CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

We all are living in 21st century now and the population growth is increasing in a sharper rate. As the population is

increasing day by day the chances of accident occurring is also increasing. Prevention of this meeting accidents are of

great concern today.

The main cause of all these accidents are negligence , negotiation of safety measures etc. As technology is getting

advanced in a greater speed safety measures also being modified but still accidents are still happening.

Earlier various steps were taken to prevent those accidents but still accidents were occurring at a higher rate.

GPS(Global Positioning System) and GSM(Globalization Management System) wereintroduced but both of these

were useful after accidents had happened as GPS is used to give information regarding the location and GSM is useful

for sending messages from the users mobile to indicate the authority that accident happened.

Buzzer and LEDs are used for indicating that accidents occurred but our proposed model is an exception to all this as

it prevents the accident from occurring and thus saving lives. Our proposed model is an indication system that

indicates accident may occur so that we can take necessary measures to avoid these accidents. Thus this is a one step

towards life saving and its also on wehumans how we take care of our own safety asafety comes along with us.

The constantly growing transport sector has resulted in an increase of the accidents every day. The accident mainly

occurs due to our carelessness and breaking of traffic rules. Indirect left-turn treatments have been increasingly used

as design alternatives to address problems that are associated with left-turn egress maneuvers from side streets or

driveways at two-way stop-controlled intersections .

In this project, the proposed system aims to avoid collisions between vehicles mainly occurring in U-turn bends, hair-

pin bends, short corners, blind curves, etc., by alerting the vehicle drivers about the accidents that might occur.
If case of any vehicle breakdown or repair of the vehicle, the interrupt signal will be sent to the control room thereby

the problems can be solved. The accidents due to the negligence of the driver are prevented by warning him through

the buzzer and light indication.

This system makes use of infrared sensor and other embedded systems. An accident avoidance system is an

automobile safety system designed to reduce the severity of an accident. Many studies about the operational and safety

effects of U-turns at signalized and non-signalized intersections have been conducted. Past results from researches

have no evidence to prove that U-turns at signalized intersections present major safety or operational problem.

On detecting the vehicle approaching from the other side the system provides a warning to the driver to avoid the

mishap. By allocating the right of way to different sets of mutually compatible traffic movements during distinct time

intervals the traffic signals have been effectively used to manage conflicting requirements for the use of road space.

Considerable work has been done to develop various approaches in order to boost traffic efficiency, which can be

categorized as fixed-time, traffic responsive and predictive control ones. However, few researches have been found to

deal with heavy vehicle U-turns. This system focuses on providing an alternative design for accommodating a safe U-

turn at a signalized intersection.

In developing country accident is main cause of death. The intensity of deaths are more in curved roads i.e mainly in

U-Turn, Hairpin bend roads and mountain narrow roads. In this case the driver can’t see the vehicle coming from the

other side.

Because of which thousands are losing their lives in accident. The solution for this problem is alerting the driver about

the vehicle coming from the other side.

This is done by keeping the ir sensor on one side of the road before the curve and keeping LED light after the curve,

so that vehicle coming from the one side of the road is sensed by the ir sensor and LED light glows at opposite side

and buzzer start beeping sound.

By looking at the LED light driver become alert and slow down the speed of vehicle.

Fig 1: Drivers cannot see the vehicles on the side

 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE SURVEY

1. Aravinda B, Chaithralakshmi C, Deeksha, Ashutha K[1] from their report, it is concluded Accident prevention in U-

turn, S-turn, hilly Ghats and mountain roads using modern sensor technology, Which uses Aurdino UNO, Ultrasonic

sensor, RF module LED etc.

2. R.Saranya, R.Arun Kumar [2] This paperconclude that, JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory Volume XIV,

Issue VIII, AUGUST 2021 ISSN : 0731-6755 Page No: 201 Accidents may takes place in various factors drunk and

driving, Texting while driving, Speeding, Distractions, Sleeping while driving. Among Drowsiness is reason for most

of the accidents. While driving at the speed of 100km/hr.driver falls sleepy within 4 seconds the buzzer will enables.

3. Ranga Sreedhar Galla [3] has studied the basic aim oftheir paper is to reduce accidents on hilly and slippery

roads.In curve roads the other road end of vehicle cannot seen bydriver. At night time accidentsmay happens by

intensity ofhead light from opposite side of vehicles.

Also, the lightintensity problem occurs both curved roads and mountain roads; Thousands of people lose their lives.

The solution forthis problem is alerting the driver about the vehicle comingfrom opposite side.

This is done by keeping an ultrasonicsensor in one side of theroad before the curve and keeping aLED light after the

curve, so that if vehicle comes from one end of the curve sensor senses and LED light glowsat the opposite side.

4. Kartik Venkata Mutya, Sandeep Rudra [4] has studied that road traffic accidents are being recognized as a major

public health problem in numerous countries with alarmingly increasing fatalities in developing countries. Careless

driving as a result of excessive waiting and blind corners is attributed as one of the most important factor for all road

accidents.
An estimated 1.2 million people lose their lives in road traffic crashes every year, and another 20 to 50million are

injured. A docile, economical mechanism top revent these road accidents is the need of the hour. It is hoped that the

mechanism presented in this article would help in alleviating this concern especially in correspondence with large

vehicle accidents on highways by being easily implemented in low and middle income countries.
 CHAPTER 3

PROPOSED SYSTEM

The mountain roads have numerous turns and blind spots. These spots are so dangerous at times that they cause

accidents if not manoeuvred properly. Our system is such a system which will be beneficial in roads like these and

will also reduce the number of accidents that occur often.

Here we are considering hairpin curves where the driver of a vehicle has no idea whether there is any other vehicle

coming from the other side or not. Thus, our system when fixed at these dangerous curves will have proximity

sensors, signals (RGB LED) and a counter, to aid the drivers.

The proximity sensor senses the vehicles, and the counter keeps the count of vehicles present in that particular turn,

coming from a particular direction. Based on the data of the counter, the signal will change its color.
 CHAPTER 4

Main Components

 Single channel relay module = 2

 IR sensors = 2

 LEDs

 Buzzers

 Power Supply

 Connecting wires

Power Supply
 Figure 4.1 Power Supply

An AC adapter, AC/DC adapter, or AC/DC converter is a type of external power supply, often enclosed in a case

similar to an AC plug. Other common names include plug pack, plug-in adapter, adapter block, domestic mains

adapter, line power adapter, wall wart, power brick, wall charger, and power adapter.

External power supplies are used both with equipment with no other source of power and with battery-powered

equipment, where the supply, when plugged in, can sometimes charge the battery in addition to powering the

equipment.

Use of an external power supply allows portability of equipment powered either by mains or battery without the added

bulk of internal power components, and makes it unnecessary to produce equipment for use only with a specified

power source; the same device can be powered from 120 VAC or 230 VAC mains, vehicle or aircraft battery by using

a different adapter.

Another advantage of these designs can be increased safety; since the hazardous 120 or 240 volt mains power is

transformed to a lower, safer voltage at the wall outlet and the appliance that is handled by the user is powered by this

lower voltage.
Originally, most AC/DC adapters were linear power supplies, containing a transformer to convert the mains electricity

voltage to a lower voltage, a rectifier to convert it to pulsating DC, and a filter to smooth the pulsating waveform to

DC, with residual ripple variations small enough to leave the powered device unaffected. Size and weight of the

device was largely determined by the transformer, which in turn was determined by the power output and mains

frequency. Ratings over a few watts made the devices too large and heavy to be physically supported by a wall outlet.
The output voltage of these adapters varied with load; for equipment requiring a more stable voltage, linear voltage

regulator circuitry was added. Losses in the transformer and the linear regulator were considerable; efficiency was

relatively low, and significant power dissipated as heat even when not driving a load.

Early in the twenty-first century, switched-mode power supplies (SMPSs) became almost ubiquitous for this purpose.

Mains voltage is rectified to a high direct voltage driving a switching circuit, which contains a transformer operating at

a high frequency and outputs direct current at the desired voltage. The high-frequency ripple is more easily filtered out

than mains-frequency. The high frequency allows the transformer to be small, which reduces its losses; and the

switching regulator can be much more efficient than a linear regulator. The result is a much more efficient, smaller,

and lighter device. Safety is ensured, as in the older linear circuit, because a transformer still provides galvanic

isolation.

A linear circuit must be designed for a specific, narrow range of input voltages (e.g., 220–240 VAC) and must use a

transformer appropriate for the frequency (usually 50 or 60 Hz), but a switched-mode supply can work efficiently over

a very wide range of voltages and frequencies; a single 100–240 VAC unit will handle almost any mains supply in the

world.

However, unless very carefully designed and using suitable components, switching adapters are more likely to fail

than the older type, due in part to complex circuitry and the use of semiconductors.

Unless designed well, these adapters may be easily damaged by overloads, even transient ones, which can come from

lightning, brief mains overvoltage (sometimes caused by an incandescent light on the same power circuit failing),

component degradation, etc.

A very common mode of failure is due to the use of electrolytic capacitors whose equivalent series resistance (ESR)

increases with age; switching regulators are very sensitive to high ESR (the older linear circuit also used electrolytic

capacitors, but the effect of degradation is much less dramatic). Well-designed circuits pay attention to the ESR, ripple

current rating, pulse operation, and temperature rating of capacitors.

Many inexpensive switched-mode AC adapters do not implement adequate filtering and/or shielding for

electromagnetic interference that they generate. The nature of these high speed, high-energy switching designs is such

that when these preventative measures are not implemented, relatively high energy harmonics can be generated, and

radiated, well into the radio portion of the spectrum. The amount of RF energy typically decreases with frequency; so,

for instance, interference in the medium wave (US AM) broadcast band in the one megahertz region may be strong,

while interference with the FM broadcast band around 100 megahertz may be considerably less. Distance is a factor;

the closer the interference is to a radio receiver, the more intense it will be. Even WiFi reception in the gigahertz range

can be degraded if the receiving antennae are very close to a radiating AC adapter.

A determination of if interference is coming from a specific AC adaptor can be made simply by unplugging the

suspect adapter while observing the amount of interference received in the problem radio band. In a modern household

or business environment, there may be multiple AC adapters in use; in such a case, unplug them all, then plug them

back in one by one until the culprit or culprits is found.

 JUMPER WIRES

Fig. 4.2 Jumper Wires

A jump wire (also known as jumper, jumper wire, jumper cable, DuPont wire or cable) is an electrical wire, or group

of them in a cable, with a connector or pin at each end (or sometimes without them – simply "tinned"), which is

normally used to interconnect the components of a breadboard or other prototype or test circuit, internally or with

other equipment or components, without soldering.

Individual jump wires are fitted by inserting their "end connectors" into the slots provided in a breadboard, the header

connector of a circuit board, or a piece of test equipment.

5v Relay Module

Fig.4.3 5v Relay Module

This is a LOW Level 5V 2-channel relay interface board, and each channel needs a 15-20mA driver current.

It can be used to control various appliances and equipment with large current. It is equiped with high-current

relays that work under AC250V 10A or DC30V 10A. It has a standard interface that can be controlled

directly by microcontroller.
Features

 Relay Maximum output: DC 30V/10A, AC 250V/10A

 2 Channel Relay Module with Optocoupler LOW Level Triger expansion board, which is compatible with
arduino

 Standard interface that can be controlled directly by microcontroller ( 8051, AVR, *PIC, DSP, ARM, ARM,
MSP430, TTL logic)

 Relay of high quality loose music relays SPDT. A common terminal, a normally open, one normally closed
terminal

 optocoupler isolation, good anti-jamming

Schematic

VCC and RY-VCC are also the power supply of the relay module. When you need to drive a large power

load, you can take the jumper cap off and connect an extra power to RY-VCC to supply the relay; connect

VCC to 5V of the MCU board to supply input signals.

Input:

VCC : Connected to positive supply voltage (supply power according to relay voltage)

GND : Connected to negative supply voltage

IN1: Signal triggering terminal 1 of relay module

IN2: Signal triggering terminal 2 of relay module

Output:

Each submodular of the relay has one NC(nomalclose), one NO(nomalopen) and one COM(Common). So

there are 2 NC, 2 NO and 2 COM of the channel relay in total. NC stands for the normal close port contact

and the state without power; No stands for the normal open port contact and the state with power. COM

means the common port. You can choose NC port or NO port according to whether power or not.

Experiment Principle:

When a low level is supplied to signal terminal of the 2-channel relay, the LED at the output terminal will light up.

Otherwise, it will turn off. If a periodic high and low level is supplied to the signal terminal, you can see the LED will

cycle between on and off.

Working Priciple

See the picture below: A is an electromagnet, B armature, C spring, D moving contact, and E fixed contacts.

There are two fixed contacts, a normally closed one and a normally open one. When the coil is not

energized, the normally open contact is the one that is off, while the normally closed one is the other that is

on.

Add a certain voltage to the coil and some currents will pass through the coil thus generating the

electromagnetic effect. So the armature overcomes the tension of the spring and is attracted to the core, thus

closing the moving contact of the armature and the normally open contact (or you may say releasing the

former and the normally closed contact). After the coil is de-energized, the electromagnetic force disappears

and the armature moves back to the original position, releasing the moving contact and normally closed

contact. The closing and releasing of the contacts results in power on and off of the circuit.
IR Sensor

Fig 4.4 IR Sensor

An infrared sensor is an electronic device, that emits in order to sense some aspects of the surroundings. An IR

sensor can measure the heat of an object as well as detects the motion.

These types of sensors measures only infrared radiation, rather than emitting it that is called as a passive IR sensor.

Usually in the infrared spectrum, all the objects radiate some form of thermal radiations. These types of radiations

are invisible to our eyes that can be detected by an infrared sensor. The emitter is simply an IR LED (Light

Emitting Diode) and the detector is simply an IR photodiode which is sensitive to IR light of the same wavelength

as that emitted by the IR LED. When IR light falls on the photodiode, the resistances and these output voltages,

change in proportion to the magnitude of the IR light received.

An infrared sensor is an electronic device that emits in order to sense some aspects of the surroundings. An IR

sensor can measure the heat of an object as well as detects the motion as well as the presence of an object due to

intervention or interruption. These type of sensors measure only infrared radiation, rather than emitting it that is

called as a passive IR sensor.

Usually in the infrared spectrum, all the objects radiate some form of thermal radiations. These types of radiations

are invisible to our eyes that can be detected by an infrared sensor. The emitter is simply an IR LED (Light

Emitting Diode) and the detector is simply an IR photodiode which is sensitive to IR light of the same wavelength

as that emitted by the IR LED. When IR light falls on the photodiode, the resistances and these output voltages,

change in proportion to the magnitude of the IR light received.

An IR sensor is a device which detects IR radiation falling on it. There are numerous types of IR sensors that are

built and can be built depending on the application. Proximity sensors (Used in Touch Screen phones and Edge

Avoiding Robots), contrast sensors (Used in Line Following Robots) and obstruction counters/sensors (Used for

counting goods and in Burglar Alarms) are some examples, which use IR sensors.

Working Mechanism

An IR sensor is basically a device which consists of a pair of an IR LED and a photodiode which are collectively

called a photo-coupler or an opto-coupler. The IR LED emits IR radiation, reception and/or intensity of reception of

which by the photodiode dictates the output of the sensor. Now, there are so many ways by which the radiation may or

may not be able to reach the photodiode.

Direct incidence

We may hold the IR LED directly in front of the photodiode, such that almost all the radiation emitted, reaches the

photodiode. This creates an invisible line of IR radiation between the IR LED and the photodiode. Now, if an opaque

object is placed obstructing this line, the radiation will not reach the photodiode and will get either reflected or

absorbed by the obstructing object. This mechanism is used in object counters and burglar alarms.

Indirect Incidence

High school physics taught us that black color absorbs all radiation, and the color white reflects all radiation. We use

this very knowledge to build our IR sensor. If we place the IR LED and the photodiode side by side, close together,

the radiation from the IR LED will get emitted straight in the direction to which the IR LED is pointing towards, and

so is the photodiode, and hence there will be no incidence of the radiation on the photodiode. Please refer to the right

part of the illustration given below for better understanding. But, if we place an opaque object in front the two, two

cases occur:
Reflective Surface

If the object is reflective, (White or some other light color), then most of the radiation will get reflected by it, and will

get incident on the photodiode. For further understanding, please refer to the left part of the illustration below. Non-

reflective Surface If the object is non-reflective, (Black or some other dark color), then most of the radiation will get

absorbed by it, and will not become incident on the photodiode. It is similar to there being no surface (object) at all,

for the sensor, as in both the cases, it does not receive any radiation.
Buzzer

Fig 4.5 Buzzer

A buzzer or beeper is an audio signaling device, which may be mechanical, electromechanical,

or piezoelectric (piezo for short).

Typical uses of buzzers and beepers include alarm devices, timers, and confirmation of user input such as a mouse

click or keystroke.
Light Emitting Diode

Fig. 4.6 LED Structure Fig. 4.7 LED

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a two-lead semiconductor light source. It is p-n junction diode that emits

light when activated. The long terminal is positive and the short terminal is negative. When a suitable

current is applied to the leads, electrons are able to recombine with electron holes within the device,

releasing energy in the form of photons.

This effect is called electroluminescence, and the color of the light (corresponding to the energy of the

photon) is determined by the energy band gap of the semiconductor. LEDs are typically small (less than 1

mm2) and integrated optical components may be used to shape the radiation pattern.

Appearing as practical electronic components in 1962, the earliest LEDs emitted lowintensity infrared

light. Infrared LEDs are still frequently used as transmitting elements in remote-control circuits, such as

those in remote controls for a wide variety of consumer electronics. The first visible-light LEDs were of

low intensity and limited to red. Modern LEDs are available across the visible, ultraviolet, and infrared

wavelengths, with very high brightness.

LEDs are versatile semiconductor with a number of attributes which make them perfect for most

applications. Their features include:

 Long Life: LEDs can last over 100,000 hours (10+ years) if used at rated current

 No annoying flicker as we experience with fluorescent lamps.

 LEDs are impervious to heat, cold, shock and vibration.

 LEDs do not contain breakable glass.

 Solid-State, high shock and vibration resistant

 Extremely fast turn on/off times

 Low power consumption puts less load on the electrical systems increasing battery life.

CAUTIONS:

LEDs produce a focused light source and extra care should be used for your eyes ,though intensity is not

very high. While testing the LEDs a resitance must be applied to it.Also, being a semiconductor device,

they are sensitive to static charges.

 CHAPTER 5

Advantages

 Avoid accidents in curve roads, mountainroads and hill roads.

 Save thousands of lives.

 Easily implementable

 Fully automated(No person is required tooperate).

 Installation Cost is very less

 CHAPTER 7

FUTURE SCOPE

 Arrangements to protect the sensor frombeing damaged critically.

 Decrease the size of unit so that it occupiessmall place and easily kept in narrow roads.

 Implementing the system to detect number ofvehicles and velocity of vehicle.

 CHAPTER 8

Conclusion

The purpose of this project is to save thousands of precious lives and decrease the number

of accidents in curve roads. This is possible by alerting the driver by means of LED light and

buzzer which glows when vehicles comes from the other side of the curve. The vehicle is detected

by the help of IR sensor. By this we can save thousands of lives in the curve roads.
 CHAPTER 8

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