TRANSFORMER

PHASORS

Ideal Transformer Phasor:

Here

we are going to develop the phasor of a

practical transformer first at no load and then
under load. But before that we will have a look
on the phasor of an ideal transformer.

(a) Ideal transformer at no load

transformer at load

(b) Ideal

Transformer at No Load
Now

for the no load , the magnetic flux

being common to both primary and
secondary is drawn first. The induced Emf E1
and E2 lags by 90 and are shown
accordingly in the fig.
The emf -E1 is being replaced by V1 just for
convenience. Alternatively V1 may be
treated as a voltage drop in the primary, in
the direction of flow of primary current. The
various imperfections in a real transformer
are now considered one by one.
The
various
imperfections
are
now
considered one by one.

a)

Effect of Transformer core loss:- The core

loss consist of Hysteresis loss and eddy
current loss. The hysteresis loss in the core
is minimized by using Cold-rolled-grain
oriented (CRGO) steel and eddy current loss
is minimized by using thin laminations for
the core.

The above two figs shows the variation the

exciting current Ie with respect to flux. It
also shows that that the current Ie leads the
flux by an angle of . This angle
depends upon the hysteresis loop.

 The

No Load primary current Ie is called

the exciting current of the transformer and
can be resolved into two components.

The

component Im along is called the

reactive or magnetizing current, since its
function is to produce the required
magnetic flux .

The

second component is along V1 which

is Ic and this component is called as the
core-loss component or the power
component of Ie; since Ic when
multiplied by V1 gives total core loss Pc.

b) Effect of Transformer resistance:- The

effect of transformer resistance R1 can
be accounted for, by adding to V1, a
voltage drop equal to IeR1. Note that
IeR1 is in phase with Ie and is drawn
parallel to Ie in the phasor diagram

c) Effect of Leakage flux:- For the direction

of current Ie in the primary the point A
is at higher magnetic potential than point
B.
This
magnetic
potential
difference
establishes:
I.
The mutual flux linking both the
windings.
II. The primary leakage flux L1, which links
only the primary winding.

 The

mutual flux exist entirely in the

ferromagnetic core and therefore involves
hysteresis loop.

On

the other hand, primary leakage flux L1

exist largely in the air . Although L1 does
passes through some part of iron core, the
reluctance offered to L1 is mainly due to
air. Therefore it can be taken is phase with
the exciting current Ie that produce it.

In

the primary winding, induces an EMF

E1 lagging it by 90, similarly L1 induces an
emf Ex1 in the primary winding and lagging
it by 90.

 Since

Ie leads Ex by 90, it is possible to

write Ex1=-JIeX1.

The

total voltage equation

in the primary at no load can be
written asV1=V1+Ie(R1+jx1)

Transformer Phasor Under

Load

In this the secondary circuit of the

transformer is considered first and then
primary for developing the phasor diagram
under Load.

When

switch S is closed, secondary

current I2 starts flowing from the terminal
n to the load as shown in fig.

 Assuming

the load to have a lagging

power factor so that I2 lags secondary
load voltage V2 by an angle 2.
The secondary resistance drop
Is accounted by drawing I2R2
Parallel to I2.
The secondary mmf I2N2 give
Rise to leakage flux
which
Link only secondary & not
Primary.
The secondary no load
Voltage E2 must have a
Component equal & opposite
to JI2X2

 Thus

the phasor sum of V2, I2R2 and JI2X2

gives secondary induced emf E2 as shown
in fig.

The

voltage equation for the secondary

circuit can now be written as:
E2= V2 + I2(R2+jX2)= V2 + I2Z2
-----(a)
Where

Z2 is the secondary leakage

impedance of the transformer.
Similarly we can also draw the transformer
phasor for the leading load as well.