Tiu chun quc t v k ngh ha v CAD.

1
Nguyen Ngoc Thang 05 - 2008

Tiu chun quc t v k ngh ha v CAD.

Tng qut.
Tiu chun v quy nh trong cng nghip c
a ra da trn nhng yu t c bn v k thut,
kinh t, qun l, t chc nhm mc ch bo m
cht lng sn phm v an ton trong lao ng.
Ngoi ra tiu chun v quy nh cn l trung gian
gia k thut v lao ng v cng l c s chnh
cng nghip pht trin.
.

Tuy th ng dng tiu chun v quy nh khng l iu

kin hoc l do thay th trch nhim k thut.
Mc d th, tiu chun v quy nh vn l nhng yu t
quan trng trong vic nh gi sn phm hoc khi cn
thit c th l c s gii quyt nhng bt ng trong
sn xut v trong hp ng.

Tiu chun quc t v k ngh ha v CAD.

Trn th gii t chc tiu chun quc t ISO c

thnh lp t nm 1947, cho n ny thnh vin ca ISO
gm 157 Vin tiu chun ca hu nh tt c nhng
nc trn th gii
International Organisation for Standardization (ISO).
Song song , nhng nc trong Th trng chung u chu
c Vin tiu chun: Comit Europeen de Normalisation (CEN).
Mt s nhng t chc quc t cng c nhng tiu chun ring
nh:
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA).
International Labour Organization (ILO).
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
(UNESCO).
World Health Organization (WHO) v.v...
3

Vin tiu chun M: American National Standards Institute (ANSI)

Vin tiu chun kin trc M: American Institute of Architects (AIA)
Tiu chun CAD M: United States National CAD Standard (NCS).
Vin chi tit k thut thit k M: Construction Specifications Institute (CSI).
Vin tiu chun cng nghip in: Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers (IEEE)
T chc cng nghip xe hi: Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE)
Hip hi k ngh in c: Verband deutscher Elektrotechniker e.V. (VDE )
Hip hi k s c: Verein Deutscher Ingenieure (VDI) v.v...
4

Bn v k thut

Bn v k thut
Bn v k thut l bn v hon thin c y nhng chi tit k
thut nh vt liu, kch thc, gii hn dung sai v nhng chi tit
cn thit c th thc hin hoc gia cng c chi tit ca sn
phm.
Bn v k thut ty thuc vo quy nh v tiu chun ca tng
ngnh ngh c th l bn v kin trc, bn v in, bn v c kh,
bn v k ngh hng khng, k ngh ng tu v.v...
Tiu chun v quy nh ca bn v v th tr thnh c s bo
m nhu cu k thut cn thit trong vic gia cng hoc sn xut.
Bn v k thut chi tit thit k.
Bn v k thut chi tit thit k l bn v hon thin gm nhng d
liu k thut nh kch thc, t l, gii hn dung sai, vt liu, hng
nhn, mt ct v nhng dng ghi ch cn thit ca mt chi tit thit k
nm ring l.

Bn v k thut ca nhm chi tit thit k:

Bn v k thut ca mt nhm chi tit thit k l bn v

hon thin ca mt s chi tit lin quan trong mt nhm.
Nhng chi tit thit k trong bn v phi c cng mt t l.
i vi nhng trang thit b hoc my mc phc tp, c th
thc hin nhiu bn v k thut Nhm chi tit khc nhau.
Bn v c th c thc hin trong khng gian 2 chiu theo
nhng php chiu tiu chun hoc khng gian 3 chiu.
u im ca bn v k thut tng nhm chi tit thit k l:
- Nhm chi tit thit k c th thc hin d dng hn mt h
thng.
- Trng hp h thng c s c, vic thay th tng nhm chi tit
cng d dng hn.
- Vic thit k, lm k hoch, gia cng da theo tng nhm chi tit
thit k s c h thng, d thc hin hn.
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M hnh bn v Nhm chi tit thit k trong CAD.

Trch: NX I-deas Master Assembly.

Bn v tng qut:
Bn v k thut tng qut lm r s lin h gia nhng chi
tit v Nhm chi tit thit k. Vic lp t nhng chi tit s
c h thng ha thnh nhng bn v hon thin ca bn
thnh phm hoc thnh phm. i chung vi nhng bn v
k thut tng qut thng l nhng bng danh sch tn
nhng chi tit thit k.
Nhng bn v ny c th l bn v tng qut mt nhm ca
h thng, mt trang thit b hoc mt quy trnh cng ngh v
hnh thc c th l bn v trong khng gian 2 chiu hoc 3
chiu hoc bn v nhng chi tit c ni vi nhau.
10

M hnh bn v tng qut trn CAD.

Trch UGS - NX Design - Siemens PLM Software
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12

13

Tiu chun quc t

v k ngh ha

14

Tiu chun quc t trong k ngh ha gm 2 nhm chnh:

Tiu chun v xy dng v kin trc: AEC (Architecture
Engineering and Construction) Standards.
Tiu chun k thut v c kh: MCAD (Mechanical)
Standards.
Nhng quy nh v tiu chun trong tng ngnh ngh c
th c nhng im khc nhau, mt s nhng tiu chun
c ng dng trong c kh th d nh Tiu chun tng
qut v dung sai hnh dng chi tit thit k ISO 1101
khng c ng dng trong kin trc, ngc li Tiu
chun ISO 13567 v lp Layer (Technical product
documentation Organization and naming of Layers for
CAD) hu nh ch c ng dng trong xy dng, kin
trc, lp t trang thit b v.v
15

Quy nh v kh giy theo ISO 216.

Kh giy trong ISO 216 da theo

Quy nh k thut c DIN 476.
Quy nh ny nh nhng kch
thc v kh giy theo mm.
Khong cch t ng rin ca
tng kh giy n phm vi thit k
c nh l 5mm. Ngoi tr M v
Canada, quy nh v kh giy ny
c ng dng cho hu ht nhng
nc khc trn th gii.

A1

A3

A2

A5
A7
Nhm B = khong 1,19 ln nhm A.
Nhm C = khong 1,09 ln nhm A.
Nhm E = khong 1,34 ln nhm A.

A4
A6

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Phm vi thit k trn kh giy ISO 5457.

Phm vi v thit k trn giy theo

kh quy nh c ng vin trng
chung quanh.
Bn v c th c kh ngang hoc
kh dc.
Phn tn v ghi ch ca bn v phi
nm bn di, nu bn v l chiu
ngang, phn tn v ghi ch phi nm
gc bn phi.

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Tiu chun v khung, phn tn bn v - ISO 7200.

Kh giy cha ct
Kh giy tiu chun
Gii hn thit k.
Du hiu tng
khu vc
5
5

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Phn ghi ch v tn bn v theo ISO 7200, kh giy A3-A0.

Phn ghi ch v tn bn v theo DIN 6771.

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Tiu chun v t l trong bn v k thut ISO 5455.

T l l tr s thu nh hoc phng

ln kch thc thun ca mt chi
tit thit k hoc ton cnh.
T l ca kch thc trung thc l
1:1.

Nhng tiu chun phng ln

v thu nh theo ISO 5455

T l phng ln l t l theo tr s
X:1
khi X ln hn 1.
T l thu nh l t l theo tr s
1:X
khi X ln hn 1.
Tr s X l tr s chn c quy
nh nh 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50 v.v...
20

Tiu chun v loi ch - ISO 3098

bo m r ca ch v kh nng lu tr cho loi phim cc nh

Micro-film, tiu chun ISO 3098 nh chiu cao ca ch theo t l 1: cn
2 th d nh:
1, 8 2,5 3,5 5 7 - 20mm v.v
Chiu ca ch c th l chiu ng hoc nghing 75.
Chiu cao ny nn ph hp vi nt ng trong bn v theo t l:
Loi ch

T l nt, chiu
cao ch

Chiu cao ch

Nt v

1/14

3,5 5

mm

0,25 0,35mm

1/10

3,5 5

mm

0,35 0,5mm

Th d v loi ch nghing 75 theo ISO 3098-2.

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Quy nh v php chiu trong bn v - ISO 5456.

Nguyn tc chung trong k ngh ha l ng dng theo hng

chiu song song, php chiu hoc hng nhn Perspective ch
c ng dng trnh by, gii thiu hoc qung co.

Php chiu Orthographic

- Php chiu Perspective.
Php chiu Orthographic da theo hng nhn song
song vo chi tit thit k (Orthographic projection).
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Php chiu loi 1 hoc loi E (First Angle Projection).

K hiu php chiu loi 1:

Php chiu loi 3 hoc A (3rd Angle Projection).

K hiu php chiu loi 3:

1 Nhn t phi trc (Front view).

2 Nhn t bn tri (Left-side view).
3 Nhn t di (Bottom view).
4 Nhn t bn phi (Right-side view).
5 Nhn t trn (Top view).
Nu cn, c th nh thm hng nhn t phi sau (Rear view). 23

Quy nh v loi ng v nt trong bn v k thut - ISO 128.

Loi ng:
Loi ng quy nh gm:
ng thng.
Loi ng thng dnh cho nhng cnh c nhn thy, nhng ng
kch thc, ng ph v.v Nhng ng ny c s dng ty thuc
ln ca bn v vi nguyn tc:
- Nt t 0,5 n 0,7 mm: Nhng cnh c nhn thy, ng vin,
ng gii hn v chiu di s dng ca ng ren xoy trn c,
inh vt trong c kh.
- Nt t 0,25 n 0,35 mm: Nhng ng kch thc, ng gii hn
ph, ng tng trng, ng ch dn ghi ch, ng tm vng trn,
ng nt chi, ng ph ca nhng php chiu, ng cnh b
cong ca chi tit thit k, ng tip ni gia mt phng v cong,
ng gii hn ca kch thc phc v kim tra, ng ghi ch v
dung sai, ng cho ca nhng vt liu c cu hnh nhiu cnh,
ng knh ca xoy trn c.
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 ng v tay.
ng v tay nt 0,25 - 0,35 mm c s dng cho nhng ng ct gii hn ca
chi tit thit k, ng nt chi i vi nhng vt liu bng g, ng tng trng
gii hn ni v.v

ng zic-zac.
ng zic-zac c nt 0,25 - 0,35 mm c s dng cho nhng ng ct gii hn,
ng khng lin tc ca chi tit thit k, ng ct chi tit khi ni gii hn khng l
ng tm.
ng gch ngang.
ng gch ngang c nt 0,25 - 0,35 mm c s dng cho nhng ng gii
hn phi sau, cnh khng nhn thy hoc nm trong chi tit thit k.
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- ng chm gch nt nh.

ng chm gch loi nh c nt 0,25 - 0,35 mm c s dng cho
nhng ng tm ca vng trn, ng trc cn i ca chi tit thit k,
ng gii hn phm vi di chuyn, vng trn chia bnh rng.
- ng chm gch nt dy.
ng chm gch nt dy c nt 0,5 - 0,7 mm c s dng cho
nhng ng tng trng mt ct chi tit thit k hoc tng trng
iu kin s l b mt vt liu.

- ng chm - chm - gch.

ng chm - chm - gch c nt 0,25 - 0,35 mm c s dng cho
nhng ng gii hn gia hai chi tit thit k, phm vi gii hn di
ng, ng gii hn ca vt liu khi cha bin i, nhng chi tit
thit k nm ngoi mt ct.
26

Trong mt bn v , ty theo kh ln hoc nh, nn s dng nt mt

trong nhng nhm:

Nt ng.
Nt ln

Nt nh

0,35

0,35

0,18

0,5

0,5

0,25

0,7

0,7

0,35

Nhm:
(mm)

Theo quy nh ny, tiu chun nhm c th s dng:

Kh giy t A2, A3, A4 nn s dng theo nhm 0,5mm.
Kh giy A0, A1 v ln hn nn s dng nhm 0,7mm.
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Quy nh v hng nhn theo ISO 128.

Trong bn v, hng nhn c k hiu theo mi tn v ch.

Th d nh hng A, B, C, v.v

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Tiu chun v mt ct theo ISO 128-40,-50:

Mt ct:
nh kch thc cng nh lm r nhng yu t k thut bn trong chi tit
thit k, c th to nhng mt ct khc nhau. Nhng mt ct ny c t
vi nhng ng nt chi theo quy nh, thng thng l ng nt chi c
gc nghing 45 v hng theo chiu bn phi. Nu l nhng chi tit
thit k khc nhau, hnh nt chi nn c v vi nhng nghing khc
nhau. Nu cn thit c th nh thm khong cch nt chi ca tng chi tit.

Nt chi ti nhng chi tit khc nhau. Nt chi cho vt liu nha.

ng t nt chi khi ct chi

tit ti nhng mi ghp.
Trch: Gio trnh Thit k Prof. TS P.Kohler.
Trng i hc Duisburg-Essen CHLB c 2007.

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Mt ct ton phn:

Mt ct mt na.

Mt ct mt phn.

Mt ct theo tng lp khc nhau:

Trch: Gio trnh Thit k Prof. TS P.Kohler. Trng i hc Duisburg-Essen CHLB c 2007.

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Tiu chun v l xon trn c ISO 6410.

ng xoy
inh vt xuyn.

inh vt bt
vo ren ng
xoy. xoy inh
vt cn.
ng xoy
inh vt n

Khi chi tit thit k c thu

nh, c th s dng nhng k
hiu l khoan hoc ren c nh
th d:
32

Tiu chun v l xon trn c ISO 6410.

Loi xon trn c

Tn
Xon trn c tiu chun
ISO - metrisch. Xon trn
c thng thng - Xon
trn c nhuyn (DIN 13 )

Xon trn c ng
ng

Loi

K hiu

S dng
S dng ni chi tit thit
k. Loi xon trn c ny c
ma st cao.

Xon trn c b mt ng ng

Xon trn c mt trong

ng ng

Xon trn c theo tiu

chun ISO Hnh
thang (DIN 103)

Xon trn c nhng chi

tit thit k quay, trc c
hng lc khng nht
nh.

Xon trn c ca theo

tiu chun ISO metrisch
(DIN 513)

Xon trn c nhng chi tit

quay, trc c hng lc v
mt phi. Th d nh trc my
p.

Xon trn c ng rng

trn (DIN 405, 20400)

S dng ni chi tit thit

k th d nh xon trn
c iu khin trong thit
b in, xe hi.
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Tiu chun v nh tm trc theo ISO 6411.

L tm on cui trc trong chi

tit ty theo nhu cu k thut c
th c thit k vi nhng
phng thc:
A: Khng c ng vng khoan
cho an ton.
B: C ng vng khoan cho an
ton.
R: ng vng khoan cho an
ton c bn knh.
Trong bn v k thut, c th s
dng nhng k hiu hnh ch V.

L khoan phi
c gi li khi
trc hon thnh.

(*)

Khng c ng
khoan cho an ton.

C ng khoan cho an ton.

ng khoan cho
an ton trn.

L khoan c
th c gi
li khi trc
hon thnh.

L khoan phi
c ct b khi
trc hon thnh.
34

Tiu chun v vt mp - ISO 13715.

i vi mp pha ngoi:
Tr s ng + tng trng nhm ca b mt mp bn ngoi ca chi tit
thit k.
Tr s m - tng trng mp bn ngoi ca chi tit thit k c bo trn hoc
vt mp.
i vi cnh gc pha trong:
Tr s + tng trng gc bn trong ca chi tit thit k c bo trn hoc vt
mp.
Tr s tng trng cnh c rnh.
Tr s +/- tng trng gc nm trong hai tr s cho php.

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Vt mp:

Tiu chun v rnh thot dao DIN 509:

36

Tiu chun v gii hn v lp mi ghp ISO 286.

Khi hai chi tit thit k c lp mi vi nhau qua l khoan v trc, hai chi
tit ny c cng mt kch thc chun ti im lp nhng mi chi tit c
dung sai khc nhau. Theo quy nh, dung sai kch thc ca l khoan
c nh vi mu t vit hoa, th d nh H, dung sai ca trc s c mu
t ch vit thng, th d nh h.
ISO 286 tng t quy nh k thut c, DIN 7154.
V tr dung sai.

Mu t nh dung sai l khoan - Trch t in trc tuyn Wikipedia.

37

Nhng loi lp mi ghp gia trc v l khoan.

Gia hai chi tit thit k, ty theo nhu cu k thut, trc v l khoan c th
c nhng phng thc lp mi khc nhau.
Lp mi ghp rng.
Lp mi ghp chuyn tip.
Lp mi ghp cht.
Lp mi ghp rng.
Trong lp mi ghp rng, ng knh dung sai gii hn nh nht ca l
khoan lun lun nh hoc ti a l bng ng knh gii hn ln nht ca
trc.

Gii hn dung sai cao nht: GHCN.

Gii hn dung sai thp nht: GHTN.

Nhng cp dung sai thng dng trong k ngh:

H7/f7: Chi tit trc ni vo l khoan d, chi tit
c th di chuyn, vic bi trn tng i thun
tin v k h ln. Th d nh nhng chi tit trong
my mc c kh, trc c hai im gi, trc trong
my cng c, trc cam.
H7/g6: Chi tit trc ni vo l khoan tng i
d, chi tit c th di chuyn gn nh khng c
k h. Th d nh nhng bnh rng y trong
hp s, trc trong my mi hoc mt s my
cng c, m-pray-da chuyn ng.
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H7/h6: Chi tit trc c th y vo l khoan vi mt p lc nh, khi trc c bi trn tt, bnh
rng hoc chi tit my c th quay nh bng tay. Th d nh ni lp dng c phay, trc trong
my cng c, vng lt ng, vng nh v, vng m, vng m kn, bnh rng chuyn ngang.
H8/d9: Chi tit trc trong l khoan kh rng. Th d nh ni nhng b phn trong my mc phc
v xy dng, h thng vn chuyn v nhng b phn c kh c tc quay nhanh, trc truyn.
H8/e8: Chi tit trc ni vo l khoan c k h rng, hai chi tit c th di chuyn d dng. Th d
nh ni trc cam chnh, trc c nhiu im gi khng cn n nh cao khi quay, chi tit c th
x dch ngang theo chiu di trc, pt-tng trong xi-lanh.
H8/f7: Chi tit trc trong l khoan rng va. Th d nh ni trc c nhiu im gi, pt-tng trong
xi-lanh.
H8/f8: Chi tit trc ni vo l khoan c k h tng i rng, hai chi tit c th di chuyn d
dng. Th d nh nhng trc c nhiu im gi, trc ca van, trc bnh rng, trc my bm, pttng trong xi-lanh.
H8/h9: Chi tit trc ni vo l khoan tng i d, chi tit c th di chuyn theo chiu di ca
trc. Th d nh ni nhng bnh rng c th di chuyn nh theo chiu ngang ca trc, bnh
rng, bnh ai, vng nh v, trc bnh xe, trc vng quay tay, trc n by, m-pray-da xe.
H9/d10: Chi tit trc ni vo l khoan c k h rt rng. Th d nh trc ca nhng my mc
trong nng nghip, bnh ai phng, bnh ai rng ca, ng lt trc truyn lc.
H11/a11: Chi tit trc trong l khoan c dung sai v khong cch rt ln. Th d nh trc ca
mi then ca, l xo v trc thng xe hi.
H11/c11: Chi tit trc trong l khoan c dung sai v khong cch ln. Th d nh nhng trc ca
my mc s dng trong nng nghip v trong gia nh.
H11/d11: Chi tit trc trong l khoan c dung sai ln nhng khong cch h nh. Th d nh
trc ca my mc phc v xy dng v trong nng nghip.
H11/h11: Chi tit trc trong l khoan c dung sai ln, Th d nh nhng chi tit ni c th
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ghp vo nhau trc khi hn hoc bt c nh vng quay tay, trc tay cm, trc n by.

Lp mi ghp chuyn tip.

Trong lp mi ghp chuyn tip, ng knh ca trc ty
theo kch thc c nh c th nh hoc ln hn l
khoan nhng gii hn dung sai ln nht ca ng knh l
khoan ch c th bng ng knh trc c dung sai gii
hn nh nht.
Gii hn dung sai cao nht: GHCN.
Khong cch trng nhau cao nht: KCTCN.

Nhng cp dung sai thng dng trong k ngh:

H7/j6: Chi tit trc c th c ng vo l khoan bng ba g, khi trc c bi trn, chi
tit c th chuyn ng. Th d nh ni l bnh rng, nhng chi tit thng c thay th,
ng lt, vng m, bnh xe, vng quay tay, a nh v, bnh rng x dch ngang, pt-tng
nm trn trc.
H7/k6: Chi tit trc c th c y vo l khoan vi mt p lc nh, khi cn gi chi tit
khng di chuyn, cn c bin php nh bt c, lp inh tn. Th d nh ni bnh ai, bnh
rng, vng m kn, trc c ti trng trung bnh, bnh thng, m-pray-da xe.
H7/m6: Chi tit trc c th y vo l khoan bng ba, khi cn gi chi tit khng di
chuyn, cn c bin php nh bt c, lp inh tn. Th d nh nhng chi tit my cn thay
th trong my cng c nh bnh rng, cht tr, inh vt nh v, vng m kn bn trong
trc, bnh ai phng, bnh ai rng.
H7/n6: Chi tit trc ni vo l khoan vi mt p lc trung bnh. Khi cn gi chi tit khng
di chuyn, cn c bin php nh bt c, lp inh tn. Th d nh i vi chi tit bnh rng
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thng, bnh rng cho, ng lt, vng m, trc n by, bnh rng hp s.

Lp mi ghp cht.
Trong lp mi ghp cht, ng knh c
dung sai gii hn ln nht ca l khoan
phi nh hn ng knh c gii hn
dung sai nh nht ca trc.
Khong cch trng nhau cao nht: KCTCN.
Khong cch trng nhau thp nht: KCTTN.

Nhng cp dung sai thng dng trong k ngh:

H7/p6: Chi tit trc ch cho vo c l khoan
vi mt p lc cao. Th d nh ni ghp nhng
l xo nh v.
H7/r6: Chi tit trc ch cho vo c l khoan
vi mt p lc cao. Th d nh ni ni hai trc,
trc ghp mi n by, trc m bnh xe.
H7/s6: Chi tit trc ch c th cho vo c l
khoan khi nung nng hoc to lnh vi mt p
lc ln. Chi tit v trc c ni cht, khng
cn thm bin php gi. Th d nh ni ni
trc, vng gii hn on cui trc, ng lt, trc
m bnh xe, cht trc c nh, ning ng
bnh rng xon c, trc neo.

Th d dung sai l khoan

v ng knh trc theo
ISO 286-DIN 7154.
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Trong gia cng, dung sai ng knh trc c th thc hin

c tng i chnh xc hn dung sai ca l khoan. V th
khi nhu cu k thut i hi, nn chnh chnh xc ca trc
theo dung sai ca l khoan.
Vic quyt nh tr s hoc cp dung sai cho trc v l khoan
cng nh nhng dung sai v v tr, hnh dng nn ty theo s
cn thit v nhu cu k thut ca chi tit thit k hay ca
thnh phm. Vic gia cng chi tit my c tr s dung sai cao
thng rt phc tp v tn km, ngc li nhng chi tit thit
k c tr s dung sai thp, vic gia cng s thun tin hn, tuy
nhin nu cp dung sai thp, trang thit b, my mc hoc h
thng s thiu chnh xc hoc d b h hi. Tm li vic quyt
nh nhng tr s dung sai nn c thc hin ph hp vi
nhu cu k thut ca thnh phm.
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44

Tiu chun v dung sai hnh dng v v tr - ISO 1101

(K hiu dung sai theo quy nh ISO 1132).

45

Tiu chun tng qut v dung sai hnh dng v dung sai v tr ca chi tit thit k Geometric dimensioning and tolerancing (GD&T).

Dung sai phng - Flatness.

Dung sai phng l dung sai hnh dng ca
chi tit thit k c chp nhn trong gii hn
khong cch t ca hai mt phng song song.
Th d: Dung sai phng = 0,05 l gii hn
ca tt c nhng im trn b mt ca chi tit
thit k nm trong hai mt phng song song c
khong cch l 0,05mm.

Dung sai thng Straightness.

Dung sai thng l dung sai hnh dng

ca chi tit thit k c chp nhn trong
gii hn khong cch t ca hai ng
thng song song.
Th d: Dung sai thng ca hnh khi
ng = 0,02 l gii hn b mt khi ng
nm trong hai ng thng song song c
khong cch t=0,02mm. Tt c nhng
im trn mt hnh khi ny phi nm
trong gii hn 0,02mm.

Dung sai phng Flatness.

46

Dung sai hnh dng pro-fin Profile of a line.

Dung sai pro-fin l dung sai hnh dng theo

ng pro-fin nh trc ca chi tit thit k
c chp nhn trong gii hn phm vi
ng knh t ca mt vng trn nm gia
hai ng gii hn. Tm im ca nhng
vng trn ny to thnh ng l tng ca
ca b mt.
Th d: Dung sai theo ng gii hn =0,01
ca b mt l gii hn chp nhn khi tt c
mi im ca b mt nm trong vng trn
c ng knh t =0,01mm. Khi chi tit thit
k c ct thng, tt c mi im trn mt
phi nm trong gii hn ca hai ng c
khong cch l 0,01mm.

Dung sai trn - Circularity.

Dung sai trn l dung sai hnh

dng ca chi tit thit k c
chp nhn trong gii hn t ca
hai vng trn c cng tm im.
Khong cch ny c tnh
thng gc vi tm.
Th d: Dung sai trn =0,05 l
khong cch gii hn t=0,05mm ca
hai vng trn c cng tm. Tt c
nhng im trn b mt ca khi
ng phi nm trong khong cch
47
0,05mm.

Dung sai trc

Cylindricity.

Dung sai trc l dung sai hnh

dng ca chi tit thit k c
chp nhn trong gii hn t ca hai
hnh khi ng c cng mt trc.
Th d: Dung sai trc ca hnh
khi ng = 0,05 l khong cch
gii hn chp nhn t=0,05mm ca
hai hnh khi ng. Tt c nhng
im trn b mt ca khi ng
phi nm trong khong cch
0,05mm.

Dung sai hnh dng b mt Profile.

Dung sai hnh dng b mt ca chi tit thit
k l gii hn chp nhn nm trong nhng
khi cu c ng knh t ph u theo b
mt c nh. Tm im ca nhng hnh
cu ny to thnh mt mt l tng.

Th d: Mt cong hnh khi c dung sai v

hnh dng b mt = 0,02 l tr s chp
nhn khi tt c nhng im ca mt cong
nm trong hai b mt m khong cch
gii hn l nhng hnh cu c ng knh
t=0,02mm. Tm im ca nhng hnh cu
ny to thnh b mt l tng.
48

Dung sai nghing Angularity.

Dung sai nghing l dung sai v v tr ca

chi tit thit k c chp nhn t trong
khong cch ca hai b mt nghing nm
trn gc c nh.

Dung sai song song Parallelism.

Dung sai song song l dung sai v v
tr ca chi tit thit k c chp nhn
trong khong cch t ca hai ng thng
song song.

Th d: B mt c dung sai song song =

0,1 l b mt m tt c mi im ca b mt
nm trong hai ng thng gii hn c
khong cch l 0,1 mm v song song vi
mt chun A.
Th d: Dung sai nghing ca b mt =
0,05 l phm vi m b mt nm trong hai b
mt nghing c khong cch l 0,05 mm,
gc ca b mt tnh t mt chun A l 15.
i vi nhng dung sai v v tr, chi tit thit k cn c thm mt chun.
Mt chun c nh ngha l mt c chnh xc tuyt i v c th l
trc, ng thng hoc nhng mt phng. Ty theo yu cu k thut, c
th kt hp nhng mt chun khc nhau chung cho mt dung sai. Trong
phm vi gii hn, nu khng nh r nhng yu t k thut, chi tit thit k
c th c nhng cu hnh khc nhau ti bt k mt v tr hoc mt hng 49
no .

Dung sai vung gc Perpendicularity.

Dung sai vung gc l dung sai v v tr ca

chi tit thit k c chp nhn trong khong
cch t ca hai ng thng song song thng
gc vi mt chun c nh.

Dung sai o hng knh

Runout.
Dung sai o hng knh l dung
sai o ca chi tit thit k c
chp nhn nm trong khong cch
hng knh t ca hai ng c cng
trc chun.
Th d: Nhng im trn mt ct thng
ca hnh khi phi nm trong hai vng
trn c khong cch gii hn l 0,01 mm
v c cng tm da theo trc chun A
v B.

Th d Dung sai vung gc =0,01

l v tr ca tt c nhng im trn b
mt nm trong gii hn 0,01 mm ca
hai ng song song thng gc vi
mt chun.

Khi kim tra dung sai o hng knh, chi tit

thit k phi c quay qua trc chun.
50

Dung sai o hng knh ton phn

Total Runout.

Dung sai o hng knh ton phn l dung sai o

ca chi tit thit k c chp nhn trong khong cch t
ca hai mt phng thng gc vi mt chun.

Th d:
Dung sai o hng knh ton phn
ca b mt phi nm trong gii hn 0,05
mm ca hai mt song song v hai mt
ny thng gc vi trc chun A.
Khi kim tra dung sai o hng knh ton
phn, chi tit thit k phi c quay qua trc
chun nhiu ln (i xng xuyn tm radial).
H thng o v chi tit thit k phi c y
ngc chiu.

Dung sai v tr Position.

Dung sai v tr khi c k hiu
ng knh l phm vi gii
hn chp nhn c nh trong
mt hnh khi ng c ng
knh t. Trc ca ng nm trn v
tr ca ng tuyt i.

Th d: Trc ca l khoan phi

nm trong hnh khi ng c
ng knh = 0,05 mm. Trc
c nh da theo mt chun A
v B ti v tr l tng tuyt i.
51

Dung sai ng tm, ng

trc Concentricity

Dung sai ng tm, ng trc l dung

sai v v tr ca chi tit thit k c trc
nm trong mt hnh khi ng vi ng
knh gii hn t v tng ng vi trc
chun.

Dung sai i xng

Symmetry.

Dung sai i xng l dung sai v v tr

ca chi tit thit k c chp nhn khi
phm vi dung sai ca hai b mt i
xng nm trong khong cch t da theo
hai mt hoc trc chun.
Th d: B mt nm gia rnh phi
nm trong hai mt song song c
khong cch = 0,02 mm theo trc
i xng ca mt chun A.

Th d: V tr trc c dung sai

ng trc = 0,05 phi nm trong
ng knh gii hn l 0,05 mm
tng ng theo mt chun A.

52

Bc dung sai H

Dung sai tng qut ca chi tit thit k theo mm.

Tr s hon thnh sau khi gia cng - ISO 2768.

Bc dung sai K

Bc dung sai L

53

Dung sai tng qut v chiu di v gc khi dung sai kch thc ca
chi tit thit k khng c nh - ISO 2768-1.
Dung sai v chiu di:

Dung sai khi bo trn hoc

vt mp chi tit thit k:

54

Dung sai v gc
ISO 2768-1

Chi tit c.

Chi tit c kh.

nhm b mt chi tit

thit k - ISO 1302.

Ra, Rz, Rt l nhng tr s khong chng.

55

Tiu chun quc t v CAD

56

Tiu chun tn tp tin bn v trong CAD.

Tp tin bn v trong CAD ty theo ngnh ngh v tng ni c nhng quy nh khc nhau

Tiu chun tp tin bn v BS 1192 (British Standard) - Tp tin bn v gm:

Quy tc: 1 mu t Discipline.
Nguyn t: 2 mu t - Element.
Loi bn v : 1 mu t - Drawing type.
P= preliminary, - Phc tho s b.
X= special/xref, - Bn v ni hoc nhng chi tit c bit.
L= layout, - Xp t.
C= component - Thnh phn.
S=s chedules - Lit k.
A=assemby drawings - Bn v lp rp tng qut.
K=co-ordination drawing - Bn v xp loi chi tit.
S c bn: 3 s - Unique number.
Phin bn: 1 mu t - Revision.
A=emission, B,C,D - Ni rng = revisions.
Tn bn v th d theo tiu chun BS 1192: A22P012G.dwg
A=Architect Kin trc.
22= Internal walls in SfB Loi tng.
P= Preliminary design - Thit k phc tho.
57
012 = Unique number T s.
G= Revision G - Phin bn G.

Tp tin bn v theo Tiu chun M AIA (American Institute of Architects).

Bn v ng dng cho m hnh thit k (Model Files) v bn v in ra giy (Sheet
Files) gm 8 mu t hoc s v c chia theo tng th bc. C th cho thm tn
th mc hoc v tr tp tin cho tng cng trnh.
1- Lnh vc hoc trch nhim qun l. - Disciplne code hoc Agent responsible.
Nguyn tc ca vic t tn cho tng lnh vc hoc trch nhim qun l c
s dng cho tn tp tin cng nh tn ca lp Layer. Nhng mu t ny da theo
lo-gic v th t ca cng trnh thit k, tn ca phn u tp tin gm 2 mu t:
Mu t th nht l ch tt ca nhng t ting Anh khc nhau nh A: Kin trc
Architect, C: Xy dng dn dng - Civil Engineering.
Mu t th hai c th c nh theo cng ty hoc theo tng cng trnh thit
k hoc b trng vi mt gch ngang .
Nhng mu t th nht c quy nh:
A Architect Kin trc.
C Civil Engineering - Xy dng dn dng.
E Electrical in.
F Fire Protection Phng chy.
G GIS (Geographic Information Systems) T liu a l.
I Interior Design - Trang tr ni tht. L Landscape Architecture Kin trc phong cnh.
M Mechanical C kh.
O Other Consultants Nhng yu t khc.
P Plumbing H thng ng nc. Q Equipment Consultants Nhng yu t thit b.
S Structural Cu trc, st thp. T Telecommunications Thng tin, in thoi. 58
Z Contractor/ Shop Drawings Cng ty hp ng / Vn phng to bn v .

Mu t th hai c th c dnh cho nhng quy tc trong tng lai hoc theo
quy nh ca cng ty hoc cng trnh, th d nh:
AG c dng cho Architectural Graphics.
QK cho trang thit b nh bp - Kitchen Equipment.
OH cho nhng yu t khc - Other Consultants nh thit b, vt liu nguy him Hazardous Materials.
2 - Th bc ng dng theo quy lut. Designations applying to all disciplines.
Th bc ng dng theo quy lut gm:
*-FP Floor Plan Tng trt.
*-SP Site Plan Khu vc a l tng qut.
*-DP Demolition Plan S khu vc c ph hy.
*-QP Equipment Plan S thit b.
*-XP Existing Plan S hin hnh.
*-EL Elevation cao.
*-SC Section Khu vc.
*-DT Detail Chi tit.
*-SH Schedules Lit k.
*-3D Isometric/3D Php chiu, hng nhn/3D.
*-DG Diagrams Biu .

59

Kin trc Architecture.

A-EP Enlarged Plans S m rng.
A-CP Ceiling Plans - S trn nh.
A-RP Furniture Plans - S trang tr ni tht.
A-NP Finish Plans - S hon thnh.
Ni tht Interiors.
I-EP Enlarged Plans - S m rng.
I-CP Ceiling Plans - S trn nh.
I-RP Furniture Plans - S trang tr ni tht.
I-NP Finish Plans - S hon thnh.
Cu trc Structural.
S-FP Framing Plans - S khung.
S-NP Foundation Plans - S nn v mng.
C kh Mechanical.
M-HP HVAC Ductwork Plans - S h thng iu ha khng kh.
M-PP Piping Plans - S ng ng.
M-CP Control Plans - S kim tra.
H thng ng nc Plumbing.
P-PP Plumbing Plan - S h thng ng nc.

60

Phng chy - Fire Protection.

F-KP Sprinkler Plan - S phng tin cha chy.
*-VP Evacuation Plan.
S di tn khi c s c (c th nm trong quy lut khc).
in Electrical.
E-LP Lighting Ngun chiu sng.
E-PP Power Nng lng.
E-GP Grounding B mt, nn.
E-CP Communication - Thng tin, in bo, in thoi.
in bo, in thoi - Telecommunications.
T-TP Telephone - in thoi.
T-DP Data D liu.
Xy dng dn dng - Civil.
C-RP Roads/ topo ng/ a danh.
C-GP Grading - t ng st.
C-UP Utility Tin ch, nhng ng dng khc.
C-EP Environmental Mi trng chung quanh.
C-SV Survey - o c a hnh, bn .

61

Th d v tn tp tin theo tiu chun CAD ca i hc Harvard M:

4557_01A.dwg:
ROOT #04557 - first floor #01 - architectural code A. hoc:
4557-1F.dwg:
ROOT #04557 - basement #-1 - fire protection code F.
i vi nhng bn v v cu trc, st thp, tn ca bn v theo i hc Harvard
c th l:
S-FP01.dwg:
Structural code S - floor plan code FP - first drawing, number 01.
Th d khc v tn bn v trong k ngh:
LORD_B012_ENGI_F0_DI_A140_CU.dwg
V tr nh my Ta nh Lnh vc Tng trt Sn phm ring Tn cng trnh Tnh trng.

Th d tn bn v theo Tiu chun quc t,

A-CLG---D. dwg
A: Architect Kin trc. CLG: Ceiling plan - Trn nh.
D: Dimension Kch thc.
Bn v trn v kch thc (Ceiling plan dimensions).

62

Tiu chun v Layer trong CAD.

Ty theo nhu cu k thut v ty theo ngnh ngh m hnh thc t chc v qun l
d liu khc bit nhau. Chnh v th nn mt tiu chun quc t chung cho tt c
nhng phn mm CAD khng th thc hin c.
Nm 1998, Tiu chun quc t ISO 13567 v tn ca Layer trong CAD c
a ra t b phn Technical Committee TC 10 (Technical product documentation)
Subcommittee SC 8 (Construction documentation); Refer. ICS: 01.110; 35.240.10.
ng nht, tiu chun Layer ca cc nc thnh vin u gi li s ca tiu
chun quc t, th d nh:
Tiu chun k ngh Anh quc BS EN ISO 13567
Tiu chun k ngh o quc OENORM EN ISO 13567
Tiu chun k ngh c DIN EN ISO 13567
Tiu chun k ngh H Lan: NEN EN ISO 13567
Tiu chun k ngh Nht: ISO 13567
Tiu chun k ngh Php: FR EN ISO 13567
Tiu chun k ngh Singapore: ISO 13567
Tiu chun k ngh c - AS 13567
Tiu chun k ngh Thy in - SS EN ISO 13567 v.v

63

Tiu chun v lp Layer trong CAD - ISO 13567 c chia lm 3 phn chnh :
ISO 13567-1:1998
Ti liu k thut Phng thc t chc v t tn lp Layer cho CAD.
Phn 1 M u v nguyn tc.
ISO 13567-2:1998
Ti liu k thut Phng thc t chc v t tn lp Layer cho CAD.
Phn 2: Khi nim c bn, kh v k hiu s dng trong ti liu thit k xy dng.
ISO 13567-3:1999
Ti liu k thut Phng thc t chc v t tn lp Layer cho CAD.
Phn 3: ng dng ISO 13567-1 v ISO 13567-2.
Phn 3 c iu chnh li vo thng 12 nm 2002.
Nguyn tc t tn Layer.
Nh ni trn, nguyn tc t tn c ng dng cho tn bn v v tn lp
Layer. Tp tin bn v gm nhng d liu v ton hc, hnh hc v c th chuyn
i vi nhng h thng CAD khc nhau, ngc tr li, Layer l nhng lp c
nh theo c tnh, ngha ca tng chi tit thit k. Nhng chi tit ny c th
c chnh hin th hoc lm n trn mn hnh hoc trn bn v khi in ra giy.
64

Cu trc ca tn Layer.
Vic t tn cho lp Layer gm 2 cu trc.
Cu trc di tn ti theo tiu chun AIA t nm 1990.
Cu trc ngn c ci tin t nm 2002.
Cu trc di - Long Format.
Nguyn tc:
___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ - ___ ___ ___ ___
^___^ ^___________^
^___________^
|
|
|
|
|
Minor Group/Annotation
|
Major Group
Discipline Code
Th d nh: A-EQPM-MOVE.
A:
Architect Kin trc.
EQPM: Equipment - Thit b.
MOVE: Move Di chuyn i ni khc.
65

Cu trc ngn - Short Format.

Nguyn tc:
___ ___ ___ ___ __ _ ___ ___ - ___
^___^ ^_______^ ^___^ ^
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Annotation
|
|
Minor Group
|
Major Group
Discipline Code
Th d nh: A-WALLNW-D.
A:
Architect Kin trc.
WAL:
Wall Tng.
NW:
New Work Cng vic mi.
D:
Dimensions Kch thc.
Discipline Code Lnh vc.
Major Group Nhm chnh
Minor Group Nhm ph.
Annotation Group Nhm ch thch.

66

Tn ca Layer tm li gm 1 mu t theo quy nh v mt mu t hoc s

khc, sau l 6 mu t chi tit ca cng trnh xy dng, mi nc c
th t nh ring phn ny trong tn Layer.
Phn th ba l 2 mu t s dng cho phn ghi ch v sau l c tnh
ca bn v nh phc v gii thiu, tnh trng, hng nhn, php chiu, t
l, phm vi cng vic.
1- Lnh vc.
Discipline Group hoc Agent responsible

Lnh vc hoc trch nhim qun l c s dng dnh cho tn ca lp

Layer theo 2 mu t :
Mu t u l ch tt ca nhng t ting Anh nh A: Architect - Kin
trc, C: Civil Engineering - Xy dng dn dng.
Mu t th hai c th c nh theo cng ty hoc theo cng trnh thit
k hoc l mt gch ngang .

67

Nhng mu t u c quy nh:

A Architect Kin trc.
C Civil Engineering - Xy dng dn dng.
E Electrical in.
F Fire Protection Phng chy.
G GIS (Geographic Information Systems) T liu a l.
I Interior Design - Trang tr ni tht.
L Landscape Architecture Kin trc phong cnh.
M Mechanical C kh.
O Other Consultants Nhng yu t t vn khc.
P Plumbing H thng ng nc.
Q Equipment Consultants Nhng yu t v thit b.
S Structural Cu trc, st thp.
T Telecommunications Thng tin, in bo, in thoi.
W- Contractors Cng ty hp ng.
X- Sub-contractors Cng ty hp ng ph.
Z Contractor/ Shop Drawings Cng ty hp ng/Vn phng thit k.
Mu t th hai c th c dnh cho nhng quy tc trong tng lai hoc theo
quy nh ca cng ty, hoc cng trnh nh phn trn.
68

Nhm chnh - Major Group.

Nhm chnh gm nhng mu t thuc h thng xy dng, nhng mu
t ny ph thuc lo-gic ca tng nhm ph v theo nhng hnh thc
qun l c trng. C th kt hp nhng k t ca nhm chnh vi k
t ca nhng nhm khc.
Trong cu trc ngn, nhng k t ny c rt ngn th d nh:
WAL thay v WALL hoc DOR thay v DOOR.
Nhm ph - Minor Group.
Nhm ph gm nhng k t c th cho thm vo hoc nhng chi
tit dnh cho tng lai nhng khc vi nhm chnh, th d nh:
A-WALPR
A: Architecture Wall: Tng, phn tng c chiu cao ring:
partial height.
Nhng k t c s dng thng dng trong nhm ph:
ID
Identification Nhn dng.
PA Pattern Mu.
DE To be demolished Chi tit c tho g.
EX Existing to Remain Chi tit hin c c gi li nh c.
NW New Work Cng vic mi.

69

Nhm ch thch Annotation.

Nhm ch thch gm nhng k t c th thm vo v du gch ngang. Nhng
k t quy nh gm:
N Note Ghi ch.
T Text Ch.
D Dimensions Kch thc.
S Symbols K hiu.
B Borders and Title Blocks Tn bn v hoc Block ghi ch.
C Construction Lines and non-plotting information ng thit k ph
hoc nhng ng hin th trn mn hnh nhng khng c in ra giy.
P Plot information Thng tin v d liu in.
R Redlines Du hiu gch .
L Legends and Schedules Bng ch thch hoc lit k.
V Revisions Chi tit ni rng.
K Keynotes Chi tit c bn.
Nhm mu t ch thch ny i sau nhng mu t chi tit xy dng.
Th d Layer kch thc tng:
A-WAL---D
A: Architecture Kin trc.
WAL: Wall Tng.
D: Dimensions Kch thc.

70

Nhng kh nng khc khng bt buc.

Ngoi ra, Layer c th c thm 1 k t da theo ISO cho nhng yu t khng
bt buc nh c tnh vt l ca chi tit xy dng:
- whole, no subdivision Gch ngang khi khng s dng.
N
new part Chi tit mi.
E
existing to remain Chi tit hin c c gi li.
R
to be removed Chi tit tho g.
T
temporary Chi tit tm thi.
O
to be moved original position Chi tit cn thay i vi vn t chc.
F
to be moved final position Chi tit di chuyn n v tr cui cng.
Khu vc Sector.
Khu vc Sector gm 4 mu t, s dng cho c tnh vt l ph ca cng trnh xy
dng theo k t ca tiu chun ISO 4157-2/3:
---- whole project, all levels all blocks S dng cho ton cng trnh.
00-- ground floor Tng trt.
02-- 2nd floor Tng 2.
-1 basement Tng hm.
SA-- section AA Khu vc AA.
EA-- elevation A cao A.
EB-- elevation B cao B.
--B1 block 1 L 1.
--A- zone A Vng A.
01B1
1st floor block#1 Tng 1, Block 1.
-2-- 2nd basement level Tng hm 2.
01A- storey 01 zone A Phng cng c tnh 01, khu vc A.
71

Giai on Phase.
Giai on gm 1 mu t ch thi gian hoc v tr ca nhng cng vic ph:
- whole duration Gch ngang c ga tr cho tt c thi gian.
P
pre-design/preliminary Thi gian phc tho.
D
design Thit k giai on phc tho, to mu.
R
procurement Cung cp.
C
construction Thit k khung.
0
post-construction Thit k ct.
1
phase#1 (pre-design) Thit k giai on 1.
2
phase#2 - Thit k giai on 2.
3
phase#3 (licence design) Ti liu phc v vic xin php.
Cu hnh - Projection.
Cu hnh Projection gm 1 mu t theo k hiu ISO dng ch php chiu
hoc hng nhn:
all Gch ngang cho tt c.
0
plan Mt bng.
1
elevation cao.
2
section Mt ct.
3
3D model M hnh 3D.
72

T l Scale.
K hiu ISO gm 1 mu t cho t l:
- all gch ngang cho tt c.
A
1:1
B
1:5
Nhm gia cng - Work Package.
C
1:10
Nhm gia cng gm 2 k t tng trng vt
D
1:20
liu hoc nhm gia cng:
E
1:50
RC reinforced concrete B-tn chu lc.
F
1:100
SS Structural steel Chi tit st thp, cu
G
1:200
trc khung.
H
1:500
23 phase#23 Giai on 23.
I
1:1000
J
1:2000
K
1:5000
Phn theo ngi thit k.
1
1:1-5
2
1:5-20
Nhng k t c bit.
3
1:20-50
4
1:20-100
- Gch ngang khi khng s dng.
5
1:50-200
_ Gch di tng trng cho tt c nhng
6
1:200-500
k t c th chn.
7
1:500-1000
73

Th d v tn Layer theo cu trc ngn:

A-B374--TArchitect, element Roof window in SfB, presentation text.
Kin trc, s chi tit mi theo SfB, ch s dng trong gii thiu, trnh by.
A-B374--EArchitect, element Roof window in SfB, presentation graphic element
Kin trc, s chi tit mi theo SfB, chi tit hnh v, biu , ha.

Th d v tn Layer theo cu trc di:

Discipline code Lnh vc hoc trch nhim qun l.

Major group Nhm chnh.
Minor group: Nhm ph.
Satus code: K t v tnh trng.
74

Nhng th d khc:
A-37420-T2N01B113B23pro

Architect, element Roof Window in SfB, presentation Text#2, New part, floor
01, block B1, *phase 1, projection 3D, scale 1:5(B), work package 23 and
user definition "pro"
Kin trc, s chi tit mi ca s theo SfB, chi tit trnh by ch s 2, Chi tit
thit k mi, tng 01, phm vi B1, giai on 1, php chiu 3D, t l 1:5, nhm
gia cng 23, ghi ch t ngi s dng: pro
Trch: ISO 13567 - The proposed international standard for structuring Layers in computer aided
building design - Royal Institute of technology, Stockholm, Sweden; FFNS Group, Stockholm -Studio Kivi,
75
Helsinki, Finland.

Nhng kh nng t tn Layer theo nhm.

Th d 1: Major & Minor Groups

Th d 3: Major Group.

Th d 2: Major Group & Status Field.

Th d 4: Tt c cc nhm.

Trch Tiu chun Layer - i hc Kansas M.

76

Th d v tn Layer theo tiu chun i hc Harvard M.

: Nhng Layer C bn :
C
bn

Thuc tnh

LAYER
Tn

ngha

Mu

Nt

Loi ng

Architectural Kin trc.

4-cyan

Lin tc

A-ANNO-TEXT

General Text

A-EQPM-MOVE

Moveable equipment

Lin tc

A-FLOR

Floor information

Lin tc

A-ROOF

Roof

A-WALL
Interior Ni tht

Walls general

1-red

Lin tc
Lin tc

I-ANNO-TEXT

General Text

4-cyan

Lin tc

I-ANNO-SYMB

Symbols

4-cyan

Lin tc

I-ANNO-LEGN

Legends and schedules

4-cyan

Lin tc

77

Tiu chun v cht lng CAD - ISO 16792

Geometry Quality
Technical product documentation Threedimensional CAD models in mechanical
engineering: Ti liu k thut trong sn xut - M hnh CAD 3 chiu trong c kh.
Phn 1: Mc chi tit ca b phn thit k. Levels of geometrical detail.
Phn 2: c trng ca m hnh. Model features
L khoan - Centre holes. cao thp ca ng rnh - Relief grooves.
ng rnh vng ai, vnh khung - Grooves for retaining rings for shafts.
ng rnh trong l khoan - Grooves for retaining rings for bores.
Trong nhng biu v c trng, im chun v hng nn c s dng nh hnh di.

im chun v hng.

6.1 L khoan kn - Blind hole ISO 16792-1.

nh ngha nhng thng s cho l khoan kn - Blind holes.

Thng s

ngha

Gii hn

DB

Diameter of hole

DP

Diameter of fit

DB, c th loi b

Depth of hole

>TP

TP

Depth of fit

< T, c th loi b

SW

Point angle of hole

> 0, < 180

Depth of chamfer

C th loi b

Angle of chamfer

C th loi b

78

6.2 L khoan kn y phng - Flat blind hole ISO 16792-2.

6.3 L khoan sut Clearance hole

ISO_16792-3.

nh ngha nhng thng s cho l khoan kn y phng

Thng s

ngha

DB

Diameter of hole

DP

Diameter of fit

Depth of hole

Gii hn
Thng s

ngha

Gii hn

DB

Diameter of hole

DP

Diameter of fit

Depth of hole

TP

Depth of fit

< T, c th loi b

C th loi b
C th loi b

TP

Depth of fit

< T, c th loi b

Depth of chamfer

C th loi b

Depth of chamfer

C th loi b

Angle of chamfer

C th loi b

Angle of chamfer

C th loi b

TB

Depth of base point

<= T, c th loi b

TB

Depth of base point

<= T, c th loi b

DB2

Diameter of base
point

>= DP, c th loi b

DB2

Diameter of base
point

>= DP, c th loi 79

b

6.4 L khoan khot cn sut

Clearance hole with protective countersink ISO_16792-4.
6.5 L khoan sut c 2 u vt mp
Clearance hole with 2 chamfers ISO_16792-5.

6.6 L khoan sut c cnh vt cn song song

Clearance hole with parallel countersink ISO 16792-6

6.7 L khoan sut khot tr - Clearance hole with counterbore ISO 16792-7.
Nhng thng s cho l khoan sut c khot tr
Thng s

ngha

Gii hn

DA

Diameter of counterbore

DB

Diameter of clearance hole

DP1

Diameter of fit 1

C th loi b

DP2

Diameter of fit 2

C th loi b

TA

Depth of counterbore

TP1

Depth of fit 1

< TF, c th loi b

TP2

Depth of fit 2

<= L, c th loi b

Depth of clearance hole

>= TP2

F1

Depth of chamfer, top

C th loi b

W1

Angle of chamfer, top

C th loi b

F2

Depth of chamfer, center

C th loi b

W2

Angle of chamfer, center

C th loi b

80

6.8 L ren xoy c kn - Tapped blind holes ISO 16792-8.

holes.

Thng
s

ngha

Gii hn

DG

Diameter of thread

GB

Type of thread

SR

Direction of pitch

Thread pitch

TG

Depth of thread

<T

DK

Core diameter

Ty thuc vo DG
v P

Depth of core hole

> TG

SW

Point angle of core

hole

DS

Diameter of
chamfer

> DG

Angle of chamfer

C th loi b

6.9 L ren xoy c kn c khot cn

Tapped blind hole with protective countersink ISO 16792-9.

6.10 L ren xoy c kn c khot cn song song

Tapped blind hole with parallel countersink ISO_16792-10.
81

6.9 L ren xoy c kn c khot cn

Tapped blind hole with protective countersink ISO 16792-9.

6.10 L ren xoy c kn c khot cn song song

Tapped blind hole with parallel countersink ISO_16792-10.

6.11 Tapped blind hole with counterbore ISO 16792-11.

6.12 Thread with blind hole ISO 16792-12.
6. 13 Tapped clearance hole ISO 16792-13.
6.14 Tapped clearance hole with protective countersink ISO 16792-14.
6.15 Tapped clearance hole with parallel countersink ISO 16792-15.
6.16 Tapped clearance hole with counterbore ISO 16792-16.
6.17 Rectangular pocket ISO 16792-17.

82

Nhng kh nng chuyn i m hnh CAD.

1-D liu tp tin ca mt h thng CAD ring nh DXF, Parasolid.
2-D liu chuyn i trung tnh khng l thuc vo nhng h thng CAD nh
IGES, IFC, SAT, VDASF, VRML v Tiu chun quc t STEP.
DXF.
Drawing Interchange Format hoc Drawing Exchange Format l tiu chun
chuyn i tp tin ring ca cng ty Autodesk. DXF chp nhng d liu bn v
theo m tiu chun ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange).
PARASOLID.
Parasolid l tiu chun chuyn i hnh khi 3D c s dng rng ri trong nhiu
cng ty ch to xe hi, ch to my cng c v nhng lnh vc lin quan.
Parasolid c nh ngha t cng ty ShapeData v hin nay l UGS Corp.
IGES.
Tiu chun IGES (Initial Graphics Exchange Specification) l tiu chun chuyn
i d liu bn v CAD v m hnh 3D gia nhng h thng CAD khc nhau,
ngoi ra IGES cn c s dng trong lnh vc chuyn i d liu qua nhng
phn mm m phng (Simulation) v ni trc tip vi my gia cng
(Manufacturing).
83

IFC.
IFC (Industry Foundation Classes) l tiu chun chuyn i m hnh 3D ph bin
trong ngnh xy dng v kin trc. c im ca tiu chun ny l nhng i
tng v xy dng nh ca, ca s, tng, mi, thang bc v nhng thuc tnh
lin quan nh kh nng tnh ton sc chu lc, trng ti, nng lng, gi thnh
v nhng cu hnh ring trong xy dng c th c chuyn i tng i hon
chnh.
IFC c a ra t Hip hi quc t IAI (International Alliance for
Interoperability) v l mt phn ca tiu chun quc t ISO 16739.
SAT.
SAT l tiu chun chuyn i m hnh 3D. SAT c a ra t cng ty
Dassault Systems Spatial. Tiu chun ny chuyn d liu theo dng ACIS.
Nhng i tng chuyn i c thc hin vi ngn ng C++, kh nng
quan trng ca SAT l qun l c nhng m hnh v mt phng, mt cong
v hnh li.
STEP.
STEP (STandard for the Exchange of Product model data) l tiu chun
chuyn i nhng tp tin CAD, m hnh 2D hoc 3D qua nhng phn mm
khc nhau. c im ni bt ca STEP l chuyn i c nhng thng s
(parametrish) ca hnh khi 3D v nhng d liu lin quan.

84

VDA-FS.
VDA-FS (Verband Deutscher Automobilbauer Flaechenschnittstelle)
l tiu chun chuyn i m hnh CAD v mt phng, mt cong gia cc h
thng CAD khc nhau. Tiu chun ny c a ra t Hip hi nhng cng ty
sn xut xe hi c. VDA-FS khng chuyn i nhng d liu 2D hoc chi tit
ca bn v. Tiu chun ny phn ln phc v vic chuyn i nhng m hnh
3D gia nhng h thng CAD chuyn ngnh nh CATIA, ProEngineer, Tebis,
Unigraphics hoc NX.
VRML97 ISO/IEC 14772
VRML (Virtual Reality Modeling Language) l tiu chun chuyn i d liu m
hnh 3D theo cu hnh vec-tor, tiu chun ny lc u c a ra phc v
vic chuyn i d liu qua mng Internet nhng hin nay tiu chun ny
c pht trin rng hn v c s dng trong phn ln nhng h thng CAD.
Tp tin VRML c nh dng *.wrl v c cu trc theo bng m ASCII hoc UTF-8. Thi
gian gn y, tiu chun VRML c chuyn thnh tiu chun quc t ISO 14772.

85

Nhng h thng CAD chuyn ngnh hin nay phn ln a ra nhng kh nng
chuyn i tng i phong ph, th d nh h thng Unigraphis - NX,

Nhng kh nng xut hoc chuyn i d liu trong UGS- NX.

86

Kh nng chn i tng chuyn i l hnh li, b mt, hnh khi

hoc d liu sn phm trong UGS NX.

87

Tiu chun v trao i tp tin bn v ISO 10303

ISO 10303 Industrial automation systems and integration Product data
representation and exchange.
H thng t ng ha trong k ngh v hi nhp D liu sn phm v chuyn i.
Thi gian trc, nhng tiu chun u tin v lnh vc chuyn i d liu
c pht trin Php nh tiu chun SET, c nh VDAFS, M nh
IGES. Nhng nm gn y tiu chun STEP p ng c phn ln
nhng yu cu k thut chung nn c chuyn thnh tiu chun quc t
ISO 10303.
Hin nay phn ln nhng h thng CAD chuyn ngnh u c kh nng nhp
v xut d liu m hnh CAD qua tiu chun STEP. Vic chp hoc c d
liu c da trn tng Bin bn ti liu ng dng AP - Application Protocols.
Nhng bin bn ny ty tng ngnh v ty tng yu cu c nhng cu trc
khc nhau. Th d nh ti M, vic chuyn i d liu m hnh 3D cho chi tit
thit k v m hnh tng qut da trn ti liu ng dng AP 203, ti u chu
AP-214 c s dng tng i ph bin hn.
STEP pht trin nhanh trong k ngh, s Ti liu ng dng AP mi ngy mt
tng, cha k l mi ti liu ng dng cn c nhng phin bn ring.
88

Vi cu hnh c bn chung l nhng i tng hnh hc, cu trc ca chi

tit thit k nn nhng ti liu ng dng AP ny c th c rt nhiu im
trng nhau. Cht lng v s thng sut ca ti liu ng dng AP v th
cng b gii hn rt nhiu. gii quyt kh khn ny, STEP a ra nhng
yu cu v ng dng hi nhp thit k AIC (Application integrated
constructs) trong vic phc tho nhng ti liu ng dng (concept) cng
nh nguyn tc v cu hnh nn c ca nhng m hnh CAD.
Cu trc ca STEP:
Ty theo yu cu k thut v nhu cu ngnh ngh, STEP c chia thnh nhiu
phn:
Mi trng Environment.
- Phn 1 x : Din t phng php s dng EXPRESS, EXPRESS-X.
M hnh da theo EXPRESS c th chuyn i theo hai hng, theo m ch
(Textually) v theo hnh hc (Graphically). EXPRESS v EXPRESS-X l ngn ng
ca STEP, tiu chun ISO 10303-11.
- Phn 2x : Phng thc thc hin (Implementation methods) STEP-File, STEPXML, SDAI.
89

STEP-File l tp tin chuyn i chnh ca STEP da theo tiu chun ASCII.

Cu trc STEP theo tiu chun ny c nh trong ISO 10303-21 (Clear Text
Encoding of the Exchange Structure) nh ngha phng thc chuyn i theo
phng php s dng EXPRESS.
STEP-File cn c gi l tp tin p21-File theo tng ti liu ng dng AP v c
nh dng .stp hoc .step.
STEP XML l phng php chuyn i d liu vi ngn ng XML - Extensible
Markup Language theo cch s dng EXPRESS v l mt phn ca ISO 1030328, Industrial automation systems and integration - Product data representation
and exchange - Part 28: Implementation methods: XML representations of
EXPRESS schema and data.
SDAI l ngn ng chun Standard data access interface s dng trong STEP.
SDAI nh ngha nhng phng thc chuyn i m hnh CAD theo EXPRESS
di dng nhng API abstract (Application Programming Interface).
- Phn 3x : Phng php kim tra hnh dng v sn m hnh 3D
(Conformance testing methodology and framework).
- Hi nhp m hnh CAD - Integrated data model.
90

- Hi nhp m hnh CAD - Integrated data model.

Part 4x v 5x: Integrated generic resources - Kh nng hi nhp theo
nhng c im chung.
Part 1xx: Integrated application resources - Kh nng hi nhp theo ng
dng.
- PLIB ISO 13584-20 Parts library: Logical model of expressions
Th vin chi tit thit k: Din t logic ca m hnh CAD.
Parts 5xx: Application Integrated Constructs (AIC) - Kh nng hi nhp trong xy dng
Parts 1xxx: Application Modules (AM) define common building blocks to create
modular AP n v ng dng nh ngha khun v n v AP.
Chi tit chnh - Top parts.
Nhng chi tit u c nh ngha vi nhng phn:
Parts 2xx: Application Protocols (AP) Ti liu ng dng.
Parts 3xx: Abstract Test Suites (ATS) for Aps. H th nghim l thuyt
trong ng dng.
Parts 4xx: Implementation modules for Aps n vi thc hin ng dng.

91

Nhm ti liu ng dng AP to mu, thit k:

Nhm ti liu ng dng AP to mu, thit k c chia theo tng lnh vc:
C kh,
Xy dng,
in, ng ng,
K ngh ng tu,
Nhng i tng khc.
C kh:
Nhng ti liu ng dng AP chnh trong lnh vc c kh:
Part 201 - Explicit draughting. S dng cho nhng bn v 2D, chi tit hnh hc
tng quan vi thnh phm, chi tit thit k khng lin h vi d liu khc v khng
xp t trong mt h thng phc v lp rp.
Part 203: Configuration controlled 3D designs of mechanical parts and assemblies.
S dng cho nhng chi tit thit k c kh trong m hnh 3D v lp rp.
Part 204 - Mechanical design using boundary representation Thit k c kh, s
dng boundary.
Part 207 - Sheet metal die planning and design K hoch v thit k khun thp
tm.
v.v
92

Xy dng:
Nhng ti liu ng dng AP chnh trong lnh vc xy dng:
Part 202 - Associative draughting. - Bn v mu 2D/3D c lin h nhng khng
c cu trc v sn phm.
Part 225 - Building elements using explicit shape representation Chi tit xy
dng s dng nhng cu hnh vt liu theo tiu chun.
in, ng dn, h thng thng kh:
Nhng ti liu ng dng AP chnh trong nhm in, ng dn, thng kh
(Connectivity oriented electric, electronic and piping / ventilation):
Part 210 - Electronic assembly, interconnect and packaging design. Lp rp tng
th in, ng ni v thit k tng cm.
Part 212 - Electrotechnical design and installation K thut thit k in v lp
t ng dy.
Part 227 - Plant spatial configuration - Hnh th khng gian x nghip.
K ngh ng tu:
Nhng ti liu ng dng AP chnh trong nhm k ngh ng tu:
Part 215 - Ship arrangement Lp rp tu.
Part 216 - Ship moulded forms Hnh th tng n v tu.
Part 218 - Ship structures Cu hnh tu.
93

Th d v m hnh 3 D.

Trch: CATIA Media Library.

Th d v tp tin chuyn i m hnh 3D theo tiu chun ISO 10303.

94

Bn v 3 D.
Thit k trong khng gian 3 chiu c thc hin t khong 20 nm nay,
th nhng nhng m hnh 3D vn cha thay th c nhng bn v 2D.
Ngi thit k truyn t li nhng kin thc v nh n ngi gia cng
qua trung gian nhng bn v 2D vi danh sch chi tit thit k, biu , kch
thc, dung sai, ch thch v nhng yu cu k thut khc.
Ngoi tr mt s lnh vc nh c th ni trc tip t h thng CAD n
nhng my cng c gia cng CAM (Computer-aided manufacturing) nhng
h thng CAD ni chung vn chuyn m hnh 3D qua bn v k thut 2D.
Vic chuyn v thay th bn v 2D bng bn v 3D trong nhng nm va
qua cha t c mt kt qa ng ni. Hip hi c kh M ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers a ra tiu chun ASME Y
14.41 nh ngha cu trc m hnh phc v bn v 3D. Tiu chun gm
hu ht nhng chi tit ca bn v 2D v p ng tng i y nhng
nhu cu cn thit t thit k n gia cng, tuy th tiu chun ny vn cha
hon chnh. Hin nay tiu chun ASME Y 14.41 ang ch i tr thnh
tiu chun quc t ISO 16792.
95

Bn v 2 chiu c thc hin t m hnh 3D.

Trch UGS - NX Design Siemens PLM Software.

96

Bn v 3D.
Bn v 3D da trn m hnh 3 chiu nhng c thm vo y nhng yu
t ch thch thng c trong bn v 2D nh kch thc, dung sai hnh dng,
dung sai v tr, kch thc vt liu th, kch thc phc v cng on tip
theo, nhm b mt, ghi ch k thut v.v... Ngoi ra trong bn v cn c
nhng d liu nh tn bn v, ngy thit k, ngi thit k, ngi chu trch
nhim, danh sch thay i thit k, phin bn, tn cng ty v nhng thng tin
khc.
Mt s h thng CAD nh
UGS-NX, CATIA,
Pro/Engineer Wildfire 2.0
hin nay phn no hi
nhp c nhng chi tit k
thut trn vo bn v 3D
nhng cha hon chnh. Tuy
nhin vi thi gian, bn v
3D s c tiu chun ha
v thay th nhng bn v
2D.
Bn v 3D cha c tiu chun ho.
Trch: UGS - NX Mach Series Design
Solutions.

97

Vn bn ngh v cht lng CADVDA 4955

(VDA Verband der Automobilindustrie e.V - VDMA Verband Deutscher
Maschinen- und Anlagenbau Hip hi k ngh xe hi Hip hi c
kh v quy trnh cng ngh c).
Vn bn ngh c a ra t nhm "CAD/CAM" ca nhng cng ty:
Audi, Becker Group, Behr, BMW, Bosch, Brose, Continental-Teves,
DaimlerChrysler, Delphi, Flachglas, Ford, Freudenberg, GETRAG, Happich,
Hella, Iveco, Johnson Controls, Karmann, Keiper, Knecht, Kostal, Krupp- Hoesch
Automotive, Kster Automobiltechnik, MAN, Mannesmann Sachs, Mannesmann
VDO, Opel, Pierburg, Porsche, Sekurit, Siemens, VW, Wabco, Webasto, ZF.
Nguyn tc v cht lng m hnh CAD.
nh ngha sn phm, trch nhim:
Nhng yu t quan trng bo m cht lng m hnh CAD l vic s dng
nhng phng thc thit k v h thng CAD ph hp. Nhng yu t lin
quan khc khng km phn quan trng l quy trnh gia cng, gii hn dung sai
v vt liu ca chi tit thit k.
Yu t phc tp ca m hnh CAD:
Trong thit k CAD, nguyn tc c bn v quan trng nht l nn s dng
nhng i tng hnh hc gin d. Nhng i tng hnh hc phc tp ch
nn s dng khi yu cu k thut ca chi tit thit k i hi hoc khi i98
tng gin d lm gii hn kh nng thit k.

Hin th m hnh 3D:

M hnh CAD trong khng gian 3 chiu hin th cu hnh thc ca chi tit thit
k. T l ca m hnh CAD v th phi l t l trung thc 1:1.
Hnh dng ca chi tit thit k.
Hnh dng ca chi tit thit k trong m hnh CAD nn r rng, c th v
khng c nhng nh ngha trng lp.
Cu hnh - Structur:
Cu hnh ca m hnh CAD v nhng d liu lin quan l yu t quan
trng nh gi cht lng ca m hnh CAD.
2.3 Cht lng v hnh dng.
Cht lng v hnh dng ca m hnh 3D l kh nng gi li c nhng nh
ngha v phng thc thc hin, chnh xc cn thit ca chi tit thit k.
2.3.1 Hnh li.
Hnh li trong m hnh 3D gm nhng ng cong, ng thng v im. Hnh
li c th l nhng i tng hnh hc ph ca hnh khi 3D hoc l khun chun
to nhng b mt nh mt cong, mt phng ca chi tit thit k. Hnh li cng c
th l nhng d liu cn thit nh ngha b mt cho lp trnh NC hoc nhng i
tng hnh hc ca bn v k thut 2D.
99

2.3.1.1 Nhng i tng hnh hc nh ca chi tit thit k.

Din t vn :
i vi mt s i tng hnh hc nh, ty tng trng hp, cu hnh ca chi tit
thit k c th b thay i, th d nh khi i t l, to thm mt i tng song
song (Offset) hoc khi chuyn i d liu qua mt h thng CAD, hoc qua NC.
Cu hnh ca chi tit thit k thay i thng do cong b mt b thay i,
ni tip gip b gin on hoc m hnh pht sinh nhng i tng nm
trng ln nhau v.v
Hng gii quyt:
Thay th nhng i tng hnh hc nh bng cch ko di ng thng hoc
ng cong cho ph hp, th d nh thc hin php ngoi suy (Extrapolation) hy
ng ni hoc phng ln i tng ni li n v tr chnh xc cn thit.

i tng hnh hc nh.

100

2.3.1.2 Chi tit thit k c cng cu hnh hoc tng t.

Din t vn :
Khi s dng nhng lnh cng, tr hoc loi b thay i cu hnh chi tit thit
k, m hnh thng gp tnh trng pht sinh thm nhng i tng hnh hc
mi ngoi d tnh ca ngi thit k v cu hnh b thay i....
Hng gii quyt:
i tng hnh hc nm trng ln nhau nn c xa b. Khi xa b cn
xc nh r i tng chnh v i tng khng cn thit.

2.3.1.3 V tr tip ni khng gin on.

ng cong l mt ng to thnh t mt hoc nhiu i tng hnh hc
cong hoc thng ni vi nhau, cng c th l mt nhm i tng hnh
hc to t nhng on ngn (Segment).
Yu cu k thut ti nhng v tr gii hn hoc tip ni ca Segment cng
nh ca nhng on cong l phng u v khng b gin on. V tr tip
101
ni (G0) l chun ca v tr tip tuyn (G1) v cong (G2).

V tr tip gip v tip tuyn (G1).

Th d: V tr tip gip ca nhng i tng hnh hc.

Th d: V tr tip tuyn.

V tr tip ni, tip tuyn v cong (G2)

Th d: V tr tip tuyn v cong.

102

2.3.1.4 a thc Polynominal.

Din t vn :
i vi nhng ng cong c ni t nhng on ngn, s lng on cng
cao, cu hnh chi tit thit k cng phc tp. Nhng on ni nhau ny rt d
to ra nhng mt cong bt k. Khi chuyn i d liu qua mt h thng CAD
khc, nhng i tng hnh hc ny thng gy ra nhng cu hnh phc tp
ngoi d tnh ca ngi thit k

Hng gii quyt:

Nn gii hn s lng i tng hnh
hc c a thc cao, trnh s dng
nhng i tng m a thc trn
cp 9. Trong thit k ng dng, phn
ln cu hnh i tng c a thc
di cp 6. Khi cn thit, nn chia
cong ph hp vi tng i tng hnh
hc cp thp nht.
a thc

103

2.3.2 B mt khun (Surface)

B mt khun l b mt gii hn chung quanh chi tit thit k. Thng
thng nhng b mt khun c gii hn bng nhng cnh c nhng
c tnh hnh hc gin d, yu t chnh ca b mt khun l chi tit thit k
phi nm hon ton trong phm vi khun.
B mt khun c th gm nhiu mng b mt nh (Segment) v c gi l
nhng Patches. Nhng mng ny c th c ni nhau vi chnh xc ty
theo nhu cu k thut v v tr, dung sai v cong. S lng Segment n v m
tng ng s mng ca nhm b mt khun.

Th d: B mt khun v gii hn.

104

Th d: Khong gin on ca mng.

Th d: V tr Tip tuyn cong ca mng

105

2.3.2.5 a thc .
Din t vn :
a thc ca mi mng xc nh s lng nhng b mt bt k. Hin tng chi
tit thit k hin th rung thng pht sinh khi a thc cao. Khi gim a thc,
cu hnh ca chi tit thit k s b thay i, dung lng m hnh s tng cao.
Hng gii quyt:
Trnh s dng nhng ng c
a thc cao trn cp 9, trnh
s dng nhng b mt phc tp
khi khng cn thit hoc khng
t yu cu k thut. Nn chia li
mt cong c a thc thp.
Trong ng dng, thng thng
nhng b mt c a thc ti a
l 6.
Th d: a thc ca nhng b mt chun.
106

2.3.3 B mt gii hn - Bounded Surface, Face.

B mt gii hn Bounded Surface hoc Face l b mt ca mt i tng
hnh hc, k c nhng l h, mt ct hoc nhng chi tit tng t nm trn mt
chun nh nhng ng cnh vin cong hoc thng.
Nhng cnh vin c hiu l nhng ng ni kn. S lin h ca b mt chun
v b mt gii hn ty thuc vo a thc v cong khng gin on.
2.3.3.3 khng gin on ca ng vin.
Din t vn :
Ty theo nhu cu k thut trong thit k, c th c nhng
mt cong gin on hoc nhng mt chuyn gc. Nhng
ng vin gin on ca gc mt cong gii hn thng
to ra nhng k h hoc nhng b mt nm trng ln
nhau. Tnh trng ny thng gy ra rt nhiu kh khn
cho nhng cng on sau nh gia gia cng hoc
chuyn i m hnh d liu.
Hng gii quyt:
nh li gii hn v dung sai nhng im gc ca ng
vin. Vic chnh sa li on cui ng vin nn c u
tin hn so vi vic to thm nhng ng Mini segment
mi.

Th d: ng vin b gin on.

107

Th d: Khong cch ng vin v b mt chun.

Th d: Chia Segment trn ng vin.

108

2.3.4 Nhm b mt - Topology.

Nhng b mt gii hn nm cnh nhau cha nhng b mt hoc mt phn b
mt ca chi tit thit k c gi l mt nhm b mt hoc Topology ca chi
tit thit k. Trong phm vi nhm b mt, nhng b mt cha ng vin phi
p ng yu cu k thut ph hp.
2.3.4.1 Khng gin on.

Th d: V tr gin on.

2.3.4.2 Phn nhnh

t yu cu k thut cn thit
ca nhm b mt Topology, mi
ng vin bn trong ca b mt
phi c tip gip chnh xc v
r

Th d: B mt tip gip hnh ch T.

109

2.3.4.3 Hng ng trc giao ca b mt

cng c tnh.
Din t vn :
Hng nhng ng trc giao ca b mt
trong mt nhm Topology phi c cng mt
c tnh, th d nh cn nh ngha chiu ca
cng on gia cng phay, to bng hin th chi
tit thit k, nh hng mt cong hoc nh
hng v im cho thit b hoc my o.
Th d: Chnh li hng ng trc giao ca b mt.

2.3.5

Solid B-Rep.

2.3.5.1 Nhng yu t tng qut ca Solid B-Rep.

Din t vn :
Khi chuyn i m hnh 3D hnh khi qua nhng cng trung tnh, th
d nh tiu chun STEP, hnh khi 3D s c chuyn qua nhng b
mt bao tng trng B-Rep (Boundary Representation) v c gii
hn bng nhng b mt (Faces). Nhng mt ny nm trn nhng b
mt chun v ni tip gip s l nhng ng vin. Chnh v th cht
lng hnh khi CAD chnh l cht lng ca nhng nhm b mt.
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Th d: Hnh khi nh Mini-element.

111

2.3.6 Chi tit ca bn v.

2.3.6.1 Mini - elemente
2.3.6.2 Nhng chi tit hnh hc ging nhau hoc gn ging nhau.
2.3.6.3 Chuyn i m hnh vi tiu chun IGES.
Nhng k t c bit hoc nhng dng ch di trn 70 mu t hoc ch nhiu
hng khi chuyn i qua mt h thng CAD khc thng gy rt nhiu kh khn.

2.4 Qun l v t chc cht lng CAD

2.4.1 Thng tin v t chc, tn ca m hnh CAD.
2.4.2 Cu to ca m hnh CAD.
Cu to m hnh CAD c th da theo nhng yu t:
D nhn bit, c th a ra c chu k thit k ph hp vi tiu chun
m hnh CAD.
M hnh 3D phi bo m t nhng yu cu k thut nh trong tiu
chun, k c khi m hnh c chuyn i qua mt h thng CAD khc.
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 Nhng chi tit ph phc v chi tit chnh ca m hnh thit k nn

c phn bit r. Trong 3D, hnh li, b mt, hnh khi phi r rng v
ph hp vi tng c tnh ring.
Nhng phm vi nh tri, phi hoc gia ca m hnh thit k nn c
nh r khi cn thit.
Trong m hnh, chi tit thit k nn c thng tin v s lin quan vi
nhng b phn khc ca nhm chi tit, chc nng k thut v.v
Trong m hnh, nn nh r phm vi cu hnh bt buc phi gi v
phm vi chi tit c th c thay i.

2.4.3 Bn v
Nhng im di y cp n nhng yu t nh gi ring cho
bn v k thut trong CAD.
2.4.3.1 Hng nhn trong CAD (Views).
ngh:
Nhng hnh chiu ca chi tit thit k nn nm trong phm vi bn v
Chi tit bn v cn thit trong mt hng (View) nn c thit k trong
chnh hng ny khi iu kin k thut cho php.
Nhng mt ct hoc chi tit phng ln nn cng c mt trc ta ca ta
hng nhn chnh (View origin).
T l ca hng nhn c th c thay i nhng t l ca cu hnh chi tit
113
thit k khng c thay i.

2.4.3.2 S lin quan gia bn v v m hnh 3D.

Din t vn :
Mt s nhng h thng CAD, th d nh h thng CATIA V4
Transparency cho php chuyn hng nhn 3D qua i tng hnh
hc trn bn v 2D theo nhng php chiu khc nhau m khng cn
to nhng i tng mi.
ngh:
Khi bt u thc hin cng trnh thit k, nn tha thun v hnh thc
bn v ca chi tit thit k. Bn v c th gm nhng i tng hnh
hc ring trong 2D hoc t nhng php chiu ca m hnh 3D. i vi
c hai trng hp, chi tit ca m hnh 3D phi chnh xc v quan trng
nht l bn v 2D v m hnh 3D khng c mu thun nhau.
2.4.3.3 Ghi ch ngun h thng CAD.
2.4.3.4 Thng tin v ngn hng d liu v th vin.

114

2.4.4 Hnh khi Solids

2.4.4.1 Kh nng to li cu hnh.
Din t vn :
Mt s h thng CAD khng t ng cp nht hnh khi thit k khi
nhng hnh khi ny c sa i. Vic sa i cu hnh c th hin th
r trn mn hnh nhng vic cp nht vo m hnh CAD phi thc hin
ring t ngi thit k.
2.4.4.3 Cu trc ca hnh khi Solids.
2.4.4.3.1 u tin s dng i tng hnh hc c bn (canonic).
Chi tit thit k c to thnh t nhng i tng hnh hc c bn
canonic thng ph hp vi yu cu thit k v p ng c nhu cu
sa i. Th d nh nhng khi ng, khi vung, khi cu, khi vng,
khi c to t nhng ng vin quay quanh mt trc hoc nhng
khi c ng vin l nhng vng cung, ng thng v.v...

2.4.4.3.2 u tin cho cu hnh c trng (Formfeatures).

K thut cu hnh c trng Formfeatures din t nhng i tng hnh hc v ngha ca
tng nhu cu thit k, th d nh s dng l khoan thay v s dng hnh khi ng, s
dng khng gian trng thay v s dng khi vung v.v...
115

Th d v mng b mt trong thit k.

Trch: Lifecycle Simulation - Siemens PLM Software
Image courtesy of Ford Motor Co.

116

Th d v mng b mt trong thit k.

Trch: Lifecycle Simulation - Siemens PLM Software
Image courtesy of DaimlerChrysler.
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Trch: Lifecycle Simulation - Siemens PLM Software

Xin cm n s quan tm ca anh ch.

118

Nguyn Ngc thng 05 nm 2008