Thit b in: Chiu sng

CHIU SNG
1. GII THIU ............................................................................................... 1
U

2. CC LOI H THNG CHIU SNG ................................................. 5

3. NH GI H THNG CHIU SNG ............................................... 16
4. GII PHP S DNG NNG LNG HIU QU .......................... 30
5. BNG DANH SCH GII PHP.......................................................... 38
6. BNG TNH.............................................................................................. 39
7. TI LIU THAM KHO........................................................................ 39

1. GII THIU
Phn ny gii thiu ngn gn kin thc c s v chiu sng v nhng thut ng cng khi
nim c bn s dng trong ngnh lin quan n chiu sng.

1.1. Kin thc c s

T thi k s khai ca vn minh n thi gian gn y, con ngi ch yu to ra nh sng
t la mc d y l ngun nhit nhiu hn nh sng. th k 21, chng ta vn ang s
dng nguyn tc sn sinh ra nh sng v nhit qua loi n nng sng. Ch trong vi
thp k gn y, cc sn phm chiu sng tr nn tinh vi v a dng hn nhiu. Theo
c tnh, tiu th nng lng ca vic chiu sng chim khong 20 45% tng tiu th
nng lng ca mt to nh thng mi v khong 3 10% trong tng tiu th nng lng
ca mt nh my cng nghip. Hu ht nhng ngi s dng nng lng trong cng
nghip v thng mi u nhn thc c vn tit kim nng lng trong cc h thng
chiu sng. Thng thng c th tin hnh tit kim nng lng mt cch ng k ch vi
vn u t t v mt cht kinh nghim. Thay th cc loi n hi thu ngn hoc n nng
sng bng n halogen kim loi hoc n natri cao p s gip gim chi ph nng lng v
tng chiu sng. Lp t v duy tr thit b iu khin quang in, ng h hn gi v
cc h thng qun l nng lng cng c th em li hiu qu tit kim c bit. Tuy
nhin, trong mt s trng hp, cn phi xem xt vic sa i thit k h thng chiu sng
t c mc tiu tit kim nh mong i. Cn hiu rng nhng loi n c hiu sut
cao khng phi l yu t duy nht m bo mt h thng chiu sng hiu qu.
1.2. L thuyt c bn v nh sng
nh sng ch l mt phn ca rt nhiu loi sng in t bay trong khng gian. Nhng loi
sng ny c c tn sut v chiu di, hai gi tr ny gip phn bit nh sng vi nhng
dng nng lng khc trn quang ph in t.
nh sng c pht ra t vt th l do nhng hin tng sau:
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Thit b in: Chiu sng

Nng sng Cc cht rn v cht lng pht ra bc x c th nhn thy c khi chng
c nung nng n nhit khong 1000K. Cng nh sng tng ln v mu sc
b ngoi tr nn sng hn khi nhit tng.
Phng in Khi mt dng in chy qua cht kh, cc nguyn t v phn t pht ra
bc x vi quang ph mang c tnh ca cc nguyn t c mt.
Pht quang in: nh sng c to ra khi dng in chy qua nhng cht rn nht
nh nh cht bn dn hoc photpho.
Pht sng quang in: Thng thng cht rn hp th bc x ti mt bc sng v
pht ra tr li ti mt bc sng khc. Khi bc x c pht ra c th nhn thy
c, hin tng c gi l s pht ln quang hay s pht hunh quang.
Nh c th quan st trn di quang ph in t Hnh 1, nh sng nhn thy c th hin
l mt di bng t tn hp nm gia nh sng ca tia cc tm (UV) v nng lng hng
ngoi (nhit). Nhng sng nh sng ny c kh nng kch thch vng mc ca mt, gip
to nn cm gic v th gic, gi l kh nng nhn. V vy, quan st c cn c mt
hot ng bnh thng v nh sng nhn thy c.

Tia cc tm

Tia hng ngoi

Hnh 1. Bc x nhn thy c

(Cc s dng nng lng hiu qu, 2005)
1.3 Cc khi nim v thut ng thng dng
Lumen: n v ca quang thng; thng lng c pht ra trong phm vi mt n v gc
cht rn bi mt ngun im vi cng sng u nhau l mt Candela. Mt lux l mt
lumen trn mi mt vung. Lumen (lm) l ng lng trc quang ca Ot, c tng ln
ph hp vi phn ng mt ca ngi quan st chun 1 W = 683 lumen ti bc sng
555 nm.
Hiu sut ti lp t y l chiu sng duy tr trung bnh c cung cp trn mt mt
phng lm vic ngang trn mi Ot cng sut vi chiu sng ni tht chung c th
hin bng lux/W/m.

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Thit b in: Chiu sng

H s hiu sut ti lp t: y l t s ca hiu sut ti mc tiu v ti lp t.
Ngun pht sng: B n l mt n v pht sng hon chnh, bao gm mt hoc nhiu
n cng vi cc b phn c thit k phn phi nh sng, nh v v bo v n, v
ni n vi ngun in.
Lux: y l n v o theo h mt cho chiu sng ca mt b mt. chiu sng duy
tr trung bnh l cc mc lux trung bnh o c ti cc im khc nhau ca mt khu vc
xc nh. Mt lux bng mt lumen trn mi mt vung.
cao lp t: cao ca vt hay n so vi mt phng lm vic.
Hiu sut pht sng danh ngha: T s gia cng sut lumen danh ngha ca n v tiu
th in danh ngha, c th hin bng lumen trn ot
Ch s phng : y l mt h s thit lp quan h gia cc kch thc d kin ca c cn
phng v cao gia b mt lm vic v b mt ca c.
Hiu sut ti mc tiu: Gi tr ca hiu sut ti lp t c xem l c th t c vi
hiu sut cao nht, c th hin bng lux/W/m.
H s s dng (UF): y l t l ca quang thng do n pht ra ti mt phng lm vic.
y l n v o th hin tnh hiu qu ca s phi hp chiu sng.
Quang thng v cng sng:
n v quc t ca cng sng I l Candela (cd). Mt lumen bng quang thng chiu
sng trn mi mt vung (m2) ca mt hnh cu c bn knh mt mt (1m) khi mt ngun
nh sng ng hng 1 Candela (ngun pht ra bc x u nhau ti mi hng) c v tr ti
tm ca hnh cu. Do din tch ca hnh cu c bn knh r l 4r2, mt hnh cu c bn
knh l 1m c din tch l 4m2 nn tng quang thng do ngun 1 cd pht ra l 41m. V
vy quang thng do mt ngun nh sng ng hng c cng I s c tnh theo cng
thc:
Quang thng (lm) = 4 cng sng(cd)
S khc nhau gia lux v lumen l lux ph thuc vo din tch m quang thng tri ra.
1000 lumen, tp trung ti mt din tch mt mt vung, chiu sng din tch vi
chiu sng l 1000 lux. Cng 1000 lumen chiu sng trn din tch mi mt vung s to
ra chiu sng m hn, ch c 100 lux.
nh lut t l nghch vi bnh phng
nh lut t l nghch vi bnh phng xc nh quan h gia cng sng t mt im
ngun v khong cch. nh lut pht biu rng cng nh sng trn mi n v din
tch t l nghch vi bnh phng ca khong cch tnh t ngun (v bn cht l bn knh).
E=I/d2
Trong E = chiu sng, I = cng sng v d = khong cch
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Thit b in: Chiu sng

Mt cch vit khc i khi thun tin hn ca cng thc ny l:
E1 d1 = E2 d2
Khong cch c o t im kim tra n b mt pht sng u tin dy tc ca bng
n trong, hoc v thy tinh ca bng n m.
V d: Nu o cng sng ca mt bng n ti khong cch 1,0 mt c 10,0 lm/m
th mt thng lng ti im chnh gia ca khong cch s l bao nhiu?
Li gii: E1m = (d2 / d1) * E2
= (1.0 / 0.5) * 10.0
= 40 lm/m
Nhit mu
Nhit mu, c th hin theo thang tnh Kelvin (K) l biu hin mu sc ca n v
nh sng m n pht ra. Tng tng mt tng st c nung u cho n khi n rc ln
nh sng da cam u tin, v sau l vng, v tip tc cho n khi n tr nn nng
trng Ti bt k thi im no trong qu trnh nung, chng ta c th o c nhit ca
kim loi theo Kelvin ( C + 273) v gn gi tr vi mu c to ra. y l nn
tng l thuyt v nhit mu. i vi n nng sng, nhit mu l gi tr thc; i
vi n hunh quang v n c ng phng in cao p (HID), gi tr ny l tng i v v
vy c gi l nhit mu tng quan. Trong cng nghip, "nhit mu v nhit
mu tng quan thng c th c s dng hon i cho nhau. Nhit mu ca n
lm cho n tr thnh cc ngun sng m, trung tnh hoc mt. Ni chung, nhit
cng thp th ngun cng m, v ngc li.
hon mu
Kh nng hon mu b mt ca ngun nh sng c th c o mt cch rt tin li bng
ch s hon mu. Ch s ny da trn tnh chnh xc m chic n c xem xt m phng
mt tp hp cc mu kim tra so vi chic n mu, kt qu ca ph hp hon ho l
100. Ch s CIE c mt s hn ch nhng vn l n v o c tnh hon mu ca ngun
nh sng c cng nhn rng ri nht.
Bng 1. ng dng ca cc nhm hon mu (Cc s dng nng lng hiu qu, 2005)
Ch s hon mu
ng dng c trng

Nhm hon mu

chung CIE(Ra)

1A

Ra > 90

1B

80 < Ra < 90

60 < Ra < 80

40 < Ra < 60

20 < Ra < 40

Bt k ni no cn c s hon mu chnh xc, v d vic

kim tra in mu
Bt k ni no cn nh gi mu chnh xc hoc cn c
s hon mu tt v l do th hin, v d chiu sng trng
by
Bt k ni no cn s hon mu tng i
Bt k ni no s hon mu t quan trng nhng s biu
hin mu sc sai lch r rt l khng th chp nhn c
Bt k ni no s hon mu khng h quan trng v s
biu hin mu sc sai lch r rt l chp nhn c.

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Thit b in: Chiu sng

Vic cho rng nhit mu v hon mu u cng m t nhng c tnh ging nhau
ca n l mt quan nim sai lm. Cn nhc li rng nhit mu m t s biu hin mu
sc ca ngun nh sng v nh sng c pht ra t . hon mu m t mc chnh
xc m nh sng biu hin mu trn cc vt th.

2. CC LOI H THNG CHIU SNG

Phn ny m t cc chng loi v thnh phn ca nhiu h thng chiu sng khc nhau.

2.1 n si t (GLS)
n nng sng hot ng nh mt vt th xm, pht ra cc bc x c la chn, hu ht
din ra vng c th nhn thy c. Bng n c mt b phn chn khng hoc np kh.
Mc d b phn ny ngn s oxy ha ca dy tc n bng vonfam, n khng ngn nga
bay hi. Bng n b ti i l do vonfam b bay hi ngng li trn b mt tng i mt
ca bng. Nh b phn np kh tr, tnh trng bay hi s c ngn chn v trng lng
phn t cng ln th hiu qu ca n cng cao. i vi nhng loi n thng, hn hp
agon nit vi t l 9/1 c s dng do chi ph thp. Kripton hoc Xenon ch c s
dng trong nhng ng dng c bit nh n chu k khi bng n kch thc nh gip b
p li chi ph cao v khi hiu sut l vn cc k quan trng.
Vic np kh c th lm dn nhit t dy tc, v vy dn nhit thp l rt quan trng.
n np kh thng hp nht cc dy ch trong dy dn chnh. Mt khe h nh c th gy
phng in, c kh nng ko theo dng in mnh. V khe nt ca dy tc thng bo hiu
kt thc tui th ca n nn cc cu ch mch s khng d b h hng.

Bc x c th
nhn thy c
Tht thot do dn
nhit v i lu
Bc x tia hng ngoi

Hnh 2. n si t v s nng lng ca n si t

(y ban v s dng nng lng hiu qu, 2005)
c im
Hiu sut 12 lumen/Ot
Ch s hon mu 1A
Nhit mu m (2.500K 2.700K)
Tui th ca n 1 2.000 gi
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Thit b in: Chiu sng

2.2 n Halogen-Vonfam
n halogen l mt loi n nng si t. Loi n ny c dy tc bng vonfam ging
nh n si t bnh thng m bn s dng ti nh, tuy nhin bng n c bm y
bng kh halogen. Nguyn t vonfam bay hi t dy tc nng v di chuyn v pha thnh
mt hn ca bng n. Cc nguyn t vonfam, oxy v halogen kt hp vi nhau ti thnh
bng to nn phn t vonfam oxyhalogen. Nhit thnh bng gi cho cc nguyn t
vonfam oxyhalogen dng hi. Cc phn t ny di chuyn v pha dy tc nng ni nhit
cao hn tch chng ra khi nhau. Nguyn t vonfam li ng li trn vng mt hn ca
dy tc-khng phi chnh xc nhng v tr m chng b bay hi. Cc khe h thng xut
hin gn cc im ni gia dy tc vonfam v dy u vo bng molypen, ni nhit
gim t ngt.

Hnh 33 n halogen vonfam

c im
Hiu sut 18 lumen/Ot
Ch s hon mu 1A
Nhit mu m (3.000K- 3.200K)
Tui th ca n 2 4.000 gi

u im
Gn hn
Tui th di hn
Sng hn
nh sng trng hn (nhit mu cao hn)

Nhc im
Gi cao hn
Nhiu tia hng ngoi hn
Nhiu tia cc tm hn
Kh cm gi

2.3 n hunh quang

2.3.1 c im ca n hunh quang
n hunh quang c hiu sut ln hn n si t tiu chun t 3 n 5 ln v c tui th
t 10 n 20 ln. Dng in chy qua cht kh hoc kim loi bay hi c th gy ra bc x
in t ti nhng bc sng nht nh tu theo thnh phn cu to ho hc v p sut kh.
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Thit b in: Chiu sng

B khi ng

Chn lu
Hnh 4a. n hunh quang

Bc x nhn
thy c

Tht thot do dn nhit

v i lu
Hnh 4b. S dng nng lng ca n hunh quang
Pha bn trong thnh thy tinh c mt lp photpho mng, c chn hp thu bc x UV
v truyn bc x ny vng c th nhn thy c. Quy trnh ny c hiu sut khong
50%. n hunh quang l loi n catt nng, do catt c nung nng l mt phn
trong quy trnh ban u. Catt l nhng dy tc Vonfam vi mt lp bari cacbonat. Khi
c nung nng, lp ny s cung cp cc electron b sung gip phng in. Lp pht
x ny khng c nung qu, nu khng tui th ca n s gim xung. n s dng
thy tinh natri cacbonat, mt cht truyn tia cc tm km. Lng thy ngn nh, thng l
12mg. Nhng loi n mi nht ang s dng hn hp thy ngn, do liu lng gn t
n 5mg. iu ny gip duy tr p sut thy ngn ti u trn di nhit rng hn. c
tnh ny rt hu ch cho chiu sng bn ngoi v chiu sng cc c nh gn hc
tng.
2.3.2 n hunh quang T12, T10, v T5 khc nhau nh th no?
Bn loi n ny khc nhau v ng knh (t 1,5 inch hay 12/8 inch i vi T12 n
0,625 hay 5/8 inch i vi n T5). Hiu sut ca cc loi n ny cng khc nhau. n
T5 & T8 cho hiu sut cao hn 5 phn trm so vi n T12 40 Ot, v hai loi ny c a
chung lp t nhiu hn trong cc h thng chiu sng.
2.3.3 nh hng ca nhit

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Thit b in: Chiu sng

n hunh quang t c hiu sut hot ng tt nht khi nhit mi trng vo
khong 20 n 30C. Nhit thp hn c th lm gim p sut thy ngn, c ngha l
nng lng tia cc tm to ra s gim; v vy s c t nng lng tia cc tm tc dng vi
photpho v kt qu l to ra t nh sng hn. Nhit cao c th lm dch chuyn bc
sng ca tia cc tm, lm cho bc sng gn vng quang ph nhn thy c. Bc sng
di hn ca tia cc tm s c t tc dng vi photpho hn, v v vy hiu sut sng s b
gim. nh hng chung l hiu sut sng gim hn nu nhit mi trng ln hn hoc
nh hn mc nhit ti u.
c im
Halogen photphat
Hiu sut 80 lumen/Watt (b iu khin HF tng
hiu sut thm 10%)
Ch s hon mu 2-3
Nhit mu Bt k
Tui th ca n 7 15.000 gi
Photpho ha tr ba
Hiu sut 90 lumen/Ot
Ch s hon mu -1B
Nhit mu Bt k
Tui th ca n 7 15.000 gi

2.3.4 n hunh quang compact

Loi n hunh quang compact xut hin gn y m ra mt th trng hon ton mi
ca ngun sng hunh quang. Nhng chic n ny cho php thit k b n nh hn
nhiu, c th cnh tranh vi loi n nng sng v n hi thy ngn trn th trng
chiu sng c hnh trn hoc vung. Sn phm bn trn th trng c b iu khin gn
lin (CFG) hoc iu khin tch ri (CFN).

c im
Hiu sut 60 lumen/Ot
Ch s hon mu 1B
Nhit mu- m, Trung bnh
Tui th ca n 7 10.000 gi
Hnh 5 : CFL

2.4 n hi Natri
2.4.1 n hi Natri cao p
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Thit b in: Chiu sng

n hi Natri cao p (HPS) c s dng rng ri trong cc ng dng chiu sng ngoi
tri v chiu sng cng nghip. Hiu sut cao l c im u vit hn ca loi n ny so
vi n halogen kim loi v nhng ng dng ny khng i hi hon mu cao. Khc vi
n thy ngn v n hologen kim loi, n HPS khng c cc in cc khi ng, balat
chn lu bao gm tc-te in t cao p.ng h quang c lm bng gm, c th chu
c nhit ln n 2372F. ng c np kh xenon gip to h quang cng nh hn
hp kh thy ngn v natri.

ng h quang

B khi ng

Hnh 6. n hi natri
Bc x nhn
thy c

Bc x tia hng ngoi

Tht thot do dn
nhit v i lu

0.5% UV bc x tia cc tm
S dng nng lng ca n hi Natri cao p

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Thit b in: Chiu sng

c im

Hiu sut 50 - 90 lumens/Watt (ch s hon mu tt hn, hiu sut thp

hn)
Ch s hon mu 1 2
Nhit mu m
Tui th ca n 24.000 gi, duy tr quang thng c bit tt
Lm nng 10 pht, lm nng tr li trong vng 60 giy
S dng n sodium ti p sut v nhit cao hn s lm n phn ng cao
hn.
Bao gm 1-6 mg natri v 20mg thy ngn
Kh np l Xenon.Tng lng kh s cho php gim lng thy ngn, nhng
s kh khi ng n hn.
ng h quang c t trong mt bng n c lp khuych tn gim
chi.
p sut cng cao, di bc sng cng rng v ch s hon mu cng tt, hiu
sut cng thp.

2.4.1 n hi Natri h p
Mc d n hi Natri h p (LPS) tng t nh h thng hunh quang (v chng u l h
thng h p), nhng loi n ny thng c xp vo h n HID. n LPS l ngun
sng thnh cng nht, nhng cht lng li km nht trong tt c cc loi n. L ngun
nh sng n sc, tt c cc mu m LPS th hin l en, trng, hoc bng ca mu xm.
n LPS c th s dng trong mc in p t 18-180. n LPS thng c hn ch s
dng cho cc ng dng ngoi tri nh chiu sng an ninh hoc chiu sng ng ph v
cc ng dng h p trong nh khng cn cht lng mu tt (nh cu thang). Tuy nhin, v
hon mu km nn nhiu th khng cho php s dng chng cho chiu sng ng
ph.
c im
Hiu sut 100 200 lumen/Ot
Ch s hon mu 3
Nhit mu Vng (2,200K)
Tui th ca n 16,000 gi
Khi ng 10 pht, lm nng tr li ln n 3 pht

2.5 n hi thy ngn

n hi thy ngn l kiu n HID c nht. Mc d c tui th cao v chi ph ban u
thp, n c hiu sut km (30 n 65 lumen trn watt, cha k tht thot balat chn lu)
v pht ra nh sng mu xanh yu. C l vn quan trng nht lin quan n n hi thy
ngn l lm sao thay th chng bng nhng loi n HID hoc hunh quang c hiu sut
v hon mu tt hn. n hi thy ngn loi r, pht ra nh sng mu xanh da tri-xanh
l cy, gm c ng h quang vi cc in t Vonfam c hai u. Nhng chic n ny c
hiu sut thp nht trong h n HID, quang thng gim nhanh v ch s hon mu thp.
Do nhng c im ny nn cc ngun sng HID khc thay th n hi thy ngn trong
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10

Thit b in: Chiu sng

Hnh 7. n hi thy ngn v s dng nng lng

c im
Hiu sut 50 - 60 lumen/Watt (tr phn L)
Ch s hon mu 3
Mu nhit Trung gian
Tui th ca n 16.000 24.000 gi, duy tr quang thng km
in cc th ba c ngha b iu khin n gin hn v r hn.Mt s nc
s dng MBF cho chiu sng ng ph ni m loi n SOX vng c xem l
khng ph hp.
ng h quang cha 100 mg thy ngn v kh agon.V bng thch anh
Khng c catt nung trc, in cc th ba vi khe h ngn hn bt u
phng in.
Bng n bc photpho bn ngoi. N cung cp nh sng b sung s dng tia
cc tm khc phc xu hng phng nh sng mu xanh da tri/xanh l cy
V thy tinh bn ngoi ngn bc x cc tia cc tm.

2.6 n kt hp
n kt hp thng c miu t l n hai trong mt. n kt hp hai ngun sng bao
xung quanh bi mt bng n np kh. Mt ngun l ng phng thy ngn thch anh (nh
n thy ngn) v ngun kia l dy tc Vonfam c mc ni tip vi n. Dy tc ng
vai tr nh mt balat chn lu ng phng in n nh cng sut dng in, v v vy
khng cn balat chn lu na. Dy tc n Vonfam c qun theo cu trc bao quanh
ng phng in v c mc ni tip vi n. Lp bt hunh quang bn trong thnh n
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11

Thit b in: Chiu sng

c im

Cng sut danh ngha c trng 160 W

Hiu sut t 20 n 30 Lm/W
H s cng sut cao 0,95
Tui th 8000 gi

Hnh 8. n kt hp

2.7 n halogen kim loi

n halogen hot ng tng t n halogen vonfram. Khi nhit tng, hp cht halogen
din ra s phn tch, gii phng kim loi v pha h quang. Halogen ngn thnh n bng
thch anh khi b kim loi c tnh kim tn cng.
c im
Hiu sut 80 lumen/Ot
Ch s hon mu 1A 2 ty thuc vo hn hp halogen
Nhit mu 3,000K 6,000K
Tui th ca n 6.000 24.000 gi, duy tr quang thng km
Khi ng 2-3 pht, lm nng li 10-20 pht
La chn v mu, kch thc v chng loi ca MBI a dng nht so vi cc loi n
khc. Chng l loi n hin i hn so vi hai loi n phng in cng cao
khc, do chng c hiu sut tt hn.
Bng cch thm cc kim loi khc vo thy ngn, c th pht ra quang ph khc.
Mt s chic n MBI s dng in cc th ba khi ng, nhng nhng chic
khc, c bit n trng by nh hn, i hi xung nh la in p cao.

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UNEP

12

Thit b in: Chiu sng

Bc x c
th nhn thy
Hnh 9. n halogen kim loi v s dng nng lng
Bc x tia hng ngoi
Bc x tia cc tm

Tht thot do dn nhit v i lu

2.8 n LED
n LED l loi n mi nht b sung vo danh sch cc ngun sng s dng nng lng
hiu qu. Trong khi n LED pht ra nh sng nhn thy c di quang ph rt hp,
chng c th to ra "nh sng trng. iu ny c thc hin nh n LED xanh c ph
photpho hay di mu -xanh da tri-xanh l cy. n LED c tui th t 40.000 n
100.000 gi ty thuc vo mu sc. n LED c s dng trong nhiu ng dng chiu
sng, bao gm bin bo li thot, n tn hiu giao thng, n di t, v nhiu ng dng
trang tr khc. Mc d cn mi m, cng ngh n LED ang pht trin nhanh v rt ng
ha hn trong tng lai. Ti n tn hiu giao thng, mt th trng th mnh ca LED, tn
hiu n ch huy bao gm 196 n LED ch tiu th 10W trong khi n nng sng s
tiu th 150W. Cc c tnh khc nhau v kh nng tit kim nng lng ri vo khong
t 82% n 93%. Cc sn phm LED xut hin di nhiu dng khc nhau bao gm c n
thanh, bng iu khin v vt trong n LED, thng ch s dng 1-5W mi n bo
hiu, em li hiu qu tit kim ng k so vi n nng sng vi li th tui th lu hn,
gip gim yu cu bo tr.

2.9 Thnh phn chiu sng

2.9.1 Ngun pht sng/Mt phn x
Yu t quan trng nht khi lp n, ngoi bng n ra chnh l mt phn x. Mt phn x
nh hng n lng nh sng n tip cn c vng cn chiu sng cng nh cch thc
phn phi chiu sng. Ni chung mt phn x thng dng khuch tn (mi trng c
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13

Thit b in: Chiu sng

sn hoc c trng bt) hay dng phn quang (c nh bng hoc trng nh gng).
Mc phn x ca vt liu phn x v hnh dng mt phn x nh hng trc tip n
hiu qu v hiu sut lp n. Mt phn x khuch tn thng thng c hiu sut phn x
t 70-80% khi cn mi. Vt liu phn x cao hay bn khuch tn loi mi c h s phn
x ln ti 85%. B khuch tn thng thng hp thu v pht tn nhiu nh sng hn l
phn chiu nh sng tp trung vo khu vc yu cu. Cng vi thi gian ch s phn x c
th gim xung do bi bn tch t hay do hin tng vng m n UV gy ra. Mt phn
quang hiu qu hn nhiu v chng pht huy ti a kh nng quang hc v h s phn
chiu nn cho php kim sot nh sng v ch ng ngt chun xc hn. Trong iu
kin mi, chng vn m bo c ton b ch s phn x trong phm vi 85-96%. Khi b
c, nhng gi tr ny khng b hao ht qu nhiu nh mt phn x thng thng. Vt liu
c s dng nhiu nht l nhm ant ha (h s phn x 85-90%) v si bc c cn
thnh lp kim loi (h s phn x 91-95%). Nhm trng c s dng t hn (h s phn
x 88-96%) v mt phn x quang hc phi c gi sch th mi c hiu qu, do vy
khng nn s dng chng trong cc cm dy cu ch h kiu cng nghip v chc chn
chng s b bi bn.

Hnh 10. B n gng quang hc

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14

Thit b in: Chiu sng

2.9.2 B phn ph tr
B phn ph tr c s dng trong thit b chiu sng bao gm:
Chn lu: Mt thit b hn ch dng in gip gim in tr m ca cc loi n
phng in. i vi n hunh quang, thit b ny gip tch t lng in p ban u
cn thit khi bt n.
B nh la: Thit b ny dng bt n halogen kim loi v n hi natri c cng
cao.
Bng di cho bit c tnh chiu sng ca cc th sng thng c s dng:
Bng 2: c tnh chiu sng ca cc th sng thng c s dng
Loi n

Lum / Ot

Ch s hon
ng dng c trng
mu

Phm vi

TB

n si t

8-18

14

Hon ho

n hunh quang

46-60

50

Tt, c Vn phng, ca hng,

bit khi c bnh vin, gia nh
lp bc

n hunh quang
compact (CFL)

40-70

60

n thy ngn cao p

(HPMV)

44-57

50

n halogen

18-24

20

n hi Natri cao p
(HPSV) SON

67-121

90

n hi Natri h p
(LPSV) SOX

101-175

150

Rt tt

Gia nh, khch sn,

chiu sng chung,
chiu sng khn cp

1000

Khch sn, ca hng,

gia nh, vn phng

Trng by, chiu sng

bng n pha, khu
trin lm sn vn
ng, khu vc xy
dng

Trung bnh Chiu sng chung

trong nh my, kho
hng, n ng
Km

5000

2000-4000

600012000

Lng ng, ng
hm, knh, n ng

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5000

800010000

Trung bnh Chiu sng chung

trong nh my, ga ra,
xe, chiu sng bng
n pha
Hon ho

Tui th
(Gi)

600012000

UNEP

15

Thit b in: Chiu sng

3. NH GI H THNG CHIU SNG

Phn ny bao gm ni dung thit k h thng chiu sng ni tht v phng php nghin
cu s dng nng lng hiu qu ca h thng chiu sng. Phn ny cng a ra ch s
chiu sng cn thit cho mi loi cng vic khc nhau theo tiu chun ca n .

3.1 Thit k h thng chiu sng

3.1.1 Lng nh sng cn thit
Mi cng vic u yu cu mc chiu sng nht nh ln b mt c th. m bo chiu
sng tt l iu cn thit thc hin cc cng vic cn chiu sng. Vic chiu sng tt
cho php mi ngi lm vic t nng sut cao hn. Thng thng c sch phi cn
100 n 200 lux. V th cu hi u tin i vi nh thit k l chn c mc chiu sng
ph hp. y ban quc t v chiu x (CIE) v Hi cc k s nh sng (IES) a ra cc
mc chiu sng cho cc loi cng vic khc nhau. Nhng ch s ny t tr thnh tiu
chun quc gia v quc t trong thit k chiu sng (Bng nu pha di). Cu hi th hai
l v cht lng n. Trong hu ht trng hp, cht lng c hiu l hon mu. Ph
thuc vo tng loi cng vic m ta c th chn cc loi n khc nhau da trn ch s
hon mu.

Chiu sng chung i vi cc

phng v khu vc hoc khng
c s dng thng xuyn
hoc/v cc cng vic cn
chiu sng bnh thng hay
n gin

Mc chiu
sng (lux)

V d v cc khu vc hot ng

20

Chiu sng dch v ti thiu ti cc khu vc i li bn

ngoi, cc ca hng ngoi tri, cc chung gia sc
Li i b v bc ln xung.
Khu vc ni hi.
Trm bin th, gian l,.v...v.
Khu vc i li trong nh my, ca hng v phng ct
tr
Chiu sng dch v ti thiu
Gia cng ngui va v gia cng c kh, quy trnh
chung trong ngnh ha cht v thc phm, cc hot
ng c sch v lp h s thng thng.
Gi treo, kim tra, phng thit k, gia cng ngui tinh
v dy chuyn my mc, nhum mu, cng vic thit
k quan trng
Gia cng ngui rt tinh v gia cng c kh, cng c
v dy chuyn my mc i hi s chnh xc n
tng chi tit nh, cc linh kin in t, o v kim tra
cc b phn phc tp (c th c chiu sng cc b)
Nhng cng vic cn s chnh xc n tng chi tit,
v d nh cc b phn rt nh ca cng c, ch to
ng h, chm khc

50
70
100
150
200
300

Chiu sng chung

dnh cho ni tht

450
1500

Chiu sng cc b b sung

i vi nhng cng vic i
hi s chnh xc v th gic

3000

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16

Thit b in: Chiu sng

3.1.2 Thit k chiu sng ni tht
Quy trnh thit k chiu sng tng bc c minh ha pha di c km theo v d. Hnh
sau nu cc thng s ca mt khng gian thng gp.

cao
lp t

cao
trn
nh

Bn lm vic
Chiu di
Hnh 11. Phng c cc kch thc

Bc 1: Quyt nh mc chiu sng cn thit ln b mt lm vic, loi n v ngun

pht sng
Phi tin hnh nh gi s b v loi chiu sng cn thit, thng th quyt nh c a
ra da trn tnh kinh t v tnh thm m. i vi cc cng vic vn phng bnh thng cn
mc chiu sng 200 lux.
i vi khng gian vn phng s dng iu ha, chng ta nn chn n tup hunh quang
36W b i. Ngun pht sng c ph men s, thch hp cho loi n trn. Cn c bng
h s s dng cho b n ny t nh sn xut tnh ton chi tit hn.
Bc 2: Thu thp s liu phng theo mu di y:
Kch thc phng

H s phn x b mt

Chiu di
Chiu rng
Din tch sn
nh
Chiu cao
trn nh
Trn nh
Tng

L1
L2
L3

10
10

m
m
m
100
2

L4

3,0

L5
L6

0,7
0,5

p.u
p.u

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17

Thit b in: Chiu sng

Sn nh
Chiu cao b mt lm vic tnh t sn
nh
Chiu cao b n tnh t sn nh

L7

0,2

p.u

L8

0,9

L9

2,9

Ch s phn x thng s dng i vi L5, L6, L7 l:

Trn Tn Sn
nh
g
nh
Vn phng c iu ha
0,7
0,5
0,2
Cng nghip nh

0,5

0,3

0,1

Cng nghip nng

0,3

0,2

0,1

Bc 3: Tnh ch s o phng

Ch s phng

Di x Rng
Cao x (Di + Rng)

= 10 X 10 / [2 *(10 + 10)] = 2,5

Bc 4: Tnh h s s dng
H s s dng c nh ngha nh l t l phn trm ca lumen n trn pht ra ngun
sng v truyn n b mt lm vic. H s ny bao gm c nh sng trc tip pht ra t
ngun pht sng cng nh nh sng phn chiu ra ngoi b mt cn phng. Nh sn xut s
cp cho mi b n mt bng CU ring ly t bo co th nghim trc quang. S dng
bng c sn t nh sn xut c th quyt nh h s s dng lp cc loi n khc nhau
nu bit h s phn x ca tng v trn nh, bit loi ngun pht sng v xc nh c
ch s o phng. i vi n tup i, h s s dng l 0,66 tng ng vi ch s o
phng l 2,5
Bc 5: Tnh s mi lp cn thit bng cch p dng cng thc sau:
Trong :
N = S mi lp
E = Mc lux cn thit ln b mt lm vic
A = Din tch (L x W)
F = Tng lng dng (lumen) ca tt c cc n trong mt mi lp
UF = H s s dng ly t bng i vi mi lp
LLF = H s tht thot nh sng. H s ny tnh hao mn theo thi gian ca lng nh
sng pht ra t n v lng bi tch t trn mi lp v trn tng nh.
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18

Thit b in: Chiu sng

LLF = Lumen n MF x Ngun sng MF x B mt cn phng MF
Ch s LLF thng gp
Vn phng c iu ha
0,8
Cng nghip sch
0,7
Cng nghip khng sch
0,6
200 100
N = 2 3050 0,66 0,8
= 6,2; nh vy s cn n tup i 6 nos. Tng s n 36W l 12.
Bc 6: B tr cc b n m bo tnh ng u
Mi b n u c xc nh mt t l khng gian so vi chiu cao. Trong cc phng
php thit k trc y, t l ng u, ngha l t l chiu sng ti thiu so vi chiu sng
trung bnh c gi mc 0,8 v t l hp l ca khng gian so vi chiu cao c xc
nh m bo tnh ng u. Trong cc thit k hin i c kt hp gia vic tit kim
nng lng v vic chiu sng th quan im ch o l m bo ng u t 1/3 ti
1/10 ph thuc vo tng loi cng vic. Ch s c p dng cho loi n trn l 1,5. Nu
t l thc t cao hn ch s c nu, chiu sng ng u s gim xung. i vi mu
b tr lp n, tham kho hnh 12. Ngun pht sng gn tng ch nn chim 1 na khng
gian hay t hn.

Khng gian lm
vic

Lp n

Hnh 12. B tr n
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19

Thit b in: Chiu sng

Khng gian gia cc b n = 10/3 = 3,33 m
Chiu cao lp t = 2,0 m
T l khng gian so vi chiu cao = 3,33/2,0 = 1,66
Con s ny gn vi dung sai v v vy c chp nhn.
Tt hn nn chn b n c SHR ln. Lm vy c th gim s mi lp v ti trng chiu
sng lin kt.

3.2 Mc chiu sng p dng cho cc loi cng vic / hot ng / a im khc
nhau
3.2.1 Cc xut chiu sng
Phm vi
chiu sng:

Mc chiu sng ti thiu i vi khu vc ni tht khng c ngi lm vic l 20

lux (tnh trn IS l 3646). H s khong 1,5 cho thy s chnh lch rt quan
trng d l nh nht trong mc nh hng ca vic chiu sng. V vy, phm
vi chiu sng sau c a ra.

20305075100150200300500750100015002000lux
Bin nh
sng:

Bi v cc tnh hung din ra rt khc nhau d cng mt ng dng c s dng

cho khu vc ni tht khc nhau hay cng mt loi hot ng trong cc iu kin
khc nhau, bin nh sng c a ra cho mi kiu ni tht hay mi loi hot
ng ph hp vi mt ch s chiu sng duy nht. Mi bin bao gm ba mc
lin tc trong phm vi chiu sng c xut. i vi khu vc lm vic th ch
s trung bnh (R) ca mi bin cho thy mc chiu sng dch v c
xut s c s dng tr khi mt hay nhiu h s sau c p dng.

Ch s cao (H) ca bin nn c s dng trong cc trng hp c bit, h s

phn x hay tng phn thp xy ra, cc sai s nu chnh lu s rt tn km, vic chiu
sng l bt buc, chnh xc hay nng sut cao l yu t quan trng v kh nng th gic
tt ca ngi lao ng c th gip thc hin iu ny.
Tng t, ch s thp (L) ca bin c th c s dng khi h s phn x v tng
phn cc k cao, tc v chnh xc khng quan trng v cng vic c tin hnh
khng thng xuyn.
Chiu sng xut
Bng sau nu bin chiu sng xut cho cc cng vic v hot ng khc nhau. Ch s
c lin quan n yu cu th gic ca cng vic, n s tha mn ca ngi s dng, n
kinh nghim thc tin v n nhu cu s dng nng lng c sinh li.

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20

Thit b in: Chiu sng

3. Luyn kim v sn xut thp
Xng nung kt
Sn nh my
Thng trn, bung qut, bung sng, my lnh, trm truyn
L, l ng
Chung
B iu khin
L bng chuyn, li i
Sn xut thp
Xng nung chy in
Xng sn xut thp oxi kim
Chung
Sn l chuyn, bung c
B iu khin
Bung cha st vn
To khun kim loi v nhit luyn
Ty g thi, l ging, bung ti v x l nhit, xng ti sinh axit
Bung ty g v lm sch, my cn th, my cn ngui, cn tinh,
dy chuyn m thic v m km, phn on
Chung
B iu khin
My cn dy, hon thin sn phm, x l v kim tra thp
Kim tra thp l/tm thp
L c
Xng t ng
Khng cn vn hnh bng tay
i khi cn vn hnh bng tay
Cn vn hnh bng tay lin tc
Phng iu khin
B iu khin
Xng phi t ng
Sn cht liu, c, lc khun, lm sch, mi, ty ra xm
c th, to li th
Hn tinh, to li tinh
Kim tra
L rn (chc chn xy ra chn ng mnh)
Chung
Kim tra
4. Sn phm gm s
Trn, c khun, lm sch
Gm
Mi, c khun, p, lm sch, o gt, trng bng, nung
Trng men, t mu
Lm thy tinh
Gian l, un cong,
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150-200-300
100-150-200
100-150-200
200-300-500
30-50-100
150-200-300
100-150-200
150-200-300
200-300-500
100-150-200
150-200-300
100-150-200
200-300-500
200-300-500
300-500-700
30-50-100
100-150-200
200-300-500
200-300-500
200-300-500
200-300- 500
200-300-500
300-500-750
300-500-750
200-300-500
300-500-750
150-200-300
200-300- 500
500-750-1000
100-150-200
UNEP

21

Thit b in: Chiu sng

Bung trn, to hnh, ct, mi, nh bng, lm cng
200-300-500
Vt cnh, ct ta trang tr, khc n mn, m bc
300-500-750
Kim tra
300-500-750
5. Ha cht, du kh, v cc sn phm ha hc v ha du
Li i bn ngoi, bc ln xung, bc thang v thang
30-50-100
Khu vc my bm v van bn ngoi
50-100-150
My bm v bung my nn kh
100-150-200
Xng ch bin c iu khin t xa
30-50-100
Xng ch bin c s can thip bng tay
50-100-150
Khu vc lm vic thng xuyn trong xng ch bin
150-200-300
Phng iu khin xng ch bin
200-300-500
Nh sn xut thuc v ha cht tinh ch
Nh sn xut thuc
Mi, nghin, trn, sy kh, nn vin, kh trng, ra, iu ch dung
300-500-750
dch, y, y np, ng gi, lm cng
Nh sn xut ha cht tinh ch
Li i bn ngoi, bc ln xung, bc thang v thang
30-50-100
Xng ch bin
50-100-150
Tinh ch ha cht
300-500-750
Kim tra
300-500-750
Sn xut x phng
Khu vc chung
200-300-500
Quy trnh t ng
100-200-300
Bng iu khin
200-300-500
My mc
200-300-500
Sn phm sn
Chung
200-300-500
Quy trnh t ng
150-200-300
Bng iu khin
200-300-500
Trn hn hp c bit
500-750-1000
Phi mu
750-100-1500
6. K thut c kh & sn xut thp xy dng
Chung
200-300-500
Chn la
300-500-750
Sn xut kim loi tm
p, ct, t dp, nghin, dp ni, tin, gp
300-500-750
Gia cng ngui, vch du, kim tra
500-750-1000
Xng c kh v cng c
Gia cng ngui th v gia cng c kh
200-300-500
Gia cng ngui va v gia cng c kh
300-500-700
Gia cng ngui tinh v gia cng c kh
500-750-1000

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22

Thit b in: Chiu sng

Phng o c
750-1000-1500
Xng t dp
Chung
300-500-750
Gia cng chnh xc
1000-1500-2000
Xng hn
Hn x v hn h quang, hn im th
200-300-500
Hn va, hn ng, hn im
300-500-750
Hn tinh, hn im tinh
750-1000-1500
Xng lp rp
Gia cng th, v d nh b khung v my mc loi nng
200-300-500
Gia cng va, v d nh cm ng c, cm thn xe
300-500-750
Gia cng tinh, v d nh cm my mc vn phng
500-750-1000
Gia cng tht tinh, v d nh b cng c
750-1000-1500
Gia cng t m, v d nh sn xut ng h
1000-1500-2000
Xng kim tra v th nghim
Gia cng th, v d nh s dng ng h o, kim tra cm lp rp
300-500-750
loi ln
Gia cng trung bnh, v d nh kim tra b mt sn
500-750-1000
Gia cng tinh, v d nh s dng thc chia , kim tra my mc
750- 1000-1500
c chun xc cao
Rt tinh xo, v d nh kim tra cc chi tit nh phc tp
1000-1500-2000
Gia cng t m, v d nh kim tra cc chi tit c kch thc rt nh 2000
Xng sn v bung phun nc
Ngm, phun th
200-300-500
Chun b, sn thng, phun v hon thin
200-500-750
Sn mn, phun v hon thin
500-750-1000
Kim tra, sa li v phi kt hp
750-1000-1500
Xng m
B, bn
200-300-500
nh bng v mi nhn
300-500-750
nh bng v mi nhn ln cui
500-750-1000
Kim tra 7. K thut in v in t, v sn xut thit b in
Sn xut cp v dy dn cch in, cun sn bng v ngm cun,
200-300-500
cm my c ln, cm my n gin
Lp rp c va, v d nh in thoi, ng c loi nh
300-500-750
Cm chi tit c chun xc cao, v d nh thit b vin thng, hiu
750-1000-1500
chnh, kim tra v nh c
Cm chi tit c chun xc cao
1000-1500-2000
Sn xut thit b in
Bng mch in
In la
300-500-750
Ghp cc linh kin bng tay, hn
500-750-1000
Kim tra
750-1000-1500
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23

Thit b in: Chiu sng

B dy dn, b chm, th nghim v nh c
500-750- 1000
B khung
750-1000-1500
Kim tra v th nghim
Th ngm
150-200-300
Kim tra chc nng v an ton
200-300-500
8. Thc phm, ung, thuc l v l m
Chung
200-300-500
Kim tra
300-500-750
ng hp, bo qun v lm lnh
Xp hng v phn loi nguyn liu th
500-750-1000
Chun b
300-500-750
Hng ng hp v ng chai
Ni chng
200-300-500
Quy trnh t ng
150-200-300
Dn nhn v ng gi
200-300-500
Hng ng lnh
Khu vc ch bin
200-300-500
ng gi v ct kho
200-300-500
ng chai, nu bia v chng ct
Cng on ra v x l chnh, ra chai
150-200-300
Kim tra chnh
200-300-500
Kim tra chai
Khu vc ch bin
200-300-500
Rt y chai
500-750-1000
Ch bin du n v cht bo
Tinh ch v trn
200-300-500
Sn xut
300-500-750
My nghin, lc v ng
200-300-500
Bnh ngt
Chung
200-300-500
Trang tr bng tay, lm ng
300-500-750
Sn xut scla v mt
200-300-500
Quy trnh t ng
150-200-300
Trang tr bng tay, kim tra, ng gi
300-500-750
Ch bin thuc l
Chun b nguyn liu, sn xut v ng gi
300-500-750
Quy trnh bng tay
500-750-1000
9. Dt & sn xut si
D kin, ra
200-300-500
Nhum khi v pha mu
200-300-500
Sn xut si
Xoay trn, lun dy, cun...
300-500-750
Mc si (Ko si)
750-1000-750
Sn xut vi
Dt kim
300-500-750
Hng dn s dng nng lng hiu qu trong cc ngnh cng nghip Chu
www.energyefficiencyasia.org

UNEP

24

Thit b in: Chiu sng

Dt
Si ay v si x gai
200-300-500
Len si to
300-500-750
Si len xe loi va, si len mn, si bng
500-750-1000
Si len xe loi mn, si lanh mnh, si tng hp
750-1000-1500
Sa
1000-1500-2000
Kim tra
1000-1500-2000
Hon thin vi
Nhum
200-300-500
Cn, x l ha cht...
300-500-750
Kim tra
Vi mu xm
750-1000-1500
Thnh phm
1000-1500-2000
Sn xut thm
Cun, chiu ri
200-300-500
To mu, xn ta, vin, ly nha m v lm kh nha m
300-500-750
Thit k, dt, sa
500-750-1000
Kim tra
Chung
750-1000-1500
Nhum mnh
500-750-1000
10. Cng nghip thuc da v sn xut thuc da
Lm sch, thuc da v ko cng, b, ct, v bo, nhi
200-300- 500
Hon thin, ghp
300-500-750
Gia cng thuc da
Chung
200-300-500
L, nh bng
300-500-750
Ct, chia phn, xem qua v may
500-750-1000
Xp loi, phi kt hp
11. Sn xut qun o, giy dp, v vi
Chun b vi
200-300-500
Ct
500-750-1000
Phi hp
500-750-1000
May
750-1000-1500
L
300-500-750
Kim tra
1000-1500-2000
May tay
1000-1500-2000
Hng dt kim, an
My dt kim sn phng
300-500-750
My dt kim vng
500-700-1000
Mi khu chng v my vt s
750-1000-1500
Khu mt xch hay khu thnh hng thng
750-1000-1500
Sa v hon thin bng tay
1000-1500-3000
Kim tra
1000-1500-2000
Sn xut gng tay
Hng dn s dng nng lng hiu qu trong cc ngnh cng nghip Chu
www.energyefficiencyasia.org

UNEP

25

Thit b in: Chiu sng

Sp xp v phn loi
L, dt, ct
May
Kim tra
Sn xut m
Np, bn, tinh ch, to dng, nh c, nghin, l
Lm sch, to g, hon thin
May
Kim tra
Sn xut giy dp
Thuc da v si tng hp
Sp xp v phn loi
Ct da v ng
Thao tc chun b
Bn ct v l
Chun b nha lm cc, lm khun, lt, hon thin, phng giy dp
Cao su
Ra, trn, bc, lm kh, nh bng, lu ha, cn, ct
Bc lt, sn xut v hon thin
12. G mc v my ca g loi ln
Chung
Li ca
Xp loi
Xng lm mc
Ca th, gia cng ngui tinh
nh c, bo, ri ct, gia cng c kh va v gia cng ngui
Gia cng c kh v gia cng ngui tinh, ri ct tinh, hon thin
Sn xut g
Kho vt liu th
Kho hng hon thnh
Ghp g v lp ghp, ca th, ct
Gia cng c kh, nh bng th v lp ghp, nh bng
Phng cng c
Bung phun nc
Gia cng mu
Gia cng sch
ng t
Phn loi lp g mt
Khm g, p, rp ni v lp
Kim tra ln cui
Sn xut nm
Kim tra vi
Nhi, bc
n, ct, may
Hng dn s dng nng lng hiu qu trong cc ngnh cng nghip Chu
www.energyefficiencyasia.org

500-750-1000
300-500-750
500-750-1000
1000-1500-2000
200- 300-500
300-500-750
500-750-1000
1000-1500-2000
750-1000-1500
750-1000-1500
750-1000-1500
1000-1500-2000
750-1000- 1500
200-300-500
300-500-750
150-200-300
300-500-750
500-750-1000
200-300-500
300-500-750
500-750-1000
50-100-150
100-150-200
200-300-500
300-500-750
300-500-750
300-500-750
200-300-500
750-1000-1500
300-500-750
500-750-1000
1000-1500-2000
300-500-750
500-750-1000
UNEP

26

Thit b in: Chiu sng

Lm m Ghp li
Vin dy
13. Nh my giy v giy in
My nghin bt giy, xng chun b
Sn xut giy v ba cc tng
Chung
Quy trnh t ng
Kim tra, phn loi
Quy trnh sn xut giy
Chung
In lin hp
Sn phm in
Xng c ch
Lm khun, sp ch in, ph bng tay v my
Lp trc, phn loi
Bung sp ch
Sp ch bng tay, ln khun v chia ch
Bn kim loi nng
c kim loi nng
Bn sp nh hay th sp nh
Nim yt
Bng c chiu sng Chiu sng chung
Kim tra my in
Sa bn in th
Sao nh
sChung
Sot chun xc, sa li, khc n mn
Sao nh v kim tra
Bung my in
My in
Lm sn trc
Kim tra t in
ng sch
Gp, dn, gii l v khu
Ct, tp hp, rp ni
14. Nha v cc sn phm nha cao su
Xng t ng
Khng cn iu khin bng tay
C th cn iu khin bng tay
Cn iu khin bng tay thng xuyn
Phng iu khin
B iu khin
Xng phi t ng
Trn, cn, c p, phun,
Hng dn s dng nng lng hiu qu trong cc ngnh cng nghip Chu
www.energyefficiencyasia.org

300-500-750
750-1000-1500
200-300-500
200-300-500
150-200-300
300-500-750
200-300-750
300-500-750
200-300-500
500-750-1000
500-750-1000
500-750-1000
200-300-500
300-500-750
500-750-1000
200-300-500
300-500-750
500-750-1000
300-500-750
750-1000-1500
750-1000-1500
300-500-750
300-500-750
750-1000-1500
300-500-750
500-750-1000
30-50-100
50-100-150
200-300-500
200-300-500
200-300-500
200-300-500
UNEP

27

Thit b in: Chiu sng

p v hn thi, sa tm, ct mp tm, nh bng, hn phun
In, kim tra
Sn xut cao su
Chun b khi lm do, cn
Cn, chun b gin khung, ct khi
c p, c khun
Kim tra

300-500-750
750-1000-1500
150-200-300
300-500-750
300-500-750
750-1000-1500

3.3 Phng php lun nghin cu s dng nng lng hiu qu trong h thng
chiu sng
Cc tip cn nh gi v cc gii php ci tin chiu sng c th lin quan n cc bc
sau.
Bc 1: Lp bng kim tra cc yu t trong h thng chiu sng v my bin p iu
kin theo mu in hnh sau.
Cng sut danh ngha, s lng v tnh trng s dng
ST
T

a im
nh my

Loi thit b
chiu sng v
chn lu

Cng sut danh

ngha ca n v
chn lu

S lng

S dng/Ca
I/II/III/ngy

My bin th chiu sng /m t cng sut danh ngha v s lng :

ST
T

a im nh
my

Cng sut
danh ngha
ca my bin
th chiu sng
(kVA)

S lng c lp
t

iu kin o c
Vn/Ampe/kW/Nng lng

Hng dn s dng nng lng hiu qu trong cc ngnh cng nghip Chu
www.energyefficiencyasia.org

UNEP

28

Thit b in: Chiu sng

Trong trng hp cc bng phn phi sn c dng, thay v my bin p, cu ch danh
ngha c th c nh gi theo mu trn thay cho my bin th kVA.
Bc 2: Vi s tr gip ca lux k, hy tin hnh o c v cung cp t liu v mc lux
cc a im nh my khc nhau ch lm vic, gi tr lux ban ngy v ban m cng
vi s lng n "BT" trong khi o c.
.Bc 3: Cng vi s h tr ca my phn tch trng ti xch tay, hy o v ghi li mc
tiu th in v in p cc im u vo khc nhau, c th l bng phn phi hoc my
bin p chiu sng cng lc vi thi gian kim k mc chiu sng.
Bc 4: So snh gi tr lux o c vi tiu chun. S dng nhng gi tr lm tham
chiu v xc nh v tr ca cc khu vc c chiu sng t v cc khu vc c chiu sng
nhiu.
Bc 5: Phn tch t l hng hc v tui th thc ca n v chn lu t cc d liu trc.
Bc 6: Da vo cc nh gi v c lng k lng, c th a ra mt s gii php ci
tin sau:

Gii php s dng ti a nh sng mt tri qua cc tm lp trong sut, mi che nh

sng pha bc, vv.
Thay th n bng n s dng nng lng hiu qu hn, phi ch n cc yu t
nh ngun pht sng, ch s hon mu v mc lux m cn so snh tui th n.
Thay th cc chn lu bng cc chn lu s dng nng lng hiu qu hn, phi ch
n cc yu t v tui th v cng sut, ngoi ra cn phi ch n tht thot in
nng.
La chn mu ni tht phn x nh sng.
Thay i s b tr tu theo tng nhu cu.
Cung cp cc thit b iu khin theo nhm / n l khi chiu sng s dng nng
lng hiu qu chng hn nh:
Loi iu chnh in p theo kiu tt/m ( iu khin chiu sng)
Cng tc/cm iu khin theo nhm
B cm bin chim ch
Thit b iu khin quang in
Thit b iu khin vn hnh b hn gi c hc
Thit b iu khin vn hnh my nhn tin
Cc chng trnh iu khin chiu sng c lp trnh ha
Lp t b iu chnh/b iu khin in p vo s dng nng lng hiu qu v
tng tui th ca n, khi lm s xut hin ngun in p v dao ng cao hn.
Cc v d v vic s dng cc loi n tit kim nng lng nh n LED thay th loi
n c s dng trong cc bng iu khin/cc khu vc c thit b o c, vv.

Hng dn s dng nng lng hiu qu trong cc ngnh cng nghip Chu
www.energyefficiencyasia.org

UNEP

29

Thit b in: Chiu sng

4. GII PHP S DNG NNG LNG HIU QU

Mc ny a ra cc phng thc c th bo ton nng lng bng cch ng dng quy trnh
cng ngh chiu sng tt.

4.1 S dng chiu sng t nhin

Tin ch ca vic chiu sng t nhin thay th chiu sng bng in vo ban ngy c
nhiu ngi bit n nhng cng ngy cng b b qua c bit cc vn phng c trang
b iu ho khng kh hin i v cc khu thng mi nh khch sn, trung tm mua bn
vv. Nhn chung, cc nh my cng nghip s dng nh sng ban ngy theo mt s mu,
nhng h thng chiu sng ban ngy c thit k khng ng c th dn n nhng phn
nn t nhn vin hoc dn n vic s dng thm cc n in vo ban ngy. Lu mt
ng dng cn mc chiu sng l 500 lux. tnh ton tht thot do phn x v khuych tn
bn trong h thng ca s trn nh, gi nh rng 40% nh sng mt tri xuyn qua ca s
trn nh lan ta trong khng gian. Do vy, vo ngy c nng, khong 2% din tch trn nh
c s dng lm ca s. b cho cc gc mt tri thp, iu kin sng m, ca s trn
nh bn, vv. din tch ny tng gp i ln ti khong 4%. tnh ton cho iu kin my
m trung bnh, con s ny tng ln ti 10% hoc 15%. Mt vi phng php kt hp chiu
sng ban ngy l:

S dng chiu sng pha bc nu khung mi che loi rng ca l loi cng nghip
chung; thit k ny ph hp cho v tuyn 23 bc, ngha l pha bc n . pha
nam n , chiu sng pha bc c th khng ph hp tr khi s dng knh khuych
tn gim bt nh sng mt tri trc tip.
Cc thit k i mi c th ph hp v chng loi tr chi ca nh sng ban ngy v
rt hp vi ni tht. Cc di knh chy sut b ngang ca mi nh theo cc khong u
c th cung cp chiu sng tt, ng nht trong cc xng cng nghip v cc nh kho.
Mt thit k tt kt hp vi cc ca s trn nh lm bng cht liu FRP cng vi
trn gi trong sut v trong m c th cung cp chiu sng khng c nh sng chi,
trn gi cng gim hi nng t nh sng t nhin.
S dng ca vi mi vm FRP c kin trc c bn c th loi tr vic s dng n
in trong hnh lang ca cc nh cao tng.
Cng nn s dng nh sng t nhin t ca s. Tuy nhin, ca s nn c thit k tt
trnh nh sng chi. Nn s dng cc gi nh sng cung cp nh sng t nhin
khng c nh sng chi.

Hnh
13. Chiu
sngnng
t nhin
mitrong
checc ngnh cng nghip Chu
Hng
dn s dng
lngbng
hiu qu
cacbonat
tng hp
www.energyefficiencyasia.org
Hnh 15. Ca c mi vm FRP

UNEP

30

Thit b in: Chiu sng

4.2 Gim s lng n gim lng chiu sng tha

Gim s lng n l mt phng php hiu qu gim tiu th nng lng chiu sng.
Trong mt vi ngnh cng nghip, gim chiu cao lp t ca n, cung cp b n hiu
qu v sau tho n s m bo vic chiu sng hu nh khng b nh hng g. Gim
s lng n nhng khng gian trng ni khng c hot ng lm vic cng l mt khi
nim hu ch. C mt vi vn v gim bt n lin quan n s kt ni gia n v
chn lu trong cc gi n c nhiu n. C chn lu ni tip v chn lu song song. Hu
ht chn lu l c mc ni tip. T l khong 50/50, chn lu ni tip chuyn thnh
song song khi s dng chn lu in t. Vi chn lu ni tip, khi tho mt n ra khi
chn lu, n cn li s khng sng ng cch v s hng nu vn tip tc hot ng.
Nhng n khng c tho c th s khng sng hoc s nhp nhy hoc sinh ra nh sng
rt yu. Do vy, vi chn lu ni tip chng ta cn tho tt c n ra khi chn lu. Chn
lu s tip tc s dng nng lng, t 10W n 12W vi chn lu t v t 1W n 2W vi
chn lu in. Chn lu song song c th rt bt m khng gy qu nhiu vn v
thng c tiu th bi cc nh sn xut chy t hn mt n so vi cc nhn hiu
danh ngha.

4.3 Chiu sng theo cng vic

Chiu sng theo cng vic ngha l cung cp chiu sng tt theo yu cu ch tp trung
vo din tch thc, cng vic c thc hin trong khi vic chiu sng chung cho
xng hoc vn phng ch gi mc thp hn; v d n gn vo cc my mc hoc n
bn. C th tit kim c nng lng bi v n c cng sut thp cng c th to ra
chiu sng theo cng vic tt. Khi nim v chiu sng theo cng vic nu c thc hin
mt cch hp l th c th gim s lng chm n chiu sng chung, gim cng sut ca
n, tit kim ng k nng lng v cung cp vic chiu sng tt hn v cng to ra mi
trng thm m v d chu hn. mt vi nh my dt, gim cao ca cc chm n
tup lm tng thm chiu sng v cng gim c gn 40% s chm n. nhn
thy li ch kp ca vic tiu th nng lng thp hn v chi ph thay th thp hn. mt
vi ngnh k thut, chiu sng theo cng vic trong cc thit b my mc c cung cp
bi cc n hunh quang compact (CFL). Thm ch trong cc vn phng, chiu sng theo
bn khu bit bng cc n hunh quang compact (CFL) c th c a chung hn, thay
v cung cp s lng ln n tup hunh quang chiu sng chung ng b.

4.4 La chn n v b n hiu sut cao

Chi tit v cc loi n thng dng c tm tt bn di. T danh sch ny, kh nng tit
kim nng lng ca n c th c xc nh bng cch thay th bng nhng loi hiu
sut hn.
Bng 3. Thng tin v cc loi n thng c s dng
Loi n

Cng sut danh ngha

ca n tnh bng ot
(Tng cng sut gm c
tht thot chn lu tnh
bng ot)

Hiu sut tnh bng

Lumen/Ot (Gm c

Ch s hon
mu

Tui th
n

tht thot chn lu khi s

dng)

Hng dn s dng nng lng hiu qu trong cc ngnh cng nghip Chu
www.energyefficiencyasia.org

UNEP

31

Thit b in: Chiu sng

Loi n

Phc v chiu sng

chung (GLS) (Bng n
nng sng)
Halogen Vonfam (Cc
n)
Halogen Vonfam (Cc
kp)
n tup hunh quang
(c lp y bng
Agon)
n tup hunh quang
(c lp y bng
Kripton)
n hunh quang
compact (CFLS) ( khng
c v lng knh)
n hunh quang
compact (CFLS) ( c v
lng knh)
n hn hp thu ngn
n hi thu ngn cao
p (HPMV)
n Halogen kim loi
(Cc n)
n Halogen kim loi
(Cc kp)
n hi natri cao p
(HPSV)
n hi natri h p
(LPSV)

Cng sut danh ngha

ca n tnh bng ot
(Tng cng sut gm c
tht thot chn lu tnh
bng ot)
15,25,40,60,75,100,150,2
00, 300,500 (khng chn
lu)
75,100,150,500,1000,200
0 (khng chn lu)
200,300,500,750,1000,15
00, 2000 (khng chn
lu)
20,40,65 (32,51,79)

Hiu sut tnh bng

Lumen/Ot (Gm c

Ch s hon
mu

Tui th
n

8 n 17

100

1000

13 n 25

100

2000

16 n 23

100

2000

31 n 58

67 n 77

5000

18,36,58 (29,46,70)

38 n 64

67 n 77

5000

5, 7, 9,11,18,24,36
(8,12,13,15,28,32,45)

26 n 64

85

8000

9,13,18,25 (9,13,18,25)
ngha l cng sut danh
ngha gm c tiu th
chn lu).
160 (chn lu bn trong,
cng sut danh ngha
gm c tiu th chn lu)
80,125,250,400,1000,200
0
(93,137,271,424,1040,20
85)
250,400,1000,2000
(268,427,1040,2105)
70,150,250 (81,170,276)

48 n 50

85

8000

18

50

5000

38 n 53

45

5000

51 n 79

70

8000

62 n 72

70

8000

69 n 108

25 n 60

>1200 0

70,150,250,400,1000
(81,170,276,431,1060)
35,55,135 (48,68,159)

tht thot chn lu khi s

dng)

90 n 133

>1200 0

Nhng v d sau v thay th n l rt thng dng.

Lp n halogen kim loi thay cho n hi natri/thu ngn
n halogen kim loi c ch s hon mu cao khi c so snh vi n hi natri v
thu ngn. Nhng n ny cung cp nh sng trng hiu qu Do , n halogen kim
loi l la chn cho cc ng dng ch trng v mu sc, trong yu cu v mc chiu
sng cao hn. Nhng n ny rt thch hp ng dng cho cc dy chuyn sn xut,
cc khu kim tra, ca hng bn tranh, vv. Nn lp n halogen kim loi nu cn
Hng dn s dng nng lng hiu qu trong cc ngnh cng nghip Chu
www.energyefficiencyasia.org

UNEP

32

Thit b in: Chiu sng

hon.
Lp n hi natri cao p (HPSV) cho cc ng dng khng cn nhiu hon mu
n hi natri cao p (HPSV) mang li nhiu hiu qu hn. Nhng c tnh hon mu
ca HPSV l rt thp. Do , nn lp n HPSV cho cc ng dng nh chiu sng
ng, sn, vv.
Lp n ch bo panen LED thay th n dy tc. n ch bo panen c s dng
rng ri trong cc ngnh cng nghip gim st, biu th hng hc, bo hiu, vv. n
dy tc thng thng c s dng cho cc mc ch nhng c nhng bt li sau:
o Tiu th nng lng cao (15W/n)
o Hng hc n cao (tui th hot ng t hn 10.000 ting)
o Rt nhy cm vi nhng dao ng v in p
n LED c nhng u th sau so vi n dy tc.
o Tiu th in t hn (t hn 1W/n)
o Chu c dao ng in p cao trong vic cung cp in.
o Tui th hot ng lu hn (hn 1.00.000 gi)
Nn lp n LED thay cho n ch bo bng panen khi thit k.
Cc loi n c s dng ph thuc vo chiu cao lp t, hon mu cng l mt yu
t nh hng. Bng bn di tm tt kh nng thay th cng vi kh nng tit kim.
Bng 4: Tit kim bng cch s dng n hiu qu hn
n ang dng

Thay th bi

GLS (n nng sng)

n hunh quang compact (CFL)

n hi thu ngn cao p (HPMV)
Halogen kim loi
n hi natri cao p (HPSV)
n tup mng (Kripton)
n tup (Kripton)
n hi thu ngn cao p (HPMV)
Halogen kim loi
n hi natri cao p (HPSV)
n hi thu ngn cao p (HPMV)
Halogen kim loi
n hi natri cao p (HPSV)
n hi natri h p (LPSV)
n hi natri cao p (HPSV)
n hi natri h p (LPSV)
n hi natri h p (LPSV)

n tup tiu chun (Argon)

n halogen vonfam

n hn hp thu ngn
n hi thu ngn cao p
(HPMV)
Halogen kim loi
n hi natri cao p (HPSV)

Kh nng tit kim

nng lng, %
38 n 75
45 n 54
66
66 n 73
9 n 11
31 n 61
54 n 61
48 n 73
48 n 84
41
37
34 n 57
62
35
42
42

S c mt vi hn ch nu hon mu l mt yu t quan trng. Nn ch rng trong

hu ht cc trng hp, b iu khin v b n cng phi thay i. S tit kim c
nhiu nu phi hp chiu sng c thit k li bng cc n v b n hiu sut cao hn.
Cng vic pht trin ng k ang c thc hin ci tin hiu sut ca cc b n. Vi
n tup nhng ni khng c bi, nhng b n vi quang hc phn chiu c th c
s dng thay th n loi vng lm c v men hnh l si theo li c truyn hoc n
Hng dn s dng nng lng hiu qu trong cc ngnh cng nghip Chu
www.energyefficiencyasia.org

UNEP

33

Thit b in: Chiu sng

hc tng c chp n bng axit acrilic. Ln o ny c chp nhn v c thc hin
rt nhiu vn phng v to nh thng mi.

4.5 Gim in p dy dn chiu sng

Hnh 15 biu th hiu qu khc nhau ca in p trong hiu sut sng v tiu th in ca
n tup hunh quang. Nhng khc bit tng t quan st thy cc n phng kh nh
n hi thu ngn, n halogen kim loi v n hi natri; bng bn di tm tt nh
hng. Do , gim in p dy dn chiu sng c th tit kim nng lng min l chp
nhn s st gim hiu sut sng. rt nhiu khu vc, in p li vo ban m cao hn
bnh thng, v th gim in p c th tit kim nng lng v cung cp hiu sut sng
danh ngha. Mt vi nh sn xut hin cung cp my phn ng v my bin th lm cc sn
phm tiu chun. Nhiu ngnh cng nghip s dng nhng thit b ny v bo co tit
kim ln ti 5% n 15%. Nhiu ngnh cng nghip gp phi vn v in p ban m
cao hn c th c thm li ch t vic gim s hng hc sm ca n.
Bng 5: S khc bit v hiu sut sng v tiu th in
Chi tit
Hiu sut sng
in np
Hiu sut sng
in np
Hiu sut sng
in np
Hiu sut sng
in np
Hiu sut sng
in np
Hiu sut sng
in np

in p thp hn 10%
n hunh quang
Gim 9%
Gim 15%
n HPMV
Gim 20%
Gim 16%
n hn hp thu ngn
Gim 24%
Gim 20%
n halogen kim loi
Gim 30%
Gim 20%
n HPSV
Gim 28%
Gim 20%
n LPSV
Gim 4%
Gim 8%

in p cao hn 10%
Tng 8%
Tng 81%
Tng 20%
Tng 17%
Tng 30%
Tng 20%
Tng 30%
Tng 20%
Tng 30%
Tng 26%
Gim 2%
Tng 3%

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4.6 Chn lu in t
Chn lu in t thng thng c s dng cung cp in p cao hn thp n tup
v hn ch dng in trong sut thi gian hot ng bnh thng. Chn lu in t l b
dao ng chuyn i tn s cung cp t khong 20.000 Hz ln ti 30.000 Hz. S tht thot
trong chn lu in t cho n tup ch khong 1W, trong khi 10W n 15W vi bm gi
tiu chun. Bng bn di biu th lng tit kim gn ng khi s dng chn lu in t .
Bng 6: Lng tit kim khi s dng chn lu in t
Loi n
n tup 40W
n hi Natri h p 35W
n hi Natri cao p 70W

Vi chn lu
in t thng
thng
51
48
81

Vi chn
lu in
t
35
32
75

Lng in tit
kim, Ot
16
16
6

Li ch na l hiu sut ca n tup tng dng in cao hn, dn n tit kin thm nu
chn lu c nh gi mt cch lc quan cung cp hiu sut sng ging vi bm gi
thng thng. V th, c th tit kim c khong 15W n 20W vi mi n tup bng
cch s dng chn lu in t. Vi chn lu in t, b khi ng b loi b v n tup
lp tc sng m khng b nhp nhy. Rt nhiu ngnh cng nghip lp chn lu in t
vi s lng ln cho n tup. Hot ng c th tin cy c min l chn lu in t
c mua t cc nh sn xut c cng nhn. Chn lu in t cng c dng cho n
tup hunh quang loi 20W v 65W, n CFL loi 9W &11W, n LPSV loi 35W v n
HPSV loi 70W. By gi chng u c nhng gi tr thng mi.
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Thit b in: Chiu sng

4.7 Chn lu in t tn hao thp cho n tup

Tht thot trong bm gi in t tiu chun ca n tup vo khong 10W n 15W. C
th tit kim c khong 8W n 10W vi mi n tup bng cch s dng bm gi
in t t tht thot. Tit kim l do s dng nhiu ng v cc lp cn mng thp t tht
thot trong bm gi dn n tht thot thp hn. Mt s ln cc ngnh cng nghip
tin hnh o c ny.

4.8 Thit b hn gi, b chuyn mch nh sng khuch tn hoc m v b cm

bin chim ch
iu khin t ng tt cc n khi khng cn thit c th tit kim c nhiu nng
lng. C th s dng thit b hn gi n gin hoc thit b hn gi c lp trnh cho
mc ch ny. B hn gi c th phi thay i, khong 2 thng mt ln tu thuc vo ma.
S dng thit b hn gi l mt phng php iu khin tin cy.
Cng tc chuyn mch c th c s dng thay i chiu sng tu thuc vo lng
nh sng ban ngy Nn cn thn m bo rng b cm bin c lp ni khng c
bng rm, tia sng ca xe c v s quy ry ca chim chc. Bin tr cng c th c s
dng kt hp vi iu khin quang in; tuy nhin thng thng bin tr in t c n
ch ph hp lm m n nng sng. C th lm m n tup hunh quang nu
chng c hot ng vi chn lu in t, chng c th c lm m bng cch s dng
my bin p t ng ng c ho hoc bin tr in t (ph hp lm m n hunh
quang; hin ti nhng thit b ny phi nhp khu).
B cm bin chim ch siu m v hng ngoi c th c dng iu khin chiu sng
trong cc ca-bin v vn phng ln. Hin nay, n c loi cm bin chim ch hng
ngoi n gin. Tuy nhin b cm bin chim ch siu m th phi nhp khu. Nn lu
rng b cm bin chim ch tinh vi c s dng nc ngoi c s kt hp pht hin
siu m v hng ngoi; nhng b cm bin ny tch hp mt b vi x l mi n v
tip tc quan trc b cm bin, iu chnh mc nhy cm nh gi lc quan hiu sut.
B vi x l c lp trnh ghi nh nhng c im thay i v c nh trong mi trng
ca chnh n; iu m bo nhng tn hiu nhn c t nhit lp v thit b chuyn
ng nh qut c lc ra.
cc nc pht trin, khi nim v gi n tup c chn lu in t, bin tr iu
khin quang in v b cm bin chim ch ang c cp n l mt gi hon chnh.
Cc phng php iu khin sau rt hu ch.
Khu vc chung
u s dng chiu sng t nhin, c thit b iu khin chiu sng t nhin. S
dng phng php lm m lin tc nhng khu vc t hot ng nh c sch, vit v
hi tho. S dng lm m tng bc (iu chnh tt/bt) nhng khu vc vn ng
nhiu nh i b v ly hng trn gi.
Lun lun gn b cm bin chim ch bng siu m t nht t 20,88 cm n 27,84 cm
t ng dn HVAC trn b mt v sn khng rung do khng c s d tm ngoi ca
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Thit b in: Chiu sng

hoc khng gian m.
nhng ni c cm gic lm ch cng vic cao nh cc vn phng t v phng hi
tho, thng c cc cng tc iu khin chiu sng qu ti bng tay
Nu s chiu sng c th t ng tt hoc tt bng tay khi mi ngi vn trong phng,
hy t thm chiu sng ban m li ra c an ton.
Nhiu thit b iu khin chiu sng c in p ring v yu cu trng ti danh ngha.
m bo nh r mu thit b ph hp vi in p v trng ti danh ngha ng vi ng
dng.
Phng hi tho
S dng b cm bin chim ch cng ngh kp cc phng hi tho ln d tm ti
u nhng chuyn ng tay nh nhng v chuyn ng c th mnh hn.
B cm bin chim ch hng ngoi b ng c gn vo gc hoc trn nh c s
dng cho cc phng hi tho nh v trung bnh.
Lun lun c cng tc iu khin chiu sng qu ti bng tay.
Phng ng nh
iu khin trng ti phch cm in nh chiu sng b sung, mn hnh my tnh, l
si v qut xch tay bng phch cm trn c iu khin bng mt b cm bin
chim ch.
Gn b cm bin chim ch c nhn di k sch hoc bn v v tr m n khng th
d tm c nhng chuyn ng bn ngoi phng ng.
Nh v sinh
S dng b cm bin siu m gn trn cho cc nh v sinh c bung nh.
iu khin chiu sng bn ngoi
S dng bng iu khin chiu sng c ng h hn gi v t bo quang in iu
khin chiu sng bn ngoi bt lc hong hn v tt lc bnh minh v tt chiu sng
khng nhm bo v sm hn vo bui ti tit kim nng lng.

4.9 n tup hunh quang T5

n tup hunh quang hin ang c dng n l loi T12 (40w) v T8 (36W). T12
ngha l ng knh ng l 12/8'' (33,8mm), T8 ngha l ng knh l 8/8'' (26mm) v T5
ngha l ng knh 5/8 (16mm). C ngha l n T5 mng hn n tup mng 36W. u
im ca n T5 l v ng kinh nh, hiu sut ngun pht sng c th ci thin khong
5%. Tuy nhin, n ny ngn hn khong 50mm so vi n T12 v T8, ngha l b n
hin nay khng th s dng c. Hn na, T5 c th hot ng ch vi mt chn lu in
t. Nhng n ny c nc ngoi l loi 14W, 21W, 28W v 35W. Hiu sut ca n T5
35W l khong 104 lm/W (nguyn n) v 95 lm/W (vi chn lu in t) trong khi
n T8 36W l khong 100 lm/W (nguyn n) v 89 lm/W (vi chn lu in t). N ch
ci thin rt t vo khong 7% nhng nh s dng b n nhm siu phn x vi hiu sut
cao hn, n T5 c tc dng ci thin ton b hiu sut trong khong t 11% n 30%.
n T5 c mt lp bc bn trong vch knh chn thu ngn b hp thu trong knh v
photpho. iu gim ng k nhu cu thu ngn t khong 15 miligam xung 3 miligam
mi n N c li nhng nc c lut cht thi nghim ngt.
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Thit b in: Chiu sng

Ti chu u, n T5 c s dng kh ln thay loi n T8 36W, 13,92cm. di ngn
hn cho php tch hp trong cc m hnh to nh tiu chun. Vi vi chn lu mi, b n
nh v phng, tit kim khng gian cng nh nguyn liu sn xut. Hoa K dn dn
chp nhn cng ngh ny v n T8 4ft ch tiu th khong 35W 13,92 cm. Nhn chung, ti
Hoa K, trng tm vn l kim sot quang hc tt hn l hiu sut n.

4.10 Bo dng chiu sng

Bo dng rt quan trng vi hiu sut nh sng. Mc sng s gim theo thi gian do s
lo ho ca n v bi trong gi n, n v b mt phng. Cng mt lc cc yu t ny
c th gim tng chiu sng l khong 50% hoc hn trong khi , n tip tc s dng
y in. Nhng bo dng gi c bn di y gip ngn chn iu ny.
Lau sch bi gi n, n v thu knh t 6 n 24 thng mt ln.
Thay thu knh nu chng chuyn mu vng.
Lau sch hoc sn li phng nh mi nm mt ln v phng ln 2 n 3 nm mt ln.
Lau sch bi b mt n v bi lm gim lng sng chng phn x.
Nn ch tp hp treo n li. Nhng n thng dng, c bit l n nng sng v
n hunh quang thng tht thot t 20% n 30% hiu sut sng qua thi gian hot
ng. Nhiu chuyn gia v chiu sng xut nn thay ng thi tt c n trong h
thng chiu sng iu ny gip tit kim nhn lc, gi chiu sng cao v trnh gy
tc dng ng sut cho chn lu ca cc n sp hng.

5. BNG DANH SCH GII PHP

Mc ny bao gm cc gii php s dng nng lng hiu qu quan trng nht

Gim mc chiu sng tha xung mc tiu chn bng cch iu chnh, tho n, vv.
(Bit hiu ng in trc khi tho n).
Tch cc iu khin chiu sng bng ng h hn gi, thit b lm tr, t bo quang
in, v/hoc b cm bin chim ch.
Lp cc n hiu sut cao chiu sng kiu si t, chiu sng bng hi thu ngn,
vv. Hiu sut (Lumen/Ot) ca cc cng ngh khc nhau t tt nht n km nht xp
x nh sau: hi Natri h p, hi Natri cao p, halogen kim loi, hunh quang, hi thu
ngn, si t
Chn cn thn chn lu v n c cng sut cao v hiu sut lu di, h thng hunh
quang khng dng c vi n hunh quang Compact v chn lu in t.
Nn lu h thp gi n s dng t hn.
Lu chiu sng t nhin, ca s trn nh, vv.
Lu sn tng bng mu sng hn v s dng t n chm chiu sng hoc cng sut
thp hn.
S dng chiu sng theo cng vic v gim chiu sng nn.
Ti nh gi iu khin, loi v chin lc chiu sng bn ngoi. Tch cc iu khin
n.
Thay i nhng tn hiu ang dng t nng sng sang LED.

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Thit b in: Chiu sng

6. BNG TNH
Phn ny ny khng c bng tnh tch ri. Cc bng tnh dng tin hnh kim ton nng
lng c gii thch trong mc phng php lun tin hnh "Nghin cu s dng hiu
qu nng lng ca h thng chiu sng".

7. TI LIU THAM KHO

M hnh ny c iu chnh kh nhiu t cun "Thc hnh bng tay tt nht Chiu sng" xut
bn nm 2005 do Cc s dng nng lng hiu qu, B nng lng, n . www.bee-india.nic.in.
Chng trnh mi trng Lin hip quc (UNEP) chn thnh cm n Cc s dng nng lng hiu
qu (BEE) v cho php s dng thng tin ca mnh cho Hng dn ny.
Cc ti liu ngun tham kho khc gm:
CIE (Commission International de lEclairage) and IES (Illuminating Engineers Society)
Designing with Light- A lighting Handbook - Anil Walia-International Lighting Academy
Handbook of Functional requirements on Industrial Buildings-SP-32- Bureau of Indian
Standards. IS 3646 (Part I): 1992
Efficient Use of Electricity in Industries- Devki Energy Consultancies Pvt. Ltd., Vadodara
Energy Audit Reports of the National Productivity Council
Websites / Product Information CDs of the following manufacturers:

Crompton Greaves Lighting Division

Bajaj Electricals

GE lighting, USA

Watt Stopper Inc, USA

Vergola India Ltd

Lighting reasearch centre, USA

LBNL , USA

Copyright:
Copyright United Nations Environment Programme (year 2006)
This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-profit purposes without
special permission from the copyright holder, provided acknowledgement of the source is made. UNEP would appreciate
receiving a copy of any publication that uses this publication as a source. No use of this publication may be made for
resale or any other commercial purpose whatsoever without prior permission from the United Nations Environment
Programme.

Bn quyn:
Copyright Chng Trnh Mi Trng LIn Hip Quc (nm 2006)

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Thit b in: Chiu sng

n bn ny c th ti xut bn ton b hoc mt phn v cho bt k mc ch gio dc hay phi li nhun no m khng
c s cho php c bit t ngi gi bn quyn vi iu kin phi nu ngun ca n bn. NEP mong rng s nhn
c bn sao ca bt k n phm no c s dng n bn ny nh ngun thng tin. Khng s dng n bn ny bn li
hay cho bt k mc ch thng mi no khc m khng c s cho php trc t Chng trnh Mi trng ca Lin
hp quc.

Disclaimer:
This energy equipment module was prepared as part of the project "Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction from Industry
in Asia and the Pacific" (GERIAP) by the National Productivity Council, India. While reasonable efforts have been made
to ensure that the contents of this publication are factually correct and properly referenced, UNEP does not accept
responsibility for the accuracy or completeness of the contents, and shall not be liable for any loss or damage that may
be occasioned directly or indirectly through the use of, or reliance on, the contents of this publication, including its
translation into other languages than English. This is the translated version from the chapter in English, and does not
constitute an official United Nations publication

Khuyn co:
Mo un thit b nng lng ny c thc hin l mt phn ca d n Gim Pht Thi Kh Nh Knh t Hot ng
Cng Nghip Khu vc Chu v Thi Bnh Dng (GERIAP) bi y ban Nng sut Quc gia n . Mc d c
gng nhiu m bo ni dung ca bo co ny l chnh xc v ph hp tham kho, UNEP khng c trch nhim v
tnh chnh xc hay hon thin ca ni dung v s khng chu trch nhim v bt k mt mt hay thit hi m c th lin
quan trc tip hay gin tip cho vic s dng hay da vo ni dung ca bo co ny gy ra, bao gm c bn dch sang
cc th ting khc ngoi ting Anh. y l bn dch t ting Anh v khng phi l n bn chnh thc ca Lin hp quc.

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