OIL PRICES 1947 2008

ETHANOL & BIODIESEL

SHARING ENERGY SOURCES IN

THE REGION
ASEAN
Power Grid

ENERGY RESEARCH (1/6)

Horizontal
Axis
(offshore
wind farms)
Small
Vertical
Axis

ENERGY RESEARCH (2/6)

ENERGY RESEARCH (3/6)

The Government has forked out $20 million

to help roll out electric vehicles (EVs)
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ENERGY RESEARCH (4/6)

Maiden Flight
of
SkySails
on North Sea

ENERGY RESEARCH (5/6)

Oil Rig

ENERGY RESEARCH (6/6)

POWER SYSTEM LAYOUT (1/2)

Three-phase systems employed in all electric power
generation, transmission and distribution, and
industrial utilization
Nearly equal load on each phase
Thermal plant employed in all Singapore power
generation
Indoor substations and underground cables
employed in all Singapore transmission and
distribution.

10

POWER SYSTEM LAYOUT (2/2)

Singleline
Diagram

400/ 132-kV

132/ 66-kV

66kV

66kV
22-kV Ring
Main
22000/
400-V

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SUBSTATIONS (1/2)
The substation forms a node point (busbar) in
electric power network.
Substation equipment :
Transformer to change the voltage and current levels
Circuit breaker (CB) to interrupt the load and fault current. The fault
current automatically triggers the CB.
Isolator to provide visible circuit separation, and permit CB
maintenance. No load operation.
Voltage and current transformers to reduce the current to 5 A, and
the voltage to 120 V, and insulate the measuring circuits from the high
voltage.
Batteries (what for ?)

12

SUBSTATIONS (2/2)
Typical
Singlebusbar
11kV
GENERATOR
S

Substation

132kV
FEEDERS
11/132kV

11/132kV

13

ISOLATOR
Open
Open

14

TRANSFORMERS

Surge
arrester

Transformer

Cooling
fan

15

GAS-INSULATED SUBSTATIONS
(GIS) (1/2)
Dead end tower

Overhead
Grounding
Line
Overhead
Phase Line

Air
SF6 gas
Transformer

Gas Circuit Breaker

( GCB )
Bushing
Arrester
Potential Transformer
CT

Power
Powertransmission
transmission

16

GAS-INSULATED
SUBSTATIONS (GIS)(2/2)
GIS is filled with SF6.
GIS is widely used in Singapore, as it
is less bulky than its air-insulated
counterpart.
SF6 has superior insulating and
chemical properties over air.
SF6 is expensive and has to be filtered,
replaced (made-up) and reused.

17

SF6 CIRCUIT BREAKER (1/2)

Moving
contact

Fixed contact

Switch Closed
Moving
contact

Arc

Fixed contact
SF6 injection

Switch Opens

18

SF6 CIRCUIT BREAKER (2/2)

Spring

19

TRANSMISSION LINES

20

UNDERGROUND CABLES (1/2)

Singapore 400kV Oil Pressure Cable

21

UNDERGROUND CABLES (2/2)

Single-phase high-voltage cable with solid dielectric

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REFERENCES
There are many books that provide good
introduction. Read for example:
David W Tyler, Electric Power Technology,
Newnes, 1997.

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