TensileTesting

TwoWeekProject
LaboratoryExperiment#4
MET231Laboratory

UsingtheMTSMachine
Beforecomingtoclassgotohttp://www.hpcnet.org/virtuallab,readallthe
materialandviewallthemovies.Thentakethelabquiz,whichislocatedontheWebCT
classhomepage.IfyouwishtoruntheMTSmachineduringthelabperiodyoumust
haveapassinggradeonthisquiz.
ReportRequirement
TEAMindustrialstylereportisdueafterthecompletionofthistwoweek
laboratory.Includeinthereportadiscussionastohowthesedatawouldbeusedin
engineeringdesign.
Intheresultsection:(1)providethe0.2%offsetyield,thetensilestrengthandthe
straintofractureforthealloyspecimenstestedbyallthreesectionsoftheMET231
laboratory.Alsoprovidethemeanandstandarddeviationfortheexperimentaldata.(2)
Plotagraphofatypicalstressstraincurvewithsignificantareasofthegraphidentified.
(3)Usetheextensometerdataintheelasticpartofthestressstraincurvetocomputethe
modulusofelasticity.(4)Provideacalculationoftheworkhardeningconstantnusing
datafromoneofthetensiletests.(5)Calculatetheworkdonefromthestartofthetestto
theUTSforoneofthetensiletests.RecallfromPHYS211thatworkisdefinedas:
lf

F(t)dl

Equation1.

lo

where,wistheworkdoneinJoules,FistheappliedforceinNewtonsloistheinitial
samplelength,andlfisthefinalsamplelengthinmeters.Becausetheforce,F(t),and
length,l(t),arebothtabulatedasafunctionoftime,thisareacanbecomputedusing
simplenumericalmethodspresentedinMATH123.Ifyougraphthedatausinga
modifiedformofEquation5,theapproximateareaundertheloadelongationcurvecan
becomputedusinggeometry.Ifyouchoosetouse(t)and(t)inEquation5or6,the
resultingunitsareenergyperunitvolume.
Inthediscussionsectioncomparethesedatawithdatafoundintheliterature.
Discussthesignificanceofthesuggestedcomputationsandengineeringapplications.
Drawanyconclusionspossiblebasedontheseresultsandotherinformationfound
intheliterature.

Week1:Collectrawtensiledataforaluminumandsteelalloys.Eachstudentwillpull
tofailure,intheMTSmachine,2to4tensilesamples.Eachteammemberwillemailhis
orhertensiletestdatainanExceldocument.TheExcelfilemusthavethetabulated
computationofstressstrain,truestresstruestrain;containatablesummarizingthe0.2%
offsetyieldstress,tensilestrength(TS),fracturestressandtotalstrainatfracturewithin
threedays.Thesedatawillbetabulatedforallspecimenstested,bytheteammembers
andpublishedforclassusebeforethesecondweekslaboratorysession.
Week2:Thesecondweekofthelaboratoryprojectisprovidedfororganizationofa
verylargedataset.Theinstructorwillbeavailabletohelporganizethedataina
professionalformat.
Objectives
Theprimarygoalistopreparethedataforpublicationinthescientificliterature.
KnowwhichASTMstandardsareusedforthetensiletest.
Knowhowthetensiletestisusedtoestablishmechanicalproperties.
Knowtheuseofthetensiletestinqualitycontrol.
Knowhowthetensiletestisusedtomeasureengineeringandscientificdatasuchas
strainhardeningrates,modulusofelasticity,0.2%yieldstress,tensilestrength,
fracturestressandenergytofractureatensilespecimen.
Knowhowtocomputeengineeringstressandstrainandtruestressandstrain.
Providerepresentativegraphsforaluminumandsteeltensiledata.
Inthetablesummarizingthetestsforsteelandaluminum(about45sampleeachwill
betested),providethemode,mean,rangeandthestandarddeviationforthemodulus,
0.2offsetyieldstress,tensilestrength,andengineeringstraintofracture.
Fortheabovedataprovideatableandciteequivalentdatafoundintheliterature.
PublishedmechanicalpropertydatacanbefoundinMetalsHandbook.1,2
Publisheddataonaluminumalloysandtemperdesignationscanbefoundinyour
textbook.Readpages360363and372.Numerousphysicalandmechanicalproperty
datacanbefoundinseveralpublications,includingtheInternet.3Datafoundinmaterial
publishedbyTheAluminumAssociation,Inc.,4followsinTableI.
TableI.Exampleofmechanicalpropertydatafoundforaluminumalloy7075T64.
Alloy
and
Temper
7075T6

TensionStrength
UTS
0.2%Yield
ksi
ksi
74
63

Elongation
Modulus
percentin2in.
of
1/16in.thick Elasticity,ksix103
5
10.6

ASMMetalsHandbooks,8thedition,vol.110arelocatedinthestacks,9 thedition,vol.117and10th
editionvol.1,2,17,and20arelocatedinthereferencesectionofthelibrary,TA459.M43.
2
ASMMetalsHandbookOnLinefromcampuscomputersonly:http://www.asmmaterials.info
3
Freematerialspropertydatabase:http://www.matweb.com/.
4
AluminumStandardsandData,TheAluminumAssociation,Inc.,90019thStreet,NW,Washington,
D.C.20006.

Introduction
Thetensiletestiswidelyusedforthemeasurementofbasicmechanicalproperties
ofmetals,plastics,andcompositematerials.Thetextbook5presentsthetensiletestin
section5.3.ThemajorityofteststandardsusedbyindustryarefoundintheAnnual
BookofASTMStandards,Vol.03.01.Themostcurrentpublicationsarefoundinthe
referencesectionofthelibrary.Olderpublicationcanbefoundinthelibrarystacks.Itis
suggestedeachstudentreviewstandardsASTME8andASTME646.
Sometheterminologyandequationsfollow.
l i l o l

EngineeringStrain:
Equation2.
lo
lo
where,istheengineeringstrainloisinitialgaugelength,andliistheinstantaneous
gaugelength.
F
AppliedForce

.
EngineeringStress:
Equation3.
A o InitialCross SectionalArea
l i
TrueStrain: t ln ln1 .
Equation4.
l o
F
AppliedForce

1 .
TrueStress: t
A i InstantaneousCross SectionalArea
Equation5.
StrainHardeningCoefficient:Theletternintheequation
t K nt orlog( t ) log(k) n log( t ).
Equation6.

Thisequationusesdataintheplasticpartofthetruestressstraincurve.6Ifthedatafor
themetaloralloyrespondsinanormalway,thegraphoflog(tversuslog(t)isa
straightlinewithslopen.
TheLaboratoryExperiment
Eachlaboratoryteammusttransferthetensiletestfilesontoeachteammembers
Hdrive.
Experimentalloadelongationdatawillbecollectedusinga20kipMTS
machine.7ThedataiscollectedusingafileformatreadableusingMicrosoftExcel.
RecordingofdatabeginswhentheMTSmachineoperatorpushestherunbutton.Thetest
datafoundonthediskettehasfourcolumns.Theyare,timeinseconds,hydraulicram
positioninmmunits,loadinkNunits,andextensometeroutputinmmunits.The25.4
mmgaugelengthextensometercanrecordamaximumchangeoflengthof4mm.After4
5

WilliamF.Smith:FoundationsofMaterialsScienceandEngineering,secondedition,McGrawHill,
1993.
6
Thisfunctionshouldbeastraightline.Itmaybenecessarytoselecteddatainthemiddlerangeofthe
truestressstraincurvewhereuniformplasticdeformationwasobserved.
7
MTSSystemsCorporationmanufacturesmechanicaltestingequipment.Theirwebsiteis:
www.mts.com

mmstheextensometerslipsonthetensilesamplesurface.Itisthennecessarytouse
rammotion(column2ofthedata)tocompletetheloadelongationtable.Theload
elongationdatacannowbeconvertedtoengineeringstressstrainandtruestressstrain.
ThesedatacanalsobepresentedgraphicallyusingExcelsgraphiccapability.
Alistofpossiblealloys,withanidentifiedofthermalmechanicalprocessing
condition,availableforthislaboratoryexperimentareasfollows.
SteelAlloyCondition
1018HotrolledandAnnealed
1050HotrolledandAnnealed
4130Hotrolled,Annealed,Quenchedfrom840oCorQ&
thenTemperedat400oCforonehour
AluminumTemper
7075OandT651
6061OandT651
2024OandT351