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Sensors and Transducers Lab Manual
Sensors and Transducers Lab Manual
EXPERIMENT - DOCUMENTATION
SI.NO
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
To measure the strain in a cantilever beam setup using half and full bridge
configurations of strain gauge using cantilever beam setup.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No
1.
2.
Resistors
3.
Weights
4.
RPS
5.
Breadboard
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP:
Half Bridge Configuration
SG1
SG2
Force/load
Cantilever beam
Quantity
Youngs Modulus
(E)
(b)
(l)
(h)
(Ev)
(GF)
THEORITICAL CALCULATIONS:
Ixx = b h3 / 12 ;
= P l3 / 3E Ixx;
= M Y/ Ixx;
Ixx -
d-
P-
Bending moment = g l
Stress in kg/mm2
Strain
Y = h/2.
= / E;
VO = Ev GF
VO = Ev GF / 4
TABULATION 1:
Half Bridge Configuration
Load
Bridge
Volt(v)
(gms)
Deflection
Stress
Strain
d(mm)
x 10-6
x 10-5
Eth(mV)
H(I)
S/N
x10-6
x 106
Increasing
Decreasing
N(I)
TABULATION 2:
Full Bridge Configuration
Load
Bridge
Volt(v)
(gms)
Deflection
Stress
Strain
d(mm)
x 10-6
x 10-5
Eth(mV)
H(I)
S/N
x10-6
x 10-
N(I)
Increasing
Decreasing
Procedure:
1. The circuit connections are made as per the circuit diagram 1 and 2. .
2. Note corresponding outputs while bridge (half/Full) is loaded in multiples of 100gms till
1000gms.
3. Do the same while unloading the bridge(half/Full).
4. Plot the graph for load Vs bridge output, hysteresis and non-linearity
Result:
Inference about the experiment :
S.No
Components/Apparatus
1.
RTD
2.
Thermocouple
3.
Thermistor
4.
Thermal calibrator
5.
Digital Multimeter
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP:
Specification or Range
Quantity
S.NO
TEMPERATURE(DEGREE CELSIUS)
RESISTANCE(KILO OHM)
S.NO
TEMPERATURE(DEGREE CELSIUS)
THERMO EMF(MILLIVOLT)
S.NO
TEMPERATURE(DEGREE CELSIUS)
RESISTANCE(KILO OHM)
PROCEDURE:
1. Experimental setup is as shown in figure. Connect the thermal calibrator to the power
supply.
2. Insert the RTD, Thermocouple and thermistor into the thermal calibrator and set the
range of temperature from room temperature to _________ degree
3. Connect a multimeter to the two leads of RTD, Thermocouple and the thermistor and
measure the output resistances and voltage for each 10 degree rise in temperature to
maximum temperature.
4. Repeat the same procedure in the reverse order
5. Tabulate readings and plot graph to study characteristics
i)Voltage Temperature for thermocouple
ii)Resistance-Temperature for RTD and thermistor
7.Set the temperature of calibrator to room temperature and allow it to cool down.
RESULT:
S.No
Components/Apparatus
1.
LVDT
2.
DSO
3.
Function generator
4.
Resistor
5.
Capacitor
6.
Diodes
7.
Multimeter
Specification or Range
Quantity
Displacement (mm)
Ac voltage (mV)
Dc voltage(mV)
PROCEDURE:
a) To study AC Characteristics:
1. The connections are made as shown in circuit diagram 1. The core is
kept at one extreme end and the output voltage is noted at this point.
2. Next the core is moved slowly to the other end and
displacement is measured using screw gauge and the corresponding
voltages are noted.
3. The point where the output voltage is zero is the null point.
4. Draw the graph between displacement Vs AC output voltage. Find the
null point of the given LVDT and the range of displacement.
b) To study DC Characteristics:
1. The connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram 2.
2.Next the core is moved slowly to the other end and the displacement
is measured using screw gauge. The value of the output voltage was
taken after a particular displacement was moved.
3. The point where the output voltage is zero is the null point. The
readings were plotted on a graph sheet.
RESULT:
Name of the
component/equipment
Strain gauge mounted on
cantilever beam(quarter
bridge configuration)
DC regulated power
supply
Weights
IC temperature measuring
sensor
Heating strip-bimetallic
strip
Breadboard
Resistors
Digital multimeter
Sl.No
1
2
3
4
5
Specifications(Range/Value)
Quantity
TABULATION:
a) The effect of modifying input
Sl.No
Load(g) Vs =
Vs =
Vs =
Output voltage
Output voltage
Output voltage
Vo(mv)
Vo(mv)
Vo(mv)
Load(g) Temperature =
Temperature =
Temperature =
Output voltage
Output voltage
Output voltage
Vo(mv)
Vo(mv)
Vo(mv)
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
PROCEDURE:
a) Modifying input
1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure. Do not give any supply to the heating
element or to the IC temperature sensor LM 35.
2. Keep the supply voltage constant at 4V and note the output voltage when there
is no load.
3. Keep the weights on the cantilever beam and note the output voltage for
different values of weights using a multimeter.
4. Repeat steps 2 and 3 for different values of supply voltages.
5. Plot a graph between the output voltage and the load on the cantilever beam
and note down the sensitivity of the three different readings.
b) Interfering input
1. Make the circuit as shown in figure. For the cantilever beam setup use the
other figure. Give the heating element a 220V.single phase power supply and IC
temperature sensor (LM 35) a supply voltage of 5V.
2. Keep the supply voltage constant at 5V.
3. Allow the strain gauge setup to be heated and note down the temperature with
LM 35 of sensitivity 10 mV/degree Celsius.
4. At a temperature different from room temperature note down the output voltage
at no load conditions and also for different weights.
5. Repeat step 4 for another temperature.
6.Plot the graph for the variation of output voltage with load and note the effect of
interfering input.
RESULT:
Inference from the experiment
Equipments required
Proximity sensors
Connecting wires
Voltmeter
Ammeter
Resistor
Specification
Quantity
Output
Output
current(mA)
voltage(mV)
TABULATION:
Sl.No.
Distance(cm)
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP:
PROCEDURE:
a) Current output proximity sensor (UP-1000 PVPS 24(M))
1. The sensor is excited with a 24 V DC power supply as shown in figure.
2. A resistance of 470 is connected across the green and white wires from the
sensor. An ammeter is connected in series with the loop to get the output
sensor.
3. A resistance of 180 is connected across yellow and white wires from the
sensor.
4. The target is placed at ______ cm distance from the sensor and moved away in
steps of 5cm at a time and the corresponding output current is noted.
5. Plot the characteristics of current Vs distance,
b) Voltage output proximity sensor (UP 2000 PVPS 24 1S(K)
1. The sensor is excited with a 24 V DC supply.
2. The output voltage is taken across the green and white wires, assuming white
to be grounded.
3. The effective resistance of 180k is connected between the yellow and white
wires as shown in figure3.the target is placed at----------- cm from sensor and
moved away in steps of------cm each at a time. The output voltage
corresponding to each step is noted.
4. Plot the characteristics of output voltage Vs distance.
RESULT:
Inference from the experiment:
Equipment Required
Specifications
Connecting probes
Quantity
TABULATION:
Sl.No
No:of cycles(r)
Ai (V)
Ai
(V)
Ai
1
ln
2 r
Ai r
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP:
PROCEDURE:
1. The experiment setup is shown above.
2. An impulse input is applied to the free end of the cantilever beam by tapping it
3. This causes the cantilever beam to vibrate and hence the PZT gives an electrical
output observable to the DSO.
4. The output is a continuous exponentially decaying sinusoidal wave. The
amplitudes of the i th and the i+r th waveforms are noted down where r is the
number of cycles between them.
5. Substitute the values of Ai, A(i+r) in the formula to get the damping ratio
Equipments
1
Piezo-laminated
cantilever beam
Function generator
DSO
Resistors
Capacitors
Opamp
Specification
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP:
FUNCTION
GENERATO
R
Cantilever beam
Piezoelectric crystal
CHARGE
AMPLIFIER
DSO
Quantity
FROM PZT
IC741
OSCILL0SCOPE
TABULATION:
Sl.No
Frequency(Hz)
Output voltage
without charge
chargeamplifier,Vo(volts)
amplifier,Vo(volts)
PROCEDURE:
i) Without charge amplifier
a. Connect the actuator to the output from function generator.
b. The output from the piezo-electric sensor is fed directly to oscilloscope.
c. Vary the frequency of the input sinusoid in the range (0-60)Hz and observe the
output with aid of oscilloscope and note down the readings.
d. Observe for the resonance peak at which very high output are observed.
ii) With charge amplifier
a. Connect the circuit as shown in figure.
b. Cary the frequency of the input signal in the range (0-60)Hz.
c. Repeat steps c and d of without charge amplifier.
RESULT:
Inference from the experiment
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Loading effect of potentiometer
Sl.No Equipments Required
1
Rotary potentiometer
Multimeter
Connecting wires
Specifications
Quantity
TABULATION:
Sl.No:
Voltmeter Rm=
Voltmeter Rm=
Range=
Range=
m ax
Vo
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Vo
Vi
Nonlinerity Vo
Vo
Vi
Nonlinerity
PROCEDURE:
1. The experimental setup is made as per in figure
2. The input ports given on the potentiometer is connected to 5V DC
3. After all connections are made switch on the DC power supply.
4. Using the voltmeter (0-5V), measure the output voltage for different angles of
rotation.
5. Measure the output voltage for different angles using 0-10V voltmeter.
6. Draw a graph between Vo/Vi and
nonlinearity
7.2.CHARACTERISTICS OF OPTOCOUPLER
AIM:
To study the characteristics of a
i)photodiode
ii)phototransistor
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Sl.No
Equipments Required
Photodiode
LED
Ammeter
Rheostat
Resistance
dc supply
npn transistor
IC-chip (MCT-2E).
Specifications
Quantity
Circuit diagram
i) Photo diode
RHEOSTAT
A
+
(0-20)mA
VIN
+5v
ID55
5V
1m
-5V
Vout
ii) Photo Transistor
npn transistor
Vout
TABULATION 1:
Sl.No
I/p current(mA)
O/p voltage(V)
TABULATION 2:
Sl.No
I/p current(mA)
O/p current(mA)
Voltage(V)
PROCEDURE:
1. The circuit is shown as in the figure.
2. The resistance is varied using a pot so that input current is varied.The output
current and output voltage is noted.
3. The reading is tabulated and graphs are drawn.
4. The same procedure is repeated for circuit 1 and 2.
RESULT:
Equipments Required
Hall Probe
Specifications
Quantity
TABULATION:
1. Constant.Gauss.
FORWARDED
I(mA)
V(mV)
REVERSE
I(mA)
V(mV)
2. Current ConstantmA
Current
Mill volt
PROCEDURE
1. Connect the widthwise contact f the Hall probe to the terminals marked
Voltage and Lengthwise contact to the terminals marked Current.
2. Switch On the hall effect set-up and adjust the Current (say few mA).
3. Switch over the display to Voltage side.
4. Place the probe in the magnetic field as shown in the figure and switch ON the
electromagnet power supply and adjust the current to any desired value. Rotate the
hall probe till it become perpendicular to the magnetic field.
5. Measure hall Voltage for both direction of the current and the magnetic field.
6. Measure the hall voltage as a function of the current. Keeping the magnetic field
constant plot a graph.
7. Measure the hall voltage as a function of the Magnetic field. Keeping a suitable
value of current as constant plot the graph.
8. Measure the magnetic field by the Gauss meter.
RESULT:
Inference from the experiment