ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY

NUCLEAR POWER
SUBMITTED TO
DR. PRAMOD SONI
Group 1
• 1 20195019 ABESH BISWAS(Electronics and Communication Engineering)
• 2 20196008 ABHIGYAN RAI(Production and Industrial Engineering)
• 3 20193035 ABHISHEK KUMAR(Mechanical Engineering)
• 4 20195170 ADABALA RENUKAPRIYA(Electronics and Communication Engineering)
• 5 20196021 AKHAND PRATAP CHAUDHARY(Production and Industrial Engineering)
• 6 20193104 AMOL CHAUHAN(Mechanical Engineering)
• 7 20194087 ANAMAY SRIVASTAVA(Computer Science and Engineering)
• 8 20198050 ANJALI DWIVEDI(Information Technology)
• 9 20191027 ANJU CHAUDHARY(Civil Engineering)
• 10 20195074 ANKIT NEERAJ (Electronics and Communication Engineering)
• 11 20198110 ANSHUMAN BHARGAVA(Information Technology)
• 12 20194037 ANUBHAV RAJPUT(Computer Science and Engineering)
 Nuclear
Power Plants

• Many countries remain active in developing nuclear power, including

China, India, Japan and Pakistan.
• All actively developing both fast and thermal technology, South Korea
and the United States, developing thermal technology only, and South
Africa and China, developing versions of the PBMR
 What’s Power All About?
All electricity is The easiest way (Almost) All industrial power is about creating
about making to do that is to rotary motion. Normally using hot gas for a turbine
electrons move spin a magnet

B
e-
e-
NUCLEAR
POWER
PLANT
 Nuclear Heat
Nuclear power generates heat from fission of heavy isotopes
Uranium 233, 235, (238)
Plutonium 239

n0 U-235

U-236* n0 x2-3

?
Plant Operation

Water coolant removes heat from fuel assembly

Fuel assembly made of fuel rods
Assemblies come in a variety of shapes (hex, circle, square)
 Plant Operation
Multiple options exist for the coolant:
Light water, heavy water, CO2, helium, fluoride salts, lead, sodium, organic fluids, …
In a thermal reactor, the coolant also ‘slows down’ neutrons.
Thermal or fast reactors
Reactors are designed to be stable systems
If you increase the power / temperature, the reactor physics will try to reduce power
In some designs the opposite happens if you try to decrease power
Designs focus on passive safety. Makes it very difficult / expensive to change designs
Nuclear plants are designed for stable power (95%+ capacity factor)
Modern plants can change output (50-100% @ 5%/min, depending on design)
Nuclear Fuel
Natural uranium is only made of 0.71% U-235, our main fuel. The rest is U-238

Not all countries have uranium deposits

It can be extracted from seawater (3.3E8 litres / kg U)
You have to enrich it after mining. 20% is legal limit.
Most plants use 3-5%. Most US permits are for 5%. Some reactors use nat. U
After being in the reactor the fuel will contain lots of new isotopes
U-238, U-235, Pu-239, Pu-other - can be reused in new fuel
Fission products - radioactive daughter particles
Minor actinides - heavy particles created by non-fission absorption
Most of these are radioactive but to different degrees and for different amounts of time
Different strategies for storage
Once through
• Simplest fuel cycle
• Weapons material is never available
• Produces the most waste
• Least efficient use of fuel material
• Still a good choice compared to
other power sources
• Politically accepted
• Cheapest upfront cost
Relative energy content of natural sources of fuel

U-238 - 86,7%

Coal - 8,7%
U-235 - 0,4%
Gas - 3,4%
Oil - 0,8%
Nuclear energy KWh/cap in the different
region (2007)
Nuclear Catastrophes

Chernobyl disaster

• The outstanding prophylactic measures were

performed on the wide territories of Ukraine, Russia and
Belarus for the minimizing of the population irradiation.
• Total number of the resettled persons was more than
150 thousand persons.
THANK YOU