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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Subject

Page

Introduction
Section I . Design
WhyGaskets Are Used
,

Effecting
Gasket

,..,

,..,...

a Seal

,...,

...

...,

Seating

... ...

..",

"

Table 1 - Gasket Materials and Contact Facings

Table 2 - EffectiveGasket Width
,...,
Table 3 - Gasket Seating Surface Finishes
Forces Acting on a Gasketed Joint
Bolt Load Formulas
,
Notation Symbols and Definitions
Table 4 - MaximumSg Values
,

...

'

, .., ..,

,..,..

3
,

,..,

3
4
5

,..,...

,..,

,...

'

,..,

,'

'

8
9
9
10
11

"..,

'

"

,..,

"

,..,

Heat Exchanger Gaskets - Standard Shape Index

Spiral Wound Gaskets
,
,

SizingSpiralWoundGaskets
Flange Surface Finishes. ,
Available
Spiral Seal Styles

13
,

,..,

",..,

Bolt Torque

Sequence.

TorqueValues

'

Manway Problems?
.
Manway Application
Information
Other Problem Areas

Section

,..,..,

23

,..

"

,..
...,..,..,

,..,..,

,..,..,...~

,
,...,...,

,..,

,...

,.29

,.. ,

,..,

,..,
,

,...,..,..,.30
,
31
...;..""
,
32

33

,..,

Chemical Resistance Chart - Grafoil@

Circumferences and Areas of Circles
Torque Required to Produce Bolt Stress
Bolting Materials - Stress Table 1
Bolting Data for Standard Flanges

28

,..,

ASME Section VIII, Div. I - Design Consideration for Bolted Flange Connections
Chemical Resistance Chart - Gasket Metals
Maximum Service Temperatures - Gasket Metals
Chemical Resistance Chart - Vegetable Fiber Sheet

SoftSheetGasketDimensions

,..,26
27

,...

,..,

IV - Appendix

23
26

'",..,..,..,26

,...

Sheet
,

22

,
,

",

15
15
17
20
21
22

,..."

,...'

,
"

Trouble Shooting Leaking Joints

,..,

11
11

'...,

,...,...,...

Section III . Installation

Installation and Maintenance Tips
Gasket Installation Procedures

,..,
,

'-"

.."
,..,

,..,

MetallicGasket Materials
Metal Gaskets
,..,
,
Solid Metal Gaskets
,
MetalJacketed Gaskets
Metal Clad and Solid Metal Heat Exchanger Gaskets
,

'

6-7

8
, ...,...

Example Sample Gasket Calculation - Steam Service

Section II. Selection
,
"

Selecting.the ProperGasketMaterial
Non-Metallic
GasketMaterials

,...,..,..3

,..,..

',

33
"... 35
37
37
,..

38

,..,

"

40

41
,
"

45
46
47

INTRODUCTION
The cost of leaky joints in industry today is staggering. Out-of-pocket
costs run into billions of dollars annually in lost production, waste of energy,
loss of product and, most recently, impact on the environment. These
problems are increasing, not decreasing. It behooves all of us to consolidate our knowledge and experience to solve or at least minimize these
problems. This publication is being produced because we, as gasket
manufacturers and suppliers, are constantly called upon to solve sealing
problems after the fact. Too often we find insufficient time and attention has
been given to:
. proper design of flanged joint
. installation procedures and
. selection of the optimum gasket material required to solve a
particular sealing problem.
We will endeavor to outline in this publication those areas we believe to
be essential in a properly designed, installed and m"aintainedgasketed
joint.
We believe most people involved with the design, installation, and maintenance of gasketed joints realize that no such thing as "zero" leakage can
be achieved. Whether or not a joint is "tight" depends on the sophistication
of the methods used to measure leakage. In certain applications the
degree of leakage may be perfectly acceptable if one drop of water per
minute is noted at the gasketed joint. Other requirements are that no
bubbles would be observed if the gasketed joint was subjected to an air or
gas test underwater and a still more stringent inspection would require
passing a mass spectrometer test. The rigidity of the test method would be
determined by:
. the hazard of the material being confined
. loss of critical materials in a process flow
. impact on the environment should a particular fluid escape into the
atmosphere
. danger of fire or of personal injury
All of these factors dictate proper attention must be given to:
. design of flange joints or closures
. proper selection of gasket type
proper gasket material
. proper installation procedures
Care in these areas will ensure that the best technology goes into the
total package and will minimize operating costs, pollution of the environment and hazards to employees and the general public.

SECTION I
WHY GASKETS ARE USED
'--"

Gaskets are used to create a static seal between two

stationary members of a mechanical assembly and to
maintain that seal under operating conditions which
may vary dependent upon changes in pressures and
temperatures. If it were possible to have perfectly mated
flanges and if it were possible to maintain an intimate
contact of these perfectly mated flanges throughout
the extremes of operating conditions, a gasket would
not be required. This is virtually an impossibility either
because of
the size of the vessel and/or the flanges
the difficulty in maintaining such extremely smooth
flange finishes during handling and assembly
. corrosion and erosion of the flange surfaces during
operations.
As a consequence, relatively inexpensive gaskets are
used to provide the sealing element in these mechanical
assemblies. In most cases, the gasket provides a seal
by external forces flowing the gasket material into the
imperfections between the mating surfaces. It follows
then that in a properly designed gasket closure, three
major considerations must be taken into account in
order for a satisfactory seal to be achieved.
. Sufficient force must be available to initially seat the
gasket. Stating this another way, adequate means
must be provided to flow the gasket into the imperfections in the gasket seating surfaces.
Sufficient forces must be available to maintain a
residualstress on the gasket under operating conditions to ensure that the gasket will be in intimate
contact with the gasket seating surfaces to prevent
blow-by or leakage.
The selection of the gasket material must be such
that it will withstand the pressures exerted against
the gasket, satisfactorily resist the entire temperature range to which the closure will be exposed and
withstand corrosive attack of the confined medium.

.
.

DESIGN
. By heat, such as in the case of sealing a bell and

spigot joint on cast iron pipe by means of molten

lead. Note, however, that after the molten lead is
poured, it is tamped into place using a tamping tool
and a hammer.
Gasket lip expansion. This is a phenomenon that
would occur due to edge swelling when the gasket
would be affected by confined fluid, as in the case of
elastomeric compounds affected by the confined
fluids, such as solvents, causing the gasket material
to swell and increase the interaction of the gasket
against the flange faces.
Generally, gaskets are called upon to effect a seal
across the faces of contact with the flanges. Permeation of the media through the body of the gasket is
also a possibility depending on material, confined media, and acceptable leakage rate.

\...-

EFFECTING A SEAL
A seal is affected by compressing the gasket material
and causing it to flow into the imperfections on the
gasket seating surfaces so that intimate contact is made
between the gasket and the gasket seating surfaces
preventing the escape of the confined fluid. Basically
there are four different methods that may be used either
singly or incombination to achieve this unbroken barrier.
Compression (Figure 1). This is by far the most
common method of effecting a seal on a flange joint
and the compression force is normally applied by
bolting.
Attrition (Figure 2). Attrition is a combination of a
dragging action combined with compression such
as in a spark plug gasket where the spark plug is
turned down on a gasket that is both compressed
and screwed into the flange.

GASKET
SEATING
There are two major factors to be considered with
regard to gasket seating.
The first is the gasket material itself. 'The ASME
Unfired Pressure Vessel Code Section VIII, Division 1
defines minimum design seating stresses for a variety of
gasket materials. These design seating stresses range
from zero psi for so-called self-sealing gasket types
such as low durometer elastomers and O-rings to
26,000 psi to properly seat solid flat metal gaskets.
Between these two extremes there are a multitude of
materials available to the designer enabling him to make
a selection based upon the specific operating conditions
under investigation. Table No.1 indicates the more
popular types of gaskets covered by ASME Unfired
Pressure Vessel Code. (can't on page 6)

'-'
3

TABLE UA-49.1
GASKET MATERIALS AND CONTACT FACINGS
"-"
Gasket Factors (m) for Operating Conditions and Minimum Design Seating Stress (y)
NOTE: This table gives a list of many commonly used gasket materials and contact facings with suggested design
values of m and y that have generally proved satisfactory in actual service when using effective gasket seating
width b given in Table UA-49.2. The design values and other details given in this table are suggested only and are
not mandatory.

Gasket
factor
m

Gasket material
Self-Energizing types
0 Rings. Metallic. Elastomer other gasket types
considered as self-sealing
Elastomerswithout fabric.

Min.
design
seating
stress
y (psi)

0
200

Elastomers with cotton fabric insertion

1.25

400

Vegetable fiber

1.75

1100

3.00

10000

Solid flat metal

Ring joint

1 (a, b, c, d)

Soft Aluminum
Soft copper or brass
Iron or soft steel
Monel or 4-6% chrome
Stainless steels

2.50
2.75
3.00
3.25
..-

..

3.50_-

2.75
3.00

2900
3700
4500
5500
J..-- 6500
3700
4500

3.25

5500

3.50
3.75
3.25

6500
7600
5500

Soft copper or brass

Iron or soft steel
Monel
4-6% chrome
Stainless steels
Soft aluminum
Soft copper or brass
Iron or soft steel
Monel or 4-6% chrome
Stainless steels
Soft aluminum
Soft copper or brass
Iron or soft steel
Monel or 4-6/ chrome
Stainless steels

3.50
3.75
3.50
3.75
3.75
3.25
3.50
3.75
3.75
4.25

6500
7600
8000
9000
9000

Iron or soft steel

Monel or 4-6% chrome
Stainless steels

Iron or soft steel

Monel or 4-6% chrome
Stainless steels

4.00
4.75
5.50
6.00

5500
6500
7600
9000
10100
8800
13000
18000
21800

6.50

26000

5.50
6.00
6.50

18000
21800
26000

II

r}

Monel

Softaluminum

Grooved metal

---

Carbon
Stainless or

Soft aluminum

Flat metal jacketed with

nonmetallic filler

Use
column

4, 5

Soft copper or brass

Corruga1ed metal

Use
facing
sketch

0.50
1.00

Corrugated metal,
double jacketed with
nonmetallic filler

Sketches
and
notes

Below 75 Shore Durometer

75 or higher Shore Durometer

Spiral-wound metal, with nonmetallic filler

Refer to Table
UA-49.2

1 (a, b)

\<
\..-.-.

1 (a, b, c, d)

1a, 1b, 1c*,

1d*,2*

.25
1 (a, b, c, d)
2,3

-.--.II

1 (a, b, c, d)
2,3,4,5

*The surface of a gasket having a lap should be against the smooth surface of the facing and not against the nubbin.
Reprinted

with permission

of ASME

"-"

TABLE UA~49.2
EFFECTIVE
GASKET WIDTH

'-'

Basic Gasket Seating Width, b

Column I
I
Column II

Facing Sketch

1a

~~~~ggerated
'/."c>

;;;;;;~~;;'
N'
1b*

~~

"

,"-,;;>?;

;:c;/,;;///0J0~~;;;;

;;>;,;;%\'////////////

N
2

N
2

w ; T; (W : N max)

w ; T; (w : N ma1

S';'E~~r";'

1c

S';v;c;

w<.N

---:1

~~~N
1d*

;>;;~

~
" ';;'E1J~"';;i8S
2

w<.N

r:

1/64" Nubbin !~, "~';;>;~

1

w+N
4

w;;~
2

w +3N
8

-LNj.'
3

~""'"
,~",,"',.'
I '" '"".,

/"r---1/64" Nubbin:

~ ...

-/(//

""v

w;;~

//0

1;:':"l~f.J~/"l""l"

"-'"
4*

~~

~
5*

N
4

3N
8

3N
8

7N
16

N
4

3N
8

.'"

.,,+://,c/
_fII;--/'M

~
~

I-N-i

6
w
8

Effective Gasket Seating Width, aba

b = boowhen bo
b =

~2

~ 114in.

when bo > 114in.

Location of Gasket Load Reaction

HG

HG
G--.I--hG--1
F~'C~O~!~~
--~ b 1---

'-'

G ---1-- hG
!

---I,

<l Gasket
t

Face

NOTE: The gasket factors

listed only apply to flanged
joints in which the gasket is
contained entirely within the
inner edges of the bolt holes.

*Where serrations do not exceed 1/64 in. depth and 1/32 in. width spacing, sketches 1b and 1d shall be used.
Reprinted with permission

of ASME

(con't from page 3)

The second major factor to take into consideration must
be the surface finish of the gasket seating surface. As a
general rule, it is necessary to have a relatively rough
gasket seating surface for elastomeric and PTFE gaskets
on the order of magnitude of 500 microinches. Solid metal
gaskets normally require a surface finish not rougher than
63 microinches. Semi-metallic gaskets such as spiralwound fall between these two general types. The reason
for the difference is that with non-metallic gaskets such
as rubber, there must be sufficient roughness on the
gasket seating surfaces to bite into the gasket thereby
preventing excessive extrusion and increasing resistance
to gasket blowout. In the case of solid metal gaskets, extremely high unit loads are required to flow the gasket
into imperfections on the gasket seating surfaces. This
requires that the gasket seating surfaces be as smooth

as possible to ensure an effective seal. Spiral-wound

gaskets, which have become extremely popular in the
last fifteen to twenty years, do require some surface
roughness to prevent excessive radial slippage of the
gasketunder compression.The characteristicsof the type
of gasket being used dictate the proper flange surface
finish that must be taken into consideration by the flange
designer and there is no such thing as a single optimum
gasket surfacefinish for all types of gaskets.The problem
of the proper finish for gasket seating surface is further
complicated by the type of the flange design. For example a totally enclosed facing such as tongue and groove
will permit the use of a much smoother gasket seating
surface than can be tolerated with a raised face.
Table3 includes recommendationsfor normal finishes
for the various types of gaskets.

TABLE 3
GASKET SEATING SURFACE FINISHES
Flange Surface
Finish
"- AARH

Gasket Descrigtion
Flat -

Non-Metallic

Flat -

Metallic'

SEE NOTE 1

Corrugated metal

Corrugated metal with soft filler

Metal jacketed gaskets

NOTE: This table gives a list of suggested surface finishes

that have generally proven satisfactory in actual service.
They are suggested only and not mandatory; however, they
are based upon the best cross-section of successful design
experience currently available.

250-500

~
~

63

-..J

63

125

\~

63-80

\ \,

~."
\

'i:ii,':'}:::'i:::iiiii:i:ii

~
\\
6

TABLE 3

GasketDescription
\",.;

Metaljacketed gaskets (cant.)

GASKET

SEATING

SURFACE

FINISHES

Gasket
Cross-Section

CONT.
Flange Surface

Finish
/.L"- AARH
63-80

63

Solid metal

'\

'.

-----------

'-"

'-,,-- ',

>-.
,,--"-'"

Hollow metal

"',

Spiral

wound

..........
Note <D

.. SEE NOTE 2

'

32
- -')

125 - 250

Solid metal washer type gaskets require extremely high seating stresses to seal. This usually necessitates a bolt area to gaskel

area greater than a ratio of 2: 1. If this is not possible, it is preferred to use a profiled or serrated gasket to achieve the necessal
seating load on the gasket.
Note @ - Refer to page 23 for more details on flange surface finishes for spiral wound gaskets.

FORCES ACTING ON A
GASKETED JOINT

gasKet seating surfaces regardless of operating

conditions.
Initial compression force must be great enough to
compensate for the total hydrostatic end force that
would be present during operating conditions.
It must be sufficient to maintain a residual load on
the gasket/flange interface.
From a practical standpoint, residual gasket load
must be "X" times internal pressure if a tight joint is to be
maintained. This unknown quantity "X" is what is known
as the "m" factor in the ASME unfired pressure vessel
code and will vary depending upon the type of gasket
being used. Actually the "m" value is the ratio of residual
unit stress (bolt load minus hydrostatic end force) on
gasket (psi) to internal pressure of the system. The
larger the number used for "m," the more conservative
the flange design would be, and the more assurance the
designer has of obtaining a tight joint.

'-"

BOLT LOAD
HYDROSTATIC
END FORCE
GASKET

INTERNAL OR
BLOW OUT
PRESSURE

Forces acting on a gasket joint (Figure 1)

. THE INTERNAL PRESSURE: These are the forces continually try.

.

.
.

ing to unseal a gasketed joint by exerting pressure against the

gasket (blowout pressure) and against the flanges holding the gasket in place (hydrostatic end force). See Figure 1.
THE FLANGE LOAD: The total force compressing the gasket to
create a seal, Le., the effective pressure resulting from the bolt
loading.
TEMPERATURE: Temperaturecreates thermo-mechanical effects,
expanding or contracting the metals, affecting the gasket material by
promoting "creep relaxation" which is a permanent strain or relaxation quality of many soft materials under stress. The effect of
certain confined fluids may become increasingly degrading as temperature rises and attack upon organic gasket materials is substantially greater than at the ambient temperatures (about 75F). As a
rule, the higher the temperature, the more critical becomes the
selection of the proper gasket.
MEDIUM: The liquid or gas against which the gasket is to seal.
GENERAL CONDITIONS: The type of flange, the flange surfaces,
the type of bolt material, the spacing and tightness of the bolts, etc.

Each of these factors require consideration before an effective

gasket material is finally chosen. However, the proper gasket may
.often be rejected because failure occurred due to a poorly cleaned
flange face, or improper bolting-up practice. These details require
careful attention, but if complied with will help eliminate gasket blowout or failure.

BOLT LOAD FORMULAS*

The ASME Unfired Pressure Vessel Code, Section
VIII, Division 1 defines the initial bolt load required to
seat a gasket sufficiently as:
Wm2 = 1TbGy

The required operating bolt load must be at least

sufficient, under the most severe operating conditions,
to contain the hydrostatic end force and, in addition, to
maintain a residual compression load on the gasketthat
is sufficient to assure a tight joint. ASME defines this bolt
load as:
Wm1= ~G2P
4

'-'

+ 2b1TGmP

After WM1and Wm2are calculated, then the minimum

required bolt area Am is determined:
-

Wm1

m1 - s:There are three principal forces acting on any gasketed joint. They are:
Bolt load and/or other means of applying the initial
compressive load that flows the gasket material into
surface imperfections to form a seal.
The hydrostatic end force, that tends to separate
flanges wh~mthe system is pressurized.
Internal pressure acting on the portion of the gasket
exposed to internal pressure, tending to blow the
gasket out of the joint and/or to bypass the gasket
under operating conditions.
There are other shock forces that may be created due
to sudden changes in temperature and pressure. Creep
relaxation is another factor that may come into the picture. Figure 1 indicates the three primary forces acting
upon a gasketed joint which we will consider for this
discussion. The initial compression force applied to a
joint must serve several purposes.
It must be sufficient to initially seat the gasket
and flow the gasket into the imperfections on the

Am2

.
.

= Wm2
Sa

Am

= Am1 if Am1

;; Am2

OR

Am

= Am2 if Am2

;;;; Am1

Bolts are then selected so that the actual bolt area Ab

is equal to or greater than Am
Ab = (Number of Bolts) x (Minimum Cross-Sectional
Area of Bolt in Square Inches)
Ab ~ Am
The maximum unit load Sg(max)on th~ gasket bearing
surface is equal to the total maximum bolt load in

pounds divided by the actual sealing area of the gasket

~Sa

Sg(max)-

~ [(aD - 0.125)2 - (ID)2]

AbSa
Sg(max)= -.I! [(OD)2 - (ID)2]
4

in square inches.

Spiral
Wound
-J Gaskets

Ail Other
Types of
-J Gaskets

NOTATION SYMBOLS AND

DEFINITIONS
When bo ;; % in., G = mean diameter of
gasket contact face, inches.
When bo > % in., G = outside diameter of
gasket contact face less 2b, inches.

Except as noted, the symbols and definitions below are those given in Appendix II of the 1977 ASME
Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII.

'-'

Ab

= actual total cross-sectional area of bolts at root

of thread or section of least diameter under
stress, square inches.

Am = total required cross-sectional area of bolts,

taken as the greater of Am1or Am2' square
inches.
Am1 = total cross-sectional area of bolts at root of
thread or section of least diameter under stress,
required for the operating conditions.
Am2 = total cross-sectional area of bolts at root of
thread or section of least diameter under
stress, required for gasket seating.

'-"

= effective gasket or joint-contact-surface seating width, inches. Table 2

bo

= basic gasket seating width, inches. Table 2.

= diameter at location of gasket load reaction.

Table 2.

= gasket factor. Table 1.

= width, in inches, used to determine the basic

gasket seating width bo, based upon the possible contact width of the gasket. Table 2.

Sa

= allowable bolt stress at ambient temperature,

pounds per square inch.

Sb

= allowable bolt stress at operating temperature,

pounds per square inch.

Sg

= Actual unit load at the gasket bearing surface,

pounds per square inch.

design pressure, pounds per square inch.

Wm1 = required
pounds.

bolt load for operating

conditions,

Wm2 = minimum required bolt load for gasket seating,

pounds.
y

= gasket or joint-contact-surface
unit seating
load, minimum design seating stress, PSI
Table 1 pounds per square inch.

*The Pressure Vessel Research Council (PVRC) has developed a program to better identify loads based on gasket
"sealability". Thus, new design factors are anticipated to appear in upcoming revisions of the ASME Boiler and
Pressure Vessel Code. (Lamons is a sponsor of PVRC research).

SAMPLE GASKET
APPLICATION PROBLEM

1. From Table 1, Page 4

m=3
y = 10,000

For assistance with a particular gasket problem contact Lamons Sales Department, or a technical representative.

2. From page 22, "Sizing Spiral Wound Gaskets

Confined on 1.0. and 0.0.", the gaskets should
have an I.D. of 22" and an 0.0. of 23". Since the
facing is groove to flat face, the gasket thickness
must be .175"*.
From Table 2, Page 5
N = 1/2" = 0.500"
b = 0.250"
b0 = 0.250"
G = 22.5"

EXAMPLE CONDITIONS:
A designer wants a gasket recommendation for a
special application sealing steam at 600 psi and 500F.

3. From formula on page 8.

Wm2 = nbGy
= 3.14 x 0.250" x 22.5" x 10,000 PSI
= 176,625 Ibs.
Wm1 = 11
4 G2P + 2bnGmP

CONDITIONS:
Design pressure - 600 psi
Test pressure - 900 psi
Design temperature - 500F
Process material - steam
Flange details -

Wm1(Design) = 0.785 x (22.5")2 x 600 PSI + 2 x

0.250" x 3.14 x 22.5" x 3 x 600
PSI
= 238,444 + 63,585
.
Wm1 (Test)

-Av-

231/16"a.D.

'\;--

2115/16" LD.

1/6'~
:+

Details of Flange

Bolting - 24 - 11/8"- 8 thds.

Bolt Material - ASTM A193 - B7
Flange Material- ASTM A312 Type 316 S.S.
Allowable bolt stress @Ambient Temperature, according to Stress Table 1, Page 45 is only 20,000 PSI; however, to prevent leakage under hydrotest it is decided
to tighten bolting to 30,000 PSI (See Note at bottom of
Stress Table 1, Page 45; Appendix S, Page 32; and
"Note", Page 27.
Allowable Stress @500F - 20,000
1 Appendices Page 45.

PSI(see Stress Table

Analysis
The pressure-temperature conditions indicate a metallic type gasket should be used. The conditions appear to be suitable for a spiral wound gasket. The flange
material, 316 S.S., is compatible with the steam environment @500F. Therefore, the logical choice for the
metal in the gasket is 316 S.S. Since Grafoil@is also
compatible with the environment (see page 40), it is
selected as the filler material.

10

= 302,029 Ibs.
= 0.785 x (22.5")2 x 900 PSI + 2 x
0.250" x 3.14 x 22.5" x 3 x 900
PSI
= 357,666 + 95,378
= 453,043 Ibs.

From Table on Page 42 and definition of Ab, page 8

Ab = 24 x 0.728 = 17.472 sq. in.
Bolt load @ Test Condition: 30,000 x 17.472 =
524,160 Ibs.
Bolt Load @ Design Condition: 20,000 x 17,472 =
349,440 Ibs.
It is apparent adequate bolting is available. Minimum required bolt loading for gasket seating (Wm2)is
176,625 Ibs. Available load for gasket seating is
524,160 Ibs.
Minimum required bolt at design conditions is
302,029 Ibs. and available load at design conditions
is 349,440 Ibs.
Note: required bolt load at test conditions is 453,043
Ibs. and available bolt load at test conditions is 524,160
Ibs.
Since a positive stop is designed into the flange,
i.e. groove to flat, no additional precautions are necessary. Any forces in excess of the force required to
compress the gasket will be transmitted to the flange
faces and gasket crushing cannot occur.
From the above analysis, it appears our original assumption is correct and the recommendation would be:
SpiraSeal Type W Gasket - 316 S.S./Grafoil@
22" 10 x 23" 00 x 0.175" Thick

*The optimum compressed thickness for a .175" thick

spiral wound gasket is .130" :t .005" (See page 23).
The 1/8" groove depth is within this range.

'-"

SECTION II - SELECTION
'-"

SELECTING THE PROPER

GASKET MATERIAL
The optimum gasket material would have the following characteristics. It would have the chemical resistance of PTFE, the heat resistance of graphite, the
strength of steel, require a zero seating stress such as
soft rubber and be inexpensive. Obviously there is no
known gasket material that has all these characteristics
and each material has certain limitations that restrict its
use. It is possible to overcome limitations partially by
several methods such as including the use of reinforcing
inserts, combining it with other materials, varying the
construction or density, or by designing the joint itself
to overcome some of the limitations. Obviously,
mechanical factors are important in the design of the
joint but the primary selection of a gasket material is
influenced by three factors,
the temperature of the fluid or gas to be contained,
the pressure of the fluid or gas to be contained,
the corrosive characteristics of the fluid or gas to be
contained.
Charts included in the appendix indicate some very
general recommendations for non-metallic and metallic
materials against various corrosive media. It should be
pointed out that these charts are general recommendations and there are many additional factors that

.
.
.

can influence the corrosion resistance of a particular

material at operating conditions. Some of these would
include
Concentration of the corrosive agent. (Full strength
solutions are not necessarily more corrosive than
those of dilute proportions and, of course, the
reverse is also true.)
The purity of a corrosive agent. For example, dissolved oxygen in otherwise pure water may cause
rapid oxidation of steam generation equipment at
high temperatures.
The temperature of the corrosive agent. In general,
higher temperatures of corrosive agents will accelerate corrosive attack.
As a consequence, it is often necessary to "field-test"
materials for resistance to corrosion under normal
operating conditions to determine if the material
selected will have the required resistance to corrosion.

TYPES OF GASKETS
For the purposes of this bulletin, gaskets will be separated into two broad categories, non-metallic and metallic gaskets.
Of the two types, non-metallic gaskets are by far the
most widely used. This discussion will cover the various
types of non-metallic materials, general application data
and temperature limitations.

NON-METALLIC GASKET MATERIALS

NATURAL
~

RUBBER

Natural rubber has good resistance to mild acids and

alkalies, salts and chlorine solutions. It has poor resistance to oils and solvents and is not recommended for
use with ozone. Itstemperature range is very limited and
is suitable only for use from -70F to 200F.
SBR (STYRENE-BUTADIENE)
SBR is a synthetic rubber that has excellent abrasion
resistance and has good resistance to weak organic
acids, alcohols, moderate chemicals and ketones. It is
not good in ozone, strong acids, fats, oils, greases and
most hydrocarbons. Its temperature limitations are
approximately -65F to 250F.
CR (CIU.OROPRENE)
(NEOPRENE)
Chloroprene is a synthetic rubber that is suitable for
use against moderate acids, alkalies and salt solutions.
It has good resistance to commercial oils and fuels. It is
very poor against strong oxidizing acids, aromatic and
chlorinated hydrocarbons. Its temperature range would
be from approximately -60F to 250F.

'-'"

BUNA-N RUBBER (NITRILE,

NBR)
Buna-N is a synthetic rubber that has good resistance
to oils and solvents, aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons, petroleum oils and gasolines over a wide range of
temperature. It also has good resistance to caustics and
salts but only fair acid resistance. It is poor in strong
oxidizing agents, chlorinated hydrocarbons, ketones
and esters. It is suitable over a temperature range of
approximately -60F to 250F.

carbons and strong acids. It is not suitable for use

against amines, esters, ketones or steam. Its normal
temperature range would be between -15F and 450F.
CIILOROSULFONATED
POLYETHELENE
(HYPALON)
This material has good acid, alkali and salt resistance.
It resists weathering, sunlight, ozone, oils and commercial fuels such as diesel and kerosene. It is not good in
aromatics or chlorinated hydrocarbons and has poor
resistance against chromic acid and nitric acid. Its normal temperature range would be between -50F and
275F.
SILICONES
Silicone rubbers have good resistance to hot air.
They are unaffected by sunlight and ozone. They are
not, however, suitable for use against steam, aliphatic
and aromatic hydrocarbons. The temperature range
would be between -65F to 500F.
EPDM (ETHYLENE
MONOMER

PROPYLENE),

This synthetic material has good resistance to strong

acids, alkalies, salts and chlorine solutions. It is not
suitable for use in oils, solvents or aromatic hydrocarbons. Its temperature range would be between - 70F
and 350F.

FLUOROCARBON
(VITON)
Fluorocarbon elastomer has good resistance to oils,
fuel, chlorinated solvents, aliphatic and aromatic hydro11

GRAFOIL@
This is an all graphite material containing no resins or
inorganic fillers. It is available with or without a metal
insertion, and in adhesive-back tape form for pipe gaskets over 24 inches in diameter. Grafoil has outstanding
resistance to corrosion against a wide variety of acids,
alkalies and salt solutions, organic compounds, and
heat transfer fluids, even at high temperatures. It does
not melt, but does sublimate at temperatures over
6000F. Its use against strong oxidizing agents at elevated temperatures should be investigated very carefully. In addition to being used as a gasket, Grafoil
makes an excellent packing material and is also used as
a filler material in spiral-wound gaskets.

CERAMIC FIBER
Ceramic fiber is available in sheet or blanket form and
makes an excellent gasket material for hot air duct work
with low pressures and light flanges. It is satisfactory for
service up to approximately 2000F. Ceramic material is
also used as a filler material in spiral-wound gaskets.

the filler dimensions. Clearance is required between the

1.0. of the filler and the envelope lO. The Gasket 0.0.
normally rests within the bolt hole circle and the 1.0. is
approximately equal to the nominal 1.0. of pipe. Available in sizes to a maximum 0.0. of 24".

'-"

Milled Type

Milled envelopes are machined from cylinder stock.

The jacket is machined from the 0.0. to within approximately 1/32" its 1.0.The jacket's 1.0. fits flush with pipe
bore and its 0.0. nests within the bolts. Available in sizes
up to a maximum 0.0. of 24". Milled envelopes are
more expensive than slit type since considerably more
material is lost in machining.
Formed
Tape Type

PLASTICS
Of all the plastics, PTFE(polytetrafluoroethylene)has
emerged as the most common plastic gasket material
PTFE's outstanding properties include resistance to
temperature extremes from -140F to 450F (for virgin
material). PTFEis highly resistantto chemicals, solvents,
caustics and acids except free fluorine and alkali metals.
It has a very low surface energy and does not adhere
to the flanges. PTFEgaskets can be supplied in a variety of forms either as virgin material or reprocessed
material and also with a variety of filler material such as
glass,"carbon, molybdenum disulfite, etc. The principal
advantage in adding fillers to PTFEis to inhibit cold flow
or creep relaxation.

PTFE ENVELOPE GASKETS

Large diameter (over 12" N.P.S.) and irregularly

shaped envelopes are formed from tape and heat
sealed to produce a continuous jacket construction.
Filler

Materials

The more popular fillers for envelope gaskets are:

Rubber sheet
Compressed non-asbestos
. Corrugated metal inserts
. Sandwich constructionscombining some of the above
On vacuum applications, double envelopes are frequently used where two jackets are overlapped to protect the 0.0. as well as the I.D. They can be slit, milled
or formed tape types.

.
.

Envelope gaskets utilizing PTFEjacket have become

popular for use in severely corrosive services because
of their low minimum seating stresses,excellent creep
resistance,high deformability and choice of a variety of
~

filler materialsto assureoptimumperformanceon any

specific application. Fillerssuch as corrugated metaland
rubber sheets are available.
There are three basic designs of envelopes:

Sli t Type

J
Slit envelopes are sliced from cylinders and split from
the outside diameter to within approximately 1/16" of the
inside diameter. The bearing surface is determined by
12

'-"

COMPRESSED
NON-ASBESTOS
SHEETING
Early efforts to replace asbestos resulted in the introduction and testing of compressed non-asbestosproducts in the 1970's. Many of these products have seen
extensiveuse since that period howeverthere havebeen
enough problems to warrant careful consideration in
choosing a replacement material for compressed
asbestos. Most manufacturers of non-asbestos sheet
materials use synthetic fibers, like Kevlar@,in conjunction with an elastomeric binder. The elastomeric binder
makes up a larger percentage of this sheet and thereby
becomes a more important consideration when deterNote: On page 8, the term "pressure temperature
conditions" was used indicating that these values are
used to help determine the types of material and construction to be used in a gasket.
A "Rule of Thumb" guide for the selection of gasket
materials has evolved over the years. This value is arrived at by multiplying operating pressure times operating temperature.
MATERIAL
Rubber
VegetableFiber
Solid Fluorocarbon

MAXIMUMP xT
15,000
40,000
75,000

MAXIMUM*
TEMPERATURE OF
MATERIALS, of
250
250
500

METALLIC

..........

'-"

mining applications.
@

VEGETABLE

316 STAINLESS STEEL

An 18-12 Chromium-Nickel steel with approximately
2 % of Molybdenum added to the straight 18-8 alloy
which increases its strength at elevated temperatures
and results in somewhat improved corrosion resistance.
Has the highest creep strength at elevated temperatures of any conventionalstainless type. Not suitable for
extended service within the carbide precipitation range

FIBER

SHEET

Vegetable fiber sheet is a tough pliable gasket material manufactured by paper making techniques utilizing
plant fibers and a glue-glycerine impregnation. It is
widely used for sealing petroleum products, gases and a
wide variety of solvents. Its maximum temperature limit
is 250 F.If a more compressible material is required, a
combination cork-fiber sheet is available.The cork-fiber
sheet has the same maximum temperature limitation as
the vegetable fiber sheet.

*Temperature limits of gasketing materials are not

absolute figures. Materials within any category may
vary depending upon a manufacturer's processing
techniques, grades and types of raw materials used,
etc,
In addition, flange design and application peculiarities may influence the temperature limit of a material
to a greater or fesser degree.

GASKET

CARBON STEEL
Commercial quality sheet steel with an upper temperature limit of approximately1OOOF.,particularly if conditions are oxidizing. Not suitable for handling crude acids
or aqueoussolutionsof salts in the neutral or acid range.
A high rate of failure may be expected in hot water
service if the material is highly stressed. Concentrated
acids and most alkalies have little or no action on iron
and steel gaskets which are used regularly for such
services. Brinell hardness is approximately 120.
304 STAINLESS STEEL
An 18-8(Chromium18-20%, Nickel 8-10%) Stainless
with a maximum recommendedworking temperature of
1400F. At least 80% of applications for non-corrosive
services can use Type304 Stainless in the temperature
range of - 320F. to 1O00F.Excellent corrosion resistance to a wide variety of chemicals. Subject to stress
corrosion cracking and to intergranular corrosion at
temperatures between 800F. to 1500F. in presence
of certain media for prolonged periods of time. Brinell
hardness is approximately 160.
304L STAINLESS STEEL
Carbon content maintained at a maximum of .03%
Recommendedmaximumworkingtemperatureof 1400F
F. Same excellent corrosion resistance as Type 304.
This low carbon content tends to reduce the precipitation of carbides along grain boundaries. Lesssubject to
intergranular corrosion than Type304. Brinell hardness
is about 140

Kevlar is a registered trademark of E.!. DuPontCo.

MATERIALS

of 800 to 1650F.when corrosive conditions are severe.

Recommendedmaximum working temperature of 1400
F. Brinell hardness is approximately 160.
316-L STAINLESS STEEL
Continous maxiumum temperature range of 14001500 F. Carbon content held at a maximum of .03% .
Subject to a lesser degree of stress corrosion cracking
and also to intergranular corrosion than Type 304.
Brinell hardness is about 140.
321 STAINLESS STEEL
An 18-10Chromium-Nickelsteel with a Titanium addition. Type321 stainless has the same characteristics as
Type 347. The recommended working temperature is
1400 to 1500F. and in some instances 1600F. Brinell
hardness is about 150.
347 STAINLESS STEEL
An 18-10 Chromium-Nickel steel with the addition of
Columbium. Not as subject to intergranularcorrosion as
is Type304. Is subject to stress corrosion. Recommended workingtemperatureof 14000-1500F.and in some instances to 1700F.Brinell hardnessis approximately160.
410 STAINLESS STEEL
A 12% Chromium steel with a maximum temperature range of 1200F. to 1300F. Used for applications
requiring good resistance to scaling at elevated temperatures. Is not recommended for use where severe
corrosion is encountered but is still very useful for some
chemical applications. May be used where dampness,
alone or coupled with chemical pollution, causes steel
to fail quickly. Brinell hardness is around 155.
502/501
4-6% Chromium and 1/2 Molybdenumalloyedfor mild
corrosive resistance and elevated service. Maximum
working temperature is 1200F. and has a Brinell hardness of around 130. If severe corrosion is anticipated, a
better grade of stainless steel would probably be a better choice. Becomes extremely hard when welded.
13

ADMIRALTY
Arsenical Admiralty 443 has 71% Copper, 28% Zinc,
1% Tin and trace amounts of Arsenic. High corrosive
resistance, holds up extremely well against salt and
brackish waters, and water containing sulfides. Recommended maximum working temperature of 500 F.
Ideal for carrying corrosive cooling waters at relatively
high temperatures. Brinell hardness is about 64.

ALLOY 20
45% Iron, 24% Nickel, 20% Chromium, and small
amounts of Molybdenum and Copper. Maximum temperature range of 1400-1500F.Developed specifically
for applications requiring resistance to corrosion by sulphuric acid. Brinell hardness is about 160.
ALUMINUM

Alloy 1100is commerciallypure (99% minimum). Its

excellent corrosion resistance and workability makes it
ideal for double jacketed gaskets. The Brinell hardness
is approximately 35. For solid gaskets, stronger alloys
like 5052 and 3003 are used. Maximum continuous
service temperature of 800 F.
BRASS
Yellow brass 268 has 66% Copper and 34% Zinc.
Offers excellent to good corrosion resistance in most
environments, but is not suitable for such materials as
acetic acid, acetylene, ammonia, and salt. Maximum
recommended temperature limit of 500 F.Brinell hardness is 58.
COPPER
Nearly pure copper with trace amounts of silver added
to increase its working temperature. Recommended
maximum continuous working temperature of 5000 F.
Brinell hardness is about 80.

varying concentrations as well as boiling nitric acid up to

70% concentration. Good resistance to hydrochloric
acid and sulphuric acid. Excellent resistance to stress
corrosion cracking. Brinell hardness is about 210.

'-"

INCONEL 600@
Recommendedworking temperatures of 2000F. and
is some instances 2150F. Is a nickelbase alloy containing 77% Nickel, 15% Chromiumand 7% Iron. Excellent
high temperature strength. Frequently used to overcome the problem of stress corrosion. Has excellent
mechanical properties at the cryogenic temperature
range. Brinell hardness is about 150.
INCOLOY 800@
32.5% Nickel, 46% Iron, 21% Chromium. Resistant to
elevated temperatures, oxidation, and carburization.
Recommended maximum temperature of 1600 F.
Brinell hardness is about 150.
MONEL@
Maximum temperature range of 1500 F. Contains
67% Nickel and 30% Copper. Excellent resistance to
most acids and alkalies, except strong oxidizing acids.
Subject to stress corrosion cracking when exposed to
fluorosilic acid, mercuric chloride and mercury, and
should not be used with these media. With PTFE
(Polytetrafluoroethylene), it is widely used for hydrofluoric acid service. Brinell hardness is about 120.
NICKEL 200@
Recommended maximum working temperature is
14000 F. and even higher under controlled conditions.
Corrosion resistance makes it useful in caustic alkalies
and where resistance in structural applications to corrosion is a prime consideration. Does not have the allaround excellent resistance of Monel. Brinell hardness
is about 110.

CUPRO NICKEL
Contains 69% Copper, 30% Nickel, and small
amounts of Manganese and Iron. Designed to handle
high stresses, it finds its greatest application in areas
where high temperatures and pressures combined with
high velocity and destructive turbulence would rapidly
deteriorate many less resistant alloys. Maximum recommended temperature limit of 500 F.Brinell hardness
is about 70.

PHOSPHOR BRONZE
90-95% Copper, 5-10% Tin, and trace amounts of
phosphorus. Maximum temperature range of 500 F.
Excellent cold working capacity. Limited to low temperature steam applications. Excellent corrosion resistance,
but not suitable for acetylene, ammonia, chromic acid,
mercury, and potassium cyanide. Brinell hardness is
approximately 65.

HASTELLOY B@
26-30% Molybdenum, 62% Nickel, and 4-6% Iron.
Maximum temperature range of 2000 F. Resistant to
hot, concentrated hydrochloric acid. Also resists the
corrosive effects of wet hydrogen chlorine gas, sulphuric and phosphoric acids and reducing salt solutions.
Useful for high temperature strength. Brinell hardness
is approximately 230.

TITANIUM
Maximum temperature range of 2000 F. Excellent
corrosion resistance even at high temperatures. Known
as the "Best solution" to chloride ion attack. Resistant to
nitric acid in a wide range of temperatures and concentrations. Most alkaline solutions have little if any effect
upon it. Outstanding in oxidizing environments. Brinell
hardness is about 215.

HASTELLOY C-276@
16-18%Molybdenum, 13-17.5%Chromium, 3.7-5.3%
Tungsten, 4.5-7% Iron, and the balance is Nickel.
Maximum temperature range of 2000 F.Very good in
handling corrosives. High resistanceto cold nitric acid of
14

Note
Maximum temperature ratings are based upon hot air
constant temperatures. The presence of contaminating
fluids and cyclic conditions may drastically affect the
maximum temperature range.

MATERIAL
HARDNESS
CONVERSION
SCALE
Brinell hardness figures are approximate guides
only. Most materials ordered by Lamons are specified
"dead soft"; however, different thicknesses and different heats of the same material will vary in hardness.
Brinell
3000 Kg. Load
241
210
183
163
146
134
122

Rockwell "B"
100

95
90
85
80
75
70
65
60
55
50
40

108
95
89
83
75

30
20
10

67
62
57

METAL GASKETS
Metallic gaskets are available in many forms
including,
. solid metal gaskets that require very smooth, plain
surface finishes and high clamping forces in order to
seal,
combinations with soft fillers such as doublejacketed and spiral-wound that can tolerate greater
surface roughness and will seat with lesser compressive forces, and
light cross section gaskets that are self-sealing
and require minimum clamping forces for effective
sealing.
In all cases, however,careful attention must be given
to machining details of the flanges and sizing of the
gaskets.

KAMMPROFILE
KAMMPROTM

The design features of the grooves in combination

with the special properties of the facing materials
result in optimal performance and consistency. The
simultaneous action of high compressibilityfacing
material on the outside of the grooved metal in combination with limited penetration of the tips of the solid
metal core enhance the interactionof the two materials. This allows each to perform individually to their
optimum. Lamons manufacturesKammpro in a wide
range of metals and alloys to exact specifications.

PROFILE
GASKETS

'-""

SOLID METAL GASKETS

PLAIN FLAT
METAL GASKETS

"'"

Flat metal gaskets are best suited for applications

such as valve bonnets, ammonia fittings, heat exchangers, hydraulic presses, tongue-and-groove joints. They
can be used when compressibility is not required to
compensate for flange surface finish, warpage or misalignment and where sufficient clamping force is available to seat the particular metal selected. They must
be sealed by the flow of the gasket metal into the imperfections on the gasket seating surfaces of the
flange. This requires heavy compressive forces. The
hardness of gasket metal must be less than the hardness of the flanges to prevent damage to the gasket
seating surface of the flange. Flat metal gaskets are
relatively inexpensive to produce and can be made of
virtually any material that is available in sheet form.
Size limitation is normally restricted to the sheet size.
Larger gaskets can be fabricated by welding.

Profile type gaskets offer the desirable qualities of

plain washer types and the added advantage of a
reduced contact area provided by the V-shaped surface.
It is used when a solid metal gasket is required because
of pressure or temperature or because of the highly
corrosive effect of the fluid to be contained and also
when bolting is not sufficient to seat a flat washer.

A PROFILE
GASKET
WITH A
METAL
JACKET

It flange conditions require a profile type gasket, but

flange protection is required as well, the profile gasket
may be supplied with either a single-jacketed or a
double-jacketed shield. This will provide protection for
the flanges and will minimize damage to the flange faces
due to the profile surface.
NOTE: Without exception all of the solid metal gaskets
require a very fine surface finish on the flanges. A flange
with a flange surface roughness of 63 microinches
or smoother is desired. Under no circumstances should
the surface finish exceed 125 microinches. In addition,
radial gouges or scores would be almost impossible to
seal using solid metal gaskets.

15

ROUND CROSS SECTION,

SOLID METAL
GASKETS

LENS TYPE
GASKET
"-.J

Round cross section solid metal gaskets are used on

specifically designed flanges grooved or othewise faced
to accurately locate the gasket during assembly. These
gaskets seal by a line contact which provides an initial
high seating stress at low bolt loads. This makes an
ideal gasket for low pressures. The more common
materials used for this type of gasket would be aluminum, copper, soft iron or steel, Monel@,nickel, and 300
series stainless steels. They are fabricated from wire
formed to size and welded. The weld is then polished to
the exact wire diameter.

A lens type gasket is a line contact seal for use in high

pressure piping systems and in pressure vessel heads.
The lens cross section is a spherical gasket surface and
requires special machining on the flanges. These gaskets will seat with a small bolt load since the contact area
is very small and gasket seating pressures are very
high. Normally the gasket material should be softer than
the flange. In ordering lens gaskets, complete drawings
and material specifications must be supplied.

DELTA
GASKET
API RING
JOINT
GASKETS

API ring joint gaskets come in two basic types, an

oval cross section and an octagonal cross section.
These basic shapes are used in pressures up to 5,000
psi. The dimensions are standardized and require specially grooved flanges. The octagonal cross section
has a higher sealing efficiency than the oval and would
be the 'preferred gasket. However, only the oval cross
section can be used in the old type round bottom
groove, The newer flat bottom groove design will accept either the oval or the octagonal cross section. The
sealing surfaces on the ring joint grooves must be
smoothly finished to 63 microinches and be free of
objectionable ridges, tool or chatter marks. They seal
by an initial line contact or a wedging action as the
compressive forces are applied. The hardness of the
ring should always be less than the hardness of the
flanges. Dimensions for ring joint gaskets and grooves
are covered in ASME B16.20, API6A, and ASME/ANSI
B16.5.

BX AND RX
RING
GASKETS

The BX ring gasket differs from the standard oval or

octagonal shape in that it is square in cross section
and tapers in each corner. They can only be used in
API 6BX flanges. RX ring gaskets are similar is shape
to the standard octagonal ring joint gasket but their
cross section is designed to take advantage of the
contained fluid pressure in effecting a seal. They are
both made to API 6A.
16

A delta gasket is a pressure actuated gasket used

primarily on pressure vessels and valve bonnets at very
high pressures in excess of 5000 psi. As with the lens
gasket, complete drawings and material specifications
must be supplied. Internal pressure forces the gasket
material to expand when the pressure forces tend to
separate the flanges. Extremely smooth surface
finishes of 63 microinches or smoother are required
when using this type of gasket.

'-'

BRIDGEMAN
GASKET

The Bridgeman gasket is a pressure activated gasket

for use on pressure vessel heads and valve bonnets for
pressures of 1500 psi and above. The cross section of
the gasket is such that internal pressure acting against
the ring forces it against the containing surface making a
self-energized seal. Bridgeman gaskets are frequently
silver plated or lead plated to provide a softer surface
and minimize the force required to flow the gasket metal
into the flange surface.

MISCELLANEOUS
METAL
GASKETS

-..J
In addition to the commonly used, above-listed gaskets, there are specialty items available that, in specific
applications, can provide a very effective seal. These

'-"

miscellaneous gaskets would include hollow metal 0rings, C-seals and V-seals, so-called because their
cross section is essentially the same as the letters C &
V. The hollow metal O-rings are available vented for
high pressure applications and pressure filled for high
temperature applications. They can be obtained with
various platings in order to enhance their sealing abilities and to meet specific applications requirements.
C-seals can be used either for vacuum applications or
for high pressure applications. C-seals are self-energized gaskets requiring specific attention be paid to
the design of the grooves to contain the gasket, and
smooth surface finishes are a must. For large quantity
applications, the C~seal can be a relatively low cost
gasket. For small quahtity appllcati,ens; the cost can
be rather high because of initial tIIA~ fequirements.
V-seals are similar t8 the Q~eale}(cept fcJr tAefa81that
they are essEHltiailyFnael1lAeffiI39neht8 Wl1iehmakes

~a~etfather high: flley al

require verY flhe sldftae8tIAIh@
and specially e=

the cost df the.ih~IVifJuai

commercially, this particular gasket style is very popular.

It must be remembered that the primary seal against
leakage, using a double-jacketed gasket, is the metal
inner lap where the gasket is thickest before being compressed and densest when compressed. This particular
section flows, effecting the seal. As a consequence the
entire inner lap must be under compression. Frequently
the outer lap is not under compression and does not aid
in the sealing of the gasket. On most heat exchanger
applications the outer lap is also under compression,
providing a secondary seal. The intermediate part of a
double-jacketed gasket does very little to effect the sealing capability of the gasket. In some cases nubbins are
provided on heat exchanger designs to provide an
intermediate seal. This nubbin is normally 1/64" high by
1/8"'wide. Experience has indicated, however, that there
is little advantage to this particular design. The primary
seal is still dependent on the inner lap of the gasket
abing the brute work and the secondary seal, when
applicable, would be provided by the outer lap.

signee] gfbo\!es ta effectiVely seal. All these specialty

items do reqLilre initial consultation witH the manufacturer in order to determine the practicability and the
economics involved.
METAL

JACKETED

CONSTRUCTION
GASKETS

,......

GASKETS

OF JACKETED

Lamons jacketed gaskets are normally supplied with

a non-asbestoshigh temperaturefiller.The standard filler
is normally sufficientfor applications up to 900F. Other
softfillers are availablefor higher temperaturesor special
applications including Grafoil~ Standard metals used to
make jacketed gaskets, regardless of the type, are
aluminum, copper, the various brasses,soft steel, nickel,
Monel@,Inconel@and stainless steel types 304, 316, 321,

347,410,502. Obviouslythe choice of the metal used for

the jacketed part of the gasket would depend upon the
corrosive conditions being encountered.

Always install double jacketed

the nubbin.

gasket with smooth

side toward

DOUBLE-JACKETED
CORRUGATED
GASKETS
DOUBLE-JACKETED
GASKET

"""

Double-jacketed gaskets are probably the most commonly used style of gasket in heat exchanger applications. They are available in virtually any material that is
commercially availablein 26-gauge sheet. They are also
extensivelyused in standard flanges where the service
is not critical and at temperatures beyond which a soft
gasket such as rubber can be used. Since most doublejacketed gaskets are custom made, there is virtually no
limit to the size, shape or configuration in which these
gaskets can be made. This particular type of gasket
is very versatile and can be used in a myriad
of applications. Since the size and shape are not
a problem and since most materials can be obtained

The double-jacketed corrugated gasket is an

improvement on a plain jacketed gasket in that the corrugations on the gasket will provide an additional
labyrinth seal. It also provides the advantage of reducing
the contact area of the gasket, enhancing its compressive characteristics. A double-jacketed corrugated gasket still relies on the primary seal on the inner lap.
Note: Double-jacketed gaskets are sometimes used
with a very-light coating of gasket cement or lubricant
which will assist in flowing the metal portion of the gasket into the tool marks on the flange seating surface.
(Cont.)

17

They are made by encasing a soft filler on one face, both

edges and a portion of the other face with a metal. The
majority of applications for single-jacketed gaskets are
normally 1/4" or less in radial width. This type of gasket
is widely used in air tool applications and engine applications where space is limited, gasket seating surfaces
are narrow and relatively low compressive forces are
available for seating the gasket. For applica,tions in
excess of 1/4", a double-jacketed gasket or doublejacketed corrugated gasket is normally recommended.
Most single-jacketed gaskets are supplied with copper
as the jacketing material, however, other materials are
available.

SINGLE-J ACKETED
OVERLAP

._"...t~~

.m.aa:1I't~.JJ;lJMS:tAd

When using a gasket compound or lubricant it is important to remember to use only a very light coating. Excessive amounts of lubricant or compound may cause total
gasket failure if the joint is exposed to high temperature
and/or pressure.

J4d\ii)g~R2..
In the single-jacketed
overlap construction
the
maximum flange width is approximately 1/4". This type
of gasket is used when total enclosure of the soft filler
material is required and when the flange width makes it
impractical to use a double-jacketed gasket.

FRENCH TYPE
GASKETS

French type gaskets are available in a one-piece

jacketed construction for narrow radial widths not
exceeding 1/4" and in two- and three-piece constructions, as shown in the sketches, for wider applications.
This type of gasket can also be used with the jacket on
the external edge of the gasket when the application
requires the outer edge of the gasket to be exposed to
fluid pressure. The most widely used French type gaskets are fabricated using a copper sheath. The doublejacketed construction is preferred over the French or
single-jacketed construction, where practical, since it
provides a totally shea.thed gasket with none of the soft
filler exposed.

DOUBLE-JACKETED
DOUBLE-SHELL
GASKET

The double-jacketed, double-shelled gasket is similar

to the double-jacketed gasket except that instead of
using a shell and a washer, two shells are used in the
fabrication of the gasket. It has the advantage of a
double lap at both the 1.0. and the 0.0. of the gasket,
adding greater stability to the gasket. The construction
will withstand higher compressive loads. Double-shell
gaskets are normally restricted to use in high pressure
applications. Its temperature limitations depend upon
the type of metal and filler used in construction.

MODIFIED
FRENCH TYPE

illttboo,;. IitJs~~l

SINGLEJACKETED
GASKET

Single-jacketed gaskets are normally used for relatively narrow applications similar to the French type.
18

This particulartype of gasketis normally used with very

light flanges on duct work handling hot gases. Its construction consists of two French type shields welded
together with a Cerafeltfiller materialon either side of the
metal. Metal thickness is normally 26 gauge, rolled on
the 1.0. to act as a shield.

DOUBLE-JACKETED
CORRUGATED GASKET
WITH A CORRUGATED
METAL FILLER

CORRUGATED
AND CORRUGATED
INLAID GASKETS STYLE

eaD10JJ.$.'~!S~
At temperatures in excess of the range of 900F to
10000 F where the standard soft filler is normally not
recommended, a double-jacketed corrugated metal
gasket with a corrugated metal filler is frequently used.
This construction has all the advantages of the doublejacketed corrugated metal gasket and, in addition, since
the filler is normally the same material as the gasket
itself, il1@ bJ~pertemperature limit would be determined
by the metal

BeihgUet30
this tYpeof

gasket, depending

upon metal selected, makes an excellent heat

exchanger gasket for high pressure, high temperature
applications. As in the case of double-jacketed metal
gaskets and double-jacketedcorrugated metal askets,
tHe primary seal would be the inner lap 5f metal; the
sec8RtJarysea! ,would be the outer lap 6f metal and
some degree of labyrinth sealing can be achieved with
the corrugations.

- SIZING

METAL

JACKETED

Lamons corrugated gaskets, style 360, are economical for use on relatively low pressure applications
that require low bolt loads for gasket seating.
Because of the corrugations and thin metal thicknesses (.010" to .031"), relatively light bolt forces are
required to flow the gasket materials at the points of
contact with the flange. Required bolt loads are substantially less tHan the solia metal types such as flat
metal, profile 5F errateai faBricated of the same
material. The corrugations proviae resilier1t8, the
amount of which depends on their ~itth, depth, and
thickness of material.
A superior sealing surface can be created using
.015 thick layers of Grafoil@ tape applied to each face,
style 360G.

GASKETS-

The following sizings and tolerances are not mandatory but are suggested values based upon experience.
a
,...,...

GASKETS

Gasket 1.0.

Gasket 0.0.

GASKETS

ON O.D. AND

CONFINED

Groove 1.0.

LD.

+ 1/16"

Groove 0.0. -1/16"

CONFINED

ON O.D. ONLY

Gasket 1.0. = Bore + minimum 1/8"

Gasket 0.0.

GASKETS

= Recess 0.0.

UNCONFINED

1/16"

ON O.D. AND I.D.

Gasket 1.0. = Bore + minimum 1/8"

Gasket 0.0. = Up to a maximum of the bolt hole circle
diameter minus one bolt hole diameter
unless gasket is to be full face. If gasket
is to be full face, then the following must
be specified:
(a) Bolt hole circle diameter
(b) Bolt hole diameter
(c) Number of bolt holes
(d) Desired gasket 0.0.

STANDARD

TOLERANCES

Up to 6" Diameter
Gasket
6" to 60"
60" and Above

1-

+ 1132"
- 0I.D.
+ 1116"
- 0
+ 3132"
-

+ 0

The CMG, similar to the 360G, is manufactured

with flexible graphite sheet, instead of tape, adhered
to both gasket faces. This type of gasket niakes an
excellent product for both standard flange gaskets and
heat exchanger type gaskets where there is low bolt
load or high availablegasket stresses. On flange
width less than 1/2" please consult Lamons engineering department. Available in metal thicknesses of
.015"to .032"and flexible graphite thickness in .015"
to .030". Also availablewith anti-stick graphite.

Other methods of enhancing a seal include

cementing non-asbestosor fiberglass cord to the corrugated faces or the use of a gasket compound. The
temperature range for this type of gasket depends on
the media to be sealed and the selection of the metal
and/or facing materials. Corrugated gaskets can be
fabricated in a wide variety of shapes with almost no
size limitation.

- %2"
__-"'D.
+ 0
- '/16"
+ 0
-

3/32"

19

LAMONS
METAL CLAD AND SOLID METAL HEAT EXCHANGER GASKETS
J

INFORMATION NEEDED
TO FILL AN ORDER:

Ct

1. Outside diameter.
2. Inside Diameter
3. Shape per Standard Shapes Index
4. Lamons style per catalog, or type of construction
5. Thickness
6. Materials (metal or metal and filler)
7. Rib size
8. Distance from centerline of gasket to centerline of ribs
9. Radii

Ct

"
--<t

Examples:
Qty. holes

-cp

-St

20

LAMONS

HEAT EXCHANGER

GASKETS

- STANDARD SHAPE INDEX

'-"

08CJOO@8
8 0e90 @~@j
R

C-1

E-4

C-2

F-1

D-1

F-2

D-2

F-3

G-1

E-1

E-2

E-3

G-2

G-3

G-4

@8S~EB ~@8
G-5

G-6

G-7

G-8

G-9

H-1

H-2

H-3

'-"

@@e@9~E9
e @@Cj@@~~
H-4

H-5

H-12

H-6

1-1

H-7

1-2

1-3

H-8

H-9

H-10

H-11

1-4

1-5

1-6

1-7

J-1

J-2

J-3

J-4

@@@~-@@EB
1-8

'"""'"

1-9

1-10

1-11

@~E9C9~@~@
~

~
21

SPIRAL-WOUND

GASKETS
SIZING SPIRAL WOUND GASKETS
Spiral-wound gaskets must be sized to ensure the
spiral-wound component is seated between flat surfaces. If it protrudes beyond a raised face or into a flange
bore, mechanical damage and leakage may occur.

,.,~

Small Tongue and Groove

Joint

Large Tongue an,d Groove

J~jnt

"

Spiral-wound gaskets have become extremely popular

due to the wide variety of available styles and sizes. Spiralwound gaskets can be fabricated of any metal which is
available in thin strip and which can be welded; therefore,
they can be used against virtually any corrosive m~dium
dependent upon the choice of the metal and filler. They
can be used over the complete temperature range from
cryogenic to approximately 2000F. This type gasket can
be used in all pressures from vacuum to the standard
2500 psi flange ratings. They are more resilient than any
other type of metallic gasket with the exception of
pressure sealing metal gaskets and, as a consequence,
can compensate for flange movement that may occur due
to temperature gradients, variations of pressure and vibration. Spiral-wound gaskets can also be manufactured with
variable densities, i.e. relatively low density gaskets for
vacuum service up to extremely high density gaskets having a seating stress of approximately 30,000 psi. The
softer gaskets would require a seating stress in the range
of 5,000 psi.

VARIABLE DENSITY
Spiral-wound gaskets are manufactured by alternately winding strips of metal and soft fillers on the outer
edge of winding mandrels that determine the inside
dimensions of the wound component. In the winding
process, the alternating plies are maintained under
pressure. Varying the pressure during the winding operation and/or the thickness of the soft filler, the density of
the gasket can be controlled over a wide range. As a
general rule, low winding pressure and thick soft fillers
are used for low pressure applications. Thin fillers and
high pressure loads are used for high pressure applications. This of course would account for the higher bolt
loads that have to be applied to the gasket in high
pressure applications. In addition to all these advantages of the spiral-wound gasket, they are a relatively
low cost. When special sizes are required, tooling costs
are very nominal.
22

~~
~

Large Male and 'female

Joint

un:n?
Raised Face Flange

,I
GASKET CONFINED ON I.D. AND O.D.
Gasket I.D. = Groove I.D. +1/16"
Gasket a.D. = Groove a.D.-1/16"

GASKET CONFINED ON O.D. ONLY

Gasket I.D. = Bore + Minimum 1/4"
GasketaD. = Recess a.D. - 1/16"
GASKET UNCONFINED I.D. AND O.D.
Gasket I.D. = Seating Surface 1.0. + Minimum 1/4"

Gasketa.D. = SeatingSurfacea.D.
Centering Guide aD.
eter of Bolt

STANDARD

TOLERANCES

Gasket Diameter

Minimum1/4"

= Bolt Circle Diameter

Diam-

(STYLE W)
1.0.

0.0.

+3/64

1" to 24"

+ '/32
-0

+0
-'/32
+0
-'/32

24" to 36"

+3/64
-0

+0
-'/16

36"

+ '/'6
-0

-'/'6

-0

Up to 1"

to 60"

60" and above

+3/32
-0

+0
+0
_3/32

Thickness + .015 -.000 on special Gaskets with:

a. less than 1" I.D., greater than 26" I.D.
b. teflon fillers
c. 1" or larger flange width.
Thickness + .010 -.000 for most other sizes and materials

"-'"

AVAILABLE SIZES AND THICKNESSES

Lamons spiral-wound gaskets are available in
thicknesses of ,0625", ,100", ,125", ,175", .250", and
,285", The followingchart indicates the size range that
can normally be fabricated in the various thicknesses
along withthe recommended compressed thickness of
each and the maximum flange width,
LIMITATIONS OF SIZE AND THICKNESS
Maximum Recommended
Gasket
Maximum
Flange
Compressed
Thickness
I.D. *
Width *
Thickness
,0625"
9'
3jg"
,0501.055"
.100"
12"
Vz"
,075/.080"
.125'
40"
3/4"
.0901.100"
,175"
75"
1"
.125/.135"
,250"
160"
1114"
,1801,200"
.285"
160"
1114"
,2001.220"
*These limitationsare intended as a general guide only.Materialsof
construction and flange width of gasket can drastically affect the
limitations listed.

FLANGE

SURFACE

FINISH

Use of spiral-wound gaskets gives the designer and

the usera wider tolerancefor flangessurfacefinishesthan
other metallic gaskets, While they can be used against
most commercially availableflange surface finishes, experience has indicated that the appropriate flange surface finishes used with spiral-wound gaskets are as
follows:

125 to 250 AARH Optimum

500 AARH Maximum

gasket properly in the flange joint, acts as an antiblowout device, provides radial support for the spiralwound component, and acts as a compression gauge to
prevent the spiral-wound component from being
crushed, Normally the outer guide rings are furnished in
mild steel, but can be supplied in other metals when
required by operating conditions,
LAMONS' STYLE WRI

Style WRI is identical to style WR with the addition

of an inner ring, The inner ring serves several functions, It provides radial support for the gasket on the
1.0, to help prevent the occurrence of buckling or imploding, Its 1.0, is normally sized slightly larger than
the 1.0, of the flange bore, minimizing turbulence in
process flow, After the gasket is compressed, the
flanges would normally be in contact with the inner ring
and hence erosion and corrosion of the flange surface
between the 1.0, of the sealing component and the
flange bore is minimized. The inner rings are normally
supplied in the same material as the spiral-wound component. Refer to table below for dimensions of inner
ring ID,'s for flanges up to 24-inch diameter and 2500
PSI,
Standard

for Spiral-Wound
Flange
Size
INPS)

0.56
0.81
1.06
1.50
1.75

0.56
0.81
1.06
1.50
1.75

3
4

2.19
2.62
3.19
4.19

219
2.62
3.19
4.19

4.04

2.19
2.62
3.10
4.04

5.19

5.19

5.05

6
8
10
12
14

6.19
8.50
10.56
12.50
13.75

6.19
8.50
10.56
12.50
13.75

6.10
8.10
10.05
12.10
13.50

ety of styles to suit the particular flange facing being

utilized on the flanges,
LAMONS'
STYLE W

16

15.75

15.75

18
20
24

17.69
19.69
23.75

17.69
19.69
23.75

Style W is a spiral-woundsealing component only that

is normally used on tongue and groove joints, male and
female flange facings and groove to flat flange facings.

LAMONS' STYLE WR

2'1,

Diameters
(Inches)

P,...",e Cia..
0:56
0.81
1.06
1.50
1.75

Lamons spiral-wound gaskets are available in a vari-

Gaskets

300

%
1
1'1,
1%

SEAL STYLES

Inside

150

AVAILABLE SPIRAL

Inner-Ring

400 (1)

600

gOO (1, 2)

1500

12, 31

2500

11-31

0.56
0.81
1.06
1.31
1.63

0.56
0.81
1.06
1.31
1.63

3.10
4.04

2.06
2.50
3.10
3.85

2.06
2.50
3.10
3.85

505

5.05

4.90

4.90

6.10
8.10
10.05
12.10
13.50

6.10
7.75
9.69
11.50
12.63

5.80
7.75
9.69
11.50
12.63

5.80
7.75
9.69
11.50

15.35

15.35

14.75

14.50

17.25
19.25
23.25

17.25
19.25
23.25

16.75
19.00
23.25

16.75
18.75
22.75

Note: The inner-ring

thickness
shall be 0.112 - .131 inches. Forsizes
NPS 1 1/4 through NPS 3, the
Ins,de-d,ameter
tolerance,s
I 0,03 ,nch: for larger sozes the Inside-diameter
tolerance
IS I 0.06
inch See ASME 816.20 for minimum
pipe wall fhicknesses
that are suitable for use with standard
inner rings. ASME 816.20 calls for the use of inner rings with PTFE filled spiral wound gaskets
"There are no Class 400 flanges NPS 1/2 through NPS 3 (use Class 6001. Class 900 flanges NPS
1/2 through NPS 2 1/2 (use Class 1500), or Class 2500 flanges NPS 14 and larger
'The inner-ring
inside diameters
shown for NPS 1 1/4 through NPS 2 1/2 in Classes 1500 and 2500
w,1I produce
inner-ring
widths of 0.12 ,nch, a pract,cal
m,mmum for production
purposes
'Innerrings
are required for Class 900, NPS 24 gaskets; Class 1500, NPS 12 through
NPS 24 gaskets: and Class 2500. NPS 4 through NPS 12 gaskets.

LAMONS'
STYLE WR-RJ

...........

Style WR gaskets consist of a spiral"wound sealing

component with a solid metal outer guide ring, These
gaskets are used on plain flat face flanges and on raised
face flanges. The outer guide ring serves to center the

This style gasket is identical to a Style WR in construction features but is specially sized to be used as a
replacement gasket for flanges machined to accept oval
23

or octagonal ring joint gaskets. The sealing component

is located between the 1.0.ofthe groove machined in the
flange and the flange bore. These are intended to be
used as replacement parts and are considered a maintenance item. In new construction, where spiral-wound
gaskets are intended to be used, raised face flanges
should be utilized. Referto Lamon SpiraSealCatalog for
dimensions of Style WR-RJ gaskets for flanges up to
24-inch d,ameter and 1500 psi.

GASKETS WITH
WOUND GAUGE RINGS

These gaskets are available in round, obround, and

oval shapes and are used for standard manhole cover
plates. (Referto Lamons SpiraSealCatalog for standard
available shapes and sizes.) When special gaskets are
required, it is necessary to submit complete information,
including a sketch or blueprint or a sample cover on
which the gasket is to be used.
NOTE: When spiral-wound hand hole and manhole gaskets with a straight side are required it is
necessary that some curvature be given to the flat or
straight side to prevent buckling of the gasket. This
is due to the fact that spiral-wound gaskets are
wrapped under tension and therefore tend to buckle
inward when the gaskets are removed from the
winding mandrel. As a rule of thumb, the ratio of the
long 10 to the short 10 should not exceed 3 to 1.

'-.J

LAMONS'
STYLE WP
OR WRP
When a guide ring is required that is too narrow for
practical fabrication of solid metal guide rings, Lamons
spiral-wound gaskets are available with a guide made
entirely of spiral metal windings. These spiral metal
windings serve the same basic purpose as the solid
metal ring,that is as acompression limiting and acentering device. The spirally wound ring is normally supplied
in the same metal as the metal inthe gasket. This type of
wound guide ring is normally limited to a V4" radialwidth
or less.

LAMONS' STYLE H

These gaskets are similar to Style Wand Style WR

with the addition of pass partitions for use with shell and
tube heat exchangers. Partitions are normally supplied
with a double-jacketed construction of the same material as the spiral-wound component. The partition strips
can be soft soldered, tack welded or silver soldered to
the spiral-wound component. The double-jacketed partition strips are normally slightly thinner than the spiralwound component in order to minimize the bolt loading
required to properly seat the gasket.

"

LAMONS'
STYLE L

Style H gaskets are for use on boiler handhole and

tubecap assemblies. They are available in round,
square, rectangular, diamond, obround, oval and pear
shapes. The Lamons Gasket Company has tooling
available for manufacturing most of the standard handhole and tubecap sizes of the various boiler manufacturers. (Refer to our SpiraSealCatalog.) These are also
available in special sizes and shapes. To order special
gaskets, dimensional drawings or sample cover plates
should be provided in order to assure proper fit.

LAMONS'
STYLE MW
AND MWC

24

The Lamons Style L gasket is available for raised face

and flat face applications where it is not practical to
supply an outer gauge ring. The spiral-wound components of Style L are identical to those of Style Wand in
addition have a wire loop welded to the outer periphery
of the gasket, sized so as to fit over diametrically
opposite bolts, for proper centering of the spiral-wound
component on the gasket seating surface. Whenever
possible, it is recommended that a Style WR gasket be
used in lieU of a Style L gasket because of the obvious
advantages of the outer solid metal gauge ring. The
Style L is considerably more difficult to produce than the
Style WR and therefore more expensive.

STYLE,

WR-LC

""-'

The need for a low compressive load spiral wound gasket in 150# and 300#
class ASME/ANSI B16.5 pipe flange applications resulted in the development of the "WR-LC" spiral wound. The design of our gasket allows it to be
compressed with less bolt load to seat compared to the conventional type
spirals. The soft filler materials commonly used are graphite and PTFE.
When selecting PTFE for your filler material the use of an inner ring is recommended (style WRI-LC).

WRI HF GASKETS
This gasket was developed for H.F.acid applications. It consists of a Monel
and PTFE spiral wound gasket with a carbon steel centering ring and a
PTFE inner ring. The carbon steel outer ring can be coated with special H.F.
acid detecting paint if desired. The PTFE inner ring reduces corrosion to the
flanges between the bore of the pipe and the I.D. of the spiral wound sealing
element. Inner ring I.D.'sare the same as standard metal inner rings unless
otherwise requested. Thickness of the PTFE inner ring is .150

::1:.005

normally.

STYLE, WR-AB
Spiral wounds that inwardly buckle are a concern in the industry and
Lamons has introduced a spiral wound that addresses this historical concern. The traditional method to reduce inward buckling is to order an inner
ring and that is still the best practice today. Lamons has a new style spiral
called "WR-AB" that does not require an inner ring. There are many additional advantageous design features to this product to reduce inward buckling.

'-'"

(Contact Lamon's Technical Department

or may not be appropriate.)

regarding flange bore sizes for which this gasket may

STYLE, WRI-HTG
For applications requiring a spiral wound when oxidation may occur, usually
at higher temperatures, Lamons has developed the "WRI-HTG". This gasket
combines the corrosion and oxidation resistance of mica with the excellent sealability of flexible graphite. The mica along with the metal winding
serves as a barrier between oxidizing process conditions and the external
air and the graphite. This gasket can be ordered for any ASME/ANSI B16.5
and ASME B16.47 series A or B flange or for special applications

WRI-LP
Winding

'-"

Graphiteor
PTFEFacing

A Spiralwound gasket with a conventional outer guide ring with a special

inner ring design. This special inner ring design is our "Kammpro" profile
style LP-1. The uniqueness of the "kammpro" design allows numerous
choices on its construction. The "WRI-LP" allows the spiral winding to be
PTFE-Coated
constructed
with the required metal and soft filler specified by the user. The
Kammpro
"Kammpro" inner ring metal can be ordered with or without PTFE coating
and then faced with either .020" thick PTFE, graphite or other materials.

25

SECTION III - RECOMMENDED GASKET INSTALLATION PROCEDURES

INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE
TIPS FOR ALL GASKETS
All too often we hear "the gasket leaks."
However, that is not entirely true. Technically, it is
the joint that leaks, and the gasket is only one of
several components that make up the joint. Often
times, the gasket is expected to compensate for
deficiencies in flange connection design, improper
gasket installation procedures, and any flange
movement that may occur due to thermal and
pressure changes, vibration, etc. In many cases, the
gasket has the ability the overcome these
occurrances, but only when careful attention has been
given to all of the aspects of gasket selection,
including installation procedures.
Our experience in investigating leaky joints
over the years has indicated that the most common
cause of leaky joints is the use of improper gasket
installation procedures.

6.

7.

8.

9.
10.

GASKET INSTALLATION PROCEDURES

(AND BOLT TORQUING)
1. Inspect the gasket. It is important that the
correct gasket has been chosen for the bolted
flange connection. Verify that the material is as
specified and visually inspect the gasket for any
obvious defects or damage.
2. Inspect the gasket seating surfaces. Look for
tool marks, cracks, scratches, or pitting by
corrosion. Radial tool marks on a gasket seating
surfaces are virtually impossible to seal
regardless of the type of gasket used. Therefore,
every attempt should be made to minimize these.
3. Use only new studs or bolts, nuts and washers.
Make sure they are of good quality and
appropriate for the application.
4. Lubricate all thread contact areas and nut
facings. The importance of proper lubrication
cannot be overstated! A proper lubricant will
provide a low coefficient of friction for more
consistent achieved bolt stress. An anti seize
compound, when used as a bolt and nut
lubricant, will facilitate subsequent disassembly.
5. Loosely install stud bolts.
With Raised face and flat face installation,
loosely install the stud bolts on the lower half of
the flange. Insert the gasket between the flange
facing to allow the bolts to center the gasket on
the assembly. Install the remaining bolts and
nuts and bring all to a hand-tight or snug
condition.
In a recessed or grooved installation, center the
gasket midway into the recess or groove. (If the
joint is vertical, it may be necessary to use a
minimum amount of cup grease, gasket cement,
or some other adhesive compatible with the
process fluids, to keep the gasket in position
26

11.

12.

until the flanges are tightened.) Then, install all

bolts and nuts to a hand-tight or snug condition.
Identify the proper bolting sequence and number
bolts accordingly. See charts for recommended
bolting sequences. Each bolt should be
numbered so that bolt torque sequences can be
easily followed. Failure to follow proper bolt
torque sequences can result in cocking flanges.
Then, regardless of the amount of subsequent
torquing, they cannot be brought back to parallel.
This can contribute heavily to a leaky joint.
Torque the Bolts. Bolts should be torqued in a
proper bolting sequence, in a minimum of four
stages as specified in Steps 8, 9, 10, and 11.
Torque the bolts up to a maximum of 30% of the
final torque,value required following the
recommended bolt torque sequence.
Repeat Step 8, increasing the torque to
approximately 60% of the final torque required.
Repeat Step g, increasing the torque to the final
torque value.
Retorque all studs. All studs should be retorqued
using a rotational pattern of retorquing to the
final value of torque until no further rotation of
the nuts can be achieved. This may require
several retorquings as torquing of one stud
causes relaxation in adjacent studs. Continue
torquing until equilibrium has been achieved.
Some flange joints should be retightened just
before being put in operation, to account for bolt
and gasket relaxation. Success has also been
reported with heat exchangers, with certain
gasket types* and flange facings, when bolting is
retightened during initial heat up, before loss of
lubricant (or bolt seizing).

*For specific gasket types and application assistance

contact Lamons Technical Department

BOLT TORQUE SEQUENCE

12-Bolts

8-Bolts
'"'"

Sequencial Order
1-2
3-4
5-6
7-8

Sequential Order
1-2
3-4
5-6
7-8
9-10
11-12

Rotational Order
1
5
3
7
2
6
4
8

'-'

Rotational Order
1
5
9
3
7
11
2
6
10
4
8
12

16-Bolts
9

12

11

10

..........

Sequential Order
1-2
3-4
5-6
7-8
9-10
11-12
13-14
15-16

Rotational Order
1
2
9
10
5
6
13
14
3
4
11
12
7
8
15
16

27

13

20-Bolts

16

15

14

2
Rotational
1
13
5
17
9
3
15
7
19
11

Sequential Order
1-2
3-4
5-6
7-8
9-10
11-12
13-14
15-16
17-18
19-20

Order
2
14
6
18
10
4
16
8
20
12

24-Bolts

12

11

10

Sequential Order
1-2
3-4
5-6
7-8
9-10
11-12
13-14
15-16
17-18
19-20
21-22
23-24

2
Rotational
1
9
17
5
13
21
3
11
19
7
15
23

Order
2
10
18
6
14
22
4
12
20
8
16
24

TORQUE VALUES
Probably the only true measurement of bolt stress is
by bolt or stud elongation. In practice, however, this
would be an extremely costly and impractical approach
to determine the true measure of bolt stress. As a con28

sequence the trend in industry today is the use of torque

wrenches, tensioning devices, hydraulic wrenches, or
drilling the studs and inserting heaters to preheat the
stud to a specific temperature that will ultimately create
the proper tension on the bolt. The use of manpower to
tighten the bolts, by sledgehammers, striking wrenches
and pieces of pipe on the end of the wrench is becoming
less and less a standard practice. It is time-consuming,
strenuous and is a very dangerous practice. The newer
techniques are much more reliable.

NOTE: Allowable bolt stresses. Section VIII of the

ASME Pressure Vessel Code, Appendix S, specifically
recognizes the problem of initial bolt stresses. For
example, a flange designer will determine his required
bolting for a 600 psi application at a given operating
temperature specifically in accordance with allowable
stresses for the bolt material at the operating temperature. These allowable stresses are based on the particular material and their strength at operating temperature.
In addition, the same bolt material will have an allowable
stress at ambient conditions as specified. As a consequence, in most cases the design of the flange is based
upon the allowable bolt stress of the particular material
at design temperature and at the design or operating
pressure. However, in most cases, the hydrostatic test
pressure that the flange joint must pass is one and a half
times the design pressure. As a consequence, any joint
that is designed in strict accordance with the ASME
Pressure Vessel Code and is subjected to hydrostatic
tests in excess of the design pressure, will require a
higher initial stress on the stud to successfully pass the
hydrostatic test. Appendix S of Section 8 of the ASME
Pressure Vessel Code speaks in great length on this
problem and, in essence, states, that in order to pass
hydrostatic tests, bolts may be stressed to whatever
level is required to satisfactorily pass the test. This introduces additional problems. In cases where low yield bolt
material is being used, the stresses required in bolts
sufficient to satisfactorily pass the test may exceed the
yield point of the bolt material. Once this occurs, no
additional stressing of the bolt will alleviate the problem
of leakage. As a consequence it may be necessary to
use high tensile bolts or studs in order to achieve a
satisfactory test. When this is required, the following
procedures should be followed. (See Page 32)

. Use high tensile bolts or studs for hydrostatic tests

following the procedures outlined above for gasket
installation. After a successful hydrostatic test has
been achieved, relievethe bolts to approximately 50
percent of the prestress required.

. Replace the bolts or studs one at a time with the

proper grade bolt for operating conditions. As each
bolt is replaced, torque it to the value of the other
bolts.

. After all the bolts have been replaced, retorque the

bolts to 100% of the allowable stress for the particular grade material. (Once again it is imperative that
a proper lubricant be used on the bolts when
replacement is being made.)

TROUBLE SHOOTING LEAKING JOINTS

'-'

One of the best available tools to aid in determining the cause of leakage is a careful examination of the gasket in
use when leakage occurred.
--

-------------

-~

-_u

~---~------------

Possible Remedies

Observation
~

n_-

Gasket badly corroded

Select replacement
------

n__-

Select replacement

Gasket extruded excessively

material with improved corrosion resistance.

_.n.-

_no.

material with better cold flow properties,

replacement material with better load carrying capacity

select

i.e., more

dense.
~--~

'-'

---

--

-- --------------------------------------------------

n_.

Gasket grossly crushed

Select replacement material with better load carrying capacity, provide

means to prevent crushing the gasket by use of a stop ring or re-design of
flanges.

Gasket mechanically damaged due

to overhang of raised face or flange
bore.

Review gasket dimensions to insure gaskets are proper size. Make

certain gaskets are properly centered in joint.

No apparent gasket compression

achieved.

Select softer gasket material. Select thicker gasket material. Reduce

gasket area to allow higher unit seating load.

Gasket substantially thinner on 0.0.

than 1.0.

Indicative of excessive "flange rotation" or bending.

Alter gasket dimensions to move gasket reaction closer to bolts to
minimize bending movement. Provide stiffness to flange by means of
back-up rings. Select softer gasket material to lower required seating
stresses. Reduce gasket area to lower seating stresses.

Gasket unevenly compressed

around circumference

Improper bolting up procedures followed.

Make certain proper sequential bolt up procedures are followed.

-----------------

Gasket thickness varies periodically

around circumference.

---

Indicative of "flange bridging" between bolts or warped flanges. Provide

reinforcing rings for flanges to better distribute bolt load. Select gasket
material with lower seating stress. Provide additional bolts if possible to
obtain better load distribution. If flanges are warped, re-machine or use
softer gasket material.

~---

..........

29

MANWAY PROBLEMS?

If installationand service problems are experienced with spiral wound gaskets in manways, Lamons has the
answer
In a typical oval or obround manway cover assembly, the cover sets inside of the boiler and internal pressure is
relied upon to create the sealing force. Normally, these assemblies have a couple of bolts to secure the gasket
during installation and provide some degree of initial seating load. Our experience indicates that, in this type of
manways, there is often a large amount of clearance between the manway cover and the opening in the boiler.

"-"

A spiral wound gasket must be installed in such a manner that the winding is compressed across its entire face
without interruption. If a spiral wound gasket falls into the clearances between a manway cover and boiler opening,
a "pinching" effect may occur, causing mechanical damage to the gasket.
It is possible to "bridge" the clearances in many boiler applications utilizing an integral solid metal ring along the
inside circumference of the spiral windings, Lamons style MWI. Essentially, the inner ring helps to position the
gasket on the manway cover. The thickness of the solid metal ring allows for adequate compression and helps to
avoid crushing of the gasket.
A Lamons technical representative could help with sizing of the inner ring and the sf3in~1WiHaing. The following
page is an information sheet that would help us to assist you.

LAMONS STYLE MWI

Style MWI manway gaskets consist of a winding

with a solid metal inner ring to position the
winding and help avoid mechanical damage.

NOTES:

30

LAMONS GASKET COMPANY

,...,

Application

Information

Sheet For Oval or Obround

Manways

Boiler
Manway Cover

i
BoilerOpening
Dim. (A)

ID of Gasket
Surface on
Cover Dim. (B)

t
t

OD of Gasket
Surface on
goyer Dim. (C)

OD of Gasket Surface on
Boiler Dim. (D)

'-"
1

r
Boiler

Please provide the following information:

Length
(Long Side)
Dim. A

Width
(Short Side)

Shape (check one):

Oval

c=::J

Obround

c=::J

Other

c=::J

(Drawing Required)

Dim. B
Pressure

'-'

Dim. C

Temperature

Dim. D

Service
(Typically Steam)
Lamons Gasket Co.
PO. Box 947
Houston, TX 77001
Fax (713) 547-9502
31

OTHER PROBLEM
JOINT MUST COMPENSATE FOR WIDE
TEMPERATURE VARIATIONS:
Solution: Consider use of sleeve around bolts to
increaseeffectivebolt length:

AREAS

Or consider use of conical spring washers in place of

sleeve to eliminate torque losses over wide temperature
ranges.
BOLT

BOLT

WASHER
SLEEVE

GASKET
FLANGE
FLANGE

GASKET
WASHER
FLANGE

NUT
WASHER
NUT

FLANGES
BADLY COCKED
OR SEPARATED TOO FAR:
Solution: Do not try to correct problem with flange
bolts - can overstress.
Do use spacers to correct problem with gasket on each side.
SPACER

n\ I

GASKET

Flanges

too far apart

GASKET

FLANGES OUT OF PARALLEL:

~
'-=f~:

'-'

Total allowable out of parallel: ~1 + ~2 = 0.015" .

TAPERED SPACER

Flanges

Note - Deviation on right is less critical than deviation on left since

bolt tightening will tend to bring flanges parallel due to flange bending.

cocked
GASKET.

lASKET

WAVY SURFACE

Flanges badly mis-aligned

GASKET

!
~

j
32

Note:

FINISH

~~

1. If using jacketed or spiral wound gaskets - deviation should not

exceed 0.015".
2. If using solid metal gaskets - deviation should not exceed 0.005".
3. If using rubber, more leeway is possible - perhaps total of 0.030".

SECTION IV

The primary purpose of the rules for bolted flange

connections in Parts A and B of Appendix II is to insure
safety,but there are certain practical matters to be taken
into consideration in order to obtain a serviceable
design. One of the most important of these is the prof

"-"

APPENDIX

APPENDIX S ASME SECTION VIII DIVISION I PRESSURE VESSELS

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR BOLTED FLANGE CONNECTIONS

"-"

.........

portioningof the bolting,Le., determiningthe number

and size of the bolts.

In the great majority of designs the practice that has
been used in the past should be adequate, viz., to follow
the design rules in Appendix II and tighten the bolts
sufficiently to withstand the test pressure without leakage. The considerations presented in the following discussion will be important only when some unusual
feature exists, such as a very large diameter, a high
design pressure, a high temperature, severe temperature gradients, an unusual gasket arrangement, and
so on.
The maximum allowable stress values for bolting
given in the various tables of Subsection C are design
values to be used in determining the minimum amount
of bolting required under the rules. However, a distinction must be kept carefully in mind between the design
value and the bolt stress that might actually exist or that
might be needed for conditions other than the design
pressure. The initial tightening of the bolts is a prestressing operation, and the amount of bolt stress developed
must be within proper limits, to insure, on the one hand,
that it is adequate to provide against all conditions that
tend to produce a leaking joint, and on the other hand,
that is not so excessive that yielding of the bolts and/or
flanges can produce relaxation that also can result in
leakage.
The first important consideration is the need for the
joint to be tight in the hydrostatic test. An initial bolt
stress of some magnitude greater than the design value
therefore must be provided. If it is not, further bolt strain
develops during the test, which tends to part the joint
and thereby to decompress the gasket enough to allow
leakage. The test pressureis usually 11/2 times the
design pressure, and on this basis it may be thought that
50 percent extra bolt stress above the design value will
be sufficient. However, this is an oversimplification,
because, on the one hand, the safety factor against
leakage under test conditions in general need not be as
great as under operating conditions. On the other hand,
if a stress-strain analysis of the joint is made, it may
indicatethat an initial bolt stress still higher than 11/2
times the design value is needed. Such an analysis is
one that considers the changes in bolt elongation,
flange deflection, and gasket load that take place with
the application of internal pressure, starting from the
prestressed condition. In any event, it is evident that an
initial bolt stress higher than the design value may and,
in some cases, must be developed in the tightening
operation, and it is the intent of this Division of Section
VIII that such a practice is permissible, provided it
includes necessary and appropriate provision to insure
against excessive flange distortion and gross crushing
of the gasket.

It is possible for the bolt stress to decrease after initial

tightening, because of slow creep or relaxation of the
gasket, particularly in the case of the "softer" gasket
materials. This may be the cause of leakage in the
hydrostatic test, in which case it may suffice merely to
retighten the bolts. A decrease in bolt stress can also
occur in service at elevated temperatures, as a result of
creep in the bolt and/or flange or gasket material, with
consequent relaxation. When this results in leakage
under service conditions, it is common practice to
retighten the bolts, and sometimes a single such operation, or perhaps several repeated at long intervals, is
sufficient to correct the condition. To avoid chronic difficulties of this nature, however, it is advisable when
designing a joint for high-temperature service to give
attention to the relaxation properties of the materials
-involved,especially for temperatures where creep isthe
controlling factor in design. This prestress should not be
confused with initial bolt stress, S1'used in the design of
Part B flanges.
In the other direction, excessive initial bolt stress can
present a problem in the form of yielding in the bolting
itself, and may occur in the tightening operation to the
extent of damage or even breakage. This is especially
likely with bolts of small diameter and with bolt materials
having a relatively low yield strength. The yield strength
of mild carbon steel, annealed austenitic stainless steel,
and certain of the nonferrous bolting materials can easily be exceeded with ordinary wrench effort in the
smaller bolt sizes. Even if no damage is evident, any
additional load generated when internal pressure is
applied can produce further yielding with possible leakage. Such yielding can also occur when there is very
little margin between initial bolt stress and yield strength.
An increase in bolt stress, above any that may be
due to internal pressure, might occur in service during
startup or other transient conditions, or perhaps even
under normal operation. This can happen when there is
an appreciable differential in temperature between the
flanges and the bolts, or when the bolt material has a
different coefficient of thermal expansion than the flange
material. Any increase in bolt load due to this thermal
effect, superposed on the load already existing, can
cause yielding of the bolt material, whereas any pronounced decrease due to such effects can result in such
a loss of bolt load as to be a direct cause of leakage. In
either case, retightening of the bolts may be necessary,
but it must not be forgotten that the effects of repeated
retightening can be cumulative and may ultimately make
the joint unserviceable.
In addition to the difficulties created by yielding of the
bolts as described above, the possibility of similar difficulties arising from yielding of the flange or gasket material, under like circumstances or from other causes,
should also be considered.
Excessive bolt stress, whatever the reason, may
cause the flange to yield, even though the bolts may not
yield. Any resulting excessive deflection of the flange,
accompanied by permanent set, can produce a leaking
33

joint when other effects are superposed. It can also

damage the flange by making it more difficult to effect a
tight joint thereafter. For example, irregular permanent
distortion of the flange due to uneven bolt load around
the circumference of the joint can warp the flange face
and its gasket contact surface out of a true plane.
The gasket, too, can be overloaded, even without
excessive boltstress. The full initial bolt load is imposed
entirely on the gasket, unless the gasket has a stop ring
or the flange face detail is arranged to provide the
equivalent. Without such means of controlling the compression of the gasket, consideration must be given to
the selection of gasket type, size and material that will
prevent gross crushing of the gasket.
From the foregoing, it is apparent that the bolt stress
can vary over a considerable range above the design
stress value. The design stress values for bolting in
Subsection C have been set at a conservative value to
provide a factor against yieJding.At elevated temperatures, the design stress values are governed by the
creep rate and stress-rupture strength. Any higher bolt
stress existing before creep occurs in operation will
have already served its purpose of seating the gasket
and holding the hydrostatic test pressure, all at atmospheric temperature, and is not needed at the design
pressure and temperature.
Theoretically,the margin against flange yielding is not
as great. The design values for flange materials may be
as high as five-eighths or two-thirds of the yield strength.
However, the highest stress in a flange is usually the
bending stress in the hub or shell, and is more or less
localized. It is too conservative to assume that local
yielding isfollowed immediately by overall yielding of the
entire flange. Even if a "plastic hinge" should develop,
the ring portion of the flange takes up the portion of the
load the hub and shell refuse to carry. Yielding is far

more significant if it occurs first in the ring, but the

limitation in the rules on the combined hub and ring
stresses provides a safeguard. In this connection, it
should be noted that a dual set of stresses is given for
some of the materials in Table UHA-23, and that the
lower values should be used in order to avoid yielding in
the flanges.
Another very important item in bolting design is the
question whether the necessary bolt stress is actually
realized, and what special means of tightening, if any,
must be employed. Most joints are tightened manually
by ordinary wrenching, and it is advantageous to have
designs that require no more than this. Some pitfalls
must be avoided, however. The probable bolt stress
developed manually,when using standard wrenches, is:
S = 45,000
y'd
where S is the bolt stress and d is the nominal diameter
of the bolt. It can be seen that smaller bolts will have
excessive stress unless judgment is exercised in pulling
up on them. On the other hand, it will be impossible to
develop the desired stress in very large bolts by ordinary
hand wrenching. Impact wrenches may prove serviceable, but if not, resort may be had to such methods as
preheating the bolt, or using hydraulically powered bolt
tensioners. With some of these methods, control of the
bolt stress is possible by means inherent in the procedure, especially if effective thread lubricants are
employed, but in all cases the bolt stress can be regulated within reasonable tolerances by measuring the
bolt elongation with suitable extensometer equipment.
Ordinarily, simple wrenching without Verification of the
actual bolt stress meets all practical needs, and measured control of the stress is employed only when there is
some special or important reason for doing so.

Reprinted with permission from ASME.Reprinted from ASME Unfired Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIIi, Div.

34

'-"

'-"

"-'

CHEMICAL
A - Good Resistance
B - Moderate Resistance
U - Unsatisfactory
Media
Acetic Acid
Room Temp.
Acetic Anhydride
Room Temp.
Acetone
Aluminum Chloride
Room Temp.
Aluminum Fluoride
Room Temp.
Aluminum Sulphate
Ammonia (Anhydrous)
Ammonium Chloride
Ammonium Hydroxide
Ammonium Nitrate
Ammonium Phosphate
Ammonium Sulphate
Amyl Acetate
Aniline
Barium Chloride
Beer
Benzene
Benzol
Borax
Boric Acid
Bromine
Butyl Alcohol
Calcium Carbonate
Calcium Chloride
Calcium Hydroxide
Calcium Hypochlorite
Carbolic Acid
Carbon Tetrachloride
Chlorine-Dry
Chlorine-Wet
Chromic Acid
Citric Acid
Copper Chloride
Copper Sulphate
Creosote (Coal Tar)
Crude Oil
Ether
Ethyl Acetate
Ethyl Chloride
Ferric Chloride
Ferric Sulphate
Formaldehyde
Formic Acid
Fuel Oil
Fuel Oil (Acid)
Furfural
Gasoline
Glue
Glycerin
Hydrobromic Acid
Hydrochloric Acid
Room Temp. 150F
Hydrocyanic Acid
Hydrofluoric Acid
Hydrofluosilicic Acid
Hvdroqen Peroxide
Hydrogen Sulphide
Kerosene
Lactic Acid
Linseed Oil

RESISTANCE

CHART

GASKET

METALS

Alurni- Alloy
Hastel- Inconel Monel Nickel 304 316 410
nurn
20 Copper loy
600
400
200 S.S. S.S. S.S. Steel
A

A
A

A
A

A
A

A
A

B
A

B
A

A
A

A
A

A
A

A
A

B
A

B
B
A
U
B
A
A
U
A
B
B
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
B
B
U
A
B
A
U
B
A
U
U
B
A
A
A
B
U
B
B
U
A
B
A
A
A
A
U
U
U
A
U
A
A
A
B
A

A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
U
A
A
A
U
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
U
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
U
U
U
A
U
A
A
A
A
A
A

B
B
U
U
U
U
t:;
B
A
A
B
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
U
A
B
A
U
U
A
U
B
A
B
A
A
A
U
B
A
A
A
B
A
A
A
A
U
U
U
C
U
U
C
A
A
A
B

A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
U
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A

8
A
A
A
B
B
B
A
B
A
A
A
B
A
B
A
A
A
A
B
U
B
A
A
B
B
B
U
B
B
B
A
U
U
A
B
B
U
B
A
A
A
U
U
U
A
B
B
B
A
B
A

B
B
B
B
U
U
B
B
A
B.
A
A
A
A
B
A
A
A
B
B
U
B
A
A
B
U
B
U
B
B
B
B
A
B
U
U
A
B
B
B
A
A
A
A
U
U
U
B
A
B
B
A
U
A

B
B
B
B
U
U
B
B
A
B
B
A
B
B
B
A
A
A
B
B
B
B
A
A
B
U
B
U
B
B
B
A
B
U
U
A
B
A
U
B
A
A
A
U
U
U
A
B
B
B
A
U
A

U
A
A
U
A
A
A
U
A
A
B
A
A
A
A
A
U
A
A
B
B
B
A
A
U
U
A
A
U
A
A
A
A
A
A
U
A
A
B
A
U
A
A
A
A
U
U
U
A
U
U
A
A
A
B
A

U
A
A
B
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
U
A
A
A
B
A
A
A
U
U
A
A
B
A
A
A
A
A
A
U
A
A
A
A
B
A
A
A
A
U
U
U
A
U
U
A
A
A
B
A

U
B
A
B
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
U
A
A
U
A
B
U
A
U
U
B
A
B
A
A
A
A
U
A
A
U
A
A
A
U
U
U
U
U
A
A
A
A
A

B
U
B
B
A
A
U
A
B
A
B
A
A
A
A
U
U
A
A
A
A
U
U
U
A
U
U
B
U
A
A
A
A
A
U
U
B
U
A
B
A
A
A
A
U
U
U
B
U
U
U
U
A
U
A

35

CHEMICAL

RESISTANCE

CHART

GASKET

METALS

(CONT.)

A - Good Resistance
B - Moderate Resistance
U - Unsatisfactory
Media
Lye (Caustic)
Manganese Carbonate
Manganese Chloride
Mangnesium Carbonate
MaQnesiumChloride
Magnesium Hydroxide
Magnesium Nitrate
Magnesium Sulphate
Methylene Chloride
Mercuric Chloride
Mercury
Muriatic Acid
Nitric Acid-Diluted
Nitric Acid-Concentrated
Nitrous Acid
Nitrous Oxide
Oleic Acid
Oxalic Acid
Petroleum Oils-Crude
Phosphoric Acid
Picric Acid
Potassium Bromide
Potassium Carbonate
Potassium Chloride
Potassium Cvanide
Potassium Hydroxide
Potassium Sulphate
Sea Water
Sewage
Silver Nitrate
Soaps
Sodium Bicarbonate
Sodium Bisulphate
Sodium Bromide
Sodium Carbonate
Sodium Chloride
Sodium Hydroxide
Sodium Hyperchlorite
Sodium Nitrate
Sodium Peroxide
Sodium Phosphate
Sodium Silicate
Sodium Sulphate
Sodium Sulphide
Soy Bean Oil
Steam
Stearic Acid
Stannic Chloride
Sulphur Chloride
Sulphur Dioxide-Dry
Sulphuric Acid-<10%-Cold
Sulphuric Acid-<10%-Hot
Sulphuric Acid10-50%-Cold

Sulphuric Acid10-50%-Hot
Sulphuric Acid-Fuming
Sulphurous Acid
Sulphur-Molten
Tannic Acid
Tartaric Acid
Vinegar
Zinc Chloride
Zinc Sulphate

36

Alurni- Alloy
Hastel- Inconel Monel Nickel 304
nurn
20 Copper loy
600
400
200 5.5.
U
A
B
A
A
A
A
A
B
B
B
A
A
A
A
A
U
B
B
B
B
B
B
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
B
A
B
A
A
A
U
A
A
A
A
A
B
B
B
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
B
B
B
A
U
U
U
A
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
A
U
U
U
U
U
A
U
A
A
B
B
A
U
U
U
A
U
U
U
U
U
A
A
U
U
U
U
A
A
A
U
A
U
U
U
A
B
A
B
B
A
A
A
A
A
U
A
U
A
A
A
A
A
B
B
A
B
A
A
A
B
B
.B
A
A
A
U
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
B
A
B
B
B
U
A
A
C
A
U
U
U
A
B
B
B
A
A
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
A
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
B
B
A
U
A
U
A
B
B
B
A
U
A
U
A
B
A
A
B
B
B
A
A
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
B
B
A
B
B
A
U
A
U
B
B
A
U
U
B
A
B
A
A
A
A
A
B
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
B
A
B
A
B
B
B
A
B
A
A
A
B
B
B
A
B
B
B
B
A
A
A
A
A
A
B
A
A
A
A
A
A
U
A
B
A
A
A
A
U
B
U
A
U
U
U
B
A
A
A
A
A
B
B
A
A
A
B
B
B
B
A
A
A
A
A
A
B
B
B
A
B
A
A
A
B
A
A
A
A
A
B
B
B
A
U
A
U
A
B
B
B
A
A
A
A
B
A
A
A
B
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
B
B
B
A
U
A
U
A
B
B
B
A
U
A
A
A
B
B
U
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
B
A
B
A
U
B
B
U
U
B
U
A
U
B
U
U

'-'"

316
5.5.

410
5.5.

Steel

A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
U
U
A
U
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
U
A
B
U

B
A
A
U
A
A
U
U
A
U
A
A
A
B
A
B
A
A
A
A
U
A
A
A
A
A
U
A
A
A
B
A
A
U
U
U
U

A
B
A
B
A
B
U
A
U
U
U
B
B
U
A
U
A
B
B
A
A
B
A
B
B
U
A
B
U
B
A
A
A
U
A
B
B,
A
A
A
A
B
B
A
U
U

U
A
B
A
B
B
B
U
B

U
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A

U
U
U
U
A
A
B
B
A

A
A
A
A
A
A
A
B
A

U
U
U
A
B
B
A
B
B

U
U
U
U
B
B
A
B
B

U
U
U
U
B
B
A
B
B

U
A
U
A
A
A
A
U
A

U
A
B
A
A
A
A
U
A

U
U
A
A
U
A
U
A

U
B
A
A
U
U
B
B
B

'--'

'--'

METALS
SUGGESTED MAXIMUM SERVICE TEMPERATURES
TYPE

IN AIR

CONTINUOUS

'-'

SERVICE

C
538
760
1095
1150
760
815
925
705
815
649
815
427
260
260
1095
1095
871
815
760
260
1649
1095

Carbon 8teel
304 8.8.
309 8.8.
310 8.8.
316 8.8.
321 8.8.
347 8.8.
4108.8.
4308.8.
501 8.8.
Alloy 20
Aluminum
Brass
Copper
Hastelloy B & C@
Inconel 600@
Incolloy 800@
Monel@
Nickel
Phosphor Bronze
Tantalum
Titanium

OF
1000
1400
2000
2100
1400
1500
1700
1300
1500
1200
1500
800
500
500
2000
2000
1f~00
1500
1400
500
3000
2000

Note: Maximum temperature ratings are based upon hot air constant temperatures. The presence of contaminating fluids and cyclic
conditions may drastically affect the maximum temperature range.

"-'"

CHEMICAL RESISTANCE
VEGETABLE FIBER SHEET Vegetable

CHART

GLUE- GLYCERIN BINDER

fiber sheet is a tough, pliable and compressible

protein bonded

sheet that is suitable

for the
or

services listed below to a maximum temperature limit of 2500 F. For unusual concentrations,pressures
temperatures, further investigation is indicated.

'-'

Suitable for use with:

Acetone
Alcohol
Animal Fats & Oils
Benzene (Benzol)
Benzine (Gasoline)
Bunker Oil
Butane
Butyl Acetate
Carbon Dioxide
Carbon Tetrachloride
Cresol
Dibutyl Phthalate
DOP (Dioctyl Phthalate)
Dry Cleaning Fluid
Ether
Ethyl Acetate
Ethylene Glycol
Formaldehyde
Freon

Fuel Oil
Gas Illuminating
Gasoline
Greases
Hydrogen
Hydrogen Sulphide
Inerteen 70-30
Inks
Kerosene
Lacquers and Thinners
Lubricating Oil
Methyl Chloride (Refrigerant)
Methyl Ethyl Ketone (MEK)
Methyl Isobutyl Detone (MIBK)
Naphtha, Petroleum
Naphtha, Coal Tar
Paints
Petroleum
Prestone (Antifreeze)

Not suitable for use with:

Acids (Inorganic)
Alkalies
Hydrochloric Acid
Nitric Acid (Dilute)

Nitro Benzine
Oxygen
Silicate of Soda
Sulphuric Acid (Dilute)

Propylene Glycol
Pyranol A13B3B
Skydrol 500B
Skydrol 7000 Abs.
Soap
Sperry Oil
Sulphur Dioxide
Super VM&P Naphtha
Toluol
Transformer Oil
Trichloroethylene
Tricresyl Phosphate
Triethylene Glycol (Neutral Grade)
Turpentine
Varnish
Vegetable Oil
Water
Wood Alcohol
Xylol

37

SOFT SHEET GASKET SIZES PER ASME 816.21

GASKETDIMENSIONS FOR ASME/ANSI 816.5 CLASS 150 PIPE FLANGES
AND FLANGED
FullFaceGasket
Nominal
Flat
Gasket
Pipe
Ring
Size
10
00

FullFaceGasket

Nominal
Flat
No.of
Hole BoltCircle Pipe Gasket Ring
10
Holes Diameter Diameter Size
00

00

FITTINGS

No.of
Hole BoltCircle
Holes Diameter Diameter

00

1/2
3/4
1
1 1/4

0.84
1.06
1.31
1.66

1.88
2.25
2.62
3,00

3.50
3.88
4.25
4.63

4
4
4
4

0.62
0,62
0.62
0.62

2.38
2.75
3.12
3.50

8
10
12
14

8.62
10.75
12.75
14.00

11.00
13.38
16,13
17.75

13.50
16.00
19.00
21.00

8
12
12
12

0.88
1.00
1.00
1.12

11.75
14.25
17.00
18.75

1 1/2
2
2 1/2
3

1.91
2.38
2.88
3.50

3.38
4.12
4,88
5.38

5.00
6.00
7.00
7.50

4
4
4
4

0.62
0.75
0.75
0.75

3.88
4.75
5,50
6.00

16
18
20
24

16.00
18.00
20.00
24.00

20.25
21.62
23,88
28.25

23.50
25.00
27.50
32.00

16
16
20
20

1.12
1.25
1.25
1.38

21.25
22.75
25,00
29.50

3 1/2
4
5
6

4.00
4.50
5,56
6.62

6.38 8.50
6.88 9.00
7.75 10.00
8.75 11.00

8
8
8
8

0.75
0.75
0.88
0.88

7.00
7.50
8,50
9.50

FLAT RING GASKET DIMENSIONS FOR ASME/ANSI 816.5 PIPE

FLANGES AND FLANGED FITTINGS, CLASSES 300, 400, 600, AND 900

-..../

Gasket 00
NominalPipe
Size

Gasket
10

Class 300

Class 400

Class 600

Class 900

1/2
3/4
1
1 1/4

0.84
1.06
1.31
1.66

2.12
2.62
2.88
3.25

2.12
2.62
2.88
3.25

2.12
2.62
2.88
3.25

2.50
2.75
3.12
3.50

1 1/2
2
21/2
3

1.91
2.38
2.88
3.50

3.75
4.38
5.12
5.88

3.75
4.38
5.12
5.88

3.75
4.38
5.12
5.88

3.88
5.62
6.50
6.62

31/2
4
5
6

4.00
4.50
5.56
6.62

6.50
7.12
8.50
9.88

6.38
7.00
8.38
9.75

6.38
7.62
9.50
10.50

...
8.12
9.75
11.38

8
10
12
14

8.62
10.75
12.75
14.00

12.12
14.25

12.00

12.62

14.12

15.75

16.62

16.50

19.12

19.00

18.00
19.38

14.12
17.12
19.62
20.50

16
18

16.00
18.00

21.25
23.50

21.12
23.38

22.25
24.12

22.62
25.12

20
24

20.00
24.00

25.75
30.50

25.50
30.25

26.88
31.12

27.50
33.00

38

SOFT SHEET GASKET SIZES PER ASME 816.21 (CONT.)

FLAT RING GASKET DIMENSIONS
FOR ASME B16.47 SERIES A (OR MSS-SP-44)
LARGE DIAMETER STEEL FLANGES, CLASSES 150, 300, 400, AND 600

'-'

00
Nominal Pipe

Size

10

Class 150

Class 300

Class 400

Class 600

22 (1)
26
28
30

22.00
26.00
28.00
30.00

26.00
30.50
32.75
34.75

27.75
32.88
35.38
37.50

27.63
32.75
35.12
37.25

28.88
34.12
36.00
38.25

32
34
36
38

32.00
34.00
36.00
38.00

37.00
39.00
41.25
43.75

39.62
41.62
44.00
41.50

39.50
41.50
44.00
42.26

40.25
42.25
44.50
43.50

40
42
44
46

40.00
42.00
44.00
46.00

45.75
48.00
50.25
52.25

43.88
45.88
48.00
50.12

44.38*
46.38
48.50
50.75

45.50
48.00
50.00
52.26

48
50
52
54

48.00
50.00
52.00
54.00

54.50
56.50
58.75
61.00

52.12
54.25
56.25
58.75

53.00
55.25
57.26
59.75

54.75
57.00
59.00
61.25

56
58
60

56.00
58.00
60.00

63.25
65.50
67.50

60.75
62.75
64.75

61.75
63.75
66.25

63.50
65.50
67.75

GENERAL NOTE: Dimensions are in inches.

* Dimension as suggested by Lamons.
"'""NOTE: (1) NPS 22 for reference only. Size not listed in ASME 816.47.

FLAT RING GASKET DIMENSIONS FOR ASME B16.47 SERIES B (OR API 605)
LARGE DIAMETER STEEL FLANGES, CLASSES 75, 150, 300, 400 AND 600
00

..........

Nominal Pipe
Size

Gasket
10

Class 75

Class 150

Class 300

Class 400

Class 600

26
28
30
32

26.00
28.00
30.00
32.00

27.88
29.88
31.88
33.88

28.56
30.56
32.56
34.69

30.38
32.50
34.88
37.00

29.38
31.50
33.75
35.88

30.12
32.25
34.62
36.75

34
36
38
40

34.00
36.00
38.00
40.00

35.88
38.31
40.31
42.31

36.81
38.88
41.12
43.12

39.12
41.25
43.25
45.25

37.88
40.25

39.25
41.25

42
44
46
48

42.00
44.00
46.00
48.00

44.31
46.50
48.50
50.50

45.12
47.12
49.44
51.44

47.25
49.25
51.88
53.88

50
52
54
56

50.00
52.00
54.00
56.00

52.50
54.62
56.62
58.88

53.44
55.44
57.62
59.62

55.88
57.88
60.25*
62.75

58
60

58.00
60.00

60.88
62.88

62.19
64.19

65.19
67.12

GENERALNOTE: Dimensions are in inches.

* Dimension as suggested by Lamons.
39

GRAFOIL@

CHEMICAL

SERVICE

RECOMMENDATION

Chemical Reagent
ACIDS

Acetic acid
Acetic anhydride
Arsenic Acid
Boric acid
Carbonic Acid
Chromium trioxide, aq. soln.
Citric acid
Formic acid
Hydrobromic acid
Hydrochloric acid
Hydrofluosilicic acid
Hydrogen chloride
Hydrogen sulfide-water
Lactic acid
Monochloracetic acid
Nitric acid
Nitric acid
Nitric acid
Oleic acid
Oxalic acid
Phosphoric acid
Stearic acid
Sulfur dioxide
Sulfuric acid
Sulfuric acid
Sulfuric acid
Sulfuric acid
Sulfuric acid
Sulfurous acid
Tartaric acid

ALKALIES

Ammonium hydroxide
Monoethanolamine
Sodium hydroxide

SALTSOLUTIONS

Alum
Aluminum chloride
Ammonium bifluoride
Ammonium bisulfate
Ammonium sulfate
Ammonium thiocyanate
Arsenic trichloride
Calcium chlorate
Calcium hypochlorite
Copper sulfate
Cupric chloride
Ferric chloride
Ferrous chloride
Ferrous sulfate
Manganous sulfate
Nickel chloride
Nickel sulfate
Phosphorous trichloride
Sodium chloride
Sodium chlorite
Sodium hypochlorite
Stannic chloride
Sulfur monochloride
Zinc ammonium chloride
Zinc chloride
Zinc sulfate

40

CHART

Concentration
Per Cent

Fluid Temp.
up to of

All
All
All
All
All
0 - 10
All
All
All
All
0 - 20
All
All
All
All
0 - 10
10 - 20
Over 20
All
All
0 - 85
All
All
0 - 70
71 - 85
86 - 90
91 - 95
Over 95
All
All

All
All
All
All
All
200
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
185
140
100
All
All
All
All
All
All
338
300
160
Not Rec.
All
All

All
All
All

All
All
All

All
All
All
All
All
0 - 63
All
0 - 10
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
0-4
0 - 25
All
All
All
All
All

All
All
All
All
All
All
All
140
90
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
Room
Room
All
All
All
All
All

-....J

"-'

-...J

GRAFOIL@
CHEMICAL

SERVICE

RECOMMENDATION
'-"
HALOGENS,AIR, WATER

Chemical Reagent
Air
Bromine
Bromine water
Chlorine-dry
Chlorine dioxide
Chlorine water
Fluorine
Iodine
Steam
Water

HEAT TRANSFER FLUIDS

"Dowtherm" (all types)

Petroleum-oil based
"Therminol" (all types)
"Ucon:' (all types)

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

Acetone
Amyl alcohol
Aniline
Aniline hydrochloride
, 'Au reomyci

,",

'-"

n"

Benzene
Benzene hexachloride
Benzyl sulfonic acid
Butyl alcohol
Butyl "Cellosolve"
Carbon tetrachloride
"Cellosolve" solvent
Chloral hydrate
"Chlorethylbenzene"
Chloroform
"Deoxidine"
Dichloropropionic acid
Diethanolamine
Dioxane
Ethyl alcohol
Ethyl chloride
Ethylene chlorohydrin
Ethylene dibromide
Ethylene dichloride
Ethyl mercaptan-water
Fatty acids
Folic acid
Refrigerants 11 and 12
Gasoline
Glycerine
Isopropyl acetate
Isopropyl alcohol
Isopropyl ether
Kerosene
Mannitol
Methyl alcohol
Methyl isobutyl ketone
Monochlorbenzene
Monovinyl acetate
Octyl alcohol
Paradichlorbenzene
Paraldehyde
Tetrachlorothane, sym.
Trichlorethylene
Xylene

CHART

(CONT.)

Concentration
Per Cent
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
All

Fluid Temp.
Up to OF
850
Room
Room
All
158
Room
300
Room
1200
All

All
All
All
All

All
All
All
All

All
All
All
0 - 60
All
All
All
60
All
All
All
All
All
All
All

All
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
140
338
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
All

90 - 100
All
All
All
All
0 -8
All
All
Saturated
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
All

41

. --

GRAFOIL@
CHEMICAL
SERVICE
RECOMMENDATION
CHART
MIXTURES

(CONT.)

Concentration
Per Cent

Chemical Reagent

All
Acidified starch ,solutions
Amino acid plus hydrochloric and
sulfuric acids
Ammonium persulfate plus
Over 20
sulfuric acid
All
Anodizing solutions
All
Butyl acrylate plus acrylic acid
30
Calcium chloride
10
plus calcium chlorate
All
Chlorinated ethyl alcohols
All
Chrome plating solutions
Cresylic acid plus sulfuric acid
Electropolishing solutions (sulfuric
All
plus phosphoric acids)
Over
20
Hydrochloric acid
All
sat. with chlorine
All
Nickel plating solns. (chloride)
All
Nickel plating solns. (sulfate)
15
Nitric acid plus
5
hydrofluoric acid
All
"Parkerizing" solution
All
Rayon spin bath
25
Sodium hypochlorite plus sodium hydroxide
96
Sulfuric acid plus
.03
nitric acid

TYPICAL
TYPICAL MATERIAL
PROPERTIES

TYPICAL PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES

TYPICAL THERMAL
PROPERTIES

42

--

GRAFOIL@

SHEET

Density
Leachable Chloride Content-Maximum
Industrial Grades
Premium (Nuclear) Grades
Carbon Content-Minimum
Industrial Grades
Premium (Nuclear) Grades
Compressibility (ASTM F-36)
Recovery(ASTMF-36)
Creep Relaxation (ASTM F-38)
Sealability (ASTM F-37)
TensileStrength Along Length & Width
Coefficient of Friction Against Steel
@ 4 psi (.03 MPa)
@ 8 psi (.07 MPa)
@ 12 psi (.08 MPa)

Fluid Temp.
Up to of
All

All
Room
All
All
140
All
Room
All
140
All
All
All
140
All
All
200
Not Rec.

PROPERTIES

'-'

70 Ib/fP
100 ppm
50 ppm
95.0%
99.5%
40%
20%
<5%
<0.5 ml/hr
900 psi
.018
.052
.157

Functional/TemperatureRange
-400 to 5400oF
Neutral or Reducing Atmosphere
-400 to 850oF*
Oxidizing Atmosphere Standard Grades
-400 to 975F*
Oxidation Resistant Grades GT"'J and GT'M
K
Thermal Conductivity
Along Length & Width
960BTU-in/ft2.H.oF
Through Thickness
36BTU-in/ft2.H.of
* The fluid temperature in an oxidizing atmosphere may considerably exceed the indicated temperature without oxidation of the GRAFOIL@providing that the bulk temperature of the GRAFOIL@gasket is below these
temperatures or that the fluid being handled does not come into direct
contact with the graphite. EXAMPLE: a metal spiralwound gasket with a
GRAFOIL@filler material.

'-'

Diam.

Area
.00076

Diam.
8

Cire.
25.13

Area
50.265

Diam.
17

Cire.
53.40

Area
226.98

.1963
.3926
.5890
.7854
.9817
1.178
1.374

.00306
.01227
.02761
.04908
.07669
.1104
.1503

V8
V4
3/8
V2
5/8
3/4
\18

25.52
25.91
26.31
26.70
27.09
27.47
27.88

51.848
53.456
55.088
56.745
58.426
60.132
61.862

V8
V4
3/8
'/2
5/8
3f4
\18

53.79
54.19
54.58
54.97
55.37
55.76
56.16

5/8
11/,6
3f4
13/,6
\la
15/'6

1.570
1.767
1.963
2.159
2.356
2.552
2.748
2.945

.1963
.2485
.3097
.3712
.4417
.5184
.6013
.6902

9
V8
V4
3/a
V2
5/8
3/4
7/8

28.27
28.66
29.05
29.45
29.84
30.23
30.63
31.02

63.617
65.396
67.200
69.029
70.882
72.759
74.662
76.588

18
V8
V4
3/a
V2
5/a
3/4
\la

1
Va
V4
3/8
V2
5/8
3f4
\18

3.141
3.534
3.927
4.319
4.712
5.105
5.497
5.890

.7854
.9940
1.227
1.484
1.767
2.073
2.405
2.761

10
Va
V4
3/8
V2
5/a
3/4
7/a

31.41
31.80
32.20
32.59
32.98
33.37
33.77
34.16

78.539
80.515
82.516
84.540
86.590
88.664
90.762
92.885

2
Va
V4
3/a
V2

6.283
6.675
7.068
7.461
7.854
8.246
8.639
9.032

3.141
3.546
3.976
4.430
4.908
5.411
5.939
6.491

11
V8
V4
3/8
V2
5/8
3/4
\la

34.55
34.95
35.34
35.73
36.12
36.52
36.91
37.30

\18

9.424
9.817
10.21
10.60
10.99
11.38
11.78
12.17

7.068
7.669
8.295
8.946
9.621
10.320
11 .044
11.793

12
V8
V4
3/8
V2
0/8
3f4
7/8

4
V8
V4
3/S
V2
5/a
3f4
7/a

12.65
12.95
13.35
13.74
14.13
14.52
14.92
15.31

12.566
13.364
14.186
15.033
15.904
16.800
17.720
18.665

5
V8
V4
3fa
V2
5/8
\la

15.70
16.10
16.49
16.88
17.27
17.:.7
18.06
18.45

6
V8
V4
3fa
V2
5/8
3/4
7/S
7
Va
V4
3/a
V2
5/8
3/4
\Is

1/16

V8
3/,6
V4
5/,6
3/8
7/,6
V2

5/8

3f4
\18
3
V8
V4
3/8
V2'
5/a
3f4

3/4

'-'

AND AREAS OF CIRCLES

Cire.
.0981

1132

9/16

'-'

CIRCUMFERENCES

Diam.
26

Cire.
81.68

Area
530.93

Diam.
35

Cire.
109.9

Area
962.11

230.33
233.70
237.10
240.52
243.97
247.45
250.94

Va
V4
3/8
V2
5/8
3/4
7/8

82.07
82.46
82.85
83.25
83.64
84.03
84.43

536.04
541.18
546.35
551.54
556.76
562.00
567.26

V8
V4
3/8
V2
5/8
3/4
7/8

110.3
110.7
111.1
111.5
111.9
112.3
112.7

968.99
975.90
982.84
989.80
996.78
1003.7
1010.8

56.54
56.94
57.33
57.72
58.11
58.51
58.90
59.29

254.46
258.01
261.58
265.18
268.80
272.44
276.1-1
279.81

27
V8
V4
3/a
V2
5/8
3/4
\/a

84.82
85.21
85.60
86.00
86.39
86.78
87.17
87.57

572.55
577.87
583.20
588.57
593.95
599.37
604.80
610.26

36
V8
V4
3/a
V2
5/8
3f4
\18

113.0
113.4
113.8
114.2
114.6
115.0
115.4
115.8

1017.8
1024.9
1032.0
1039.1
1049.3
1053.5
1060.7
1067.9

19
V8
V4
3/8
V2
5/8
3/4
\/8

59.69
60.08
60.47
60.86
61.26
61.65
62.04
62.43

283.52
287.27
291.03
294.83
298.64
302.48
306.35
310.24

28
V8
V4
3/8
V2
5/8
3f4
\18

87.96
88.35
88.75
89.14
89.53
89.92
90.32
90.71

615.75
621.26
626.79
632.35
637.94
643.54
649.18
654.83

37
V8
V4
3/a
V2
5/8
3/4
\la

116.2
116.6
117.0
117.4
117.8
118.2
118.6
118.9

1075.2
1082.4
1089.7
1097.1
1104.4
1111.8
1119.2
1126.6

95.033
97.205
99.402
101.62
103.86
106.13
108.43
11 0.75

20
Va
V4
3/8
V2
5/8
3/4
\la

62.83
63.22
63.61
64.01
64.40
64.79
65.18
65.58

314.16
318.09
322.06
326.05
330.06
334.10
338.16
342.25

29
Va
V4
3/8
V2
5/8
3f4
\la

91.10
91 .49
91.89
92.23
92.67
93.06
93.46
93.85

660.52
666.22
671.95
677.71
683.49
689.29
695.12
700.98

38
Va
V4
3/8
V2
5/a
3/4
\la

119.3
119.7
120.1
120.5
120.9
121.3
121.7
122.1

1134.1
1141.5
1149.0
1156.6
1164.1
1171.7
1179.3
1186.9

37.69
38.09
38.48
38.87
39.27
39.66
40.05
40.44

113.00
115.46
117.85
120.27
122.71
125.18
127.67
130.19

21
V8
V4
3/8
V2
5/8
3/4
\18

65.97
66.36
66.75
67.15
67.54
67.93
63.32
68.72

346.36
350.49
354.65
358.84
363.05
367.28
371 .54
375.82

30
V8
V4
3/a
V2
5/a
3/4
7/a

94.24
94.64
95.03
95.42
95.81
96.21
96.60
96.99

706.86
712.76
718.69
724.64
730.61
736.61
742.64
748.69

39
V8
V4
3/8
V2
5/8
3/4
7/8

122.5
122.9
123.3
123.7
124.0
124.4
124.8
125.2

1194.5
1202.2
1209.9
1217.6
1225.4
1233.1
1240.9
1248.7

13
V8
V4
3/8
V2
5/8
3/4
\Is

40.84
41.23
41.62
42.01
42.41
42.80
43.19
43.58

132.73
135.29
137.88
140.50
143.13
145.80
148.48
151.20

22
Va
V4
3/a
V2
5/8
3/4
\la

69.11
69.50
69.90
70.29
70.68
71.07
71.47
71.86

380.13
384.46
388.82
393.20
397.60
402.03
406.49
410.97

31
V8
V4
3/a
V2
5/8
3/4
\18

97.38
97.78
98.17
98.56
98.96
99.35
99.74
100.1

754.76
760.86
766.99
773.14
779.31
785.51
791.73
797.97

40
V8
V4
3/8
V2
5/8
3/4
\Is

125.6
126.0
126.4
126.8
127.2
127.6
128.0
128.4

1256.6
1264.5
1272.3
1280.3
1288.2
1291.2
1304.2
1312.2

19.635
20.629
21.647
22.690
23.758
24.850
25.967
27.108

14
V8
V4
3/8
V2
5/a
3f4
\la

43.98
44.37
44.76
45.16
45.55
45.94
46.33
46.73

153.92
156.69
159.48
162.29
165.13
167.98
170.87
173.78

23
V8
V4
3/8
V2
5/8
3/4
7/a

72.25
72.64
73.04
73.43
73.82
74.21
74.61
75.00

415.47
420.00
424.55
429.13
433.73
438.30
443.01
447.69

32
V8
V4
3/a
V2
5/8
3/4
\/8

100.5
100.9
101.3
101.7
102.1
102.4
102.8
103.2

804.24
810.45
816.86
823.21
829.57
835.97
842.39
848.83

41
V8
V4
3/a
V2
5/8
3/4
\la

128.8
129.1
129.5
129.9
130.3
130.7
131.1
131.5

1320.2
1328.3
1336.4
1344.5
1352.6
1360.8
1369.0
1377.2

18.84
19.24
19.63
20.02
20.42
20.81
21.20
21.57

28.274
29.464
30.679
31.919
33.183
34.471
35.784
37.122

15
V8
V4
3/S
V2
5/a
3f4
\/a

47.12
47.51
47.90
48.30
48.69
49.08
49.48
49.87

176.71
179.67
182.72
185.66
188.69
191 .74
194.82
197.73

24
Va
V4
3/8
V2
5/8
\Is

75.39
75.79
76.18
76.57
76.96
77.36
77.75
78.14

452.39
475.11
461.86
466.63
471.43
476.25
481.10
485.97

33
V8
V4
3/S
V2
5/8
3f4
\Is

103.6
104.0
104.4
104.8
105.2
105.6
106.0
106.4

855.30
861.79
868.30
874.88
881.41
888.00
894.61
901.25

42
Vs
V4
3/a
V2
5/8
3/4
\Is

131.9
132.3
132.7
133.1
133.5
133.9
134.3
134.6

1385.4
1393.7
1401.9
1410.2
1418.6
1426.9
1435.3
1443.7

21.90
22.38
22.77
23.16
23.56
23.95
24.34
24.74

38.484
39.871
41.282
42.718
44.178
45.663
47.173
48.707

16
Vs
V4
3fs
V2
5/S
3f4
\18

50.26
50.65
51.05
51.44
51.83
52.22
52.62
53.01

201 .06
204.21
207.39
210.59
213.82
217.07
220.35
223.65

25
Vs
V4
3/a
V2
5/a
3f4
\18

78.54
78.93
79.32
79.71
80.10
80.50
80.89
81.28

490.87
495.79
500.74
505.71
510.70
515.72
520.70
525.83

34
Va
V4
3/a
V2
5/S
3f4
7/8

106.8
107.2
107.5
107.9
108.3
108.7
109.1
109.5

907.92
914.61
921 .32
928.06
934.82
941.60
948.41
955.25

43
Va
V4
3/8
V2
5/8
3f4
7/8

135.0
135.4
135.8
136.2
136.6
137.0
137.4
137.8

1452.2
1460.6
1469.1
1477.6
1486.1
1494.7
1503.3
1511.9

3f4

43

CIRCUMFERENCES

44

AND AREAS
Diam.

Cire.

Area

2206.1
2216.6
2227.0
2237.5
2248.0
2258.5
2269.0
2279.6

62
Va
%
3/a
V2
5/B
3/4
'l'a

194.7
195.1
195.5
195.9
196.3
196.7
197.1
197.5

169.6
170.0
170.4
170.8
171.2
171.6
172.0
172.3

2290.2
2300.8
2311.4
2322.1
2332.8
2343.5
2354.2
2365.0

63
VB
%
3/B
112
5/a
3f4
'l'8

55
1Ia
V4
3/8
VL
5/B
3f4
7/B

172.7
173.1
173.5
173.9
174.3
174.7
175.1
175.5

2375.8
2386.6
2397.4
2408.3
2419.2
2430.1
2441.0
2452.0

1734.9
1744.1
1753.4
1762.7
1772.0
1781.3
1790.7
1800.1

56
Va
%
3/B
112
5/B
3/4
'l'B

175.9
176.3
176.7
177.1
177.5
177.8
178.2
178.6

150.7
151.1
151.5
151.9
152.3
152.7
153.1
153.5

1809.5
1818.9
1828.4
1837.9
1847.4
1856.9
1866.5
1876.1

57
VB
V4
3/B
112
5fs
3f4
7/B

49
VB

153.9
154.3

1885.7
1895.3

%
3/B
V2
5/B
3/4
7/B

154.7
155.1
155.5
155.9
156.2
156.6

50
Va
V4
3/B
V2
5/B
3/4
'l'a

OF CIRCLES

(CONT.)

Diam.

Cire.

Area

3019.0
3031.2
3043.4
3055.7
3067.9
3080.2
3092.5
3104.8

71
VB
%
3/B
V2
5/B
3/4
7/a

223.0
223.4
223.8
224.2
224.6
225.0
225.4
255.8

197.9
198.3
198.7
199.0
199.4
199.8
200.2
200.6

3117.2
3129.6
3.142.0
3144.4
3166.9
3179.4
3191.9
3204.4

72
Va
%
3/a
V2
5/a
3f4
7/B

64
Va
%
3/B
V2
5fs
3/4
7/B

201.0
201.4
201.8
202.2
202.6
203.0
203.4
203.8

3216.9
3229.5
3242.1
3254.8
3267.4
3280.1
3292.8
3305.5

2463.0
2474.0
2485.0
2496.1
2507.1
2518.2
2529.4
2540.5

65
1Ia
%
3/B
'/2
5/B
3/4
7/B

204.2
204.5
204.9
205.3
205.7
206.1
206.5
206.9

179.0
179.4
179.8
180.2
180.6
181.0
181.4
181.8

2551.7
2562.9
2574.1
2585.4
2596.7
2608.0
2619.3
2630.7

66
Va
V4
3/B
V2
5/B
3/4
7/B

58
Va

182.2
182.6

2642.0
2653.4

1905.0
1914.7
1924.4
1934.1
1943.9
1953.6

%
3/B
V2
5/B
3f4
7/B

182.9
183.3
183.7
184.1
184.5
184.9

157.0
157.4
157.8
158.2
158.6
159.0
159.4
159.8

1963.5
1973.3
1983.1
1993.0
2002.9
2012.8
2022.8
2032.8

59
Va
V4
3/B
V2
5/B
3f4
7/a

51
VB

160.2
160.6

2042.8
2052.8

%
3/B
'/2
5/B
3f4
7/B

161.0
161.3
161.7
162.1
162.5
162.9

52
Va
%
3/B
112
5/8
3/4
'l'8

163.3
163.7
164.1
164.5
164.9
165.3
165.7
166.1

Diam.

Diam.

Cire.

Area

3959.2
2973.1
3987.1
4001.1
4015.1
4029.2
4043.2
4067.3

84
%
V2
3/4

263.8
264.6
265.4
226.2

5541.7
5574.8
5607.9
5641.1

85
%
V2
3f4

267.0
267.8
268.6
269.3

5674.5
5707.9
5741.4
5775.0

226.1
226.5
226.9
227.3
227.7
228.1
228.5
228.9

4071 .5
4085.6
4099.8
4114.0
4128.2
4142.5
4156.7
4171.0

86
%
V2
3f4

270.1
270.9
271.7
272.5

5808.8
5842.6
5876.5
5910.5

87
%
'/2
3/4

273.3
274.1
274.8
275.6

5944.6
5978.9
6013.2
6047.6

73
VB
V4
3/B
V2
5/a
3f4
7/a

229.3
229.7
230.1
230.5
230.9
231.3
231.6
232.0

4185.3
4199.7
4214.1
4228.5
4242.9
4257.3
4271.8
4286.3

88
%
V2
3/4

276.4
277.2
278.0
278.8

6082.1
6116.7
6151.4
6186.2

89
V4
V2
3/4

279.6
280.3
281.1
281.9

622.11
6256.1
6291.2
6326.4

3318.3
3331.0
3343.8
3356.7
3369.5
3382.4
3395.3
3408.2

74
VB
V4
3/B
V2
5fs
3f4
'l'B

. 232.4
232.8
233.2
233.6
234.0
234.4
234.8
235.2

4300.8
4315.3
4329.9
4344.5
4359.1
4378.8
4388.4
4403.1

90
V4
V2
3/4

282.7
283.5
284.3
285.1

6361.7
6397.1
6432.6
6468.2

207.3
207.7
208.1
208.5
208.9
209.3
209.7
210.0

3421 .2
3434.1
3447.1
3460.1
3473.2
3486.3
3499.3
3512.5

75
V4
V2
3f4

235.6
236.4
237.1
237.9

4417.8
4447.3
4476.9
4506.6

91
V4
112
3/4

285.8
286.6
287.4
288.2

6503.8
6539.6
6575.5
6611.5

92
%
'/2
3/4

289.0
289.8
290.5
291.3

6647.6
6683.8
6720.0
6756.4

76
V4
112
3/4

238.7
239.5
240.3
241.1

4536.4
4566.3
4596.3
4626.4

67
1IB

210.4
210.9

3525.6
3538.8

93
V4
112
3/4

292.1
292.9
293.7
294.5

6792.0
6829.4
6866.1
6902.9

2664.9
2676.3
2687.8
2690.3
2710.8
2722.4

%
3/B
V2
5/B
3/4
7/B

211.2
211.6
212.0
212.4
212.8
213.2

3552.0
3565.2
3578.4
3591.7
3605.0
3618.3

77
%
V2
3f4

241.9
242.6
243.4
244.2

4666.6
4686.9
4717.3
4747.7

94
%
112
3/4

295.3
296.0
296.8
297.6

6939.7
6976.7
7013.8
7050.9

185.3
185.7
186.1
186.5
186.9
187.3
187.7
188.1

2733.9
2745.5
2757.1
2768.8
2780.5
2792.2
2803.9
2815.6

68
Va
%
3/B
V2
5/B
3/4
'l'B

213.6
214.0
214.4
214.8
215.1
215.5
215.9
216.3

3631.6
3645.0
3658.4
3671.8
3685.2
3698.7
3712.2
3725.7

78
%
V2

245.0
245.8
246.6

4778.3
4809.0
4839.8

95
%
V2

298.4
299.2
300.0

7088.2
7125.5
7163.0

3/4

247.4

4870.7

3f4

300.8

7200.5

79
%
V2
3/4

248.1
248.9
249.7
250.5

4901.6
4932.7
4963.9
4995.1

96
V4
V2
3f4

301.5
302.3
303.1
303.9

7238.2
7275.9
7313.8
7341.7

60
1IB

188.4
188.8

2827.4
2839.2

69
Va

216.7
217.1

3739.2
3752.8

80
%
V2
3f4

251.3
252.1
252.8
253.6

5026.5
5058.0
5089.5
5121.2

97
V4
V2
3/4

304.7
305.5
306.3
307.0

2062.9
2072.9
2083.0
2093.2
2103.3
2113.5

%
3/B
112
5/B
3f4
7/B

189.2
189.6
190.0
190.4
190.8
191.2

2851.0
2862.8
2874.7
2886.6
2898.5
2910.5

V4
3/B
112
5fs
3/4
7/B

7389.8
7427.9
7466.2
7504.4

217.5
217.9
218.3
218.7
219.1
219.5

3766.4
3780.0
3793.6
3807.3
3821.0
3834.7

81
V4
112
3/4

254.4
255.2
256.0
256.8

5153.0
5184.8
5216.8
5248.8

98
%
'/2
3/4

307.8
308.6
309.4
310.2

7542.9
7581.5
7620.1
7658.8

2123.7
2133.9
2144.1
2154.4
2164.7
2175.0
2185.4
2195.7

61
Va
%
3/B
112
5/8
3f4
'l'a

191.6
192.0
192.4
192.8
193.2
193.6
193.9
194.3

2922.4
2934.4
2946.4
2958.5
2970.5
2982.6
2994.6
3006.9

70
V8
V4
3/B
112
5/8
3/4
'l'a

219.9
220.3
220.6
221.0
221 .4
221.8
222.2
222.6

3848.4
3862.2
3875.9
3889.8
3903.6
3917.4
3931.3
3945.2

82
V4
112
3f4

257.6
258.3
259.1
259.9

5281.0
5313.2
5345.6
5378.0

99
V4
V2
3/4

311.0
311.8
312.5
313.3

7697.7
7736.6
7775.6
7814.7

83
'/4
V2
3f4

260.7
261.5
262.3
263.1

5410.6
5443.2
5476.0
5508.8

100
%
V2
3f4

314.1
314.9
315.7
316.4

7853.0
7893.3
7932.7
7972.2

Cire.

Area

Diam.

Cire.

Area

44
Va
%
3/B
'/2
5/a
3/4
7/B

138.2
138.6
139.0
139.4
139.8
140.1
140.5
140.9

1520.5
1529.1
1537.8
1546.5
1555.2
1564.0
1572.8
1581.6

53
1IB
%
3/B
V2
5/a
3f4
7/a

166.5
166.8
167.2
167.6
168.0
168.4
168.8
169.2

45
Va
%
3/B
112
5/a
3f4
7/B

141.3
141.7
142.1
142.5
142.9
143.3
143.7
144.1

1590.4
1599.2
1608.1
1617.0
1625.9
1634.9
1643.8
1652.8

54
Va
%
3/a
V2
5/8
3f4
7/8

46
VB
%
3/B
V2
5/a
3/4
7/B

144.5
144.9
145.2
145.6
146.0
146.4
146.8
147.2

1661.9
1670.9
1680.0
1689.1
1698.2
1707.3
1716.5
1725.7

47
Va
V4
3/B
112
5/a
3f4
7/B

147.6
148.0
148.4
148.8
149.2
149.6
150.0
150.4

48
VB
%
3/B
V2
5/B
3/4
7/B

'-'

...J

TORQUE REQUIRED TO PRODUCE

BOLT STRESS

........

The torque or turning effort requiredto produce a certain

stress in bolting is dependent upon a number of conditions, some of which are:
1. Diameter of bolt.
2. Type and number of threads on bolt.
3. Material of bolt.
4. Condition of nut bearing surfaces.
5. Lubrication of bolt threads and nut bearing surfaces.

The tables below reflect the results of many tests to

determine the relation between torque and bolt stress.
Values are based on steel bolting well lubricated with a
heavy graphite and oil mixture.
It was found that a non-lubricated bolt has an efficiency of about 50 percent of a well lubricated bolt and
also that different lubricants produce results varying
between the limits of 50 and 100 percent of the tabulated
stress figures.

Data for Use with Machine Bolts and Cold Rolled Steel Stud Bolts

Load inPounds on Bolts and Stud Bolts wh~n Torque Loads Are Applied
NOMINAL
DIAMETER
OF BOLT
(Inches)
%

(Per Inch)
20

(Inches)

5/16

18
16
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
7
6
6
5V2
5
5
4V2

.240
.294
.345
.400
.454
.507
.620
.731
.838
.939
1.064
1.158
1.283
1.389
1.490
1.615
1.711

3/8
7/16

V2
9/16

\...;

NUMBER DIAMETER
AREA
OF
AT ROOT
AT ROOT
THREADS OF THREAD OF THREAD

5/8
3/4
\18
1
1V8
1%
13/8
1V2
1%
13/4
1\18
2

.185

ISo. Inch)
.027

.045
.068
.093
.126
.162
.202
.302
.419
.551
.693
.890
1.054
1.294
1.515
1.744
2.049
2.300

7,500 PSI
Torque
Ft. Lbs.
1

2
3
5
8
12
15
25
40
62
98
137
183
219
300
390
525
563

Com pression, Lbs.

203

338
510
698
945
1215
1515
2265
3143
4133
5190
6675
7905
9705
11363
13080
15368
17250

STRESS
15,000 PSI
Torque
Ft. Lbs.
2

4
6
10
15
23 .
30
50
80
123
195
273
365
437
600
775
1050
1125

30,000 PSI

Compression, Lbs.
405

Torque
Ft. Lbs.

675
1020
1395
1890
2430
3030
4530
6285
8265
10380
13350
15810
19410
22725
26160
30735
34500

8
12
20
30
45
60
100
160
245
390
545
730
875
1200
1550
2100
2250

Compression, Lbs.
810

1350
2040
2790
3780
4860
6060
9060
12570
16530
20760
26700
31620
38820
45450
52320
61470
69000

Data for Use with Alloy Steel Stud Bolts

Load inPounds on Stud Bolts when Torque Loads Are Applied

NOMINAL
DIAMETER
OF STUD

STRESS
30,000 PSI
Torque
Ft. Lbs.

(Inches)

IPer Inch)

20

.185

.027

5/16

18
16
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8

.240
.294
.345
.400
.454
.507
.620
.731
.838
.963
1.088
1.213
1.338
1.463
1.588
1.713
1.838
2.088
2.338
2.588
2.838

.045
.068
.093
.126
.162
.202
.302
.419
.551
.728
.929
1.155
1.405
1.680
1.980
2.304
2.652
3.423
4.292
5.259
6.324

8
12
20
30
45
60
100
160
245
355
500
680
800
1100
1500
2000
2200
3180
4400
5920
7720

3/8
7/16

V2
9/16

'-'"

NUMBER DIAMETER
AREA
OF
AT ROOT
AT ROOT
THREADS OF THREAD OF THREAD

5/8
3/4
\18
1
1V8
1%
13/8
11/2
15/8
13/4
1\18
2
2%
2V2
23/4
3

(Inches)

ISa. Inch)

45,000 PSI

Compression, Lbs.
810

Torque
Ft. Lbs.

1350
2040
2790
3780
4860
6060
9060
12570
16530
21840
27870
34650
42150
50400
59400
69120
79560
102690
128760
157770
189720

12
18
30
45
68
90
150
240
368
533
750
1020
1200
1650
2250
3000
3300
4770
6600
8880
11580

60,000 PSI

Compression, Lbs.
1215

Torque
Ft. Lbs.

2025
3060
4185
5670
7290
9090
13590
18855
24795
32760
41805
51975
63225
75600
89100
103680
119340
154035
193140
236655
284580

16
24
40
60
90
120
200
320
490
710
1000
1360
1600
2200
3000
4000
4400
6360
8800
11 840
15440

Compression, Lbs.
1620

2700
4080
5580
7560
9720
12120
18120
25140
33060
43680
55740
69300
84300
100800
11 8800
138240
159120
205380
257520
315540
379440

45

Bolting Materials
ASTM

A325

A354

BB
BC

Notes

-20to
650

700

(1)

750

800

850

900

950

1000

1050

1100

BD

(2)(3)
(2)(3)
(2)(3)
(2)(3)

18,750
18,750
20,000
20,000

17,200
17,200
18,400
18,400

15,650
15,650
16,750
16,750

B7
B5
B14
B16

(2)(3)
(2)(3)
(2)(3)
(2)(3)

20,000
20,000

20,000
20,000

20,000
20,000

20,000
20,000

20,000
20,000

20,000
20,000

ASTM
- A193
- Grade
B6
B8
B8C
B8T

Table 1

Maximum Allowable Stress Valus (psi) For Metal Temperatures Not Exceeding Deg. F

Specification
Number
Grade
B
A307

A193

Stress

* (UCS-, UHA-, UNF-23)

20,000
20,000
20,000
20,000

16,250
17,250
18,750
18,750

12,500
13,750

8,500
10,300

4,500
7,300

4,800

2,750

16,650
16,650

14,250
14,250

11,000
11,000

6,250
6,250

2,750
2,750

Maximum Allowable Stress Values (psi) For Metal Temperatures Not Exceeding Deg. F
-. Notes

(2)
(2)(4)(5)
(2)(4)(5)
(2)(4)(5)

B6

(2)
B8
(2)(4)(5)
B8C (2)(4)(5)
B8T (2)(4)(5)
ASTM A320
Grade
L7, L9, L10
B8F

-20 to
100

200

300

400

500

600

650

700

750

800

850

900

20,000
15,000
15,000
15,000

19,300
13,300
15,000
15,000

18,700
12,000
13,600
13,600

18,300
10,900
12,650
12,650

17,850
10,000
12,200
12,200

17,000
9,300
11,900
11,900

16,500
8,950
11,850
11,850

15,750
8,650
11,800
11,800

14,900
8,300
11,750
11,750

13,800
8,000
11,650
11,650

12,500
7,750
11,450
11,450

11,000
7,500
11,300
11,300

950
-

1000
-

1050
-

1400

1450

1500

7,250
11,100
11,100

7,050
10,800
10,800

6,800
10,500
10,500

For Metal Temperatures Not Exceeding Deg. F

1100
1150
1200
1250
1300
1350
6,300
10,000
10,000

5,750
8,000
8,000

4,500
5,000
5,000

3,250
3,600
3,600

2,450
2,700
2,700

1,800
2,000
2,000

1,400
1,550
1,550

1,000
1,200
1,200

.-

750
1,000
1,000

Notes
(2)(6)
(2)(4)(7)

These materials are for low temperature service. Tensile range given in Materials Table 2 (page 6),
is based on bolt diameter. Refer to ASTM Specification A320 for details.
(1) Not permitted above 450F; allowable stress value 7,000 psi. (Table
strength, or 25% of the specified yield strength. (Table UCS-23.)
(4) These stress values permitted for material that has been carbideUCS-23.)
solution treated. (Table UHA-23.)
(2) These stress values are established from a consideration
of
(5) These stress values apply only when the carbon is 0.04% or
strength only and will be satisfactory for average service. For
higher. Table UHA-23.)
bolted joints, where freedom from leakage over a long period of
(6) For temperatures below 400F, stress values equal to 20% of
time without retightening is required, lower stress values may be
necessary as determined from the relative flexibility of the flange
the specified minimum tensile strength will be permitted. (Table
UCS-23.)
and bolts, and corresponding
relaxation properties.
(Tables
UCS-23 and UHA-23.)
(7) For temperatures below 100F, stress values equal to 20% of
(3) Between temperatures of - 20F to 400F, stress values equal to the
the specified minimum tensile strength will be permitted. (Table
UHA-23.)
lower of the following will be permitted: 20% of the specified tensile

Note:
*

It is often necessary to tighten bolting to much higher

stresses than those given in the Table in order to prevent
leakage under hydrotest and also to obviate frequent retightening due to relaxation. The Code does not prohibit this practice and the stress values listed are rather to be considered

as

applying in the design of flanges.

46

BOLTING DATA FOR STANDARD FLANGES

300 PSI SERIES

150 PSI SERIES

'-'

NOMINAL
PIPE
SIZE
(Inches}

Dlam.
of

c:w

331a

V2

3V2
3a
4%
4%
5
6
7
7%
8V2
9
10
11
13V2
16
19
21
23V2
25
27V2
32

3/4

1
W.
W2
2
2V2
3
3V2
4
5
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
24

Dlam.
of

Num-

':I:
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
8
8
8
8
8
12
12
12
16
16
20
20

(Ig':a}

V2
V2
V2
V2
%
%
51a

%
%
5/a
51a

3/4
3/4
3/4

7/a
7/a
1
1
1Va
Wa
1%

Bolt

Dlam.
of

Num-

(r}

(I)

Dlam.
of

el:

2%
23/a
23/4
3Va
3%
3a

3%
33/4
4%
4a
5%
6Va
43/4
6V2
5V2
7V2
6
8%
7
9
7V2 10
8V2 11
9V2 12%
113/4 15
14%
17V2
17
20%
183/4 23
21% 25Y2
223/4 28
25
30%
29%
36

(Ig':a)

4
4
4
4
4
4
8
8
8
8
8
8
12
12
16
16
20
20
24
24
24

V2
V2
%
51a

%
3/4
5/a
3/4
3/4
3/4
3/4

3/4
3/4

a
1
Wa
1Va
1%
1%
1%
1V2

900 PSI SERIES

NOMINAL
PIPE
SIZE
(Inches)
Y2
3/4

\,.,.;

1
1%
lV2
2
2V2
3
4
5
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
24

Dlam.
of
(r)

Number
of
Bolts

4314
5Va

5a
6%
7
8V2
9%
9V2
11V2
15
18V2
21Y2
24
25%

4
4
4
8
8
8
8
8
12
12
16
20
20

273/4
31
333/4
41

133/4

Dlam.
of
Bolts
(Inches)

Bolt
(ICircle
Inches)
3%
3V2

a
a

e
We
1%
1Ve
13/e
1%
13/e
1Y2

4
43/a
4a
6V2
7%
7%
9%
11
12V2
15V2
18%
21
22

20

151a

20
20

Ha
2

20

2V2

1
a
1

Bolt

Num-

I (r}

(I}

Dlam.
of

600 PSI SERIES

Bolt

I::Sf (Ig,:':a} (I}

4
4
4
4
4
4
8
8
8
8
8
8
12
12
16
16
20
20
24
24
24

2%
2%
3%

3%
33/4
40/a
3V2
4a
37/a
5%
4V2
6Va
5
6V2
7'/2
57/a
65/a
8%
7V4
9
77/a 10
9%
11
1051a 12V2
13
15
15%
17'/2
173/4 20V2
20%
23
22Y2 25V2
243/4 28
27
30V2
32
36

V2
V2
51a

%
%
3/4
%
314
3/4

7/a
7/a
7/a
7/a
1
1Va
1%
1%
Pia
1%
1V2
13/4

Dlam.
of

Dlam.
of
Flange
(Inches)
43/4
5Va
5'l'a

Number
of
Bolts.
4
4

10V2
12%
143/4
15V2
19
23
26V2
29V2

4
4
4
8
8
8
8
8
12
12
12
16
16

24%

32Y2

27
29V2
35Y2

Dlam.
of
Bolts
(Inches)
3/4
3/4

Num-

r:)

2%
2%
3%
3V2
3a
4V2
5
5a
65/a
7%
7a
9%
105/a
13
15%
173/4
20%
22V2
243/4
27
32

I::Sf (Ig:S}

33/a
33/4
4%
47/a
5%
6Va
6V2
7V2
8%
9
103/4
13
14
16V2
20
22
233/4
27
29V4
32
37

4
4
4
4
4
4
8
8
8
8
8
8
12
12
16
20
20
20
20
24
24

Bolt
Circle
(Inches)
3%
3V2

Number
of
Bolts

4
4
4
4
4
8
8
8
8
8
8
12
12
12

1
1Ve
1%
1Y2

7V2
8
9V2
11V2

13/a

12V2

1%
Ha
2
2%

15V2
19
22V2
25

16

2V2

273/4

....

....
....

36

16

23/4

383/4
46

16

30V2
323/4

....
....

16

3V2

39

....

951a

7/a

1
7/a

V2
V2
o/a
5/a
5/a
314
5/a
3/4

3/4
7/a
7/a
1
1
1Va
1%
1%
13/a
1V2
1%
15/a
17/a

Bolt
(II

2%
2%
3%
3V2
3a
4V2
5
5a
60/a
7%
8%
10V2
1W2
133/4
17
19%
203/4
233/4
253/4
28V2
33

2500 PSI SERIES

Dlam.
of
Flange
(Inches)
5%
5%

6%
7%
8
9%
10V2
12
14
16V2
19
213/4
26%
30
....

6%
7
8V2

Dlam.
of

1500 PSI SERIES

3/4
3/4

400 PSI SERIES

Dlam.
of

43/a

4a
6V2

Dlam.
of
Bolts
(Inches)
3/4
3/4

a
1
1Ve
1
1Ve
1%
1%

Bolt
Circle
(Inches)
3V2
33/4

4%
5Va
53/4
6314
73/4
9
103/4

13/4

123/4

2
2
2V2
23/4
....

14Y2
17%
21%
24%

....

....
....

....
....

....

....

.....

....

....

""

....

'-'

47