f(x) kh tch trn [c,b] vi mi c (a,b] v f khng

b chn ti a th ta nh ngha tch phn suy rng ca f(x) trn [a.b] bi:
Trng hp f(x) khng b chn ti mt im c (a,b), ta nh ngha tch phn suy

rng ca f trn [a,b] bi:
Khi tch phn suy rng

v
c xem l hi t .Khi c hai tch phn
u hi t .
V d: Kho st tnh hi t ca cc tch phn suy rng sau v tnh gi tr tng

ng trong trng hp tch phn hi t
1)
Ta c:
t:
v:
Su tm by hoangly85
Suy ra:
2)
Ta c:
Xt tch phn suy rng:
Ta c:
J1 Phn k v do I2 cng phn k.
3)
Ta c
Su tm by hoangly85
Vy I3 hi t v
4)
b > a v l tham s .
Vi = 1, ta c:
Vy tch phn I4 phn k khi =1

Vi 1, ta c:
Suy ra:
+ Nu < 1 th tch phn I4 hi t v
+ Nu > 1 th tch phn I4 phn k . V I4 = +

3.Mt s tiu chun hi t
Trong phn ny ta s pht biu mt s tiu chun hi t ca tch suy rng
nh l 1:
(i) Cho f(x) 0 trn [ a,+ ). Khi tch phn

sao cho:
hi t khi v ch khi c M > 0
Su tm by hoangly85
(ii) Cho f(x) 0 trn [a,b] v

ch khi c M > 0 sao cho:
. Khi tch phn
hi t khi v
nh l 2:
Gi s f(x) v g(x) khng m v kh tch trn [a,b] vi mi b [a,+ ) v f(x) g(x)
vi x ln. Khi :
(i) Nu
hi t th
hi t
(ii) Nu
phn k th
phn k
nh l 3:
Gi s f(x) v g(x) khng m v kh tch trn [a,b] vi mi b [a, + ) v:
(i) Nu l = 0 ta c
Phn k
hi t
hi t, v:
phn k
(ii) Nu l = + ta c:
hi t
phn k
hi t ,v
phn k
(iii) Nu l (0 ,+ ) ta c hai tch phn suy rng

hoc cng phn k .
cng hi t
Su tm by hoangly85
nh l 4:
Cho f(x) v g(x) khng m v kh tch trn [a,c] vi mi c [a,b) . Gi s f (x) g(x)
mt ln cn tri ca b . Khi ta c:
(i) Nu
hi t th
(ii) Nu
phn k th
hi t
phn k
nh l 5:
Gi s f(x) v g(x) khng m v kh tch trn [a,c] vi mi c [a,b), v:
(i) Nu l= 0 ta c:
hi t
phn k
hi t
phn k
(ii) Nu l=+ ta c:
hi t
phn k
hi t
phn k
(iii) Nu l (0, + ) Th hai tch phn suy rng

cng phn k
cng hi t hoc
V d:
1) Xt s hi t ca
Vi x > 1 ta c:
Su tm by hoangly85
V 2/3 < 1 nn
phn ky
Suy ra:
cng l phn k
2) Xt s hi t ca
Khi x + ta c:
hi t
Vy
cng hi t
3) Xt s hi t ca
Khi x 0, ta c:
hi t nn tch phn suy rng I cng hi t
Su tm by hoangly85
Bi 10 ng dng ca tch phn

V. NG DNG CA TCH PHN XC NH
1. Tnh din tch
Din tch hnh thang cng gii hn bi cc ng
y= 0 ,y = f (x) 0 ,x = a , x = b
c tnh bi cng thc:
Hnh thang cong gii hn bi cc ng :

y = f (x), y = g (x), x = a, x = b vi f (x) g (x) trn [a ,b ]
c din tch c tnh bi cng thc :
V d: Tnh din tch hnh phng gii hn bi cc ng sau:

1) y = -x2 v y = - x - 2
Honh giao im ca 2 ng y = - x2 v y = - x - 2 l nghim cu phng trnh.
- x2 = - x - 2 x = - 1 , x = 2 .
Trn [-1,2] ta c - x - 2 - x2 nn din tch cn tnh l :
2)
Hai ng cong ct nhau ti A(-2a, a) v B(2a, a).
Su tm by hoangly85
Hn na ta c
trn [-2a,2a].
Suy ra:
2.Tnh th tch
Th tch khi trn xoay do hnh phng gii hn bi cc ung :
y=
f(x),
trc Ox
x = a, x = b
quay xung quanh trc Ox uc cho bi cng thc :
Tng t, th tch khi trn xoay do hnh phng gii hn bi cc ung :

x = g(y), trc Oy
y = c, y = d
quay xung quanh trc Oy c cho bi cng thc :
V d: Tnh th tch khi trn xoay

1) Cho min phng gii hn bi cc ung :
, trc Ox , x= 0 ,
quay xung quanh trc Ox.
Ta c :
Su tm by hoangly85
.v.t.t
2) Do min phng gii hn bi cc ng y2 = x - 4 v x = 0 quay quanh Oy.
Ta c ta giao im ca ng cong y2 = x 4 vi trc Oy l nghim ca h:
Suy ra :
3.Tnh di cung
di cung AB ca ng cong y=f(x) vi A(a,f(a)), B(b,f(b)) v a<b c tnh theo
cng thc :
V d:
Su tm by hoangly85
Tnh di cung ca ng cong

trc honh.
ng cong ct trc honh ti 2 im
ca ng cong l:
gia hai giao im ca ng cong vi
. Suy ra di cung AB
Lu :
(1) Nu ng cong cho bi phng trnh :
x = g (y) vi c y d
th di ca ng cong l:
(2) Trng hp ng cong c phng trnh tham s:
th di ca ng cong c tnh bi:
(3) Trng hp ng cong trong ta cc c phng trnh

r = r ( ) ,
th ta c :
( )
Do di ng cong l:
Su tm by hoangly85
4.Din tch mt trn xoay

Cho ng cong y=f(x) ,
khi ng cong ny quay
quang trc Ox trong khng gian s to ra mt mt trn xoay. Din
tch ca mt trn xoay ny c tnh theo cng thc.
V d: Tnh din tch ca vng xuyn sinh bi ng trn :
quay quanh trc Ox.

Din tch S ca vng xuyn bng tng hai din tch ca hai mt trn xoay sinh bi na
ng trn trn c phng trnh
v na ng trn di c phng trnh

Khi chng quay quanh trc Ox. Vi c 2 phng trnh trn
ta c :
do :
Lu :
Khi ng cong c cho bi phng trnh tham s
Su tm by hoangly85
th din tch mt trn xoay sinh ra bi ng cong quay quanh Ox c tnh bi :
Nu ng cong quay quanh Oy th din tch mt trn xoay l:
Su tm by hoangly85
Bi 11 Chui s v tiu chun hi t

I. KHI NIM CHUI S
1.nh ngha:
Cho dy s thc un vi n = 1, 2, 3, . Biu thc tng v hn
c gi l mt chui s, v un c gi l s hng tng qut (th n) ca chui s.

Tng s
c gi l tng ring th n ca chui s. Nu dy cc tng ring Sn c gii hn l

mt s thc S khi n th chui s c gi l hi t v S c gi l tng ca
chui; trong trng hp ny ta vit
Ngc li, nu dy Sn khng hi t th chui s c gi l phn k.

V d: Xt chui hnh hc c dng
trong a l s khc 0.
Ta c:
Nu |q| < 1 th
khi q 1.
. Suy ra
.
Su tm by hoangly85
Ta c chui hi t v c tng l
Nu |q| > 1 th
. Suy ra
Ta c chui phn k.
Trong trng hp |q| = 1, ta d thy rng chui phn k.
Kt lun: chui hnh hc hi t khi v ch khi |q| < 1. Khi
2. Cc tnh cht ca chui s:

Trong mc ny s pht biu mt s tnh cht ca chui s. Cc tnh cht ny c th
kim chng d dng t nh ngha ca chui s.
nh l:
Tnh hi t hay phn k ca mt chui s s khng i khi ta b i mt s hu hn s
hng u ca chui s.
H qu:
Tnh hi t hay phn k ca mt chui s s khng i nu ta b i hay thm vo mt
s hu hn s hng nhng v tr bt k.
nh l:
Nu chui s
t v
hi t v c tng bng S th vc ta c chui
cng hi
= a S.
nh l:
Nu
l cc chui s hi t th cc chui tng v chui hiu sau y
Su tm by hoangly85
v
cng l cc chui hi t. Hn na:
3.Tiu chun hi t Cauchy:

nh l: iu kin cn v chui s
(*)
hi t l vi mi > 0 bt k, tn ti s N (ph thuc ) sao cho vi mi n ty ln
hn N iu kin sau u c tha mn:
| an + an+1 + . . . + an+p | < , vi mi p = 0, 1, 2,
T nh l trn ta suy ra nh l v iu kin cn cho s hi t ca mt chui s sau
y.
nh l:
Nu chui
Vy chui s
hi t th
phn k nu un khng tin v 0 khi n .
V d:
Chui
phn k v
khc 0.
Su tm by hoangly85
Chui
phn k v
khng tn ti.
II.CHUI S DNG
Chui s
c gi l chui s dng nu tt c cc s hng ca chui s
u l s dng. Trng hp tt c cc s hng u l s khng m th chui s c
gi l chui s khng m. Lu rng khi xt tnh hi t hay phn k cng nh tnh
tng ca chui s khng m ta c th loi b ra cc s hng bng 0, nn chui s
khng m cng thng c gi l chui s dng.
Nhn xt rng dy cc tng ring Sn ca chui s dng l dy tng nn chui
s hi t khi v ch khi dy Sn b chn trn.
1.Cc tiu chun so snh
nh l:
Gi s hai chui s dng

v
tha iu kin un vn vi n kh ln
(ngha l ng vi mi n ln hn mt s n0 no ). Khi
Nu
hi t th
Nu
phn k th
hi t.
phn k.
Nhn xt:
Hai chui s dng

t.
hi t khi v ch khi chui
V d: Kho st s hi t ca chui s
Su tm by hoangly85
hi
Vi mi n = 1, 2, 3, ta c:
V chui hnh hc c s hng tng qut
hi t nn theo tiu chun so snh c
pht biu trong nh l trn chui s
hi t.
H qu:
Nu tn ti gii hn
dng
Nu
vi L l mt s thc dng th cc chui s
cng hi t hoc cng phn k.
th t s hi t ca chui
chui
, v t s phn k ca chui
s ko theo s hi t ca
s ko theo s phn k ca chui
Nu
th t s hi t ca chui
chui
s ko theo s hi t ca
.
Ghi ch:
Su tm by hoangly85
Trong trng hp
ta ni un tng ng vi vn (khi n ) v vit
l un ~ vn . Vy: nu un ~ vn th cc chui s dng

hoc cng phn k.
cng hi t
p dng cc tiu chun so snh ta phi ghi nh tnh cht hi t hay phn k ca
mt s chui thng gp, chng hn chui hnh hc. y ta cng nhn kt qu sau
( l tham s):
y v s hi t ca chui
Chui
hi t > 1.
Kt qu ny c th c chng minh bng cch p dng tiu chun tch phn Cauchy
s c trnh by sau. ng vi trng hp = 1 ta c chui
phn k.
V d:
1) Kho st s hi t ca chui s
Ta c:
chui
. M chui
phn k v l mt hng s khc 0 nn
cng phn k.
Khi n , ta c
Su tm by hoangly85
chui
hi t nn theo tiu chun so snh ta c
cng hi t.
Khi n , ta c
0.
V chui
phn k nn chui
cng phn k.
2. Tiu chun dAlembert.
nh l: (Tiu chun dAlembert) Xt chui s dng
. Ta c:
Nu c mt s q < 1 v c mt s t nhin n0 sao cho

n > n0, Dn q
th chui s
hi t.
Nu c mt s t nhin n0 sao cho

n > n0, Dn 1
Su tm by hoangly85
th chui s
phn k.
T nh l trn ta rt ra h qu sau y, cng c gi l tiu chun hi t

dAlembert:
H qu: Cho chui s dng
. Gi s
=.
(i) Nu < 1 th chui s
hi t.
(ii) Nu > 1 th chui s
phn k.
Lu :
Trong trng hp
chui s dng
= 1 (*) th ta cha kt lun c mt cch chnh xc
hi t hay phn k. Chui
l mt v d cho trng
hp chui s dng phn k tha mn iu kin (*), v chui

cho trng hp chui s dng hi t tha mn iu kin (*).
l mt v d
Cc khng nh (i) v (ii) trong h qu trn cng ng cho chui bt k vi gi thit

rng
=.
V d:
Su tm by hoangly85
1) Xt chui s
chui s.
vi x l mt s thc cho trc. Kho st s hi t ca
S hng th n ca chui s l
. Nhn xt rng vi x = 0 th cc s hng u
bng 0 nn chui hi t. Xt trng hp x 0, ta c:
Suy ra
= 0.
Vy chui
hi t vi mi x.
. Ta c:
Suy ra chui
> 1.
phn k.
3. Tiu chun cn thc Cauchy.

Su tm by hoangly85
nh l: (Tiu chun cn thc Cauchy) Xt chui s dng
t Cn =

n > n0, Cn q
th chui s
hi t.

n > n0, Cn 1
th chui s
phn k.
T nh l trn ta rt ra h qu sau y, cng c gi l tiu chun cn thc

Cauchy:
. Gi s
=.
Nu < 1 th chui s
hi t.
Nu > 1 th chui s
phn k.
Lu :
Trong trng hp
chui s dng
l mt v d cho trng
Su tm by hoangly85

l mt v d

rng
=.
V d:
Xt chui s
vi x l mt s thc cho trc. Kho st s hi t ca chui s.
. Ta c:
0 khi n
T tiu chun Cauchy ta suy ra chui
hi t vi mi x.
Xt s hi t ca chui s
Suy ra chui s
. Ta c:
2 khi n
phn k theo tiu chun Cauchy.
4. Tiu chun tch phn Cauchy.

nh l: (tiu chun tch phn Cauchy)
Su tm by hoangly85
Nu chui s
c dng
, ngha l
vi mi n; trong f l
mt hm s lin tc, khng m v gim trn [1, + ) th ta c:
hi t
hi t
V d:
1) Xt s hi t ca chui iu ha m rng
Trc ht ta thy rng nu 0 th

( 1) khng hi t v 0 nn chui phn
k. Xt trng hp > 0. D thy rng cc tiu chun dAlembert v tiu chun cn
thc Cauchy u khng cho ta kt lun c v tnh hi t hay phn k ca chui s.
Hm s f(x) =
tha cc iu kin gi thit trong tiu chun tch phn Cauchy. Do
tch phn suy rng

hi t khi v ch khi > 1 nn chui
v ch khi >1. Tm li ta c:
hi t khi
hi t > 1.
2) Xt s hi t ca chui
, vi
. Ta c:
Hm s f(x) tha cc iu kin ca tiu chun tch phn Cauchy. Xt tch phn
Su tm by hoangly85
i bin: u = ln(x), th c
Vy chui
=+
phn k.
Su tm by hoangly85
BI TP CHNG 5
1. Dng nh ngha kho st s hi t v tnh tng (nu c) ca chui s:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
2. Kho st d hi t ca cc chui s.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
3. S dng tiu chun cn thc Cauchy kho st s hi t ca cc chui s sau:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
4. S dng tiu chun dAlembert kho st s hi t ca cc chui s sau:
(a)
(c)
(b)
(d)
Su tm by hoangly85
5. S dng tiu chun tch phn Cauchy kho st s hi t ca cc chui s sau:
(a)
(b)
6. Cc chui sau y hi t hay phn k:
(a)
(c)
(b)
(d)
(e)
(f)
7. Chng minh rng nu cc chui
hi t th chui s
hi t tuyt i.
8. Cc chui s sau y hi t tuyt i, bn hi t hay phn k?
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
9. Tm min hi t ca chui hm.
(a)
(c)
(b)
(d)
Su tm by hoangly85
(e)
(f)
10. Tm min hi t ca cc chui sau y:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
11. Cho hm s y = f(x) =
a) Tm min xc nh ca f(x).
b) Chng minh rng hm s y = f(x) nghim ng phng trnh
(1-x) y= 1 + x y
12. Khai trin Maclaurin cc hm sau:
a) y = x2ex
b) y = sin2 x
Su tm by hoangly85
Bi 12 Chui s v tiu chun hi t (tt)

II.CHUI S DNG
Chui s
c gi l chui s dng nu tt c cc s hng ca chui s
u l s dng. Trng hp tt c cc s hng u l s khng m th chui s c
gi l chui s khng m. Lu rng khi xt tnh hi t hay phn k cng nh tnh
tng ca chui s khng m ta c th loi b ra cc s hng bng 0, nn chui s
khng m cng thng c gi l chui s dng.
Nhn xt rng dy cc tng ring Sn ca chui s dng l dy tng nn chui
s hi t khi v ch khi dy Sn b chn trn.
1.Cc tiu chun so snh
nh l:
Gi s hai chui s dng

v
tha iu kin un vn vi n kh ln
(ngha l ng vi mi n ln hn mt s n0 no ). Khi
Nu
hi t th
Nu
phn k th
hi t.
phn k.
Nhn xt:
Hai chui s dng

t.
hi t khi v ch khi chui
V d: Kho st s hi t ca chui s
Vi mi n = 1, 2, 3, ta c:
Su tm by hoangly85
hi
hi t nn theo tiu chun so snh c
pht biu trong nh l trn chui s
hi t.
H qu:
Nu tn ti gii hn
dng
Nu
vi L l mt s thc dng th cc chui s
cng hi t hoc cng phn k.
th t s hi t ca chui
chui
s ko theo s hi t ca
Nu
th t s hi t ca chui
chui
s ko theo s hi t ca
.
Ghi ch:
Su tm by hoangly85
Trong trng hp
ta ni un tng ng vi vn (khi n ) v vit
l un ~ vn . Vy: nu un ~ vn th cc chui s dng

hoc cng phn k.
cng hi t
p dng cc tiu chun so snh ta phi ghi nh tnh cht hi t hay phn k ca
mt s chui thng gp, chng hn chui hnh hc. y ta cng nhn kt qu sau
( l tham s):
y v s hi t ca chui
Chui
hi t > 1.
Kt qu ny c th c chng minh bng cch p dng tiu chun tch phn Cauchy
s c trnh by sau. ng vi trng hp = 1 ta c chui
phn k.
V d:
Ta c:
chui
. M chui
phn k v l mt hng s khc 0 nn
cng phn k.
Khi n , ta c
Su tm by hoangly85
chui
hi t nn theo tiu chun so snh ta c
cng hi t.
Khi n , ta c
0.
V chui
phn k nn chui
cng phn k.
2. Tiu chun dAlembert.
nh l: (Tiu chun dAlembert) Xt chui s dng
. Ta c:

n > n0, Dn q
th chui s
hi t.

n > n0, Dn 1
Su tm by hoangly85
th chui s
phn k.
T nh l trn ta rt ra h qu sau y, cng c gi l tiu chun hi t

dAlembert:
. Gi s
=.
(i) Nu < 1 th chui s
hi t.
(ii) Nu > 1 th chui s
phn k.
Lu :
Trong trng hp
chui s dng
l mt v d cho trng

l mt v d

rng
=.
V d:
Su tm by hoangly85
1) Xt chui s
chui s.
vi x l mt s thc cho trc. Kho st s hi t ca
. Nhn xt rng vi x = 0 th cc s hng u
bng 0 nn chui hi t. Xt trng hp x 0, ta c:
Suy ra
= 0.
Vy chui
hi t vi mi x.
. Ta c:
Suy ra chui
> 1.
phn k.
3. Tiu chun cn thc Cauchy.

Su tm by hoangly85
nh l: (Tiu chun cn thc Cauchy) Xt chui s dng
t Cn =

n > n0, Cn q
th chui s
hi t.

n > n0, Cn 1
th chui s
phn k.
T nh l trn ta rt ra h qu sau y, cng c gi l tiu chun cn thc

Cauchy:
. Gi s
=.
Nu < 1 th chui s
hi t.
Nu > 1 th chui s
phn k.
Lu :
Trong trng hp
chui s dng
l mt v d cho trng
Su tm by hoangly85

l mt v d

rng
=.
V d:
Xt chui s
vi x l mt s thc cho trc. Kho st s hi t ca chui s.
. Ta c:
0 khi n
T tiu chun Cauchy ta suy ra chui
hi t vi mi x.
Xt s hi t ca chui s
Suy ra chui s
. Ta c:
2 khi n
phn k theo tiu chun Cauchy.
4. Tiu chun tch phn Cauchy.

nh l: (tiu chun tch phn Cauchy)
Su tm by hoangly85
Nu chui s
c dng
, ngha l
vi mi n; trong f l
mt hm s lin tc, khng m v gim trn [1, + ) th ta c:
hi t
hi t
V d:
1) Xt s hi t ca chui iu ha m rng
Trc ht ta thy rng nu 0 th

( 1) khng hi t v 0 nn chui phn
k. Xt trng hp > 0. D thy rng cc tiu chun dAlembert v tiu chun cn
thc Cauchy u khng cho ta kt lun c v tnh hi t hay phn k ca chui s.
Hm s f(x) =
tha cc iu kin gi thit trong tiu chun tch phn Cauchy. Do
tch phn suy rng

hi t khi v ch khi > 1 nn chui
v ch khi >1. Tm li ta c:
hi t khi
hi t > 1.
2) Xt s hi t ca chui
, vi
. Ta c:
Hm s f(x) tha cc iu kin ca tiu chun tch phn Cauchy. Xt tch phn
Su tm by hoangly85
i bin: u = ln(x), th c
Vy chui
=+
phn k.
Su tm by hoangly85
Bi 13 Chui tng qut, chui hm
III. CHUI TNG QUT

1. Chui an du
Cho dy an cc s dng, chui s c s hng tng qut un = (-1)nan hay un = (1) an c gi l chui an du. Lin quan n chui an du ta c tiu chun hi t
leinitz nh sau:
n+1
nh l: (tiu chun Leibnits)
Nu chui an du
tha mn 2 iu kin:
Dy an l dy dng gim, v
= 0;
th chui hi t. Hn na tng S ca chui tha 0 < S u1.
Ch thch:
Chui tha iu kin ca tiu chun Leibnitz trong nh l trn c gi l chui
Leibnitz. Nu dng tng
Sn =
xp x tng ca chui Leibnitz th phn d th n ca chui l Rn tha:
| Rn | | un+1 |
V d: Kho st s hi t ca chui
Su tm by hoangly85
Chui s l chui an du c s hng th n l
l dy s dng gim v hi t v 0. Vy chui s

chui hi t.
, vi
l chui Leibnitz nn
2. Hi t tuyt i
nh ngha:
Chui s (c du bt k)
hi t.
Chui s
c gi l hi t tuyt i nu chui
c gi l bn hi t nu chui
hi t nhng chui
phn k.
Ghi ch: Chui
khng dn ti s hi t ca chui
V d:
1) Chui
hi t theo tiu chun Leibnitz nhng chui iu ha
phn k. Vy chui
l bn hi t.
2) Xt chui
c s hng tng qut
Ta c:
Su tm by hoangly85
v chui iu ha m rng
hi t. Suy ra chui
chun so snh. Vy chui
hi t theo tiu
hi t tuyt i.
nh l:
Nu chui
hi t th chui
hi t v
.
Di y l mt s tnh cht c chng minh lin quan n cc chui hi t
tuyt i.
nh l: (Riemann)
Gi s chui
bn hi t. Khi vi mi s S hu hn hoc l S = , tn ti
mt cch thay i v tr ca cc s hng ca chui c mt chui mi c tng l
S.
nh l:
Nu chui
hi t tuyt i th khi thay i v tr cc s hng ca chui mt
cch ty ta vn c mt chui mi hi t tuyt i v c cng tng vi chui ban
u.
nh l: (Cauchy)
Nu cc chui
hi t tuyt i v c tng ln lt l S v T th
chui gm mi s hng
(i = 1, 2, , n; j = 1, 2, , n) theo mt th t bt k
lun hi t tuyt i v c tng bng ST.
Su tm by hoangly85
IV. CHUI HM
1. nh ngha
Cho dy hm s
vi n = 1, 2, cng xc nh trn mt tp E cc s thc. Khi
vi mi x E ta c chui s
Khi xt x bin thin trong E, ta gi chui
l mt chui hm. im x0 E
m chui
hi t c gi l im hi t; ta cng ni chui hm hi t ti
x0. Tp tt c cc im hi t c gi l min hi t ca chui hm. Gi D l min
hi t ca chui ly tha, ta c:
l cc hm s ca x xc nh trn D. Sn(x) c gi l tng ring th n ca chui

hm, S(x) l tng ca chui hm v Rn(x) l phn d th n ca chui hm. Tng S(x)
c th biu din di dng
Vi mi x D ta c
ca chui hm hi t n 0 khi n + .
, nn
, ngha l phn d
V d:
1) Tm min hi t ca chui hm
Su tm by hoangly85
bit rng chui s

hi t khi v ch khi > 1. Do chui
hi t khi v ch khi ln(x) > 1, hay x > e. Suy ra min hi t ca chui hm l D = (e,
+ ).
Vi mi x, chui s
(*) c s hng tng qut

, vi
= ex.
Theo tiu chun hi t dAlembert ta c:

< 1 x < 0 : chui (*) hi t.
> 1 x > 0 : chui (*) phn k.
= 1 x = 0 : chui (*) c dng
Vy min hi t ca chui hm
l chui phn k.
l D = (- , 0).
Su tm by hoangly85
Vi mi x, chui s
(*) c c s hng tng qut
, vi
= + .
Theo tiu chun cn Cauchy ta c chui phn k (vi mi x). Vy min hi t ca

chui hm l tp hp rng.
2. Hi t u
nh ngha:
Xt x bin thin trong mt tp X no nm trong min hi t ca chui hm
. Gi S(x) l tng ca chui hm v Sn(x) l tng ring th n ca chui

hm. Nu vi mi > 0, tn ti n0( ) sao cho
n n0( ), x X, | Sn(x) S(x) | <
th ta ni chui hm hi t u ti hm S(x) trn tp X, hoc dy hm Sn(x) hi t u
ti hm S(x) trn tp X. iu ny cng c ngha l dy cc phn d Rn(x) = S(x) Sn(x) hi t u ti 0 trn X.
nh l sau y cho ta mt tiu chun v s hi t cng nh hi t u ca chui
hm.
nh l: (tiu chun Weierstrass)
Nu
dng
ng vi mi n ln hn mt n0 no v vi mi x X v chui s
hi t, th chui hm
hi t u v hi t tuyt i trn X.
V d:
1) Kho st s hi t ca chui hm
Su tm by hoangly85
Ta c:
ng vi mi x R v do chui
hi t , nn chui hm
u v hi t tuyt i trn ton trc s theo tiu chun Weierstrass.
hi t
2) Kho st s hi t ca chui hm
Do
nn tn ti n0 sao cho vi mi n n0 th
.
Suy ra vi mi n n0 v vi mi s thc x ta c:
m chui s iu ha (m rng)
chui hm
hi t. Vy theo tiu chun Weierstrass
hi t u v hi t tuyt i trn ton trc s.
3. Tnh cht ca chui hm hi t u

Trong mc ny s pht biu mt s nh l v tnh cht ca cc chui hm hi t
u.
nh l: (Tnh lin tc ca hm tng)
Su tm by hoangly85
Nu mi hm
lin tc trn X v chui hm
trn X, th S(x) cng lin tc trn X.
hi t u n hm S(x)
nh l: (tch phn tng s hng)
Nu mi hm
S(x) trn [a, b], th
lin tc trn [a, b] v chui hm
hi t u n hm
nh l: (o hm tng s hng)
Gi s ta c cc iu kin sau y:
Cc hm
c o hm lin tc trong khong (a, b);
Chui hm
hi t n S(x) trong (a, b);
Chui cc o hm
hi t u trong (a, b).
Khi S(x) c o hm trong khong (a, b) v
S(x)
Su tm by hoangly85
Bi 14 Chui ly tha
V.CHUI LY THA
1.nh ngha
Ta gi chui hm c dng
l chui ly tha. Cc hng s
c gi l cc h s ca chui ly
tha, h s
c gi l h s tng qut ca chui. Ta gi
s hng tng qut ca chui ly tha.
Nu thc hin php i bin
dng
dng
th chui ly tha trn tr thnh chui c
. Do trong cc mc tip theo di y ta ch chui ly tha c
(*).
V d:
1) Chui ly tha
c h s tng qut l
2) Chui ly tha
Su tm by hoangly85
c h s tng qut l
c chuyn v dng
. Bng cch i bin X = x+2, chui ly tha
.
2. Bn knh hi t v min hi t
Mt trong nhng vn c xem xt i vi chui ly tha l tm min hi t. Cho
chui ly tha
(*).
Trc ht c th thy rng chui (*) hi t ti x = 0. nh l sau y l mt trong
nhng kt qu quan trng lin quan n vn tm min hi t ca chui ly tha.
nh l: (Abel)
Nu chui ly tha
mi x
hi t ti
th chui cng hi t tuyt i ti
Nu chui ly tha
phn k ti
th chui cng phn k ti mi x
.
Chng minh:
Gi s chui ly tha
t. Khi
c s dng M sao cho
hi t ti
, ngha l chui s
hi
M vi mi s t nhin n.
Su tm by hoangly85
Cho mt s thc x
. Ta c:
vi 0
< 1.
Chui hnh hc
hi t do q < 1, nn chui
Tm li ta c chui ly tha
ca nh l c chng minh.
hi t tuyt i trn
By gi gi s chui ly tha
phn k ti
phn k. Nu c s thc x
. Phn (i)
, ngha l chui s
m chui
th theo phn chng minh trn ta c chui

chui phn k ti mi x
hi t tuyt i.
hi t
hi t (mu thun). Vy
. Phn (ii) ca nh l c chng minh.
T nh l Abel ta c mt s nhn xt v dng ca min hi t ca chui ly tha
nh sau. Trc ht chui hi t ti x = 0 vi tng bp sau y:

Trng hp 1: Chui ch hi t ti x = 0.
Trng hp 2: Chui hi t trn ton trc s.
Trng hp 3: Chui
nhin l
tha D
c im hi t
v c im phn k
. Tt
theo nh l Abel. Vy min hi t D ca chui ly tha phi

nn b chn. Do tnh y ca tp s thc D c cn trn
Su tm by hoangly85
> R th chui phn k ti x, v nu x (-R, R) th
ng R. C th thy rng nu
chui hi t ti x.
nh ngha: (bn knh hi t)
Cho chui ly tha
. Nu tn ti s dng R sao cho chui ly tha hi t
ti mi x m
< R v chui phn k ti mi x m
> R, th R c gi l bn
knh i t ca chui ly tha. Trng hp chui ch hi t ti x = 0 ta ni bn knh hi
t ca chui ly tha l R = 0; nu chui hi t trn ton trc s th ta ni bn knh
hi t l R = + .
Theo nh ngha trn ta c cc trng hp v min hi t ca chui ly tha nh
sau:
Nu bn knh hi t R l mt s thc dng th min hi t D ca chui ly tha l
mt trong 4 trng hp sau:
1) D = (-R, R) khi chui khng hi t ti R.
2) D = [-R, R] khi chui hi t ti R.
3) D = [-R, R) khi chui hi t ti -R nhng khng hi t ti R.
4) D = (-R, R] khi chui hi t ti R nhng khng hi t ti -R.
Nu R = 0 th min hi t ca chui ly tha l D = 0 .
Nu R = + th min hi t ca chui ly tha l D = R.
Vy vic tm bn knh hi t ca chui ly tha l bc rt quan trng cho vic tm
min hi t ca chui ly tha. Ta c th tnh bn knh hi t ca chui ly tha da
theo nh l di y.
nh l: (Tm bn knh hi t)
Cho chui ly tha

. Gi s
Khi bn knh hi t R ca chui ly tha l
R=
nu
R = 0 nu
R = + nu
hay
l s thc dng;
= + ;
= 0.
V d:
Su tm by hoangly85
1) Tm min hi t ca chui ly tha
H s tng qut ca chui ly tha l
. Ta c
=1R=1
xc nh min hi t ta cn xt s hi t ca chui ti cc im -1 v +1. Xt ti x
= -1, ta thy chui s
s
0).
phn k. Ti x = 1, ta c chui
cng phn k(do s hng tng qut ca chui s khng dn v
Vy min hi t ca chui ly tha l D = (-1, 1).

. Ta c
=1
bn knh hi t R = 1.
Xt ti x = -1, ta c chui
chui iu ha
l chui Leibnitz nn hi t. Ti x = 1 ta c
nn l chui phn k.
Vy min hi t ca chui ly tha l D = [-1, 1).
Su tm by hoangly85
, vi x0 = -2 Ta c
= 1/2
bn knh hi t R = 2.
Xt ti x = x0 R = -4, ta c chui s
phn k. Ti x = x0 + R = 0, ta c chui
hi t theo tiu chun Leibnitz.

Vy min hi t ca chui ly tha l D = (-4, 0].
C th tnh c bn knh hi t ca chui ly tha l R = 0. Suy ra chui ch hi t

ti x = 0, tc l min hi t D = 0 .
C th tnh c bn knh hi t ca chui ly tha l R = + . Suy ra chui hi t ti

mi x, tc l min hi t D = R.
3. Cc tnh cht ca chui ly tha
Su tm by hoangly85
Trong mc ny s nu ln mt s tnh cht ca chui ly tha lin quan n s hi t

u, tnh lin tc, tnh o hm v tch phn.
Tnh cht 1:
Chui ly tha hi t u trn mi on [a, b] nm trong khong hi t ca n.
Tnh cht 2:
Tng ca chui ly tha l mt hm lin tc trong khong hi t ca n.
Tnh cht 3:
Ta c th ly tch phn tng s hng ca chui ly tha trn on [a, b] nm trong
khong hi t ca n. Ni cch khc ta c
Ngoi ra, nu gi S(x) l hm tng ca chui ly tha v R l bn knh hi t th vi

mi x thuc khong hi t (-R, R) ta c:
=
Tnh cht 4:
Ta c th ly o hm tng s hng ca chui ly tha trong khong hi t ca n v
chui mi nhn c cng c cng bn knh hi t vi chui ban u.
V d:
1) Tnh tng
C th tnh c d dng l bn knh hi t ca chui ly tha l R = 1, vy khong

hi t l (-1, 1). Trong khong hi t ny, ta ly o hm tng s hng ca chui th
c
Su tm by hoangly85
=
2) Ly tch phn ca S(x) trn on [0, x] s c
Suy ra:
Tnh tng
,|x
| < 1.
Ta c:
Ly o hm tng s hng trong khong (-1, 1) th c
Su tm by hoangly85

Toan Cao Cap A1

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Toan Cao Cap A1

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GIO TRNH TON CAO CP A1

GIO TRNH TON CAO CP A1

1.Cc s thc v ng thng thc

trong du ba chm ( ) ch dy cc k s sau du chm thp phn ko di n v

Tp hp tt c cc s thc (hay ng thng thc ) s c k hiu l R.

GIO TRNH TON CAO CP A1

a < b v c< 0 bc <ac

R c mt s tp hp con quen thuc l tp hp cc s t nhin N ,tp hp cc s

GIO TRNH TON CAO CP A1

Ghi ch : Ngi ta cn chng minh c rng R c tnh cht y . Theo tnh

GIO TRNH TON CAO CP A1

Khi hm s c cho bi mt cng thc nh hm s g(x) trn th tp hp tt c cc

l tp hp cc s thc x sao cho :

GIO TRNH TON CAO CP A1

Tng, hiu, tch, thng ca cc hm s:

(c.f) (x) =c.f(x)

hay x (1, 2). Vy min xc nh l D = (- , 1] [2, + ).

GIO TRNH TON CAO CP A1

(hoc + , hoc - ) ta ni f (x) l v cng ln

GIO TRNH TON CAO CP A1

Khi x -> 0 , ta c x, ln(1+x), 1 cos x l cc VCB.

Khi x -> 0+, ta c ln(x),

Khi x -> + , ta c x, ln(x), ex l cc VCL

nu f(x) v g (x) u l cc VCB

nu f(x) v g(x) u l cc VCL

5) Ta ni f(x) g(x) c dng v nh 00 khi f (x) v g (x) u l cc VCB.

GIO TRNH TON CAO CP A1

GIO TRNH TON CAO CP A1

(i) f (x) c cng cp vi g (x) nu

(ii) f(x) c cp cao hn g (x) nu

(iii) f(x) c cp thp hn g(x) nu

cng cp , x3/2 c cp cao hn

nh l: Gi s f (x) v g(x) l cc VCB khi x -> a .Ta c:

GIO TRNH TON CAO CP A1

Nh bit , ta c th dng cc quy tc tnh gii hn trong trng hp khng phi

Ngoi ra , i vi cc dng v nh v ta cn c th p dng quy tc L

GIO TRNH TON CAO CP A1

GIO TRNH TON CAO CP A1

GIO TRNH TON CAO CP A1

(ii) Cho f (x) xc nh trn vi [ xo, xo + ] vi s > 0. Ta ni f (x) lin tc bn phi ti

(iii) Cho f(x) xc nh tn ( xo - , xo ] vi s > 0

Mnh : f lin tc ti xo <=> f lin tc bn tri v lin tc bn phi ti xo

(iii) f (x) lin tc ti xo.

2.Tnh cht ca hm hm s lin tc trn mt on

GIO TRNH TON CAO CP A1

Lin quan n hm s lin tc trn mt on , ngi ta chng minh c nh l

1. Tnh cc gii hn sau:

GIO TRNH TON CAO CP A1

4.Xc nh a v b sao cho cc hm s sau y l lin tc trn IR.

GIO TRNH TON CAO CP A1

5.Chng minh rng phng trnh

GIO TRNH TON CAO CP A1

Cho hm s f(x) xc nh trong mt khong cha xo. Nu t s

GIO TRNH TON CAO CP A1

H s gc ca tip tuyn vi ng cong l

2. Lin h gia o hm v tnh lin tc

3. Bng o hm thng dng

GIO TRNH TON CAO CP A1

II. CC QUY TC TNH O HM

GIO TRNH TON CAO CP A1

Xt hm s hp y = f(u(x)). Gi s u(x) c o hm ti xo v f(u) c o hm ti

4. o hm ca hm s c dng y = u(x)v(x) vi u(x)>0

GIO TRNH TON CAO CP A1