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Cavitation
Cavitation
p Division
Flowserve Pumps
IDP Pumps
Tutorial
Presented at 2005 ASME Fluids Engineering Division Summer Conference,
June 19-23,, 2005,, Houston,, Texas,, USA
Outline
Part 1: What is cavitation and what does it mean for
pumping machinery?
Part 2: Prediction of cavitation in centrifugal pumps
Scaling laws
Thermodynamic effect (temperature depression)
Effect
Eff t off dissolved
di
l d or entrained
t i d gases
Calculating incipient cavitation (NPSH) from CFD
Cavity length prediction
P t 1 What
Part
Wh t iis cavitation
it ti
Cavitation is defined as the process of formation and disappearance
of the vapour phase of a liquid when it is subjected to reduced and
subsequently increased pressures.
The formation of cavities is a process analogous to boiling in a liquid,
although it is the result of pressure reduction rather than heat
addition.
Cavitation is a thermodynamic change of state with mass transfer
from liquid
q
to vapor
p p
phase and visa versa (( bubble formation &
collapse).
P t 1 What
Part
Wh t iis cavitation
it ti
(cont.)
(
t)
Sheet cavity on pump
impeller vane leading
edge (suction side)
Speed = 2990 RPM
NPSHA = 70 m(230 ft)
Flow rate =1820 m3/h
(8015 gpm)
Vane marker stripes at
intervals of 10 mm (0.4 in)
Cavity length = 25-40 mm
(1.0 1.5 in)
(from Visser et al, 1998)
4
P t 1 What
Part
Wh t iis cavitation
it ti
(cont.)
(
t)
Typical cavitation damages
p1 pV
; (Centrifugal Pumps : U Ueye R1T )
1
2
2 U
p01 pV
NPSH
g
Thoma cavitation number:
TH
NPSH
H
7
Cavitation Phenomena
9
Pump Division
Head (m)
4.05
4.00
3.95
3.90
3.85
3.80
3 75
3.75
3.70
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
NPSH (m)
Pump Division
0% Head Drop
3% head drop
1% head drop
0% head drop
Begin visual cavitation
Head (m)
4.05
4.00
3.95
3.90
3.85
3.80
3.75
3.70
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
NPSH ((m))
Pump Division
1% Head drop
3% head drop
1% head drop
0% head drop
Head (m)
4.05
4.00
3.95
3.90
3.85
3.80
3.75
3.70
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
NPSH ((m))
Pump Division
3% Head drop
3% Head drop
1% head drop
0% head drop
Head (m)
4.05
4.00
3.95
3.90
3.85
3.80
3.75
3.70
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
NPSH ((m))
Pump Division
Recirculation
3% head drop
1% head drop
Recirculation
0% head drop
Head (m)
4.05
4.00
3.95
3.90
3.85
3.80
3.75
3.70
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
NPSH ((m))
Pump Division
10
General misconception:
NPSHA > NPSHR No Cavitation
(This will only hold if NPSHR = NPSHi.)
11
12
NPSH
N
NPSH
NPSH
NPSHi:
i
i
i , REF
N REF
NPSH
( TH
constant)
H
2
NPSH3%:
NPSH 3%
NPSH 3%,
% REF
N REF
1 2
14
h fg
V
L
NPSH B 2
;B V
V v fg g C p T
VL
Stepanoff (1965
(1965, 1978):
B B1 NPSH
2
L g C pT
1
1
B1
;
[
m
]
or
[
ft
]
2
V h fg
29 4 3
64 4 3
NPSH
B1 ; [m 1 ] or NPSH
B1 ; [ ft 1 ]
HV
HV
Non-equilibrium theory bubble dynamic (CFD) calculations, involving
time-dependent
time
dependent two-phase
two phase flow calculations
16
(Ch
(Chen,
1993)
Key characteristic:
Performance (breakdown) comes from gas evolution and gas
expansion, rather than classical vapor formation.
Dissolved and/or entrained gases result in reduction of (effective)
field NPSHA:
NPSHA* = (P01 PE) / g
Hidden danger: NPSHA > NPSHR but NPSHA* < NPSHR
17
18
NPSH i
p01,i pV
p01,i p1,i 12 U 2
p1,i p1 ( pmin pV )
NPSH i
p01 pmin
g
So: NPSHi follows from pmin and p01 of calculated pressure field, and
does not require pV to be known!
19
(from Visser
Visser, 2001)
20
Qleakage
p
f(p, D, L, , , ) ~ D u ; u
L
1
2
0.25
u
; Re
2
22
pV* pV ( p1 p1, A )
p1 12 U 2
( p1, A 12 U 2 pV )
p01 g NPSHA
p01 NPSPA
23
24
LCAV
2 3
6 3
2
Gli h (1986
Glich
(1986, 1988
1988, 1989)
1989): E C
A
8
T
e
S
L
A
CAV ,10
n
or
(*)
E Ln E E L L
CAV
with
Equation
q
((*)) is especially
p
yp
powerful when comparing
p
g designs
g and
evaluate susceptibility to cavitation erosion (in a relative sense).
Design optimization studies
25
Bubble dynamic
y
models
Rayleigh-Plesset equation
Vapor-liquid interaction (time-dependent mass & heat transfer)
Closer to reality
More complicated and more CPU-expensive
E.g. Volume of Fluid (VOF) model
27
28
Concluding Remarks
Cavitation is a phenomenon which can seriously impact
performance and operation of pumps.
Predicting cavitation performance is an important topic
topic,
not only for pumps, but for fluid machinery in general.
Traditional (scaling) methods are still important and
useful.
CFD methods provide further insight and are becoming
more and more common.
Bubble dynamic (CFD) methods are emerging and hold a
promise for the future.
30
References
Brennen, C.E.
H d d
Hydrodynamics
i off P
Pumps.
Oxford University Press (1994)
Chen, C
Chen
C.C.
C
Cope with dissolved gases in pump calculations.
Chemical Engineering, vol. 100 (1993), pp. 106-112.
Dijkers, R.J.H., Visser, F.C. & Op De Woerd, J.G.H.
Redesign of a high-energy centrifugal pump first-stage impeller.
Proceedings of the 20th IAHR Symposium,
Symposium August 6-9
6 9, 2000
2000, Charlotte
Charlotte,
North Carolina, USA.
Glich, JJ. F
Glich
F. and Pace
Pace, S.
S
Quantitative Prediction of Cavitation Erosion in Centrifugal Pumps.
Proceedings of the 13th IAHR Symposium (1986), Montreal, Canada.
31
References (cont
(cont.))
Glich, J. F. and Rsch, A.
Cavitation Erosion in Centrifugal Pumps.
World Pumps, July 1988, pp. 164-168.
Glich, J. F.
Guidelines for Prevention of Cavitation in Centrifugal Feedpumps.
EPRI Final Report GS-6398, (1989).
Glich, J. F.
Beitrag zur Bestimmung der Kavitationserosion in Kreiselpumpen auf Grund der
Blasenfeldlnge und des Kavitationsschalls
Kavitationsschalls.
Thesis, Technische Hochschule Darmstadt, Germany, 1989.
Stepanoff, A
Stepanoff
A.J.
J
Pumps and Blowers Two-Phase Flow.
John Wiley & Sons (1965), Krieger Publishing (1978)
32
References (cont
(cont.))
Visser, F.C., Backx, J.J.M., Geerts, J., Cugal, M. & D. Miguel Medina Torres
Pump impeller lifetime improvement through visual study of leading-edge cavitation.
Proceedings of the 15th International Pump Users Symposium, Turbomachinery
Laboratory,Texas
y,
A&M University,
y, College
g Station,, Texas,, USA,, pp.
pp 109-117.
Also in: Pumping Technology, vol. 2 (1998), pp. 149-157.
Visser, F
Visser
F.C.
C
Some user experience demonstrating the use of CFX-TASCflow computational fluid
dynamics for cavitation inception (NPSH) analysis and head performance prediction
of centrifugal pump impellers. FEDSM2001-18087
Proceedings of the 4th ASME International Symposium on Pumping Machinery,
May 29 June 1,
1 2001,
2001 New Orleans
Orleans, Louisiana
Louisiana, USA
USA.
33