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Hands On Relay School: Transformer Protection Open Lecture
Hands On Relay School: Transformer Protection Open Lecture
TransformerProtectionOpenLecture
OpenLecture
TransformerDifferentialProtection
Introduction:
Transformerdifferentialprotectionschemesare
ubiquitoustoalmostanypowersystem.
Whilethebasicpremiseoftransformerdifferential
protectionisstraightforward,numerousfeaturesare
employedtocompensateforchallengespresentedby
thetransformerapplication.
ChallengestoUnderstandingTransformer
DifferentialProtection
CurrentMismatchCausedbytheTransformationRatio
andDifferingCTRatios
CurrentMismatchCausedbyDifferingCTRatios
DeltaWyeTransformationofCurrents
ZeroSequenceElimination
LTCInducedMismatch,CTSaturation,CTRemanence,
andCTTolerance
InrushPhenomenaandHarmonicContentAvailability
OverExcitationPhenomena
SwitchOntoFaultconcerns
ChallengestoUnderstandingTransformer
DifferentialProtection
CurrentMismatchCausedbythe
TransformationRatioandDifferingCTRatios
CurrentMismatchCausedbyDifferingCTRatios
DeltaWyeTransformationofCurrents
ZeroSequenceElimination
LTCInducedMismatch,CTSaturation,CTRemanence,
andCTTolerance
InrushPhenomenaandHarmonicContentAvailability
OverExcitationPhenomena
SwitchOntoFaultconcerns
CurrentMismatchCausedbytheTransformationRatioand
DifferingCTRatios
KirchhoffsCurrentLaw:Atanynode,thesumofcurrents
flowingintothatnodeisequaltothesumofcurrentsflowingout
ofthatnode(fig1).
I1 + I2 + I3 = 0
I1
Node
I3
I2
CurrentMismatchCausedbytheTransformationRatioand
DifferingCTRatios
BecauseofthetransformationratioandprobableCTratio
mismatch,transformerwindingcurrentscannotbedirectly
compared,buttheMVAoneachsidecanbecompared.
MVA1 + MVA2 + MVA3 = 0
I1 + I2 + I3 = 0
I1
Node
I2
MVA1
Transformer
I3
MVA3
MVA2
CurrentMismatchCausedbytheTransformationRatioand
DifferingCTRatios
Tocalculatethesecondarycurrentequaltooneperunit,the
followingcalculationsareusedoneachsideofthetransformer:
ForwyeconnectedCTs:
FordeltaconnectedCTs:
WindingTap
WindingTap
TransformerVA
VL L CTR * 3
TransformerVA
3
VL L CTR * 3
CurrentMismatchCausedbytheTransformationRatioand
DifferingCTRatios
Duringtesting,thedesiredstartingcurrentvaluesisdetermined
bymultiplyingthedesiredperunitcurrentbythetaptofindthe
equivalentsecondarycurrentforeachside.
PU Desired WindingTap I Test
Toconvertameasuredtripcurrenttoaperunitcurrent,divide
thecurrentbythetapforthatwinding.
PU measured
I measured
WindingTap
ChallengestoUnderstandingTransformer
DifferentialProtection
CurrentMismatchCausedtheTransformationRatio
andbyDifferingCTRatios
DeltaWyeTransformationofCurrents
ZeroSequenceElimination
LTCInducedMismatch,CTSaturation,CTRemanence,
andCTTolerance
InrushPhenomenaandHarmonicContentAvailability
OverExcitationPhenomena
SwitchOntoFaultconcerns
DeltaWyeTransformationofCurrents
Transformersfrequentlyemploy
DeltaWyeconnections.Not
onlydotheseconnections
introducea30degreephase
shift,buttheyalsochangethe
makeupofthecurrents
measuredbytheCTs.For
differentialschemes,the
current cannotbedirectly
comparedtocurrent .
IA IB
I B IC
IC I A
DeltaWyeTransformationofCurrents
IA IB
Primary
Winding
A
Forelectromechanicaldifferential
relaysliketheHU,BDD,andCA,
thesolutionfordeltawye
transformersistosimplyconnect
theWinding2CTsecondary
circuitsinadeltatomatchthe
primarymainwindings.
Secondary
Winding a
I B IC
WB
Wb
IC I A
WC
Wc
Differential A
Differential B
Differential C
DeltaWyeTransformationofCurrents
AngularDisplacementConventions:
ANSIYY, @0;Y ,Y@X1lagsH1by30
ANSImakeslifeeasy
Eurodesignationsuse30 incrementsofLAGfromtheX1bushingto
theH1bushings
Dy11=X1lagsH1by11*30=330
or,H1leadsX1by30
Thinkofaclock eachhouris30degrees
0
11
1
2
10
9
3
8
4
7
DeltaWyeTransformationofCurrents
Therearealsoseveraltransformerrelaymanufacturerconventionscommonly
usedfordefiningthetransformerconnections.Thefollowingareexamplesfor
ABCrotationexceptwherenoted:
SEL387Method:Inthisconventioneachwindingisgivenanumber011,
whichcorrespondstothenumberof30degreeleading angleincrements.
Beckwith3311CustomMethod:Inthisconventioneachwindingisgivena
number011,whichcorrespondstothenumberof30degreelaggingangle
incrementsrelativeofahypotheticalwyewinding.
GET60Method:Inthisconventioneachwindingisgivenananglewhich
correspondstothelagging anglerelativetothedesignatedreference
winding.
DeltaWyeTransformationofCurrents
Sowhatdoesallthismeanwhiletesting?
Hereisalistofcommonrelays,commonconnections,andtestangles(assumingset
topositiveangleslead):
W1
W2
IEC
Y
DAB
Y
DAC
Y
DAC
DAB
DAC
DAB
Y
Y
DAB
Y
DAC
DAC
DAB
DAB
DAC
Yy0
Dy1
Yd11
Dy11
Yd1
Dd0
Dd0
Dd10
Dd2
BeckwithCustom
W1
W2
0
0
11
1
0
11
1
0
0
1
1
1
11
11
1
11
11
1
SEL
GE(Ref
W1)
W1
Yy0
Dy30
Yd330
Dy330
YD30
Dd0
Dd0
Dd300
Dd60
12
1
12
11
12
11
1
11
1
W2
12
12
1
12
11
11
1
1
11
W1A
0
30
0
30
0
30
30
30
30
TestAngles(ABCRotation)
W1B
W1C
W2A
W2B
120
120
180
60
90
150
180
60
120
120
150
30
150
90
180
60
120
120
150
30
150
90
150
30
90
150
150
30
150
90
150
30
90
150
150
30
W2C
60
60
90
60
90
90
90
90
90
ChallengestoUnderstandingTransformer
DifferentialProtection
CurrentMismatchCausedtheTransformationRatio
andbyDifferingCTRatios
DeltaWyeTransformationofCurrents
ZeroSequenceElimination
LTCInducedMismatch,CTSaturation,CTRemanence,
andCTTolerance
InrushPhenomenaandHarmonicContentAvailability
OverExcitationPhenomena
SwitchOntoFaultconcerns
ZeroSequenceElimination
Inallwyeconnectedwindings,thegroundprovidesawayforcurrent
toenterthedifferentialzonewithoutbeingmeasuredbyaphase
differentialCT.Thiscanunbalancethedifferentialduringexternal
phasetoneutralfaults.Ifthedifferentialprotectionistoresist
improperlytrippingforexternalfaults,thiscurrenthastobe
removedfromdifferentialcalculations.
IA IB
I B IC
IC I A
ZeroSequenceElimination
ThefirstremovalmethodistosimplyconnecttheCTsecondarycircuitin
delta.Thisstraightforwardmethodisusedinelectromechanicalandinsome
digitalrelayretrofitdifferentialapplications.
IA IB
Primary
Winding
A
Secondary
Winding a
I B IC
WB
Wb
IC I A
WC
Wc
Differential A
Differential B
Differential C
ZeroSequenceElimination
IndigitalapplicationswithwyeconnectedCTsecondarycircuits,theground
currenthastoberemovednumerically.Thisisdonebyeitherconvertingthe
currentstodeltaquantitiesorbydirectlysubtractingcalculatedzerosequence
currentfromthedifferentialquantity.
ChallengestoUnderstandingTransformer
DifferentialProtection
CurrentMismatchCausedtheTransformationRatio
andbyDifferingCTRatios
DeltaWyeTransformationofCurrents
ZeroSequenceElimination
LTCInducedMismatch,CTSaturation,CT
Remanence,andCTTolerance
InrushPhenomenaandHarmonicContentAvailability
OverExcitationPhenomena
SwitchOntoFaultconcerns
LTCInducedMismatch,CTSaturation,CT
Remanence,andCTTolerance
TheXaxisistheRestraintCurrentis
themeasureofcurrentinthe
transformer.Differentialrelay
sensitivityisinverselyproportionalto
restraintcurrent.Relay
manufacturersuseavarietyof
calculationslikethemaximumofthe
windingcurrentsortheaverageof
thecurrents.
TheYaxisistheDifferential/Operate
currentisthesumofallwinding
currentsafteramplitudeandangle
compensation.
LTCInducedMismatch,CTSaturation,CT
Remanence,andCTTolerance
TheMinimumPickupregionisusedbetween
zeroandapproximately0.5perunitrestraint
current.ItprovidessecurityagainstCT
remanenceandaccuracyerrorsandisusuallyset
between0.3and0.5pu.
TheSlope1 regionisusedbetweentheminimum
pickupregionandtheslope2breakpoint.Slope
1providessecurityagainstfalsetrippingdueto
CTaccuracy.ClassCCTaccuracyis+/10%,
therefore20%shouldbetheabsoluteminimum
settingwithgreaterthan30%preferred.ForLTC
applications,another+/10%isadded.
TheSlope2 regionisusedabovetheslope2
breakpoint,whichisnormallysetat2pu.Slope2
providessecurityagainstfalsetrippingduring
throughfaulteventswhereCTsaturationislikely.
Above2pucurrent,asignificantDCcurrent
componentwillbepresentandtherefore
saturationislikely.Slope2isnormallysetat60
80%.
ChallengestoUnderstandingTransformer
DifferentialProtection
CurrentMismatchCausedtheTransformationRatioandby
DifferingCTRatios
DeltaWyeTransformationofCurrents
ZeroSequenceElimination
LTCInducedMismatch,CTSaturation,CTRemanence,and
CTTolerance
InrushPhenomenaandHarmonicContent
Availability
OverExcitationPhenomena
SwitchOntoFaultconcerns
InrushPhenomenaandHarmonicContentAvailability
Whenatransformerisenergized,astepchangeinmagnetizingvoltageoccurs.
Thisstepchangeinmagnetizingvoltageresultsinoverfluxingthetransformer
core,causingmagnetizingcurrentsofupto10pu.
InrushPhenomenaandHarmonicContentAvailability
Duringinrush,transformersalsogeneratesignificantamountsofeven
harmonics.Theseevenharmonicscanbeusedtopreventundesired
differentialrelayoperationbyrestrainingthedifferentialiftheeven
harmoniccontentisaboveapresetlevel.
ChallengestoUnderstandingTransformer
DifferentialProtection
CurrentMismatchCausedtheTransformationRatio
andbyDifferingCTRatios
DeltaWyeTransformationofCurrents
ZeroSequenceElimination
LTCInducedMismatch,CTSaturation,CTRemanence,
andCTTolerance
InrushPhenomenaandHarmonicContentAvailability
OverExcitationPhenomena
SwitchOntoFaultconcerns
OverExcitationPhenomena
Overexcitationoccurswheneverthetransformervoltageistoohighforthe
frequency. Overexcitationisexpressedasapercentage:
100
Transformersarenormallyratedforatleast105%overexcitation.Levelsabovethis
candamagethetransformer.
OverExcitationPhenomena
Aspercentoverexcitationincreases,magnetizingcurrentwillincrease.Without
appropriatelogic,thiscanleadmisoperationofthedifferentialschemeaheadof
dedicatedV/Hzrelays.
OverExcitationPhenomena
Thisadditionalmagnetizingcurrentisrichin5th harmoniccurrent.
Thisplotshowsthesamefaultrecordfilteredfor5th harmoniccontent.
OverExcitationPhenomena
Moderndigitalrelayshavelogic
thatincreasesthedifferential
elementsminimumpickupsetting
ifsignificant5th harmoniccurrent
isdetected
ChallengestoUnderstandingTransformer
DifferentialProtection
CurrentMismatchCausedtheTransformationRatio
andbyDifferingCTRatios
DeltaWyeTransformationofCurrents
ZeroSequenceElimination
LTCInducedMismatch,CTSaturation,CTRemanence,
andCTTolerance
InrushPhenomenaandHarmonicContentAvailability
OverExcitationPhenomena
SwitchOntoFaultconcerns
SwitchOntoFaultconcerns
Ifatransformerexperiencesaninternalfaulton
energization,theharmonicrestraintfeatureona
restraineddifferentialcoulddelaytripping.
Thereforerelayscommonlyemployasecondary,
unrestraineddifferentialelement.Ofcoursethis
elementmustbesetabovethemaximum
expectedinrushcurrent,normally812pu.
SwitchOntoFaultconcerns
InGEBDDandorWestinghouseHUtypes,an
instantaneousovercurrentunitinserieswiththe
differentialprovidesthisfeature.
Indigitalrelays,aseparatesetpointisprovided.To
testtheseelements,parallelcurrentchannelsas
necessaryandapplycurrentstoonesideofthe
differential.
UnderstandingTransformer
DifferentialProtection
J.ScottCooper
MantaTestSystems,Inc.
2013MassachusettsAve.NE
SaintPetersburg,FL33703
scottc@mantatest.com