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GC Skills For H2 Statistics
GC Skills For H2 Statistics
Section 4: Regression
4.1
4.2
4.3
References:
1
A-Level Statistics with TI-83 Plus by Ho FH, Ho KF & Neo CB
2
Course notes of Teaching and Learning of A-Level Mathematics: A Graphical Calculator
Approach (Statistics) by Dr Rosalind Phang
3
A Concise Course in Advanced Level Statistics by J Crawshaw & J Chambers
4
TI-83 Plus Graphing Calculator Guidebook
Page 1 of 33
,
{ and 6
and 9
Page 2 of 33
1.1
Place the cursor at the first row of L1 and key in the data 1 to 6,
pressing after each number. Use the cursor control keys
|, }, ~, to navigate and correct any mistakes where
necessary.
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To delete a value:
1
Highlight the value to be deleted, e.g. 400.
2
Press {. The value is removed and the rows below will move
up.
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Press {. The list is removed from the spreadsheet but not the
calculators memory.
Create a list named MARKS and store the 20 data items into it.
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Mean x = 51.5
Standard deviation x = 18.20576832
Unbiased estimate of the population standard deviation
sx = 18.67872418
Lower quartile Q1 = 41.5
Median = 53.5
Upper quartile Q3 = 65.5
Lowest value = 17
Highest value = 84
Number of data items n = 20
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Sorting a list in ascending order will help you to draw a stem and leaf diagram or a stemplot
easily.
Stem
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Leaf
7 9
2
8 9
4 5 7
1 3 4 4 4 5
5 6
2 5 6
4
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Exercise: The lifetimes (in years) of 30 batteries of a particular brand are given as follow.
5.1
6.2
6.0
6.3
3.3
5.8
7.3
6.4
4.8
7.5
3.1
5.0
6.9
5.5
4.1
5.0
4.3
6.1
4.7
4.9
5.3
5.7
5.9
4.6
4.6
6.9
8.1
9.3
6.6
5.7
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r
,
s
p
and 9
=
Page 9 of 33
X ~ B ( n, p )
p is the probability of a successful outcome
X is the number of successful outcomes in n independent trials
P ( X = x ) = n Cx p x q n x for x = 0,1, 2, ..., n, where q = 1 p
E ( X ) = np and Var ( X ) = npq
You will use the graphical calculator to calculate Binomial probabilities for this example:
Given that X ~ B (16, 0.4 ) , find (a) P ( X = 2 ) , (b) P ( X 5) , (c) P ( X > 7 ) , (d) P ( 6 < X 10 ) .
(a) To find P ( X = 2 ) :
1
Press y = and select 0: binompdf(.
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You will graph the Binomial distribution for the same example.
1
Create a list L1 to contain the values 0, 1, , 16. Press y 9
and select 5: seq( under the OPS menu.
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Exercises:
1
P ( X = 5)
P ( X 4)
P ( X 3)
P ( 2 X < 6)
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A biased coin is tossed four times and the number of heads noted. The experiment is
performed 500 times in all and the results are summarised in the table:
Number of heads
Frequency
0
12
1
50
2
3
4
151 200 87
Illustrate, with appropriate calculations and use of the graphical calculator, how this set of
data compares with a binomial distribution with suitable n and p values.
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X ~ Po ( )
X is the number of occurrences of an event in a given interval of time or space, when the mean
number of occurrences in the given interval is .
P ( X = x) = e
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You will now graph the Poisson distribution for the same example.
1
Create a list L1 to contain the values 0, 1, , 14. Press y 9
and select 5: seq( under the OPS menu.
Note: 14 is chosen because P ( X 14 ) = 0.994
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Page 17 of 33
Exercises:
1
P ( X = 5)
P ( X 6)
P ( X 3)
P ( 2 < X < 9)
Does this set of data fit a Poisson distribution with a suitable mean?
x
f
0
110
1
50
2
20
Page 18 of 33
3
12
4
7
5
1
E ( X ) = and Var ( X ) = 2
You will use the graphical calculator to calculate Normal probabilities for this example:
Given that X ~ N ( 8, 2.52 ) , find (a) P ( 0 X 4 ) , (b) P ( X 6 ) , (c) P ( X > 9.2 ) .
(a) To find P ( 0 X 4 ) :
1
Press y = and select 2: normalcdf(.
D .
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y D .
.
3
Page 20 of 33
Another way to graph a normal distribution is to use the o feature. To compute the area under
this graph, you can apply the calculators integration function. Follow these steps:
1
Press o y = and select 1: normalpdf(.
Press s.
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(d) P ( X > 10 ) ,
Given that X ~ N ( 57,142 ) , find x such that (a) P ( X < x ) = 0.284 , (b) P ( X x ) = 0.125 ,
(c) P ( 50 < X x ) = 0.4 .
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P ( X x ) = 0.4 + P ( X 50 )
0.4 + P ( X 50 ) = 0.7085
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and
9
and
=
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6
11
7
21
8
38
Mean = x = 8
Standard Deviation = 1.16 (to 3 s. f.)
Page 25 of 33
9
17
10
13
Calculate. Press .
Since p = 0.0820 > 0.05 , we do not reject H 0 and conclude that
there is insufficient evidence to claim that the mean diameter of
apples is not equal to 7.8 cm at the 5% level of significance.
Page 26 of 33
Calculate. Press .
Since p = 0.0525 > 0.04 , we do not reject H 0 and conclude that
there is sufficient evidence to claim that the average diameter of
ball bearings is equal to 2.00 cm at the 4% level of significance.
Exercise: A company claims that batteries produced by it have an average lifetime of 100 hrs.
The lifetimes of the batteries are normally distributed and have a standard deviation of 1.2 hrs. A
random sample of 10 batteries was tested and the lifetimes were recorded below:
98.2
101
98.7
99
101.1
100.5
98
98.5
99.4
100
(a) Test whether the company has overstated the average lifetime of its batteries at 5% level of
significance.
(b) Would the conclusion in (a) change, if the standard deviation was not known?
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Section 4: Regression
You will make use of 4 features:
and 9
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1984
70
1985
80
1986
85
1987
78
1988
92
1989
98
5.25
5.04
6.44
8.24
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This screenshot shows that there are six points being plotted.
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Press to obtain the values of the gradient and the yintercept of the regression line.
Press r and use the cursor control keys to move the cursor
along the regression line.
To find the profit when the turnover is 95, type 95 and press
. The value 6.9580839 will appear on the screen indicating
that the profit based on the regression line is about $696.
Note: In step 1, you can instead select 8: LinReg(a + bx). The yintercept and gradient of the regression line remain the same. In
other words, the equation of the regression line is unaffected.
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Exercise: A list of 100 words with varying degrees of difficulty was given to eight children. The
age of each children and the number of words he/she managed to define correctly were recorded
in the table below.
Child
Age, x (in years)
Number of
words, y
A
2.5
9
B
3.1
15
C
4.3
26
D
5.0
35
E
5.9
43
F
7.1
57
G
8.1
69
H
9.4
88
(a) Tabulate the values of ln x and ln y . Plot a scatter diagram of this data.
(b) Calculate the linear product-moment correlation coefficient between ln y and ln x .
Comment on the suitability of the model ln y = a + b ln x .
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