CHAPTER 1

4.1
Dissipation Factor
Quality Factor
Because of the size
of the waveguides
Losses in the
conducting walls of
the guide
Ground
Spectral Analysis
50W
50 ohms
RG-211A
300 ohms
AWG#19
Quarter wave line
1.2 to 2.8
0.6 to 0.9
Facsimile
Call waiting tone
10 pulses/sec
VF repeaters

MTSO

Base station
3700Hz
Purely reactive
WATS
Tarif

Varistor
Electromagnetic
receiver
0 to 4KHz
4KHz
300 3400Hz

Impedance matching ratio of coax balun

Indicates energy loss in a capacitor
Indicates energy loss in an inductor
Why is it impossible to use a waveguide at low radio freq?
What causes the attenuation present in waveguides?

Tx lines are either balanced or unbalanced with respect to

___
Method of determining the BW of any processing system
Average power rating of RG-58 C/u
RG-8A/u impedance
Coax used for high temperatures
214-056 twin lead characteristic impedance (used in TV
lead-in)
Commonly used telephone wire
Impedance inversion can be obtained in ______
Dielectric constants of materials commonly used in Tx lines
Velocity factor of the materials used in Tx lines
The transmission of printed material over telephone lines;
Emission designation is F3C and A3E
A continuous tine generated by the combination of 2
frequencies of 350Hz and 440Hz used in telephone lines
Pulse dialing rate
Are unidirectional amplifiers having 20-25dB gain placed
about 75km apart used to compensate for losses along the
telephone line
Central switching office coordinating element for all cell
sites that has cellular processor and cellular switch. It
interfaces with telephone company zone offices, control
call processing and handle billing activities
Performs radio-related functions for cellular sites in cellular
systems
Out of band signaling between toll central offices (Bell
system standard)
Of SWR = infinite, what type of load the Tx line has?
Standard tariff for flat rate telephone service beyond the
normal flat rate in that area
The published rates, regulations and descriptions
governing the provisions of communications services for
public use
A component in the telephone set that has the primary fxn
of compensating for the local loop length
Type of receiver used in a conventional telephone handset
Ideal passband of a voice-grade circuit using PTN
Nominal voice channel BW
Telephone channel band pass characteristic

Basic voice-grade
Tie trunk
Trunk line
3dB
1897
G.122
1.7x10^-8 ohm-m
Umbrella cells
Adaptive array
Completed
Liable to radiate
Quarter wave
matching
Quarter wavelength
line
The line behaves as
a parallel tuned
circuit in relation to
the generator
Parallel resonant
circuit
Series resonant
circuit
Infinite or an open
circuit
A high value of
resistance
Infinite transmission
line
Nitrogen
Above 3Ghz
50ms
Insertion of E and H
probes into the
waveguide
Guide wavelength g

Waveguides

The minimum quality circuit available using the PTN

Connects 2 private branch exchanges (PBX)
Connects 2 central offices (CO)
Power loss of a telephone hybrid
First Strowger Step-by-Step switch was used in ________
CCITT recommendation for a preparation of loss plan, a
variable loss plan and a fixed loss plan.
Copper wire resistivity ()
Kind of ells appropriate for load management, fast moving
mobiles and low usage areas
In cellular networks, standard base station antennas are
replaced by _________
The call is _____ when the calling party hears a busy tine on
his telephone.
Short-circuited stubs are preferred to open-circuit stubs
because the latter are ______
One method of determining antenna impedance
It is used as an impedance transformer
If /4 Tx line is shorted at one end, ____

A shorted /4 line at the operating frequency acts like a

____
A shorted /2 at the operating frequency acts like a _____
The input impedance if a /4 short circuited transmission
line at its resonant frequency is _____
A /4 line is connected to an RF generator and is shorted
out at the far end. What is the input impedance at the line
generator?
Its feature is that its Zin is equal to the lines surge
impedance
Used to keep waveguide dry
Waveguides becomes compulsory above _____
Echo suppressors are used on all communication systems
when the round trip time exceeds _____
Ways of coupling in and out of a waveguide

(in rectangular waveguides) it is the distance between 2

instantaneous consecutive positions of maximum field
intensity;
It is always greater then the o at the same frequency
Are Tx lines which can convey electromagnetic waves only
in higher order modes;
Are hollow structures that has no center conductor but

At the beginning and

at the end of the
cable
Entropy
Reduced
electromagnetic
interference
Inductance
Coaxial

Twisted Pair
120 ohms
Standing waves
antennas
DC Blocks
Dithering
Freq and Voltage
dNp
Low attenuation
Parallel wire line
Absorption
coefficient
The higher the
Resistance and
The smaller the
diameter
/4 transformer
Reflectance

allows waves to propagate down its length;

Used mainly for microwave Transmissions because no
generators are powerful enough to excite them
The outer conductor of the coax cable is usually grounded

Amount of uncertainty in a system of symbols

The twists in twisted wire pairs

Loading means the addition of _____

Most commonly used Tx line for high frequencies;
Medium least susceptible to noise;
Most commonly used Tx line in TV systems
Medium most widely used in LAN
Not a common Tx line impedance
A pattern of V and I variations along a Tx line not
terminated in its characteristic impedance
At very high frequencies, Tx lines act as ____
It is used in coaxial Tx line to prevent AC power supple
voltage from being shorted by a balun or band splitter
(in TVRO communications) means reducing the effects of
noise on the TVRO signal
Important quantities in describing waveforms
Known as 1/10 of a Neper
Advantage of a balanced transmission line
Type of Tx line employed where balanced properties are
required
The ration between the energy absorbed by a surface to
the total energy received by the surface
The higher the gauge number of a conductor, _______

A short length Tx line used to reduce/eliminate standing

waves
Ration of reflected power to incident power

CHAPTER 2
Sound level meter
Sound
Noy
Phon
Mel
1000 mels
Sone
Decibel

Instrument used to measure a weighted value of the SPL

(sound pressure level)
An aural sensation by pressure variations in the air which
are always produced by some source of vibrations
Unit of noisiness related to the perceived noise level
The unit of loudness level of a sound
Unit of pitch
At a sensation level of 40dB, 1000 Hz tone is _____
Unit of perceived loudness
Measure of the intensity of sound in comparison to another
sound intensity

Octaves
Interval
Pitch and loudness
Pitch
Loudness

Frequency

Hump and notch

Noise rating values
Natural freq
Flanking
transmission
Hearing Level
330 m/s
341.8 m/s
5000 ft/sec
Microphone
transducer
Diaphragm and
Generating element
Expense and fidelity;
Complexity and
ruggedness;
Longevity
Carbon microphone

Dynamic microphone
Crystal microphone
Frequency response
Bass response
Proximity efect

Much of music is generally referred to in _______

Ratio of frequencies is termed as _______
Sound waves 2 main characteristics
A subjective term which is dependent mainly on the
frequency and also affected by the intensity
Or Intensity;
Is a subjective effect which is a function of the ear and
brain;
Loudness depends upon the energy of motion imparted to
the vibrating molecules of the medium transmitting the
sound;
Affected by the distance between the listener and the
source and its intensity varies inversely with the square of
this distance
The intensity needed to produce an audible sound varies
with ________;
The number of vibration or pressure fluctuations per
second
Two ways in which the frequency response of a loudspeaker
can be varied when it is positioned near a wall
An agreed set of empirical curves relating octave-band SPL
to the center freq of the octave bands
The freq of a free vibration
The transmission of sound from one room to an adjacent
room, via common walls, floors and ceilings
A measure of threshold of hearing, expressed in dB relative
to a specified standard of normal hearing
Velocity of sound in air
Velocity of sound at room temperature (T=17 deg celcius)
Sound waves speed in water
Converts acoustical energy
2 basic components of a microphone
Kinds of generating elements

Operates on the principle that the electrical resistance of

carbon granules varies as the pressure on the granules
vary
Operated by electromagnetic induction that generates an
output signal voltage
Will be damaged if exposed to high temp above 52 deg
Celsius
Most important specification of loudspeakers and
microphones
IS the bypassing of high audio frequencies
A microphone characteristic that results in boost in bass

Dolby
Sound intensity
Supersonic
Ultrasonic
Wavelength
Fundamental
Difraction
Refraction
Distortion
Exciter
Reverberation time

Spider

10Hz to 20KHz
20Hz to 20KHz
5KHz to 10KHz
65 dB
90 to 85
95 to 100 dB
25 to 8000 Hz
Flutter echoes
WC Sabine
Threshold of hearing

freq for close microphone spacing

Noise reduction system used for film sound in movies
Is the sound energy per unit area at right angles to the
propagation direction per unit time
Speed that is faster than speed of sound
Sound that vibrates at freq too high for the human ear to
hear (over 20KHz)
Crest to crest distance along the direction of wave travel
Lowest freq produced by a musical instrument
Tendency of a sound energy to spread
When waves bend away from a straight line of travel, it is
called _________
An undesired change in waveform as the signal passes
through the device
Distortion enhances intelligibility when an ______ is added;
It is a class of signal processors
Required time for any sound to decay to 60 dB;
Time taken for the intensity of the sound energy to drop to
one millionth of its initial value
A thin springy sheet of bakelite or metal that permits the
voice coil in a dynamic loudspeaker to move back and forth
along the core of its magnet
Bass freq range
Audio freq range
High freq range of audio signals
dB SPL of a voice paging in an office
dB SPL in a church with speech reinforcement only
dB SPL in an auditorium with contemporary music
If the sound waves are converted to electrical waves by a
microphone, what is the frequency of the electric current?
Rapid succession of noticeable echoes
Laid the foundations of acoustic theory of buildings
Minimum sound intensity that can be heard

CHAPTER 3
50 dB
Noise
H3E
A3H
A3E
R3E
J3E

B8E
C3F
G3E

The maximum sideband suppression value using filter

system
Is primarily high frequency spikes
Transmits only one sideband;
Single side band full carrier emission
Transmits LSB and half of USB;
Double sideband Full carrier emission;
Standard way of designating AM
Single side band reduced carrier emission
Single side band suppressed carrier emission;
AM system where if m is doubled, the antenna current is
also doubled
Independent sideband emission
Vestigial sideband emission;
Used in televisions
Phase modulation emission

F3E
F3F
F3C and A3E
F3C
A3C
A3F
LSB
Baseband freq

Spectrum analyzer
Mixer
Bufer
Bufer amplifier
Pulling
Discriminator
Carrier signal
Center frequency
Armstrong system
Reactance modulator
Direct FM

Direct PM
Balanced modulator
Circuit

Crystal Radio receiver

Non linear
Push-Push amplifier
Frequency synthesizer

Frequency modulation emission;

Used in FM telephony
Television Emission
Used in facsimile
Type of emission produced when a frequency modulated
transmitter is modulated by a facsimile signal
Type of emission produced when an amplitude modulated
transmitter is modulated by a facsimile signal
Type of emission when an amplitude modulated
transmitter is modulated by a TV signal
The difference between the RF carrier and the modulating
signal frequencies
Produces the sidebands on FM;
An information signal that is send directly without
modulating any carrier
Test instrument that displays the carrier and the
sidebands amplitude with freq to freq
Also called converter
Stage in radio transmitter that isolates oscillator from the
load
Protects the crystal oscillator from pulling
Refers to the change of the crystal oscillator frequency by
loading
Circuit used to detect frequency modulated signals
It has a frequency of 20KHz and above;
Has constant peak amplitude
The freq of the unmodulated carrier in FM system
One method of generating indirect FM
One method of direct FM
Varactor Diode FM Modulator;
Reactance Modulator;
Linear IC FM Modulator;
PLL with VCO
Varactor Diode PM Modulator;
Transistor Modulator;
Needed to generate a SSB or DSB signal;
Outputs LSB and USB;
The output is DSB;
It suppresses the carrier;
Device that is capable of causing freq translation;
Can be used as a phase detector;
Lattice modulator widely used balanced modulator;
Product detector a balanced modulator used to
demodulate a SSB signal
First radio receiver
Any device to be used as a freq multiplier must be _____
Used for frequency doubling
Frequency division is useful in the implementation of
_____

Better fidelity
Interference to other
radio services
Distortion and splatter
Base modulation and
Collector modulation
Envelope Detector
Rectification
Distortion
Coherent signal
Frequency deviation
Foster Seeley
Discriminator
Quadrature detector
It is less sensitive to
noise spikes;
It is less sensitive to
interference causing
AM
3 components
Continuous
modulation
Pulse modulation
Coef of modulation
Carrier shift
The oscillator is
crystal controlled
AFC
Better S/N ratio;
Noise immunity;
Capture efect
Efficiency of utilized
power
Wider BW needed;
Circuit complexity and
cost
AGC

Not an advantage of SSB

Effect of overmodulation in AM transmission
Result of the gain level being too high for signals entering
the modulator
Modulation method used for CE configuration
Most commonly used amplitude demodulator
Envelope detection is concerned with the process of ___
Diagonal clipping in envelope detection will result in ____
Has the same Frequency and Phase (but not in
amplitude)
A louder sound, when generating the modulating
waveform for FM, will cause a greater ____
A circuit that demodulates the frequency-modulated
signal
Requires that the inputs are coherent
Ratio detector is superior to Slope detector because

A single tone amplitude modulated wave has _____

A kind of modulation which the modulated wave is always
present
Type of modulation in which no signal is present between
pulses
Decribes the amount of amplitude change present in an
AM waveform
Type of amplitude distortion introduced when the + and
alternations in the AM modulated signal are not equal
Advantage of PM over FM frequency modulation
A disadvantage of direct FM is the need for
Advantage of FM over AM

Disadvantage of FM over AM

Noise Blanker

Its function is to maintain the sound volume level of a

voice receiver nearly constant for a large single strength
range
Reduces impulse noise in receiver

Frequency translation
and up-conversion

If the freq of each component in a signal spectrum in

increases by the same fixed amount, this is known as

Indirect Synthesizer
TRF receiver

Superheterodyne
Receiver
Image rejection ratio
Noise floor of the Rx
Cross modulation
interference
Cross modulation

Intermodulation
interference

Connecting a C
between the B+ and
the lead ground
Stray coupling is
minimized
4

Neutralization
Blocking dynamic
range
RF amp;
IF amp;
AF amp;
Mixer
IF amplifier
Filter ringing
Undesired signals will
reach the audio stage
3000 Hz

_____
A frequency synthesizer that contains a single crystal is
described as a ________
Receiver in which all RF amplifier stages require manual
tuning of the desired RF;
Disadvantage is that it has BW variations over the tuning
range
Doesnt have a modulator;
An RF amplifier will not be found on every
superheterodyne receiver
Ratio of the superheterodyne receiver response at the
desired fc (carrier freq) to that at the fsi (image freq)
The limiting condition for sensitivity in a communications
receiver
Refers to the condition where the signals from a very
strong station are superimposed on other signals being
received
An effect which, the modulation of an unwanted signal is
transferred to the desired carrier;
The modulation of an unwanted signal is heard on the
desired signal
Can be reduced by installing a filter at the receiver
2 AM transmitting antennas are close together, as a
result, the 2 modulated signals are mixed in the final RF
stage of both transmitters. What is the resultant effect on
the other station?
Motorboating (low freq oscillations) can be stopped by
____
Leads should be kept as short as possible in radio circuit
so that ____
The # of voice transmission that can be packed into a
given freq band for amplitude compandored SSB systems
over conventional FM-phone systems
Prevents the generations of spurious oscillations
Ability of a communications receiver to perform well in
the presence of strong signals outside the band of
interest
Common to both AM and FM receivers

Determines a communication receivers sensitivity

Occurs during CW reception if too narrow a filter BW is
used in the IF stage of a receiver
The undesirable effect of using too wide a filter BW in the
IF stage of the receiver
In a narrow band FM system, the deviation ratio is

Desensitizing
Ensuring good RF
shielding between
Transmitter
Presence of a strong
signal on a nearby
frequency
BW and NF
FM receiver

2.4 KHZ
Resistor
AM detector
Approx 2.5 to 1
Higher
BW of emission and
Occupied BW
Installing resistive
spark plugs
BFO

Am modulation
Linear Summing
FM and double side
band AM
Capture efect
Tuned Circuit
By having the carrier
vary a resistance
Variable resistance

Diode detector
PIN diode
Switch
Diferential amplifier

commonly 1 and the highest audio freq is generally

limited to ____
Refers to the reduction of the Rx Gain caused by the
signal of a nearby station Tx in the same freq band
Reduces Rx desensitizing

Cause of Rx desensitizing

2 factors the determines the receiver sensitivity

Contains limiter stage, discriminator and de-emphasis
circuits;
The limiter stage prevents any amplitude modulation of
the IF signal;
The limiter stage rids FM of noise
The degree of selectivity desirable in the IF circuitry of a
SSB receiver
Most amp to break down in a radio circuit
performs rectification and filtering in the receiver
Ratio of PEP-to-average power during a modulation peak
in a SSB phone signal
In most mixers, the oscillator freq is higher than the
carrier freq on the input signal
The BW occupied by the carrier, both sideband and the
harmonics
A way of eliminating auto interference to radio reception
Generates an output whose freq differs from the IF by
1KHz;
Demodulates SSB or CW signal
Same as Linear mixing
Mixing for freq conversion is done with a circuit called
_____
Suffers most from selective fading
Is the reception blockage of 1 FM phone signal by another
FM phone signal
A negative half of the AM wave is supplied by a ______ in
a diode modulator
Can produce AM
Amplitude modulators that vary the carrier amplitude
with the modulation signal by passing it through an
attenuator network is the principle of ________
Most widely used amplitude modulator
Produced AM at very high frequencies
In a diode ring modulator, the diodes acts like a ___
The principal circuit in the popular 1496/1596 IC balanced

Class C
Crystals

modulator
The AM signals generated at a low level may only be
amplified by what type of amplifier?
Most commonly used filter in SSB generators

CHAPTER 4
PCM
Quantization noise
Quantizing noise

Thermal Noise /White

Noise/ Gaussian Noise/
Johnson Noise
White noise
Thermal Noise

Atmospheric noise

Transit time noise

Impulse noise
Man-made noise
Cosmic Noise
Space noise
Crosstalk noise
Miscellaneous noise

Solar flare
Noise density
Increasing channel BW
Precipitation static
15 to 160 MHz
17 deg Celsius / 290 K
-90 dBm
CCIT G. 151
CCITT Rec. G. 172
800 Hz

Quantizing noise happens in _____

Due to the approximation of the quantized signals
Noise occurring in the presence of signal resulting from a
mismatch between the exact value of an analog signal
and the closest available quantizing step in a digital
decoder
Noise from random acoustic or electric noise that has an
equal energy per cycle over a specified total freq band
Is measured on a circuit when it is correctly terminated
but does not have any traffic
An electric noice produced by the thermal agitation of
electrons in conductors and semiconductors;
Most internal noise comes from this type of noise
Noise produced by lightning discharges in thunderstorms;
Also known as static noise;
Not a great problem above 30MHz;
Primary cause is lightning;
Type of noise that becomes a great importance/concern
at high frequencies
Noise consisting of irregular pulses of short duration and
relatively high amplitude
Is usually from transmission over power lines and by
ground waves
Noise originating from outside the solar system
Noise coming from stars and sun
Noise that occurs via capacitive or inductive coupling in a
cable
Crosstalk due to incomplete suppression of sidebands or
to intermodulation of 2 or more freq-multiplexed channels
which is unintelligible is classified as ____
Large emission of hydrogen from the sun that affects
communications
The total noise power present in a 1Hz BW
Not a way of reducing noise
Form of interference caused by rain or dust storms
Industrial noise freq
Reference noise temp
Reference noise level (relative to 10^-12)
Standard for crosstalk limits
Standard for intermodulation rates on PCM audio
channels
Reference freq of CCITT phospohometric noise
measurement

Psophometer

pWp
Nif
Peak values
Level
Positive
Narrowing the BW
uV
Mixer
MESFET

11 years

A device that measures the internal VOC of an equivalent

noise generator having an impedance of 600 ohms and
delivering a noise power to a 600 ohm load
Unit noise power of psophometer
Noise-improvement-factor
External noise fields are measured in terms of ____
The difference between signal strength at a given point
and a reference level
A practical dBrn measurement will almost always be a
____ number
Noise can be reduced by ____
Noise at the input of the receiver can be as high as ____
Contributes most of the noise in a receiver
Transistor with the lowest noise figure in the microwave
region;
Most commonly used in the microwave freq due to its low
noise char
The solar cycle repeats the period of great electrical
disturbance approx every ___

CHAPTER 5
Field strength
James clerk Maxwell
Transequatorial
propagation
UHF and VHF
Kennely-Heaviside
Layers
D layer
E layer

F2 layer
Band
Reflection Multipath
Critical freq
Scatter angle
Fading
UHF
Troposcatter
propagation

Amount of voltage induced in a wave by an

electromagnetic wave
Profounded electromagnetic radiation theory
Is best during afternoon or early evening
Most affected by knife edge refraction
D,E,F layers
Layer that reflects very low freq waves and absorbs
medium freq waves (RL,AM)
Layer used for high-freq day time propagation;
Layer that aids MF surface-wave propagation a little and
reflects some HF waves in daytime
Layer that does not appear at night;
Reaches a height of 255 km at night
Different grouping of electromagnetic spectrum
Fading due to interference between direct and reflected
rays
The highest freq that can be sent straight upward and be
returned back to earth
In troposhepric scatter propagation, the attenuation is
dependent on ___
Applies to troposcatter propagation;
Defined as the fluctuations in the signal strength at the Rx
Tropospheric scatter is used with freq in the following range
Means of beyond the LOS propagation of UHF signals;
It is where 2 directional antennas are pointed so that their
beams intersect at the troposphere

Ducting
Duct
Shadow zone
SID
Lengthen the skip
distance
Plane wave
Wavefront
1W
It is more
pronounced at wider
BW
Spread spectrum
communication
Approx 300M m/s
VLF waves
Afected by the solar
cycle
Freq diversity
Space diversity

Window
Their freq
Frequency
Attenuation
X-rays
Blue
Pitch
Dispersion
8000 lx
Direct wave
Refracted
2 sr
ELF, VLF, MF
Sky wave

HF (3 Mhz to 30 Mhz)
MF (300Khz to 3

Super refraction;
Occurs in troposphere
Layer of warm air trapped above cool air
Absence of reception
Sudden ionic disturbances
If the Tx power remains constant, an increase in the freq of
the sky wave will
Radiowave that is far from its sources is called ____
A fixed point in an electromagnetic wave
VHF ship station transmitters must have the capability of
reducing carrier power to ____
How does the BW of the transmitted signal affect selective
fading
A wide-BW communications systems in which the RF carrier
varies according to some predetermined sequence
Speed of electromagnetic waves travel in freespace
Are very reliable and are used for some types of services
High freq waves
Best solution to ship to ship fading;
2 or more Rx are used using a single antenna;
2 or more antennas are used separated by several
wavelengths;
Best solution to fading
Range of microwave freq more easily passed by the
atmosphere than the others
The absorption of a radio wave by the atmosphere depends
on _____
When a beam of light enters one medium from another, a
quality that never changes is its
As electromagnetic waves travels in free space, this can
happen to them
Highest freq can be found here
Shortest wavelength
Quality in sound that corresponds to color in light
Is the splitting of white light into its component colors in
refraction
Minimum illumination recommended for reading
Microwave signals propagate by way of the ____
Ionosphere causes radio signals to be ___
The solid angle subtended by a hemisphere about its
center is ____
Uses surface wave propagation
The type of radio wave responsible for long-distance
communication by multiple skips is the _______;
____ gets in contact with ionosphere and reflected by it
LOS communications is not a factor here;
Ionosphere has the greatest effects on this range of freq
Ground wave is most effective in _____

Mhz)

CHAPTER 6
Discone antenna
Bay
UHF and VHF
Critical phased array
Antenna
Antenna array
Dipole antenna
Yagi Uda
Elementary doublet
Broadside antenna
Marconi antenna

Parabolic Dish
antenna
Notch antenna
Rhombic antenna

Horn antenna
Resonant antenna
Helix antenna
Vertical loop
antenna
Vertical /4 antenna
Half wave antenna
Long-wire antenna
Good grounding
Azimuth
Null
BEAMWIDTH

Top loading
Collinear

Has vertical polarization;

Radiation pattern is omnidirectional
A section which would be a complete antenna by itself
Range of freq where most omnidirectional horizontally
polarized antennas are used
It is where the current ratios of 2 or more elements must
be held at 5% and the phase angle at 3%
Device that converts high freq current into electromagnetic
wave
An antenna with a number of /2 antennas on it;
An underground antenna near the ground acts as a ______
Radiation pattern in bidirectional;
Antenna that is not grounded at one end
Antenna that doesnt use the ground
Antenna which is 1/10 wavelegth long
An antenna array which is highly directional at right angles
to the plane of the array
Antenna that radiates an omnidirectional pattern in the
horizontal plane with vertical polarization;
Length = /4;
Maximum current is found at the base of the antenna;
Not a wideband
An antenna with very high gain and very narrow BW
An open-ended slot antenna
Non resonant antenna;
A properly terminated antenna;
Used primarily for skywave propagation
Antenna that is best excited from a waveguide
Antenna that is not properly terminated
Must have minimum of 3 number of turns
Has a bidirectional radiation pattern in the horizontal plane
Antenna that provides maximum radiation to all
surrounding points in the horizontal plane
Voltage nodes are located at the feedpoints;
Current nodes are located at the ends
Antenna made up of a number of full wavelenths
A must for vertical antennas
Is the horizontal pointing angle of an antenna
Very low signal strength in antennas
Measurement of a unilateral antenna properties of
directivity;
Is the angle between the half power radiation points
Used in antennas to increase effective height;
Improves radiation efficiency
All elements in a beam ________ antennas are in line

Lightning Rods
200 kph
Parasitic element

FB ratio

End efect
Low pass filter
Increases antennas
efective length
Decreases antennas
efective length
Stacking antenna
elements
Driven element
BW increases
Wave straps in the
antenna circuitry
Trap antennas
300 ohms
Antenna efficiency
Directivity gain
Location of antenna
wrt to nearby
objects
Protection of
personnel working
underneath
Prevent re-radiation
of the LO
Diplexer
Long periodic

Must be mounted on top of a structure not les than 30 cm

above the highest point
Estimated medium wind loading in the Phil for antenna
tower design
Improves antenna directivity;
Gives the antenna unidirectional properties;
Increases the antennas power gain (for a Hertz Dipole)
Comparing the signal strength arriving at the driven
element from the desired direction to the signal strength
reaching the driver from the opposite direction
Shortening effect of an antenna that makes it appear as it
were 5% longer
Are harmonic suppressors connected to an antenna
Add inductor in series
Add capacitor in series
______ in a transmitting system will increase field strength
at the Rx and increase the directivity of the Tx antenna;
Increases sensitivity to weak signals
The element fed by the transmission line;
/2 is its electrical length in an HF beam antenna
If the antenna is shortened through the use of loading coils
Eliminates strong interference from one particular station
by the use of this
Disadvantage is that it will radiate harmonics
The input terminal impedance at the center of a folded
dipole
= (radiation resistance / total resistance ) x 100%
Ratio of max radiation intensity to average radiation
intensity
Factors that determine the radiation resistance of an
antenna
Reason for using metal counterpoise when antenna is false

Reason for using antenna coupler

Antenna coupling unit
Useful as a multiband HF receiving antenna

CHAPTER 7
10 to 1000uW
1000 to 3000 HZ
250 to 500 Hz
Volt unit meter
300 to 3400 Hz
4000 Hz
1300 ohms

Typical speech power

Max intelligibility for voice freq is located between
Max voice energy is located between
Device used to measure speech volume
Standard freq BW for voice transmission
Standard voice channel spacing
Resistance limit for #2 crossbar exchange in US

0.51 dB/1000ft
Loss: 3dB/15ft
-42 to -52 volts
3W
825 to 845 MHz
870 to 890 MHz
890 915 MHz
45 MHz
30 KHz
825.015/870.015
MHz
666
80 km
13 miles
50 dB
12KHz
Large service area
Full duplex
Half duplex
Radiotelephony
Singing
Roaming

25 second
Electrolytic
recording
Skewing
Crosstalk
Acoustic coupler
Hybrid circuit
2wire circuit
4wire circuit
Local loop
Subscribers loop
Trunk line
MTSO

AWG#26
RG-58 cable
Telephone set voltage sent by CO
Typical power output of a cellular phone
Cellular phones transmit in the band from ______
Cellular phones receives in the band from ______
The mobile-to-base frequency assignment for GSM System
Frequency separation between the transmit/receive
channels
Frequency separation between the recieve/receive
channels
Channel 1 Transmit/Receive frequency
# of transmit/receive channels in the cellular system
The transmission range of cellular telephony
Range of cellular CDMA System
Sensitivity of a cellular receiver
Freq deviation of cellular telephone system
Not an advantage of cellular telephony
A cellular phone operates in FD
Radio communications between points using a single share
freq
Type of communication when the human voice and music
are transmitted
Caused by excessive + feedback;
Echo that is completely out of control
The signal quality of the calls is constantly monitored by
the base station, when the quality if the calls drops below a
certain specified level, the base requests the MTSO to try
and find a better cell site
Time it takes a facsimile to transmit a standard page
A kind of recording used by facsimile
Distortion in facsimile
Causes a herringbone pattern in facsimile
Converts electric signals to audio signals
Converts 2wire to 4wire
A circuit usually in the subscriber loop, between the
telephone set and the CO
Is used between serving CO for long distance connections
with one paro being used for each direction of transmission
A 2wire or 4wire communication circuit between the
customers premise and the CO
Physical connection between the tel set and the switching
equipment
Connects 2 COs
Linking point between a cell phone and a regular
telephone;
All of the base stations are linked together by _____ which
serves as the CO and management node for the group;

Cell site
Janyes maximum
entropy principle
Discrete channel
1.88 1.90 GHz
12
120
1983
1000
6000 Hz
100,000
Digital-AMPS (DAMPS)
416
Numeric Assignment
Module
Private Automatic
Branch Exchange
Pilot carrier signals
Loop extender
12
First selector
Section
Small area
Cell splitting
Circle
Repeater
60 degrees
Hailing channel
Erlang
Erlang B
Erlang C
Poisson

Volume

Master control center for cellular telephone system;

Controls the power of a cellular radio
Provides interface between the mobile tel switching office
and the mobile units
____ of a data reduction says that when reducing a set of
data into the form of an underlying mode, one should be
maximally non-committal wrt the missing data
Combination of modulator, channel and detector
Freq of DECT
# of simultaneous calls DECT system can support
# of simultaneous calls DECT radio transceiver can assess
at a given time
Cellular mobile system was first operated in ______
TACS is a cellular system with ____ channels
SAT (Supervisory Audio Tone) freq is _____
System capacity of AMPS
The voted cellular digital standard
# of channels for Band A and for Band B in D-AMPS
NAM
PABX
Signals designed to keep the receivers and transmitters
aligned
A device that increases the battery voltage on a loop and
extends its signaling range
Under ordinary circumstances, the CCIITT recommends that
the # of circuits in tandem must not exceed _____
Responds to the request if a subscriber by sending a dial
tone
The other name of class2 office in the NA switching plan
A cell in the cellular tel system means ____
Single cell subdivided into smaller cells
First cell shape
Each cell contains a ____
Beamwidth of the reflector of the Rx antenna in the base
station
Or Calling channel
Is equal to the # of simultaneous calls originated during a
specific hourly period
The traffic model about blocked calls clear condition
specified blocking probability
The traffic model about blocked calls delay condition
specified delay probability
The traffic model about blocked calls held condition
specified the held probability at the a time period equal to
an average holding time
A method of expressing the amplitudes of complex nonperiodic signals such as speech

Echo suppressors
Double spotting
TPS

CCD
1500 and 2300 HZ
Vestigial sideband
AM
QAM
56 Kbps
Group3 Fax
Thermal
CCITT
Satellite weather
photos
Modified GSM
Termination

___ is a voice operated device that inserts a high loss in the

opposite direction of transmission of the talking party
___ is the picking up of the same station at 2 nearby points
on the receiver dial
The type of connector arrangement wherein a customer
may move to another location and still retain the same tel
number
Most commonly used light sensor in modern fax machines
In FM Fax, the frequencies for B&W are ____ respectively
Modulation used by Group2 Fax
Modulation used by Group3 Fax
Transmission speed of Group4 Fax
Most widely used fax standard
Most fax printers are of which type?
The one who set up facsimile standards
Type of graphics commonly transmitted by radio fax
The system used by PCN (Pesonal Communications
Network)
Refers to - load connected to the output end of a
transmission line

CHAPTER 8
Optical Fiber
Transducer
2520 KHz
2728 KHz
600
300
Hybrid Data

L carrier system
56KHZ
1800 VB Channels
Zero bit insertion
2B + D
64 Kbps
16 Kbps
3
SDH (Synchronous
Digital Hierarchy)
Terminal Adapters
213 to 552 KHz;

Not suitable for CSMA Operation

Used to convert time varying electrical quantity to an
appropriate form
U600 BW
L600 BW
AT&T Master Group
CCITT Master Group
Refers to the combined digitally encoded signals
transmitted with FDM signals as one composite baseband
signal
Transmit frequency-division-multiplexed VB signals over a
coax up to 4000miles
Guard Band between supergroup 18 and supergroup D25
A radio channel is composed of ___
The transparency mechanism used with SDLC is called ____
Equation that defines the composition of an ISDN basic
access line
Data rate of ISDN basic B Channel
Data rate of ISDN basic D Channel
# of channels on which different operations can occur
simultaneously on one ISDN basic access line
A digital network where voice, video, text and data are
multiplexed into a single network for processing and are
transmitted prior to use
Non-ISDN equivalent can be connected to ISDN line by the
use of ____
Baseband freq of standard FDM basic supergroup

BW = 240 KHz
Bipolar
Interfaces the Digital
Terminal Equipment
to analog
communications
channel
DTE (Data Terminal
Equipment)

10Mbps
CSMA/CD

Manchester
Channel Accessing
Common Channel
Signaling
LAN

Bridge
Router
Gateway
Parallel Data
Serial Data
Parallel transmission
1500m
Packet Switching
Message Switching
Baseband Tx

Broadband Tx

What is the Transmission signal coding for T1 carrier?

Purpose of the data modem

The LCU (Line control Unit) operates on the data in digital

form and is therefore called ____;
A system that performs // to serial and serial to //
conversion of data link;
Ethernet is baseband system using CSMA/CD operating at
____
Before attempting to transmit data, each station has to
listen to the channel;
With ____, a station monitors the line to determine if the
line is busy
A type of digital encoding technique used to detect
collision in CSMA/CD
Mechanism used by the station to gain access to LAN
Signaling method relating to a multiplicity of circuits is
conveyed over a single channel by labeled messages
Is data communications network designed to provide 2-way
communications between a large variety of data
communications terminal equipment within a relatively
small geographic area
Interconnects LAN having identical protocols at the
physical and data link layers
Interconnects LAN having identical protocols at the
physical and network layers
Interconnects LAN that has totally different protocols and
format
All bits in a character can be sent/received simultaneously.
The bits in a character which are send/received one at a
time
Also called parallel by bit;
Also called serial-by-character;
Use of coax cables in interconnecting networks is limited to
an overall length of ____
Hold and forward network
Store and forward network
Uses TDM;
Transmission where the data are inputted directly on the
cable (data on cable);
Medium is a single channel;
Uses FDM;
Transmission where the data are inputted inside the carrier
wave (data on carrier);
Medium is a multiple channel

Noise is amplified
with voice when an
FDM system is used
Quadrature
multiplexing
Start/stop mode

On/Of Keying
Source Coding

2B1Q Encoding

Hufman Code

Morse code
Emile Baudot
Alex Reeves
1950
1983

ISO 7809

PRNET
TMS
DCA
ARQ
EIA
PDN (Public Data
Network)
20 Kbps
Smart mOdems
FSK
25
Flexible size
Aliasing
Folding freq

Reason why FDM is being replaced by TDM

The process that uses the orthogonality of sines and

cosines that makes possible to transmit and receive to
different signals simultaneously on the same carrier freq
Is the mode of transmission in public data network in which
data are transferred from source to the network then to the
destination in an asynchronous data format
Amplitude shift keying is also known as _____
Circuit the performs the inverse mapping and delivers to
the user destination, a reproduction of the original digital
source output
The type of encoding used in the Tx of data on an ISDN line
between a customers premises and a carriers central
office
A source code whose average word length approaches the
fundamental set by the entropy of a discrete memory
source
Code that used three unequal length symbols, dot, dash
and space to encode a character
Developed the fixed-length binary code for telegraphy
Inventor of the PCM for digital encoding of speech signals
Year where computers and terminals start communication
with each other over long distances
Year ISO (International Standardization Organization)
adopted the 7layer OSI (Open System Inteconnection)
model
A standard that combines previous standards 6159 and
6256 and outlines the class of operation necessary to
establish the link level protocol
Store and forward Multiple Access Network
Digital switching concepts that can handle more channels
Who promulgated communications-related military
standards (MIL-STD)
Error control used in high freq radio data transmission
Electronic industry association
A communications network designed for transferring data
from one point to another
RS-232 is normally an interface between DTE and DCE,
what is its signal rate?
Accepts commands from the terminal via RS-232 interface
Used by slow speed modems
Rs-232 has ____ number of PINS
Most significant advantage of modular switch over timeand-space switch
The overlapping of the original spectrum and the first
translated component
The highest theoretical freq that can be processed at a

64 Kbps
Large BW is
required;
Requires ADC, DAC;
Incompatible with
existing analog
facilities
PCM System
Quantizing noise

Sampling;
Quantizing;
Coding
1200 Kbps
Data in video
Much better noise
immunity
Dynamic range
Polling

Echoplex
Line protocol
Agreed upon in
advance between
sender and receiver
ASCII

EBCDIC
32H
Baudot code

Framing
The end of packet
framing
Asynchronous
Transmission
Modem

sampling rate without aliasing

Basic speed of a digital system
Disadvantage of PCM systems and digital transmission
systems in general

A digital transmission system

Present in PCM systems;
The difference between the original and reconstructed
signal
Steps to follow to produce a PCM signal

CCITT V.26 Modems has a modulation rate of ____

Not a hybrid data
Advantage of PTM over PAM
The ratio of the largest possible magnitude to the smallest
possible magnitude that can be decoded by the DAC
A transmission system for a multidrop system;
When one station is designates as a master and the rest of
the stations are considered as slaves, message handling is
_____;
Is an invitation by the primary to the secondary equipment
to transmit a message;
Mode of transmission that achieves less than Full duplex
but more than half duplex
Rules governing the transmission of digital information
Codes must be ___

Has 132 chars including 32 control chars;

Has 7 bits;
Means terminals using asynchronous transmission in ASCII;
Most widely used data communications code
Character code that is used without parity;
8 bit character code
SYN Character of EBCDIC code
Fixed length 5 char code;
Requires shift characters to provide sufficient
combinations;
Is concerned with the boundaries between characters
A packet format has an error detecting code at the ____
Is less efficient but simpler
Hardware used when the host computer and the terminal

Null modem
Low speed modems
Medium speed
modems
High speed modems
Front end processor
Equalizer

Adaptive equalizers

Amplitude delay
Line equalizing
D to A converter

Gray code
Protocol Analyzer
Intelligent terminal
Unknown
FSK

H-factor
Novell Netware
Delta modulation
3.32 dits
Bit rate
Serial printer
Impact printer
Bisync
STX
X.75
Isosynchronous

are in separate locations;

Referred to as a DCE (digital communications equipment);
Equipment that interfaces the DTE to the analog Tx line
A device that connects 2 DTEs directly by emulating the
physical connections of a DCE
2400 bps
2400 4800 bps
9600 bps
Is the data communications hardware that assists the host
computer in handling input and output tasks
D to A synchronous modems send signals to the ____;
The D to A converter in a synchronous modem sends signal
to the ____;
Provides post equalizations to the received analog signal;
The receive equalizer in a synchronous modem is called
____;
The D to A converted in a synchronous modem is called
___;
Compromise in equalizer settings typically affect ____
A means of improving the quality of a private line ckt by
adding amplifiers and equalizers to it
Input for a PCM decoder circuit is a series of bits;
Output for a PCM decoder circuit is a parallel output of
binary coded signals
Binary codes are transformed in modems into ____
Best type of data communications test equipment
Which computer terminal can be programmed to perform
new functions
The # of bits that are zeros on each symbol when one is
transmitting odd-parity coded symbols
A digital modulation technique that results in 2 different
frequencies representing binary 1 and 0;
Used by Bell 103/113 series for full duplex, 2 transmission
speeds of 1 to 300 bps
Defined as the figure of merit to express degree of
modulation in an FSK modulator
___ is a network operation system with several buildings in
compound
Alternative way of digitizing analog signals
1 bit = ____
Rate of change at the input of the modulator
Prints 1 char at a time
Strikes a ribbon against the paper to produce character
images
Character oriented protocol
Start of bisync
Protocol for packet switching network
When asynchronous data are used with synchronous

transmission
Asynchronous data

Synchronous data

Overhead
Flag field
Flag
01111111
CRC-16
Activate RLSD
low band channel
DISC
Start/stop mode

IEEE 802.3
IEEE 802.4
IEEE 802.5
3
Handshaking
Scrambler
XON/XOFF
CTS
I series
I.120
V series
V.14

V.24
V.26bis
V.100
X.200
RS-232, RS-350, RS449, V.21, V.24
1800 Hz

modems
With _____, each character is framed between a start and
stop bit;
0 start bit;
1 stop bit;
It is a character oriented protocol
With ___, rather than frame each character independently
with a start and stop bit, a unique synchronizing char called
SYN is transmitted at the beginning of each message
Characters that must be transmitted other than the data
are called ____
Used to achieve character synchronization in SDLC
Denotes the start and end of a data link frame
Go ahead sequence
In USA, it is the most common CRC cocde
Training sequence (a bit pattern used to synchronize the
receive modem) accomplishes one of the ff fxns
Channel in the 103 modem that occupies a passband from
300 to 1650 Hz
A command that places a secondary station in the normal
disconnect mode
A mode of Tx in public data network in which data are
transferred from source to the network to the destination in
an asynchronous data format
CSMA/CD
CSMA/CA
Token passing for Bus Topology
How many OSI layers are converted under the X.25
standard
Technique involving signaling by both ends of a link to
ensure correct data transfer
Found in the Tx section in a synchronous modem
Is a method of flow control
An example of outband signaling is _____
CCITT standards that refer to various aspects of ISDN
I-series that describes what an ISDN is
CCITT standard concentrating on data communications
over the telephone network
A recommendation which allows a synchronous modem to
be used to transmit asynchronous characters without error
control
A CCITT recommendation which gives definition for the
interchange circuits of DTE and DCE
Defines a 2400-bps, PSK, half duplex, modem operating at
1200 bauds
Describes the interconnection between PDNs and PSTNs
Standard for the 7layer model of OSI
Examples of standards for interfaces between terminals
and modems
Western Electric 2911 modem operates with a carrier

Bipolar Violation
Flow control
Bufering
XMODEM
ZMODEM
DEREP-RB
Computer data
Bus
Applicationindependent
interfaces
Cable TV system
Fiber optic Tx
PBX
Digital PBX
Telephone
1,0
Noise
VRC
LRC
QAM
XNOR
Redundancy
Balanced
demodulators
30 stations per
segment
Logical
RADAR
ADF
DME
EADI
SONAR
Terrestrial Flight
Telephone system
1300 HZ
43,500 MHz
K x 4000 miles
The pulse width
Space diversity

frequency of
Occurs when 2 successive pulses have the same polarity
and are separated by a zero level
Process of starting and stopping the terminal output to
avoid loss of characters by the receiving stage
Temporarily storing data to allow for small variations in
device speeds
Popular PC protocol
Protocol that adjusts its block size based on the lone error
rate
Not a common DNA Repeater
Data communications refers to the transmission of ____
Fastest LAN topology
Characteristic of LAN

Not a LAN
Cannot be provided in a broadband LAN
A small telephone switching system that can be used as a
LAN
A LAN architecture that can be expanded to the greatest
total system BW
Not primarily a type of data communications
Mark frequency, space frequency
Cause of errors in data transmission
Other name for parity
Produces BCC (block check char)
Combination of ASK and QPSK
Not a part of QAM modulator
Not commonly used method of error detection
A basic modulator/demodulator circuit in PSK
Limitations of 10Base2 network
Not an important char of the physical layer
CHAPTER 9
Radio detection and ranging
Automatic direction finder
Aircraft navigation system that determines the time-tostation (TTS) or time-to-go (TTG)
Electronic altitude and director indicator
A shipboard equipment which measures the distance
between the ships bottoma dn the ocean floor
An inflight system that allows passengers to make tel calls,
send faxes, and play computer games etc
RF carrier of the middle marker is ____
Freq a radio altimeter operates on
Re used in communications design
IF Bandwidth is inversely proportional to ____
Method applied to reflective path to reduce fading;
____ transmission means transmitting and receiving on 2 or

Freq diversity

Litz wire
TWT (traveling wave
tube)

Helix
Wide BW
Prevents oscillations
Klystrons
At the cathode end
of the helix
Maintain the desired
klystron frequency
Magnetron

Reflex klystron
Catcher cavity
Cavity resonators

CRT
Tunnel Diode
Gunn diode

Varactor and step

recovery diode
Hot carrier diode
Attenuation due to
water vapor and
oxygen
60 GHz
183 GHz
10 GHz
Slow fading

more antennas operation on the same frequencies

Method applied to overcome multipath fading of microwave
system over water;
Method where the signal in transmitted on 2 different freq
over the same path;
Wire used to reduce skin effect
Consists of electron gun, helix and collector;
Advantage over Klystron for microwave amplification is
wider BW;
Used at freq in the order of 8000 MHz
The electron beam in a TWT is density modulated by the
_____
Major advantage of a helix traveling wave tube
Attenuators purpose in TWT
Replaces TWTs in high power amplifiers
At what position is the input signal inserted into a TWT
In radar set receivers, an AC AFC system may be used to
______
Most widely used radar transmitter component;
Most common application is in radar;
Is only used as a oscillator;
A high power microwave pulse of the order of MW can be
generated by a _____
Used as a oscillator;
Low power Gunn diodes are replacing _____
In a klystron amplifier, velocity modulation of the electron
beam is produced by the ____
Sets up the operating frequency of klystrons and
magnetrons;
A half wavelength, close section of a waveguide that acts
as a // resonant circuit is knows as a ____;
Is equivalent to an LC resonant circuit
Not a microwave tube (TWT, Klystron and Magnetron)
Does not ordinarily operate with reverse bias
Low power radar transmitters and receivers use which
component?;
A popular microwave oscillator
Widely used in frequency multipliers
A popular microwave mixer diode
Considered as atmospheric attenuation

Freq where oxygen causes excessive attenuation

Freq where water causes excessive attenuation
Rainfall becomes an important factor in fading of radio
waves at frequencies above ___
Attenuation that occurs over many different wavelengths of

Large reflector
Delayed Spreading
6th

54
Waveguides

The cut-of freq if a

waveguide
Probe
Periscope antenna
Flattening of
equivalents
curvature (EC)
Towards the earth
Phased array
PPI

Both lower antenna

rotation speed and
higher pulse
repetition
Horn and parabolic
reflector
Horn antenna
Antenna directivity
Spark gap
Doppler efect
0.6
Infinity
Baseband repeaters
Decrease in resonant
frequency

the carrier;
Not due to multipath;
Causes multipath or frequency selective fading
Causes intersymbol interference (in microwave Tx that
uses digital radio)
Theoretically, electromagnetic radiation field strength
varies in inverse proportion to the square of the distance
but when the atmospheric attenuation effects and the
absorption of the terrain are taken into account, the
attenuation can be as high as the inverse ____ power of the
distance
The CCIR hypothetical reference circuit covering a distance
of 2500 km consists of how many hops
Are transmission lines which convey electromagnetic
waves in highest freq;
They act as a highpass
The lowest frequency the waveguide operates
Introduces magnetic field into the waveguide
Advantage is that it shortens the waveguides length
As the value of k increases, ____ happens

If k-factor is greater then 1, the array beam is bent ____

A radar antenna using multiple dipoles or slot antennas in a
matrix with variable phase shifters is called an ____
Most common radar display;
Has an aquadag coating on the inside of the tube (to act as
a second anode)
The display on the PPI scope of a radar set will have
greater intensity under the following conditions:

Most radar antennas use ____

Most widely used microwave antenna
The ability of a radar to determine the bearing of a target
Component in a duplexer that protects the receiver from
the higher transmitter output
Measures speed;
The freq changes;
The optimum clearance from an obstacle in a microwave
system is accepted as ____ of the first fresnel zone radius
The microwave beam curves the same than that of the
earth when the value of the correction factor k equals ____
An active microwave radio repeater that can provide drops
and inserts
Decreasing the volume of a cavity causes a __________

PCBs
High loss
Mobile radio
1GHz to 100GHz
Higher cost
equipment
Greater Tx distances
LF band

Stripline and microstrip transmission lines are usually made

with ____
Coax cable is not used for long microwave Tx because of
its ____
Not a common microwave application
Range of microwave frequencies
Not a disadvantage of microwave
A main advantage of microwave
LORAN-C operating freq lies on the ____