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Driver Card For Single Phase Inverter Using Skhi22br
Driver Card For Single Phase Inverter Using Skhi22br
USING SKHI22BR
A PROJECT REPORT
Submitted by
Bachelor of Technology
IN
BONAFIED CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that this project report DRIVER CARD FOR SINGLE PHASE
INVERTER USING SKHI22BR
is the bonafide
SUPERVISOR
ASSOCIATE
PROFESSOR
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS
GRIET,
GRIET,
BACHUPALLY, KUKATPALLY,
BACHUPALLY, KUKATPALLY,
HYDERABAD-500 090.
HYDERABAD-500 090.
ABSTRACT:This project presents the design of the driver card using SKHI22BR ic to trigger the
igbts or mosfets of a inverter using TMS320F2812 which is a digital signal processor. The
DSP has inbuilt feature of generating the PWM signals by comparing with the sinusoidal
signal. The block diagram for generating the PWM signals is placed in matlab simulink and
the code is dumped in to the DSP using CODE COMPOSER STUDIO . The PWM signals
for various frequencies are obtained in the matlab by changing the wave form period and the
pwm signals obtained from the dsp is given to the driver card and is analyzed through the
simulation studies using MatlabR2006b under various switching frequencies and the results
are validated through the experimental setup based on TMS320 F2812 DSP board.
This project gives brief advantages of pulse width modulation technique used for
inverter design over normal switching techniques. These PWM pulses are generated using
DSP TMS320F2812 which plays a major role in the hardware design.
CONTENTS:CHAPTER No.
TITLE
1.
INTRODUCTION
1.1
INVERTERS
1.2
2.
2.1.1
2.1.2
3.
2.2
2.2.1
2.2.2
3.1
4.
HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION
5.
OUTPUT WAVEFORMS
6.
7.
REFERENCES
APPENDIX
1. INTRODUCTION
Power electronics have revolutionized the concept of power conversion and for
control of electrical motor drives. Power electronics combine power, electronics and control.
Power deals with static and rotating power equipment for generation, transmission and
distribution of electric power. Electronics deals with solid-state devices and circuits for signal
processing to meet desired control objectives. Control deals with steady-state and dynamic
characteristics of the system. Power electronics may be defined as application of electronics
for control and conversion of electric power.
Power electronics is primarily based on switching of the power-semiconductor
devices. With developments of power-semiconductor technology, the power handling
capabilities and switching speed of the power devices have improved tremendously. Modern
power electronics equipment uses
1) Power semi-conductors that can be regarded as the muscle
2) micro-electronics that has the power and intelligence of brain.
1.1 INVERTERS:An inverter is a circuit that converts direct current (DC) power to alternating current
(AC) power at desired output voltage and frequency. The DC power input to the inverter may
be battery, fuel cell, solar cells and other dc sources. But in most industrial applications it is
fed by a rectifier.
The AC output voltage could be at a fixed or variable frequency. This conversion can
be achieved either by controlled turn-on and turn-off of power semi-conductor devices (eg:BJTs, IGBTs, MOSFETs ). The diagram shown below represents a single phase inverter
whose triggering pulses are having equal ON and OFF states. During one half cycle mosfets
1and 3 are turned ON and during another half cycle mosfets 2 and 4 are turned ON.
varying the dc link voltage due to which only magnitude can be varied but the frequency of
the output cannot be changed. In order to change the frequency of the output on and off times
of the semi-conductor device has to be changed. In this method the output of the inverter is a
square wave which contains 3rd and 5th harmonics of the fundamental frequency of 50Hz
which is deviated from the sine-waveform. The most of the electrical equipments are
designed to operate efficiently for sine-waveform. Hence the square wave output of the
inverter has to be converted into sine-waveform by using the filter circuit. As the square wave
consists of 3rd and 5th harmonics of the fundamental frequency (50Hz) which are very less
when compared to harmonic frequency of output waveform of inverter using pulse-width
modulated scheme. As the harmonic frequency of inverter using pulse-width modulated
scheme is very high due to which size of the filter components will be reduced (inductor and
capacitor) due to which efficiency increases and cost reduces.
To find out the output waveform using PWM for an H- bridge inverter shown below
using Matlab is shown below
THREE PHASE INVERTERS :Three phase inverters are generally used for high power applications. The switches of three
phase inverters can be controlled with 180 degrees or 120 degrees conductions. However,
180 degrees conduction has better utilization of the switches and is preferred.
terminal of the dc source. There are six modes of operation in cycle and the
duration of each mode is 60degree. The transistors are numbered in the sequence of gating
the transistors (e.g.,123, 234, 345,456, 561, and612). The gating signals shown in the
figure2(b), are shifted from each other by 60degree to obtain three-phase balanced
(fundamental) voltages.
The load may be connected in Y or delta as shown in Figure 3. The switches
of any segment of the inverter (S1, and S4, S3 and S6, or S5 and S2) cannot be switched on
simultaneously; this would result in a short circuit across the dc link voltage supply.
9
Similarly, to avoid undefined states and thus undefined ac output line voltages, the switches
of any leg of the inverter cannot be switched off simultaneously; this can result in voltages
that depend on the respective line current polarity.
Transistors Q1, Q6 in Figure 2(a) act as the switching devices S1, S6,
respectively. If two switches: one upper and one lower conduct at the same time such that the
output voltage is +Vs, the switch state is 1, whereas if these switches are off at the same time,
the switch state is 0. State 1 to 6 produces nonzero output voltages. States 7 and 8 produce
zero line voltages and the line currents freewheel through either the upper or the lower
freewheeling diodes. To generate a given voltage waveform, the inverter moves from one
state to another. Thus, the resulting ac output line voltages are built up of discrete values of
voltages of Vs, O, and Vs,
For a delta-connected load, the phase currents can be obtained directly from
the line-to-line voltages.
Once the phase currents are known, the line currents can be
determined. For a Y-connected load, the line-to-neutral voltages must be determined to find
the line (or phase) currents. There are three modes of operation in a half-cycle and the
equivalent circuits are shown in Figure 2 a for Y-connected load.
During mode 1 for 0t< /3, transistor Q1, Q5, and Q6 conduct
R eq = R +
i1 =
R
3R
=
2
2
Vs 2Vs
=
R eq 3R
10
van = vcn =
i1R Vs
=
2
3
vbn = - i1R =
- 2Vs
3
During mode 2 for /3t< 2/3, transistor Q1, Q2, and Q6 conduct
R eq = R +
R
3R
=
2
2
v an = i 2 R =
2Vs
3
i2 =
Vs 2Vs
=
R eq 3R
v bn = v cn =
- i 2 R - Vs
=
2
3
R eq = R +
i3 =
R
3R
=
2
2
Vs 2Vs
=
R eq 3R
v an = v bn =
i 3 R Vs
=
2
3
v cn = i 3 R =
- 2Vs
3
2 2 / 3 2
VL =
V
d
(
t
)
2 0
1/ 2
2
Vs = 0.8165Vs
3
12
v an =
Vs
2
v bn = -
Vs
2
v cn = 0
13
v an =
Vs
2
v bn = 0
v cn = -
Vs
2
v an = 0
v bn =
Vs
2
v cn = -
14
Vs
2
State No.
Switch
State
Vab
Vbc
Vca
Space Vector
100
VS
-VS
110
VS
-VS
010
-VS
VS
011
-VS
VS
001
-VS
VS
101
VS
-VS
111
V7=0
000
V0=0
There is a delay of /6 between the turning off Q1 and turning On Q4. Thus
there should be no short circuit of the dc supply through one upper and one lower transistors.
At any time, two load terminals are connected to the dc supply and the third one remain open.
The potential of this open terminal depends on the load characteristics and would be
unpredictable. Because one transistor conducts for 120 degrees, the transistors are less
utilized as compared with those of 180 degree conduction for the same load condition. Thus,
180 degree conduction is preferred and it is generally used in three phase inverter.
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In many industrial applications, to control of the output voltage of inverters is often necessary
1. to cope with the variations of dc input voltage
2. to regulate voltage of inverters and
3. to satisfy the constant volts and frequency control equipment.
There are various pulse width modulation techniques to vary the inverter gain. The commonly used
techniques are:
1. Single-pulse-width modulation
2. Multiple-pulse-width modulation
3. Sinusoidal pulse-width modulation
4. Modified sinusoidal pulse-width modulation
5. Phase-displacement control
Single pulse width modulation:
In single pulse width modulation control, there is only one pulse per half-cycle and the width
of the pulse is varied to control the inverter output voltage. The generation of control signals and
inverter output voltage for single phase full bridge inverters is shown in fig. 8. The control signals are
generated by comparing a rectangular reference signal of amplitude Ar with a triangular carrier wave
of amplitude Ac. The frequency of the reference signal determines the fundamental frequency of
output voltage. The instantaneous output voltage is vo=Vs(g1-g4). The ratio of Ar to Ac is the
control variable and defined as the amplitude modulation index and given as
M = Ar/Ac
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Fig.7Singlepulsewidthmodulation
The RMS output voltage can be found from
2 ( +) / 2 2
Vo =
V
d(
t)
2 ( ) / 2
1/ 2
= Vs
by varying Ar from 0 to Ac, the pulse width can be modified from 0 to 180 and the RMS output
voltage Vo, from 0 to Vs.
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18
The instantaneous output voltage is vo= Vs(g1-g4). The output voltage for single phase
bridge inverters are shown in fig. 9 .
If (delta) is the width of each pulse, the RMS output voltage can be found from
2P ( / p+ ) / 22
Vo =
V
d(
t)
s
2 ( / p ) / 2
1/ 2
= Vs
The variation of the modulation index M from 0 to 1 varies the pulse width d from 0 to T/2p (
0 to /p) and RMS output voltage Vo from 0 to Vs. The harmonic profile of UPWM is shown in
fig.10.
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output frequency fo, and its peak amplitude Ar controls the modulation index m, and then in turn the
RMS output voltage Vo. Comparing the bi-directional carrier signal vcr with two sinusoidal reference
signals vr and vr, produces control signals gt1 and g4 respectively as shown in fig.11(b). The output
voltage is vo = Vs(g1-g4). However, g1 and g4 can not be released at the same time. The number of
pulses per half-cycle depends on the carrier frequency. Within the constraint that two transistors of the
same arm(Q1 andQ4) cannot conduct at the same time, the instantaneous output voltage is shown in
fig.11(c). The same control signals can be generated y using unidirectional triangular carrier wave as
in fig/ 11(d). It is easier to implement this method and is preferred. The generation of control signals
is similar to that for the UPWM, except the reference signal is a sine wave vr= Vr sin wt, instead of a
dc signal. The output voltage is vo = Vs(g1-g4).
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2p
Vo = Vs m
m =1
1/ 2
21
22
Voltage control can be obtained by using multiple inverters and summing the output voltage
of individual inverters. A single phase full bridge inverter in fig.16 can be perceived as the sum of
two-bridge inverters in fig.16. a 1800 phase displacement produces an output voltage as shown in
fig.16 whereas a delay or displacement angle of produces an output as shown in fig.16. The RMS
output voltage,
Vo = Vs
Vo1 =
4Vs
2
sin
2. Staircase modulation
3. Stepped modulation
4. Harmonic injection modulation
5. Delta modulation
4.2.1Trapezoidal modulation
The control signals are generated by comparing a triangular carrier wave with a modulating
trapezoidal wave as shown in fig.17. The trapezoidal wave can be obtained from a triangular wave by
limiting its magnitude to +_Ar, which is related to the peak value Ar(max) by
Ar = Ar(max)
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25
The modulating signal is a staircase wave, as shown in Fig.18. The staircase is not a sampled
approximation to the sine wave. The levels of the stairs are calculated to eliminate specific harmonics.
The modulation frequency ratio mf and the number of steps are chosen to obtain the desired quality of
output voltage. This is an optimized PWM and is not recommended for fewer than 15 pulses in one
cycle. It has been shown that for high fundamental output voltage and low DF, the optimum number
of pulses in one cycle is 15 for two levels, 21 for three levels, and 27 for four levels. This type of
control provides a high-quality output voltage with a fundamental value of up to 0.94Vs.
4.2.3 Stepped modulation :
26
The modulating signal is generated by injecting selected harmonics to the sine wave. This
results in flat-topped waveform and reduces the amount of overmodulation. It provides a higher
fundamental amplitude and low distortion of the output voltage. The modulating signal is generally
composed of
vr = 1.15 sint + 0.27 sin 3t 0.029 sin 9t
27
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Watchdog time
2.1 ABOUT DSP TMS320F2812:TMS320F2812 belongs to Texas instruments C2000 family which is used for electrical
purposes. We are also having other type of DSP models such as C6000 family which is used
for communication purposes and so on. TMS320F2812 DSP is highly integrated, high
performance solutions for demanding control applications.
2.1.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF TMS320F2812:TMS320F2812 consists of 32 bit Data lines and 22 bit Address lines, 32 bit ALU, 2
Event Managers modules. The event-manager modules include general-purpose (GP) timers,
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full-compare/PWM units, capture units, and quadrature-encoder pulse (QEP) circuits. EVA
and EVB timers work identically. The other peripherals present in the block diagram are used
for communication purpose only.
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Fig 2.3 Block diagram of Analog to Digital Converter (12 bit ADC of TMS320F2812)
The 12-bit ADC of TMS320F2812 has 16 inputs so that 16 analog signals can be converted
simultaneously or sequentially. The 16 analog input signal pins are divided into two blocks
with each block having 8 analog input signals. Each block is connected to the analog MUX
which is connected to the 12-bit ADC module through Sample and Hold circuit. The analog
signal converted into digital form which is stored in the respective registers. The analog
signal is given to any one of the input pin of analog to digital converter. The analog to digital
conversion starts when the ADC SOC (Start of Conversion) is activated.
The analog signal considered here is a sine wave with peak 3.3V which will be the
reference signal for PWM generation. Internally a carrier signal (triangular wave) is
generated within the Event manager module through which pwm pulses can be obtained.
These pulses can be obtained from the General purpose input output module. The digital
value of the analog input is derived as follows
Digital value = 0
Digital value =
Digital value = 4095
The above condition says that the Analog to Digital Converter block present in DSP works
only for voltage range 0V to 3.3V. If the input analog is of 0V the digital value will be all
zeros. If the input analog voltage is above 3.3V the digital value will be all ones.
The PWM signals can be generated using ADC block if and only if the analog input
(reference signal) is within the specified limits i.e. 0 to 3.3V. If it exceeds the specified limits
the DSP kit gets damaged.
2.1.3 Generation of PWM signals through Matlab:To overcome the above problem, the reference signal can be given to DSP using
Matlab r2006b through Code Composer Studio V3.0. The simulated waveform of 3.3V
obtained through Matlab is shown next
33
Though we represent the DSP block in Matlab the program generated has to be dumped into
the hardware DSP kit for which Code Composer Studio V3.0 software is required.
2.2 CODE COMPOSER STUDIO:Code Composer Studio (CCStudio) is the integrated development environment for TI's
DSPs, microcontrollers and application processors. CCStudio includes a suite of tools used to
develop and debug embedded applications. It includes compilers for each of TI's device
families, source code editor, project build environment, debugger, profiler, simulators and
many other features. CCStudio provides a single user interface taking users through each step
of the application development flow. Before interfacing the DSP kit to PC the drivers related
to TMS320F2812 has to be installed.
2.2.1 INTERFACING DSP KIT TO PC:Code Composer Studio plays a major role in interfacing DSP kit to PC because if the JTAG
of the DSP is connected to PC (which doesnt have Code Composer Software) it declares as
unknown hardware. The figure below shows the connection of DSP to PC
35
36
Step 3: Now click on the symbol as pointed below which detects the emulator
37
39
After successfully connecting the DSP kit to the PC to dump the required program the
following steps have to be followed
Step 1: Construct the required model in simulink of Matlab (for more information refer to
section 2.1.3)
Fig 2.21 Dialog Box for Changing the Reference Sine Wave parameters
Step 3: Double click on the PWM block and set the Timer specifications as given below
42
Step 5: Select the logic button in the same dialog box and change the PWM logic outputs in
such a way that PWM1 and PWM2 are complimentary and PWM3 and PWM4 are
complimentary.
43
Fig 2.24 Dialog box for changing the Logics of the PWM Output
Step 6: Select the deadband option in the same dialog box and set it to desired value.
Fig 2.25 Dialog box for changing the Deadband Width of the PWM Pulses
Step 7: Select the ADC option in the dialog box and set it to none because the reference
44
Press the keys Ctrl+b (build). On pressing the keys we can see the building process in the
command window of the Matlab and at the same instant the code generated will be
automatically get dumped into DSP. The following pictures guides through the process
The linker files are being generated
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3.1.1 SKHI 22A/B:This is driver ic . It has inbuilt separation circuit , buffer , short pulse
suppression, interlock deadtime circuit, Vce monitor , error memory, error
monitor circuits.
48
4. HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION
In the previous section the Code has been successfully generated and dumped into the DSP
TMS320F2812 which is used as the control circuit for the Single Phase Inverter Design. It
generates the required PWM pulse which has a voltage level of 3.3V.
49
The output from the driver circuit board is given to the gate emitter of the IGBTs of the Hbridge inverter as shown in fig
50
Input voltage of 30V is given to the input pins as shown in Fig 4.3. During one half cycle
IGBTs 1 and 3 are turned ON and during another half cycle IGBTs 2 and 4 are turned on. A
load of 3.3K ohms is connected between the output pins and the output is measured across
the 3.3K ohm.
51
5. OUTPUT WAVEFORMS
5.1 PWM SIGNALS FROM DSP KIT
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54
55
6.2 CONCLUSION
The driver card to trigger the Single Phase Inverter is designed using DSP TMS320F2812 as
the control circuit and the required waveforms have been obtained.
7. REFERENCES
http://www.emo.org.tr/ekler/4c76e43c96a0124_ek.pdf
www.datasheetcatalog.com
POWER ELECTRONICS BY M.A RASHID
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