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Part I
STRESS TRANSFORMATION & PRINCIPAL STRESSES
Stress at a Point in the three: x, y and z directions
In a more general case, stress at a point will have 18
components of stress, corresponding to the 3 directions, x, y & z. There
are 6 faces of a cube. On each face there are 3 stresses - one normal stress
and two shear stresses. They are x, y, z , xy, yz , zx, yx, zy,
and xz. Force equilibrium requires that the opposite components are
equal and hence they reduce to 3 normal and 6 shear stresses, x, y, z ,
xy, yz , zx, yx, zy and xz.. Further moment equilibrium requires adjacent
shear components (complementary shear stresses) are equal, reducing the
unknown to 3 normal and 3 shear stresses.
They are x, y, z , xy, yz and zx
When all stress components except x (or y or z) are zero, it is uniaxial
stress state in x (or y or z) direction. When only x, y and xy are present
and the other 3 are zero, it is biaxial stress state in x & y directions.
Stress at a Point in x, y and z directions
The stresses at a point in x, y and z directions can be resolved in to
similar 6 components at the same point in a different sets of x, y and z
directions, which are inclined to the x, y and z coordinates by 1 , 2 and
3. This is called stress transformation. The new stress components will
be different; but they are functions of x, y , z , xy , yz and zx and 1 , 2
and 3.
Principal Stresses at a Point
When the angles 1, 2 and 3 are so chosen that all the three
shear components xy , yz and zx at a point become zero, then only the
three normal stresses 1, 2 and 3 that exist, called principal stresses.
This set of directions is called principal directions and the planes
perpendicular to these directions are principal planes.
There are no shear stresses on the principal planes.
However these principal stresses are only functions of the 6 components
of the stresses in the x, y and z directions and the corresponding 3 angles.
(2)
2a)
(2b)
(3)
(3a)
(3b)
2 - I1 + I2 = 0
(5)
This will give two roots 1 and 2. This is the familiar Mohrs circle
equation.
1, 2 = (I1/2) [(I1/2 )2 - I2]
(6)
The students should check the validity of (6) to represent the familiar
Mohrs circle, by substituting values for Is.
1, 2 = (x + y) /2 {[(x - y) /2]2 + xy2} (6A)
Principal Stress-Strain Relation
It is known that strain in one direction affects the strain in the other
two perpendicular directions through the Poissons ratio. Therefore, the
principal strains in the elastic range can be expressed as
1 = 1/E (/E)(2+ 3) = [1 (2+ 3)] /E
(7)
2 = 2/E (/E)(3+ 1) = [2 (3+ 1)] /E
(8)
3 = 3/E (/E)(1+ 2) = [3 (1+ 2)] /E
(9)
Change in volume
Consider a cube of volume Vo = LWD
The changed volume, after deformation
V1= L1W1D1 = (L + L)(W + W)(D + D) _
V1= L(1 + 1)W(1 + 2)D(1 + 3) = Vo(1 + 1)(1 + 2)(1 + 3)
(10)
Expanding and for small strains, omitting higher orders of i,s,
V1= Vo[1 + (1+ 2+ 3)]
(11)
Change in volume
V = V1 Vo = Vo(1+ 2+ 3)
Volumetric strain
V =V/ Vo = ( 1+ 2+ 3)
(12)
Constant volume condition
If volume is constant, before and after application of stress and
deformation, V/Vo = ( 1+ 2+ 3) = 0
(13)
Add the three strains (7), (8) & (9) and equate to zero,
1+2 +3 = (1+2 +3)(1 2)/E = 0
(14)
Since (1+2 +3) 0 in general, the only way is
(1 2) = 0 or = 0.5
(15)
For constancy of volume, therefore, = 0.5
STATIC COMBINED MULTIAXIAL STRESSES
Part II
THEORIES OF STRENGTH / FAILURE
Criterion for strength or failure
For most design purposes the simple uniaxial test results are used
as criteria for strength or failure.
In a uniaxial test, the strength or failure is decided by either yield
strength ( Y) or fracture strength ( f) as the case may be as desired by the
design requirement and or as per agreement between the designer and the
client.
This holds, when the loading that produces only uniaxial stress
state. But when the loading that produces multi-axial stress state, a
question arises as how to fix a criterion for strength or failure. The
theories of failure answer this question.
Need for Theories of Failure
A theory of failure proposes a criterion for strength / failure
under any combination of multi-axial stresses, so that the stress at
failure from the uniaxial test results could be related to this
combination and used to define failure condition.
Advantage of Theories of Failure
Theories of strength or failure provide certain specific criteria
that enable the use of simple uniaxial test results to decide strength or
failure under multi-axial stress state, thus avoiding expensive tests
involving infinite combinations of multi-axial stresses.
Some familiar theories of failure are:
1 Normal stress theory (Rankine)
2 Normal strain theory (St. Venant)
3 Shear stress theory (Guest, Tresca, Coulomb)
4 Strain energy theory (Beltrami)
5 Distortion energy / Octahedral shear stress theory
(Maxwell, von Mises-Henky)
6 Internal friction theory (Mohr)
The last theory - Internal friction theory is special for cases
where the fracture strength in compression is different from that in
tension; normally cast iron, concrete, rock and the like fall under this
category. Internal friction theory is not considered here.
4
(I)
(17)
1 -( 2+ 3) Y
or
2 -( 3+ 1) Y
or
3 -( 1+ 2) Y
(II)
(18)
(IIIa)
(19)
(20)
Using (7), (8) and (9) and eliminating 1, 2 and 3 (20) leads to
U = [(12 +22 + 32) 2 (12 + 23 + 31)/2E
= [(12 +22 + 32) 2 I2)/2E
(21)
(21a)
The student should do the intermediate steps to get Eqns( 21) and (21a)
Student to check, that (19) results from (21), when Y(uniaxial) = 1 and
2 = 3 = 0.
For a more convenient form, the first term in (21a) can be written as
(12 +22 + 32) = (1 +2 + 3)2 2 (12 + 23 + 31)
= I12 - 2 I2
(22)
(22a)
Using (2a), (3a) and (22a), it can be seen that (21a) becomes,
U = [I12 - 2(1 + ) I2] /2E
(23)
(IV)
(IVa)
(14)
But in the present case only the distortion does no volume change.
Therefore, substituting distortion related stresses and strains in (14) we
get
(d1 + d2 + d3) = (d1 + d2 + d3)(1 - 2)/E = 0
(29)
Since there is volume change in the total stress state in the present case,
(1 - 2) is not zero. Therefore,
(d1 + d2 + d3) = 0
(30)
Substituting (30) in (27), we get
v = (1 + 2 + 3)/3
(31)
(32)
(33)
From (7), (8) and (9), noting stress is same in all directions = v,
v = (1 2)v/ E
(34)
(35)
(36)
(37)
Or
(38)
Ud (uniaxial):
All except 1 become zero in (38). At yield 1 = Y.
Then I1 = Y and I2 = 0. From (38),
therefore
Ud (uniaxial) = (1 + )Y2 /3E
(39)
(V)
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= [( 1 - 2) 2 + (2 - 3)2 + (3 - 1)2 ] / 2
(40)
(Va)
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(1)
(2a)
(3a)
(4a)
(IV)
I12 - 2(1 + ) I2 Y2
(IVa)
We do not need to know individual values of principal stresses
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