2.

2.1.

,
(, ,
), ,
, , . ,


.
,
() .
.

.
( 2.1).
.
,
.
, ( ), .
. ,
,
, .

14

(Stripline)

(Microstrip line)

(Slotline)

(Suspendedsubstrate stripline)

(Coplanar line)

(Coplanar waveguide)

-
()

U
(Ridge waveguide)

H
(Double-ridge
waveguide)

2.1. .

2.

15

(
), .
, ,
,
. , .

, .

( ).

.
,
.
4.
2.1
, , ,
, , , , U H-.

2.2.
, , ,
, (
).
:
rot E = jH ,

(2.1)

rot H = J + jE ,

(2.2)

div E = 0 ,

(2.3)

div H = 0 ,

(2.4)

E , H ,
. ,
.
(2.3) (2.4) (2.2), (2.1),
.
, .
, ,
(2.1)(2.4) (
). z-
(. ,
2.1), 2.2. x y
( ) .
,
.

16

z
y

2.2.
.
, , () .
(2.1), (2.2) :
rot rot E = 2 E .

rot rot E = grad div E E ,

(2.5)
(2.6)

= , (2.4)
E = k 2E ,

(2.7)

k = .

(2.8)

(2.7) .
,
H = k 2 H .

(2.9)

, (2.7) (2.9) ,
E H (2.1) (2.2).
(2.1)(2.4)
( 2.3):
nE = 0,
(2.10)
n H = Js ,
s
,

nH = 0,
nE =

(2.11)
(2.12)
(2.13)

n , J s
, s
.
(2.10).

2.

D,E

n
s

17

B, H

Js

2.3. .

,
().
: (, z-) ,
( z-), .

= t + i z .
(2.14)
z

( = i x + i y + i z .)
x
y
z
, , +z-. (
z-.)
z-
exp( z ) , = + j .
, , E( x, y, z ) = E( x, y,0) exp( z )
H ( x, y, z ) = H ( x, y,0) exp( z ) . 1/m.
, , ( Np/m),
, , ( rad/m).
z ,

= t i z .

(2.15)

E H
,
E = Et + E z i z , H = H t + H z i z .

(2.16)

(2.1)
rot E = E = ( t i z ) (Et + E z i z ) = t Et + t ( E z i z ) i z Et i z ( E z i z )
= j(H t + H z i z ) .

(2.17)

i z E , ,
(2.17)

t ( E z i z ) i z Et = jH t ,

(2.18)

t Et = jH z i z .

(2.19)

t ( H z i z ) i z H t = jEt ,

(2.20)

18

t H t = jE z i z ,

(2.21)

t Et E z = 0 ,

(2.22)

t H t H z = 0 .

(2.23)

(2.18) (2.20),
i z Et jH t = t ( E z i z ) ,

(2.24)

jEt + i z H t = t ( H z i z ) .

(2.25)

t ( E z i z ) = ( t E z ) i z = i z t E z , , t ( H z i z ) = i z t H z .
(2.24) , , i z .
i z (i z Et ) = i z (i z Et ) Et (i z i z ) = Et ,
Et ji z H t = t E z .

(2.26)

( j) (2.25)
( 2 + k 2 )Et = t E z + ji z t H z .

(2.27)

(2.24) (2.25) Et ,

( 2 + k 2 )H t = t H z + ji z t E z .

(2.28)

(2.16) = 2 = = t + 2 ,
t = t t , , ,
t E z + ( 2 + k 2 ) E z = 0 ,

(2.29)

t H z + ( 2 + k 2 ) H z = 0 .

(2.30)

(2.19), (2.21) (2.27)(2.30)

.
, ,
, 2 + k 2 = 0 2 + k 2 0 .
, , .

2.2.1.
E z = 0 H z = 0 . (2.27) (2.28)

2 + k 2 = 0 ,

= 2 = j ,

. ,
,
( ).
,
(.
). (2.24) (2.25)

2.

19

i z H t = jEt ,

(2.31)

i z Et = jH t ,

(2.32)

, , j = j = / . (2.31)
(2.32) E H ( E = Et , H = H t !) ,
.
,
Z TEM =

(2.33)

. (
, ,
.) , (2.31) (2.32)
:
Ey
Ex
=
= Z TEM .
Hy
Hx

(2.34)

t Et = 0 ,

(2.35)

t Et = 0 ,

(2.36)

( z = 0 , ). ,
(.
),
. ,
z- exp( z ) ,
( ),
z .
,
,
(Q') , .
N

Q'i = 0 ,

(2.37)

i =1

N .
, . (2.11) (2.12),
(2.31) (2.32)


s = J sz

(2.38)

( J s z-),
,

20

Ii = 0 .

(2.39)

i =1

, (2.39)
, .
(2.18)(2.23)
(2.21) (2.23), t H t = 0 t H t = 0 . ,
, (2.32) (2.35) (2.36).

2.2.2. ,
E z = 0 H z 0 , ( ),
H . E z 0 H z = 0 ,
( ), E . , E z 0 H z 0 ,
, EH HE ,
. 2 + k 2 0 .
, ,
.
.
K 2 = 2 + k 2 . , (2.27) (2.28),

j
Et =
i z t H z ,
(2.40)
K2
Ht =

t H z .
(2.41)
K2
(2.40) (2.41)
( Et H t )

( H z ). , ,
(2.30),
t H z + K 2 H z = 0 ,

(2.42)

.

K 2 (
). ()
, ,
.
z- exp( z ) ,

H z ( x, y, z ) = H z ( x, y,0) exp( z ) .

(2.43)

2.

21

H z ( x, y,0) (
x y , , ).
H z ( x, y,0)
K 2 . , K 2 , k
.
(2.40) (2.41)
Et =

j
i z Ht ,

Ht =
i z Et .
j

(2.44)

(2.45)

Et H t ,
. ,
Z TE =

j
,

(2.46)

.

Et =

K2

t E z ,

Ht =

K2

i z t E z ,

(2.47)
(2.48)

t Ez + K 2 Ez = 0 ,

(2.49)

E z
E z ( x, y, z ) = E z ( x, y,0) exp( z ) .

(2.50)

E z ( x, y,0) K 2 .
(2.47) (2.48)
Et =

i z Ht ,
j

(2.51)

Ht =

j
i z Et ,

(2.52)

Z TM =

.
j

(2.53)

22

= K 2 k 2 = j 2 K 2 .

(2.54)

K 2 ,
(2.42) (2.49) . K 2
. (2.54)
2 K 2 > 0 , 2 K 2 < 0 .
2 K 2 = 0 ,
fc =

K
2

(2.55)

.
, , z-
exp( z ) = exp(z ) , , .
, . ,
, exp( z ) = exp( jz ) , .
z- , (
).

2.3. ,

. g , g
( guided wave)
. g = 2 .
z-
. t z = const . ,
dz
= = c ,
dt

(2.56)

( ). = ,
c (

), .

c = 1

= co

r r ,

. = co

(f

co = 2,99792458 108 m/s

rr = o

r r < o , o = co f .

, f > f c ,
2

f
= 2 K 2 = 1 c ,
f

(2.57)

2.

c =

co
f
o o 1 c
f

23

(2.58)

g =
o o

f
1 c
f

(2.59)

c , co , g , o .
, r = 1 r = 1 , g o .
,
.
.
.
.
z = 0
a(t ,0) = Am cos t cos t =

1
Am (cos( + )t + cos( )t ) ,
2

(2.60)

, (<<).
z
1
a(t , z ) = Am {cos[( + )t ( + ) z ] + cos[( )t ( ) z ]} ,
(2.61)
2
<<, +
, .

( + ) = () +

d
,
d

(2.62)

a(t , z ) = Am cos(t z ) cos(t z ) .

d

z z

(2.63)
d

d

z = 0 ,
cg =

1
.
d
d

(2.64)

d d = = , .
cg =

co
r r

= c ,

(2.65)

24

( ).

2

f
cg = c 1 c ,
f

(2.66)

c (2.58).
c cg =

co2
.
rr

(2.67)

.
,
. ,
, . 2.4
.
( ),
, . , ,
, , ,
.

c0
rr
cg

f fc

2.4. ( c ) ( cg )
( f f c ).
,
c =

f c

co
fc rr

(2.68)

,
. (2.59) (2.68)

2.

rr
2o

1
1
= 2 + 2 .
g c

25

(2.69)

:
Z TE =

Z TEM
f
1 c
f

(2.70)

f
Z TE = Z TEM 1 c .
f

(2.71)

f < f c ,
2

f
= = c 1 .
f

(2.72)

f << f c ,
c =

2
.
c

(2.73)

.
().

2.4. ,



,
1
2
2
Pt = Re (E H*) dS =
Et dS = Z T H t dS ,
(2.74)
ZT
St

St

St

Z T . (2.74)
(. f > f c ), .
.
, ,
.
, (
), . ,
, f > f c , = + j , exp(z )
. (2.74) exp(2z )
.

26

Pt ( z ) = Pt (0) exp(2z ) ,

(2.75)

P'gub =

dPt
= 2Pt (0) exp(2z ) = 2Pt ( z ) ,
dz

(2.76)

P'gub . (2.76)

P'gub
2 Pt

(2.77)

, ,

P 'gub = P 'p + P 'd ,

(2.78)

P'p , P'd
.
,
P'p

P'
+ d ,
(2.79)
2P 2P
, .

,
.
.
= p + d =

p =

j p p = (1 + j) p f p ,

(2.80)

p p , f .
,
p f p .

(=2,7182818...) , p = 1 p f p .
:
Cu = (66 m )
Z TEMp =

j p

f[ MHz] .
= (1 + j)

p f
p

(2.81)

,
Rs =

p f
p

(2.82)

( )

Rs = 1 p .
(.
)

2.

dPp
dS

= Re(E H *) n = Rs H tg ,
2

27

(2.83)

(E H *) n
( 2.3), H tg .
P 'p =

Rs H tg

dl ,

(2.84)

Cp

Cp ,

p = P'p (2 Pt ) .

(
) (
).
e = ' j" , " .

rot H = J + jE = E + jE = j( + d ( j))E = j e E ,

(2.85)

d ,
e = + d ( j) = ' j("+ d ) ,

(2.86)

,
. Re( e ) = 'e = ' ,
Im( e ) = "e = ("+ d ) = e , e
. tan d = " / ' .

.
, P'd , ,
2

dPd dv = e E ,
P 'd =

e E

dS .

(2.87)

St

E = Et , , (2.76),
d =

P 'd e
2 '
=
ZT =
tan d ,
2 Pt
2
2

(2.88)

,
d =

e
2

= tan d ,
' 2

(2.89)

28

d =

e
2

'

1
f
1 c
f

tan d
f 2
21 c

(2.90)

,
, , (2.90) .
, e
.
= 2 e + K 2 = 2' + j2e + K 2 .

(2.91)

,
= j ' K
2

je

e
1
2
2
2
' K

'

f
+ j ' 1 c .
2
f
f
1 c
f
1

(2.92)

,
, .
( ,

), , ,
e = ' j" , " .

.

2.4.

( ,
, ),
.
.
(2.1)(2.8) ,
. ,
.
(2.10)(2.13),
( )

n E1 n E 2 = 0 ,

(2.93)

n H1 n H 2 = 0 ,

(2.94)

1n E1 2n E 2 = 0 ,

(2.95)

2.

29

1n H1 2n H 2 = 0 ,

(2.96)

n ,
, 1 1 , 2 2
.
,
.
, .
, .
, .
. .

2.2.1, = j .

, ,
.
.
, ,
. , ,

E z << Et ,

(2.97)

H z << H t ,

(2.98)

.
- . -
, . -

.

y
1
2

d
d x

2.5. .

, 2.5,
( ), .
1 o , 2 o .
, y-.
,
x-. y = 0 (. ),

(2.94) (2.95), H x1 = H x 2 E y1 = 2 E y 2 .
1

30

, :

E y

= j o H x .
(2.99)
z
z-,
exp( jz ) ,
E y1
z

= jE y1 ,

E y1

E y 2
z

= j

1
E y1 .
2

(2.100)

E y 2

(2.99) .
z
z

, ( E z ),
.

E z E y

= j o H x .
y
z

E z

(2.101)
E y

z
. (2.93), E z
( E z1 = E z 2 ), (2.10),
( y = d ).

, E z
y, , ,
E
E z
zo ,
y
d

y>0,

(2.102)

E z E zo

,
y
d

y <0,

(2.103)

E zo z- ( y = 0 ).
(2.101)

E zo j d 1 1 E y1 .
2

(2.104)

, d << 1
( E z ) ( E y ), . , ,
, .

.
,
. , ,

2.

31

, . ,
,
,
.
, ,
.

, ,
. , .