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6
7
IOq G
AdG
cdG
q q dG dG q dG : 16 Kh
12
qJG Xh -1
aCGh fCG
q VJ SQ
jq IQU
1
2
VY e
MCG
YCG
q cdG
q
qY dCG
de
d J
cT
7
5
cT d qjG qdG : 17 Kh
SG Iq Y qdG q dG jq G LCG e jdG Y q HdG
q IOq G - cdG
q q dG
Ib YqJ : qeRHS
a AdG IqOG qeCG (dG QG) jGH gJ WCG qJh (J)
q
jq FGO e hj AdG IOq d VdG G geo d q oc .q dG dCG e jdG Y
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q
.q Y dCGh jeO YhCHh jqeo IU jH Weo q HdG
q IOq H jq G LCG
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q - qcdG
q YCG
q dG adCG a hCG dG W e REG KEG .jq eq dG GdG
q c q V H WGh (q VY
eRHS Q e e qc j
q dG qdG dCG e jdG H gf (IqOM IHEG SH)
.jH eo
qcdG
q YCGh cdG
q qdG H UH f
q : 18 Kh
: 18 h 17 h 16 OY FKdG EGh jq G IgG EG GOSG
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q qdG e qc ie qdG qdG fe
q qJ (1
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. 17 OY KdGh 16 OY KdG e qoH qVqdG SqdG Y SG fdG cG (2
13
qJG Xh -1
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q
WCG Th dG q dG M G H : 19 Kh
19 OY KdH IOQGdG oG EG GOSG J GPe (1
: 20 OY KdG EGh HS dEG UJ
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1
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6
7
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8
2 q Y q N
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CG
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14
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q KCqdG : SOdG
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: 21 KdG EG GOSG
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o
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q G GQdG qfJh ee GU ,GWCG LQ : IQN cCG VGYCG a GQG WJ Y eOEG eCG
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q
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dG RG Y GQqG KCJ UH G H : 22 Kh
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Hho G WJ
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q qJ 22 OY KdG EG GOSG (1
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15
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dG RG
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: eo Yo Gh dG RG
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J
q
IGf H N L
Y Q
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16
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: Y K EG q Xh J YCG g
qN
q Y
qJG Xh -1
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1 OY ``````j
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q qU
qWT qjOGQEG
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cS
GG
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q -2
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q td qVY e 23 KdG qoJ
1
4
2
3
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q qdG VY SQ : 23 Kh
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4 bQ dG ie dG qdG fe
q cPG -3
17
qJG Xh -1
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4 OY ``````j
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q QKBG t
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(SdH) LQdG
qfe f FSh
SO 67
LGqQO
SO 83
IQS
SO 90
aM
qdG FSh d H oG GUCG Ibq M hL : 24 Kh
.OqOJh (e CG Y) LQO M dG
q SM
q Y dG
q IQN 25 OY KdG qJ
dG
q IQN ie M H SQ : 25 Kh
JQg 1000 OOH QJ eY hH IQcG GUCG QKBG Y HG 25 OY KdG Y OYH
5 OY ``````j
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q qoj
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q
.U d JQqS VqJ f e
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q g `1
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18
SfG
aCG -2
q
````qaCG
CG
GG cH dG ,(CG) qCG K M UeG : VqdG id qSfG cG H : 26 Kh

() G dhh dOG
T SCG hCG YCG d q M dG Gg jh H

CGj Vq dG T M M Vh KEG
q
Lh Vq dG YGQH eCG GPEG eq CG .YVq d SfG dH dG
t Gg q j .Vq dG
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19
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aCG -2
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aCGh fCG
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(q e
CG
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() dG NC SfG dG
? a q d q dH MoJ GPe .jU id dEG QG Qq dG CG (1
? J GPe ? GMCG g e g (2
fEG Y iNCG q SfG aCG Y HG (3
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q id qSfG cM RGHEG : qdG qdG
c IQU : 29 Kh
YdG
q id q SfG
q oK (QdG
q SMEG dGRE) Y dG
q Qq N -1
dG S dG b EG NoJ e
SG
q
eq dG Y oG SCGq dG e YCG AoGh dG
? jqdG GhR H MJ GPe q dG g qY .q Yf YV Y
q
SCG qa e qYqdG YdG
q H ob -2
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CG dG L NH ob -3
29 OY KdH SG ? MoJ GPe
FN H SG dEG UJ
q e OYH -4
YdG
q Y gRGHEG
q dG q SfG cG
cM Y dG d dG
q K q GP -5
YV : 28 Kh
? q SfG
q Yf
20
SfG
aCG -2
q
aCGh fCG
q SfG cd q j SGQO -2
SfG dG h qjQhdG
q UdG j : dqdG qdG
30 OY KdH IOQGdG MG Y qWG SfG dG REG N
q J dG jq dG UdG t d
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q GWCG MCG qSfG cG UTCG H oj . qdG SCG qe Ga hZ QqJ f dPh (e dG) G f
SfG dG) dG
q fG qfeEG Ga EG VjQ id (dG Y q hCG) VqdG JdG oq qODoj .(VqdG
dch) qdG
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t SMCG Gd
q N S jJ Rjo : OLh Yd
q
dG
q jJ f
Yd idG qG
q dG Y :1
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dH
qdG Y H bY *
dG
q Lh Yh
,dGh dGh
qdG Y H bY *
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q qdGh
qSfEG aCG UH G H : 30 Kh
```q VdG
SfEG dG h jq QhdG
q UdG UH q VH OCG HdG
q G EG GOSG
q VdG gLh QNG
.qVa qc qU e qqd H bG (1
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21
SfE
G aCG -2
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aCGh fCG
LSG
Fq dG
Qq dG
CG dG Y GQq eo V L NH b K Yd
q
1
H jL e G NH ob FbO N
d
q q dG Y bG q K (dG ie ) dG
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o dG dH
q q oG
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cdG
q qdG L e
d cdG
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q
IHEH dG
dG
q
q
(q ) eq dG
(q) eqdG
e q dG Y
oG qdG J
qdG J
qdG d cG
CG
YdG
q id SfG a qNoG UdG jd Q :31 Kh
22
SfG
aCG -2
q
aCGh fCG
SfG SdG AH : HGq dG q dG

dG L Nh EG YHh FJ J q dh jOGQEG cGh QdG
t SMEG Y Yt dG YdG
q
.q G bS H
? dG
q Kh G J H J dG ILdG IdG j GPe
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XdG
(G ie ) qG oG : 1
:2
:3
:4
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gQhOh SfG a N
q G UdG : 32 Kh
qOGC qdG dG ddG Qe (33 OY KdG) qdG VqdG SqdG Y oJ S SH OqM (2
dG
q Y e Y tJ EG
cdG
q qdG
H q G oG
dG
dG qJ
cG ho M
SfG dG qNG UdG FXh : 33 Kh
SfG SdG e SG (3
23
SfG
aCG -2
q
UMCG
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q eo Fd IRoG OodG hCG (Y) cd IqoG
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q g Qe qoj
e G jbh q S fG aCG N
q J
Jh foRGJ Y Gh q LQG Q NCG
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Fd RGaEG T SfG dG j CG oj
e IqZ qoG dG j eY eqdG hCG qdG e
.qeqdG hCG qHqdG OodG
Y ce : cdG
q q dG
dG qdG GfCG HCG g SfG dG qEG

oj qfGE .qoe qoe KCJ KEG cM T Y jh
e qjOdG OGaCG c Y j qdG Hh IOdG e
: q dG f
ie q G
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q
q ICf (...V ,Nh) qG KCJ qG G
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q q Y q N
M
q e
cT Y
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(IHL dS) q G
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SfG Sd e
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G J KEG o qYf qSfG cM : G
q
24
SfG
aCG -2
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Je NCG
1 OY ```j
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q GG NG
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qNGO qeh qLQN qoe (
: qdc SfG a N qdG ddG
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qoG
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G
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G
r odG
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? cG REG N
q G AYCG Oq M (3
34
Kh
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q Qe jH qdG SqdG CG (4
AfG
HUCG
dG
25
ZZO
S
dG
SfG
aCG -2
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Je NCG
3 OY ```j
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hCG a deo H o h cdG
q t dG VGeCG H o J aCG g .eq dG q dG dG eS Y
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.dG
q o Ja q W qe b Vq dG JdG H
q (d eeCG LdG LJ Y) d
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(fG cM) eCG EG dG
q afG cM jo dPh tJ EG Oq D j
1
3
2
6
be
5
VQ
VQ Jh
dG
q fG
VdG
SfG dG : 35 Kh
q
.G
q G be Oq M 35 OY KdG EG GOSG (1
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q (3
26
````qaCG
GqL QHEd GQf j d IQU : 37 Kh

b Y
G HdG e HdEG RoJ IQU : 39 OY Kh
dG d IQU : 36 Kh
edH Heo d IQU : 38 OY Kh
SdG Gg NGO oj YdG o qjQhoV gh LQG SdG Y eG G

AYCG oJ
q
.(QdG
q SMEG)
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dG OqoJ dG VGeCG H
q
o
oLoJ iNoCG L e
gh jbdGh dG qG qdG jdG H qfdG OdH GQOf (38 OY KdG) VG Gg UCG
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? QHEG tj c
? dG eS Y aodh qL QHEG d QHEG Y e oef c
? G dH HUEG e jbdG tJ c
27
aCGh fCG
dG H - 1
d q LQG dG Uh : hCG q dG
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:2
1
6
:3
:4
2
3
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GC
() VJ SQh (CG) IQU : d eeCG LdG : 40 Kh

? MoJ GPe .Y HCG qK qFHc Me dG e qb (4
. 41 OY KdH q Vq dG Sq dG EG q dH SoG fdG V (5
(dG
q IAVEG h jq dG IAVEG ) IAVEG Iq T M bG ob q J Ud KdG H SG (6
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V IAVEG
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jq b IAVEG
GC
() qVJ SQh (CG) QU : IAVEG M bG ob tJ : 41 Kh
(42 Kh) qdG hG dP qh GgCGh Gh LG e qoc QhO ocPG Je EG GOSG (8
28
aCGh fCG
FXdG
AYCG
LG
GgCGh G
dH e AYCG QhO : 42 Kh
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q e qc QhO cPG (11
1
2
1
3
6
4
5
IH d qLQG dG : 43 Kh
29
aCGh fCG
q eq dG Iq dG
q eq dG f
q eO Gb
eO c
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: cPG eq dG RH UG
q
gQeh eq dG Qe d eq dG RGaEG qgCG -
qfCG IdG
qeqdG
IdG a
q eq dG q fCG
dG d eqdG RG : 44 Kh
d q NGq dG dG : qdG q dG
hN hCG QK Y jJ -CG
.d G LdG Y dGh dG
t RCG (1
ioe a MCG K HEGh HqdG H aH Y VG : N fh eeCG f EG dG bG (2
45 OY KdH G qJG M gQGL H
bh (H) dG
q
q
GC
Sd fG LdG
q eeCG q dG a
q G q dGh
eeCG LdG
LLqdG Gh Sd
dG QGL b qJG
fG LH
() jqdG fh (CG) jH dG Y dG LJ : 45 Kh
. 46 KdG EGh (45 Kh) IgG EG GOSG d qG qodGh qeeCG qodG e qc H U (3
KdG H IOQGdG SqdG EG GOSG SoG fdG V (4
30
aCGh fCG
d q G q dG
1
2
3
4
5
6
d q eeCG q dG
2
3
4
5
(jJ H) QK d q NGq dG dG : 46 Kh
NGO jOLe fc aqT L Y jq dG VM
q oc EG ah dG QGL b KEG (5
q
.e qc U .( 45 OY KdG fG) LLq dG Gh (SdG) QqdG G : dG
d N eeCG e Uh -
Gh QqdG Gh q G q odGh q eeCG q odG UH dG jJ AKCG dEG UJ
q e EG GOSG : LLq dG
47 OY KdH OQGdG VqdG SqdG Y SoG fdG ocG (1
.fEG Y dG H FN qgCG SG (2
8
10
4
3
5
11
12
13
7
17
16
15
14
d N eeCG e : 47 Kh
31
aCGh fCG

dG IQdG
t J
t -2
IQdG
t jJ dG QhO t J : dqdG q dG
``MG
U 2^5 gb Rhj dG dG M U ZQ G Ic eLCG gof CG o eq SY Y qfEG .G Ic Xeh LC qf IU QU dG Y IQOb jq dG dBG -
VdG
d aqdG ShCG QhO UH qVH OCG HdG
q MG EG GOSG
jq dG
q VdG gLh e qcCd H bG (1
: 48 OY KdH qG HqdG CG (2
TT
: eCG fQC hCG h hCG Qd If Y SG

(G SGH) QK d G LdoH dG
q a MCG
e AL d jq FGO H G LdG dG QGL H
b
q
(dG b ) dG Y dG
q QdG V
(eH OLG qd L
e
q
f
dG)
KdH
QcG
q
J
G
eG
Y
dG V
q
FHdG G TCG
dG
QdG
Y
T G T M
q
TH dG
q QdGh eq SH dG jH Hq dG f CG
T d IQU
a qj
q T Qh
dG b Keo
eq SY
T M T Y a H OSCG AZ
FHc Sfa H Yo
IQdG jJ dG QhO RGHE H : 48 Kh

32
aCGh fCG
? J GPe .TdG
q Yh (dG b VG) dG
q QdG Y TG qJGh M Qb (3
ioe IQdG
t J
q QHEG N .Ad
q SM
q (jN) qM oe Y qdG
q (4
.QHEG qdG
q QhO SG .dG dH JoG qdG
q
jJ dH dG fQe : HGdG q dG
SG EGh q dGh
q d aqdG ShCGh q ModG e c QhO U
o H HS dEG UJ e EG GOSG
: 49 OY KdH IOQGdG q Vq dG Sq dG EGh dG
q jq dG dBG
.dG
q jq dG dBH dG Qb (1
.50 OY KdH OQGdG hG dEG UJ
q e hO
q (2
q dG
q
QqdG G
q MdG
qG
dG
G
eq qdG SdG
G adG
jqdG dBG h dG IQdG

q jd VJ SQ : 49 Kh
33
aCGh fCG
FXdG
q Xh HG AGLCG
dG
q jqdG dBG
dG
jdG dBGh dG H dG
q LhCG J : 50 Kh
d q XdG dG H -3
dG H dG b fQeo : eG q dG
(51 OY KdG) MG H e d
e IQq dG Y HdG IAGb Y IQodG) dG IQob OhM H e Gq L dG
q gj : q qdG dG (e YdG NBG
oH Y GqL QHEG dG
q j : eqdG H Y e MoJ dG (IG dG) dG b dM qM EG dG e qoJ He bQh IAGb) b Y GqL QHEG Y QOb gh (...QeCG IqY H Y HdG IAGb)
(GS H
QHEGh oH Y qL QHEG d
OHE qoa ob Y VdG j
o
q : (e qdG dG) dG oW dM .JAGd (IOY MJ dG e WCG aG) Y Y HdG

eo W IOY H q eo GQ qf S dG
q
q o j (dG Wh dG b) dG c .dG VGeCG
QHEG Y Hh OdG QHEG UH Meo : 51 Kh
. 52 OY KdG SG Y f dG oWh dG b e qoc SCG jd
34
aCGh fCG
q dG
q
(CG)
jq OdG dG
-eeCG o dG JG : IG dG
G t IOjq dG hCG d G
() QqdG
-eeCG dG f : e qdG dG
G t dG hCG d G
() QqdG
() dG Wh () dG b IQU h (CG) OdG dG

q Y IQdG jJh dG : 52 Kh
.e qdG dGh IG dGh jq OdG dG IQdG
t J
t Qb (1
.dG FN M 52 OY KdG IaG G QYH MG NG a
q (2
dG FNh (51 OY KdG) Hqq dG MG IQcG QHEG q UN H bdG HQG (3
.T q c Y
35
aCGh fCG
G SG dG Wh dG b IQU GQqq dG SGH q L QHEG q c t d

53 OY KdG IOQGdG
S Y G qJ
IM Y G qJ
dG b UEG
eW Y G qJ
dG W UEG
H Y q dG Y IG dG IYe bq G SdG oJ
b Y q dG Y e qdG dG IYe eq qdG SdG oJ
QHEG Y H : 53 Kh
.dG Wh dG b : dM c q L QHEG G SdG q Yf Oq M (4
e q oc Y QHEG Y UEG G iNCG qdG M ffEG Yh eo H CG (5
.dG jWh dG b
36
aCGh fCG
QHEG q dBG-4
e q co QhO h QHEG q d jQhdG
q UdG j : SOdG q dG
SCG Iq d QHEG SM
q Qt J UH q W Me 54 OY KdH OQGdG hG q j
qW Me
LSG
VJ SoQ h QU
HG Y fGa K qdG V .1
qJ dG Y IQU : eq dH
qq jQJ q aT q fdG
G a K dG G Tt J .2
HG VG H Y dG
qdG
q YhCG f hM : qdH
q
.q dG
q fG K Qo fGh
dG dG e
LdG
dG
ed
q
tQJ Y f qjH HGVG .3

dG dG
ij Y Y
o Y ob H QHG G a .4
OM N dG
WCG Y QHG SM G fG .5
e hH Ghdh
KEG q dG hG FG dG hM
o .6
hCG h
o H U TCG H H UEG
f SCGq dG b IN VVQo
.OGG hCG dG
q
KEG QHEG S qbD e G a .7
H dG b) dG j q dG
(MGL
Y FG hCG dG dG hM
o .8
ce JEG q J OM KEG T
JEG) G IH dG SEG
(qc hCG FL
HoG G
SEG ce
dG
KEG n dG GQOEG Y IQdG QJ .9

oG IH dG GQOEG ce JEG
GQOEG ce
dG
37
QHEG SM
q UH q W Me : 54 Kh
aCGh fCG
54 OY KdG SG SG cPGh MG e Y hCG Me qc qM (1

.QHG oGh dG dGh dGh
q d aqdG ShCG e qc QhO Vh
q (2
QHd jOq DG MGG j : HdG

q q dG
jqOD G MGG qgCG VH a cJ qdCJ Ia QqM 55 OY KdG EGh HS dG UJ
q e EG GOSG
.d AdG
q NO e bfG QHEd
AdG
q
qdG
q
qG
G
G
q
dG dG
G
bq dG
q
q M
q q Y dS
oG Ib
G
dG cG
q
dG SEG ce
ce
QHEG
dG GQOEG ce
oG G dG e q G
q dG ddG
q
q Qe : 55 Kh
38
aCGh fCG
e jbdGh G dG .5
dG G dG FN q J : eqdG q dG
dG Gd GLe J 57h 56 OY KdG qJ
OjCG ) oH qJ qCG qdG ihdG KEG dG Gg eY J
dG QGMG edG g eh ( ...qKG MdG
q VGMCG SG ,d qKG
AGN hCG AGU S Ld GRGaEG OLhh CG QX hO G qJ f
e H SMEGh Gh SG Y MG G dG q J
.G eqdG M
S dG qdH (G Y IQU ) GN j b qd dZ qg H Qj
q VG Gg
.QHEG IQb f EG Oq Dj (AH Y QX) q fd
.(...q S GQe
q ,jq OY GQe)
q ihdG KEG dG QcG VG q G jdG oJ
: Y dG oG dG o j CG jo
qdG qL dG VGeCG e gh dG
q V He qCG fc GPEG VdG .V jH HUEG Y
HG q G AYCG ee H UdG SdG hCG dG ejo T .dG V
Veo jH HUEG Y q dG G dG UH eh QU : 56 Kh
: gh qWh qW FSh qV LoJ qdG VoG eh qG qjOMCG H qj Fc jdG
eqdc HdG H qd G HdG qG jdG ehe Y QOb gh H YG RL .qG dG GfG IQU QHEG SMh
dG Y S qKD J b
q
bJ LJ ;VG jdG e q e GfCG q V (YG RL SGH) eo Ye oJ dG bq dG .G HdH HUEG e jd
gGeh Gb T qJh Y Jh jdG KJ e q OGe gh dc qjG GqOG .(dG VGeCG G
Uh Y J
e M) G dH Hd qdH
q
q
jdG UH G H : 57 Kh
57h 56 OY KdG EG GOSG
.qFbdG ooH UNh
dH dG Gg ehe qch oG dG FN qJ -1
q
(58 OY KdG) q dG hG fN dEG UJ

q e hO
q -2
qLdG G
qFbdG G
hdG M qc VG eGdG
VG IQN ie
VGYCG
dG oG dG UH d hL : 58 OY Kh
39
UMCG
.dG j Sh U HCG AZ gh dG
q aqdG qfdH eCG EG dG
q UGJ
adG j
q GdH
q q Z bQ AZ gh q G EG qG UGJ ;dG
q qojh dG H oG
.qMdH qoK HdG H eCG
jeq dG Gd
q H q Z bQ AZ gh q dG
q AdG qdG ie dG dH Joeh
SM
q jN Y q dG
q .(dG M hCG)
jN Yh jq dG H J (q e) Ad
.qG qdG ddG
q f h J
q QhO d iNCG
dH aqdG ShCG
: G EG eCG e ShCG g qJ
eeCG LdH aqT W : aqdG qfdG adG C Th dG Y FS : FG G AH qdG FdG
q Gg .dH qG adGh qeeCG
.HdG G jN H RJ fG eCGh
LdG Hq fe SY : QqdG G C qdG Y qT d FS : LLqdG G .dG Ic
dUhh d AdG
q NH J ShCG g
.IgG LCG N qj oM qd
q
dG IQdG
q qJ -2
ShCG IAG LCG e G AdG
q j
.dG
q Y LCG g N qa d aqdG
f bGdG e M UCGh e (IQU) G Gg
q fdG e U
q Nh) d aqdG ShCG KC J
QhO j .qeqdG SdG QhO J dG ( QqdG Gh
jq dG dBG (qeq dG) S dG QhO ShCG g
.dG
q
40
dG H -1
d qLQG dG -1-1
LdH Ve d eeCG LdG
q jo G Y j NGO dG t J
:Rj dG eenCG Lh qEG Mf ddh G
(dG
t Yj U AZ OLd Gf) dG VH aqdG q fdG YJ a qSJ Ub T q M dG q Md .(aqdG q fdG N e goJ) bG
: bG Y d NGqdG AdG qc jJ QhO
e jh qdG bG b Jj
.Ae
G AYCG
Lc oG AYCG e Y dG oJ
: eq dG OdGh GgCGh Gh
EG dG NO G SCG LG .dG
iPCG e fj dG SCGh YCG G ;(dZ qSfG cM) IG cG H
jbh QhO d HGgCG aW L q c j
.WdG
QdG e dG
q AdGh
q
eq dG RJ G VG q eq dG OdG q g QhO dG FG FdG
q G d .QG SH
.HWQ Y aGh d eeCG LdG J
L
q Jh H dG HJ dG dG dZ qFJ qSfG cM) gqJG
(fMCG qjOGQEGh
(T) gO fCH dG oJ G NGO
.HUEG e
d NGq dG dG -2-1
dG QGL
U 2^5 gb jh dG
q qjhc dG
EG QG e gh ZCG KK e gQGL j
q
: NGqdG
UMCG
.dG Wh dG b cf dG g e dG W
d eqdG IQdG qJ Y qdG QHEG Y

dG b
Y) b Y VGh Z h H Y q L QHEG
H Y VGh oZh b Y qL QHEG QHEG qUN
(e c IAGb
qq dG N jdG LCG N q J d qq dG eCG IdG LCG N q J
: eo d
: dG SCG
d G-eeCG dG f QHEG
d G-eeCG dG IOjR (SdG) QqdG G q IOjR (SdG) QqdG G
o q f G bG jJ Y dG IYeo dG G bG OHEG Y dG IYeo
qT Y oj d G a qj dG
dG qT Y j d G a qq j
.dG SY GP GQqf SG : qjqdG jdG
UEG q c
GP GQqf SG : qjqdG jqdG QU qJ eCd (bqe SY) LdG Iqoe QHEG dG
.q q dG Y IdG ATCG
eCd (eq SY) LdG Hq SY
.qq dG Y jdG ATCG Qo U qJ AG QqdG q TCG SG : jG jqdG
tJ cCG q fdG e cG
QqdG q TCG SG : jG jqdG
AT) d dG G o gn jo e OLh
(...T ,qe
ShCG SGH qdG

q Y G J
q
aqdG
q
ie qG
qdG ddG
q
q ICf
AdH
q G
G J KEG q dG
q
q
q
qG EG qdG
q e qdG ddG
q f
dG dG SGH
q dG ddG
q KEG QHEG hM
N
t n Jh H QHEG cGe ie q G
q
.e iNCG We
41
QHEG q dBG - 44
: (e
q H) QHEd jOq DoG MGG
IA oG A TCG e G A dG
q GNG ATCG g N oqJh dH aqdG ShCd
SGH (G Uh e N) q dG
q Y
.eq qdG SdG QhO J dG ShCG g
q dG
q ie q G
q q dG ddG
q ICf qTCH H IOLG qG
q oG J KEG
qFdG
q
q G EG q dG
q e q G
q q dG ddG
q f dG dG SGH
(dG YEG) q G
q q dG ddG
q G e qG H QHEG cGe ie
eOEG : (...UTCG ,ATCG qJ) QHEG hMh
dG
q qJG I MGh IQ U JQ dG
t
,(...GdCG ,dG
e
)
oJh
q
q G e iNCG We N
q J .IgoG ATCG q J
Gq L q Gh q dG Q dG
q SMEG Gg
.Kh jqODG qdBG
UMCG
e jbdGh G dG -5
.d eeCG HCG Adh d NGq dG d
q qG AdG g G
.zAGG dG{ j dG QGMH q j dG H j CG h SdG eGd Ve
qfEG
q
qj CG q d MCG ZCG q gh (AGU Ld GRGaEG) GRGaEG SGH e dG dG
QHEG SM
q Qq J q a aqdG q fdG HUEH
.dh FbdG dh jbd AqdG q j dG Gg a
: dG dEG e jbdG
qM hCG dG qh GqL qG jCG Z cG TG SG Y (d dG OLh IQU ) e qq dGh f j dG GRGaEG dGREG NBG T e ce H Y gGe hCG Gb SG Y d GdG hCG gG HfCG q qedG MdG
q VGMCG J dH dG Me IQU qdG IOd q dG dG QfG Ga UN)
q
(dG dG
jbdG
: qdG GqdG hM eh VG QJ
q e jbd qeg qG dG oj
dG EG q dH) VG jdG q V Lf jq M GOq e Y jhOCG SG . qdG IOY H dP h (dG
dG
FbdG
.jq G GOq G SH dG dEG djo -
dG
42
Je NCG
QHG : QT SMG SGQO -3

1
OY ``````j
? d fGa G Oq CG dG MG g e .q q dG dH T UCG
2
OY ``````j
d N eeCG SQ 59 OY KdG q
: 59 OY Kh
KdH IQcG bQCd aGG fdG cG -1
q fdG QhO cPG -2
dG dG QhO cPG -3
3 OY ```j
dG b Th dG jW T : T Y IQU jJ 60 KdG qoJ
CG
60 OY Kh
e qd qjdG dG HGL J e qJ (1
? Y qc SCG g e (2
? Y q c UEG q j c (3
43
qJG Xh : hCq G QG
Je bC
q G
1 OY ```j
UdG 61 OY KdG qh qG M LdG g HUCG MCG Z bh qc qYf YV LQ J
.cG REG N
q J qdG jq QhdG
q
qoe Sh qY qN
Hc Sh q Y q N
1
3
2
qdG Y
5
dG
K Y qJ
r
dG
H Y AJQG
r
Z KEG dG K
q G M UEG
qG M
...................................................................... :
61 Kh
.HGL qY .cG f q J `1
.Kd fGY pSCGh bQCd aGG fdG cG `2
.Sq dG Y Yf cPGh q dG ddG
q Qe H L
q `3
jZ EG UEG J e jGH GMCG oJ a qJ IQcG KdG Y OYH ILh Ia QqM `4
.LqdG K
...............................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................
44
Je bC
q G
qJG Xh : hCq G QG
2 OY ```j
HUCG MCG HUCG INh KEG ICa HG dG qCG qEG d j qa IgR iCGQ jG j
q QOf c H
(dP jj CG hO)
.HGL qeo I qG aCG e a q d aGG cG f q J -1
.................................................................................................................................................................... : hCG cG ................................................................................................................................................................... : fqdG cG IgqdG qJ qY REG qNJ qdG UdG cPG -2
62 OY KdG Y Yf cPGh q dG ddG
q Qe H L
q -3
62 Kh
.QHEG SGH Igq dG q J Y GMCG J a J ILh Ia Qq M -4
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
45
Je EG VCG
SdH qJG : hCq G QG

qJEG Xh -1
J qdG qdG jG e GQG GY Y j PEG cG dG RG IOb ce qG oj

.G AGLCG e q Y S Jh
.IcGqdGh qdGh qQdG
q SMEGh jOGQEG cGh gdGh qdG oG qj
.d LEG RdG e %2 iS q qfCG ZQ G aj dG b qdG e % 20 oG j
qc G e qdG dG
q jh G cM J qjh qqG G N oG Loj
.q NGq dG PCG IOLG RGq dG cGe e UNh
q
dG qJ .qcdG
q dG
q qdGh qG H JQG f gh qqG G e SCG AG g qcdG
.G IQGM LQO Vh qq dGh dG qbO f e q SSCG jq OGQEGqdG FXdG H q cdG
q
.qcdG IdG NGO HCG GSG Q Y IQY g qcdG
q qdG
.qdG dCd Ge qh ,qjOGQEGdG aCG e jd qeg Gce qcdG
q qdG oj
qG L qCG qEG qdG hCG iNCG qdG jG e qe OH gQ SGH qdG qG JJ
.q dG UdG BG j CG JJh
q
dG RG
q U M
q eKG VGeCG H e jbdG
WCG T Ve
qq dG aGWCG q dH He W
WCG T V HUE Gf
Ve g (cdG
q q d q HdG
q IOG dG) WCG T qEG
cdG
q t dG q cG q dG jG jo Sha a q j
YH kdZ HUEG VGYCG CGJ .aJEG q j
q ,eq dGh
Gah dH CGh Dq Jh H HdGh N q M
o J W
GdGh
q Gh Yq dH He q dG gG oJ .q dG
q
q
.SMEG TJh
dG
B
Gh
q
q
( %50 e bCG IOY) eo WCG H HG H IadG q e
HUEG e AdG
q eCG .qq dG RG a Y IadG
o J e kdZh
HSCG q H VG jGH a dG qKCJ ie Y qba dH
q
q dG HSCG H de q J dG dG eq CG jG dM J
q
.FGO H Heo J fCG L
q a
cG jo h VG q V Ye jd d T q c ihdG oJ
Y Lq dG YG CG jo h ,q dG e ec Qq eo N e YG
eq C dGG eq CG .IG GW q J S q dG e ec Qq eo
HSCG H dG
q e IOq eo eLCG qfEa ,qeo
.J CGH b j GPEG ,ihd Vq e gH j
46
Je EG VCG
SdH qJG : hCq G QG
jdG
q dG
cG dG Rd bGdG ZCG dG g jdG
q dG
jH Y f qOM eKoL Ve gh (cdG
q qdGh eqdG)
jT GUh
o G IQGM LQO JQH ICa jh Sha hCG
Y G U Wh Abh Z e qdGh bq dG tJh
.eUh Y QfG K HZh Vh jg EG Qj
q K G
FdG
q EG eKG J K PCG dG e G CGj b
j h qj h j ) qc e W
.cdG
q ZeqdG
f f j CG j h AT CH
ATCG jW Yh HGh PGPqdG jW Y ITe ihdG J
(jq dG dH HUEG
.fG QhOh KG
q
q V q d Md LJ dh d q G KGG GfCG NG H VG Gg e e j d Lj
VG e q jh jq Fq dG GQGh
q FdG
e jdG
q
q GQG
q
q d q G Fq dG jdG GfCG
.qjG GqOG SGH
dG (hCG)h jbdG c
jbd dG
q qV WCG J
VG Gg e
e qe GfCG qV qdG
q J CG jo dG jdG
jdG
q dG
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http://www.feedo.net/AlternativeMedicine/Reflexology/Reflexology.htm
http://www.sehha.com/diseases/eyes/eye.htm
http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%86
http://www.schoolarabia.net/ayn_alfezia/main.htm
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QKBG
QKBG
jZe
Jeh G
HCG N
SO OGe qaG dG
jM
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
fEd q FGdG UdG QOe q gCG : 8 Kh
ea(e)
(e) fe UY
jZCG cJ : 9 Kh
61
fEd FGdG LG -1
aCGh fCG
0,12 8,9
QKCG
QKCG QKCG
QKCG QKCG
1,5
24,4 42,1
WH
LRW fL
WW
NCG a
QL
N
fc
ac
O
cT J
JH
Y
e
J
S
e
Y
hcc
WT
100
QKCG
QKCG
QKCG
QKCG
100
dGh G
0,06
AGdG e GZ
IM
o OGe
WT cc
0,68
() GJhH
0,36
() gO
() jS
B1
bdG
B2
SJH
PP
QSa
jM
(e) fe UY
ea(e)
qjZCG cJ : (HJ) 9 Kh
jq dG AS VGeCG -2
jq dG AS VGeCG H SCGh FN q J : ddG dG
jqdG AS Y qdG VGeCG H M oe 10 OY KdG qJ
VGeCG SCG
f VGeCG
AS Y
qjdG
VGeCG VGYCG gCG
hJ f : AGG qjdG jJ qdG Y f qVe eY

qdG jZCG
LdG T jGh GJhdH
Y V z B12 { edGh
dG HUh AYEG -
qdG a
FGZ f
q dG adG q J : dG dG oj Ve
dG eCG
HU f f QdG Vh dG OdGh
h Q dGh
dG
z D { edG
odG
e cCG GaEG
a q dG cGJ f dG qG Y G Rh IOjR
.qdGh cG b
q dG
jdG AS VGeCG H : 10 `Kh

62
fEd FGdG LG -1
aCGh fCG
: 10 OY KdH IOQGdG G EG GOSG

.Ve qoc EG qdH G qFbdG G Hh AGZ c qgCG qJ (1
.11 OY KdG hL dEG UJ
e hO
q
q (2
.jq dG AS e SG (3
FbdG G
jdG AS KCJ J
Y dG VGeCG
jq dG AS
odG
dG
q
qdG a
(q d hL) jq dG AS VGeCG H : 11 Kh
fEd FGdG LG - 3
q dGh Yq dG FGdG LG SGQO : HGdG dG
jZCG EG fEG LM J
FGdG LdG e q e FGZ Y M f MG HGVG H 12 OY KdG q oJ
HGVG g SCGh
aM dG YG
G SCG
MG HGVG
FGdG LdG e
............................ 1
jq QhdG b qdG q dG Y IQodG VfGh dGh dG q dG qfJ

FXdG g AGOC
IQGG hCG OdG ehe
OGG hJ qdG
.......................................... 2
hCG fd
q jq QhdG q FGdG
(jG AH) d
q
dG QV
o RdG bJh Ggo VG Y qbJ K G RGaEG LGJ QdG Y dG
q qbJ -
jq QhdG
q OGG q dG
VGeCG e jbd
ehe Y G IQob qfJh YG f VGeCG

jL HGVGh f -
............................ 3
qFGdG YG UH Ed hL : 12 Kh
.d qgCGh aM Y c qYf SGh oG g qM
63
fEd FGdG LG -1
aCGh fCG
b qdG qjZCG EG fEG LM

```````SG
M````````è
.RdG bJ jqdGh
o gt dG EG oJ jZCG hJ
o q j
cG qb e jq qdGh
o q gt dH q Z jZCG hJ GaEG q j
dG
q q dGh
a OdG e G jM G fhG dG
q goJ
.G Y IQGG Ga e q dRY W J qfEG .AdG
(jq Y OGe) s gt dGh jqdG
o gCG :13 Kh
IQcG qjdG OGG QhO SG 13 OY KdH OQGdG hH IQcG MG Y GOYG

jq ZCG bdG q c jJ
GMH jq QGM bW EG j jo q Fc qceo T Y ec jq o dG jZCG b qdG LoJ
.IjM dH b jJh
(LQO 15,5 EG 14^5 e) IMGh qjFe LQH AG e GZc IQGM ad jQhdG
q b qdG g IjM dG
.IjM c 4 bGMG Y oJ jqSo 1
.IjM c 4 bGMG Y oJ GJhH 1
.IjM c 9 bGMG Y oJ gO 1
b qdG e Qb CG d oJ a GMd Hb Z jq Y OGe edG : Me
:dq dG jZCG dG
q Qa J hJ : ee j
H
jq W L
50
50
50
100
150
. 9 OY KdH OQGdG jZCG cJ hL Y GOYG QdG Gg gaj dG b qdG c MG

64
fEd FGdG LG -1
aCGh fCG
bd edG LG
eGY IqY M b qd fEG L LM NG 14 OY KdG qJ
G e c 1 d bd qedG LG
500
QcP
400
fEG
300
200
100
0
GdH dG
0
10
16
24
qdH dG M bqd qedG LG :

G Rh e MGh GZc EG
qedG G LM
dH b qd
(qe) IjM
900
1600
1900
2300
2500
3000
2000
2300
2250
2600
4000-3600
5000-4000
2200
2500
2700
OY f
OY f
OY f
OY f
OY f
OY f
QGOEG qXe
AH eY
Le eY
jq OY ICGeG
eM ICGeG
Veo ICGeG
cP
cP
cP
fCG
fCG
fCG
cP
cP
cP
fCG
fCG
fCG
dG
(dH)
IqKDG eGdG
fEG
bqdG
4-1
6- 4
10 - 8
12 - 10
15 - 13
19 - 16
12 - 10
15 - 13
19 - 16
dG
eGdG H M aNGh bqd q edG G LM : GC
b qd G LM UH G H : 14 Kh
14 OY KdH IOQGdG G qM (1
.fEG Y b qd edG LG qKDoJ dG eGdG SG (2
IAdG jZCG EG fEG LM
SSCG j q jRGH e qS M jq dG
q
S
dG
MG
H 15 OY KdG J
q
.qdG b Y
qd q dG dG
q FGdG q feEGh jq ObG G
.LdG Y 1^62 h AdG Y 1^5 dG e - MdG qdG qdG dG YGQR q .IOdG Y WCG Rh VGh fh GOdG f VfG .G FdG
Y adG f JQG h VG Y G RGaEG VGh f - q G MG YGQdG g cG .WCG HJh I G Q TCGh Gh
o d
.TG
MG GhRh a % 8,7) IOh SGQqdG gdG feEG .(FGHG SCG IQf EG qdG q J jGJ iqOCG .G
.dG YS 4 e cCG dG UGe Y hQj q dG ZCG -
jRGH e jqdG M MG H : 15 Kh
.G g qS dEG j dG jZCG cPG (1
? J GPe .(9 OY Kh) jZCG cJ hL Y GOYG qFGdG b qH (2
65
fEd FGdG LG -1
aCGh fCG
GJhdG QhO
GdG e Y
q (H GJhH) q eCG VMCG KCJ 16 OY KdH dG Sq dG q
GdH RdG
160
G`JhH `H AG`Z
qeCG VMEG H aVEG e AGdG f
120
80
40
SCH edG
eCG VMCG
.GdG
q Y q eCG VMCG KCJ : 16 Kh
16 OY KdH OQGdG dG SqdG qM (1
GdG
q GJhdG KCJ SG (2
GJhdG e edG LG d qFGdG LdG cJ NJ dG GJhdG c J
e 17 OY KdH OQGdG hG qj
q
.OGaCG
N) Oa c Lh GdH GJhdG c
(MGh j
GZdH Oa q c c
14
20 -16
25
85
90
95
112
84
70
124
OGaCG
10 - 5 e
S EG TCG 3 e
18^5-9^5
GS 5 EG S e
20 - 16
GS
7
48 - 35
(H) S 13
45 - 34
(cP) S 13
55 - 50
(H) S 18 - 14
65
(gGe) S 16
70
(c LQ) S 40
60
(jq OY ICGeG) S 30
62
(Veo ICGeG) S 30
FGdG LdG GJhdG c : 17 Kh
.Oa c Rh e MGdG GZdG EG q dH MGdG dG G GJhdG c Y HG (1
: H GJhdG EG LG NG HdG
q HLEG Y OYH a
q (2
jq OdG ICGGh VG ICGG @
dG h gGG @
gGGh Vq dG @
? J GPe (3
66
fEd FGdG LG -1
aCGh fCG
bGdG jZCG EG fEG LM
edG B1
H dH e T
ed LG EGh OhCG EG fMCGh q Y HGVG EG Oq Dj dG H dG Ve c

VG GH HUEG OY ch bCG dG
q Ge MCG ZCG G
HdG qdG q bh .RQCG SSCG J dG G Je
RQCG e AL jH VG GH He IQqH Y e 1882 S TAKAKI
dG M 1889 S h .dGh
q qdGh dH
q Y hqj Gfc dG
dH
q GUCG AdG
q CG H j c dG aL S EIJKMAN ddG
fCT hG RQCG Y hqj Gfc d .H dG V HUEG f
j c dG RQCG EG dqdG aVEG qa dG
q Gg LO CT dP
SCG f c c .VG Gg e YH G LqdG T CG ch .LqdG
q j gh QhH GRINJScG .HG AdG
q AT Lf dG
dH HG Y Y JQb j edG RQCG CG EIJKMAN SCG SGQO
d Oq G edG FUNKFdG dG Y 1911 S h .jo M H
RG S QhV edG Gg B1 ea qSh RQCG df e H
.UN
dGh qG ie bd Qc
q
B1 edG
EG LG : 18 Kh
.H HUEd FdG dGh

q H dG Ve VGYCG 18 OY KdH OQGdG q dG N e q J (1
.VG GH HUEG e q FbdG G cPG (2
. B1 edG QhO SG (3
edG EG G LM -
jN Ad jQhdG
q JhdHh JcMh Wd eRqdG bqdH G OGeEG Oq qdG jqdG d
H e G FYCGh G jbh EG jCG J g H eYh ed eRqdG qfG OGHh fCGh
edG q S Gdh FXd jQhdG edG e Lj OGeEH EG dP j dh VGeCG
jW Y RdG QGH gaJ Lh edG g q L U j G CG h .bGdG q FGdG Oq GH
.jZCG
.d edG gCG : 19 Kh
.d edG q gCG SG 19 OY KdH IOQGdG G EG GOSG
fG eCG .q SSCG q fG UdG EG dH T L LM 20 OY KdG o q oJ
67
fEd FGdG LG -1
aCGh fCG
XdG
QG
qdGh qdG e q UNh jG d QhV gZh q eCG VMCGh RG Ueh
LG
edG
dG
G
,qdG ,G ,IFG e
GZ 2 - 1 jOdG
...fdG ,QG ,dG
qdG e U
q Nh jG d QhV - ...G ,dG ,qdG ,G GZ 6 - 1 SJdG
.GJhdG Adh q dGh
dG ddG
q f - SCGh dG jJ ...G ,G ,G GZ 0,9 dG
dG qJ dG Y ...SCGh dG jJ - dG ,G ,dG ,dG ,G GZ 0,9 QdG
AGG jdG HZg jJ SdG ,dG ,dG ,dG Ge 10
jG
...G qdG q SSCG q fG Ud G LM : 20 Kh
.IQocG oG Y Ge hG Gg qM (1
? jhe H eCG d G j g (2
.fEG fG eCG qgCG SG (3
(21 OY KdG) dG hG J CG 20 OY KdH IQcG qfG eCG qgCG Y GOYG (4
qdG VGYCG
G dG
dG
jG
jGh dG FGdG qdG VGYCG : 21 Kh
A``G .fEG Y MWh cSG TCGh AG QOe 22 OY KdG hL qj

AG e qej G j e
AG e qej G NCj e
dG
1^45
AGdG
0^8
G NGO YJ
0^35
dG
1^5
dG
0^6
dG
0^4
RGdG
0^1
G
2^6
2^6
.fEG id AG Wh SG TCG : 22 `Kh
e H jh c 70 j c L IQcG qdG J
q
.fEG AG aJ q gCG q e hG Gg qM
68
fEd FGdG LG -1
aCGh fCG
fRGe qFGZ Lh AH : eG qdG

jRJ Y qedG LdG RGJ Jjh .ch qc fRGoe qedG LdG J eY FGdG RGqdG qj
Gh gq dG Qe qdGh jq qdG Qe b qdG f : j c b qd G FGdG UdG f
.GJhdG Qe
q FGdG LdG b qd IqaG jZCG e G q dG M e : 23 `Kh
dd SG .(24 OY KdG hH IQce LdG) gG qFGdG LdG gqaJ dG b qdG qc MG (1
.( 9 OY KdG) jZCG cJ hL
.IjM c 2600 gh YS 24 gGG L j dG b qdH LdG gqaJ dG b qdG g Qb (2
? J GPe
qaJ dG qjdG OGG f M e fRGe qFGdG LdG g fc EG 23 OY KdG EG GOSG qH (3
.d b qdG
.fRGG FGdG LdG hT SG (4
(IjM c) bdG
() jS
() gO
() GJhH
eRdG dG
300
400
60
100
300
50
200
IOG
G
(ec H)
G
dG
(Y) dG
WdG
jdG
JdG
.gG FGdG LdG : 24 Kh
69
fEd FGdG LG -1
UMCG
: Xh M fEG dhj dG jZCG J

d qgCG
G FXh qc qeDJ dG b qdG aJ
fCG Ad qjQhdG
q OGG aJ
.VGeCG H e G jbh
q FGdG YG
jdG UNh GJhdG : qb qdG jZCG .1
qgdGh
... fG eCG H ,GJhdG : IAqdG jZCG .2
AGh q fG eCGh edG : bGdG jZCG .3
``bdG
dG
jb
d
G
g e qce AGZ j qc GdhJ

dG YG
70
dG jZCG q c g FG dG LdG
qFGdG YG e qej OdG dhj
fEG .q JG FXdh G fd dPh
LQOh q dc eGY IY M J
LdjdG dGh Od dG q dG
.qdG dGh
qah GPEG EG fRGe FGdG LdG oJ h
ch qc q FGdG UdG e dG QdG
AdGh b qdG e G LM d
G LG e AJ H jbdGh
.Od
M e qedG LdG qaJ e c GPEG GaEG dP qEa G LM j q dG
f JQGh dG
q e VGeCG EG ODj
...q dG q gq dG
M e qedG LdG qaJ e c GPEGh
QaG Gg qEa G LM e qbCG qdG
.GdG e VGeCG EG Oq Dj FGdG
fEd FGdG LG -1
Jeo NCG
1 O`Y `j
.SG fG (+) edG VH dPh dqdG qdG FG e dCe c EG qdH dG HLEG qY
: LJ qbdG jZCG Y - 3
fG eCG - CG
jqdG -
edG -
: Ve EG jdG D ea f ODj - 1
qdG a - CG
HSEG -
dG -
: edG EG G j - 2
Ic q H - CG
GL V qH -
GL Ic q H -
2 O`Y j
Sj qdG hG cCG
G MTQ
+
.........................
+
.........................
UCG d
.......................................
......................... Y G j
.........................
G qS
dUa IQH
+
.........................
.........................
qG Ae
+
..........................
.........................
bO
+
..........................
.........................
HCG SGQ
.........................
.........................
.......................................
Y bdG j
q dG
HdG
SG
3 O`Y j
: (64h 63 dH)
9 OY KdH OQGdG jZCG cJ hL EG GOSG
q
? J GPe .G cJ h G cJ H Qb (1
z ( ...H , S , ) qfGG jZCG hJ j GJhdG ad{ : qdG cCqdG fCG (2
4 O`Y j
.(c 65 )RdG f d OGaCG HQC FGZ Lh qjdG OGG c J
e 25 OY KdG qJ
q
eM ICGeG Lh
c Lh
T Lh
VjQ Lh
gO
112
106
103
106
378
400
419
482
jS
105
96
107
134
GJhH
25 Kh
? J GPe .Oa c j dG b qdG q c MG (1
? VjqdG Lh qjqdG c JQG a
q (2
? eG ICGG Lh qgq dG c JQG a
q (3
.dGh gGG H GJhdG EG LG NG a (4
71
dG -2
aCG
Iq G q FGdG SQG e : 26 `Kh

Hh jdG
q AGdG SG dG
q id UN
q
e Z
FW e qjG IQodG GSG : 27 `Kh

e H) G QN jZCG Y gKCJ SGQd
(dG e jQJ eq dG GfS Q
.fH jZCG EG ddh fEG L AYCG q c o J

RG e J OGG gh d qjQhdG
fCG J
q qFGdG Oq GG AYCd fG
q
.jG ie Sd Hb T EG jZCG
q H dG
? o dG t j c
? q FGdG SQG d q dG
q GKCq dG e dG RG jbh q J c
72
dG -2
aCGh fCG
jZCd dG
q q dG q Yf .1
jZCG J q gCG : hCG q dG
jZCG J UH G H 28 OY KdG qJ
j
dG NGO G EG qdGh c dG
q
q qdH h IU b EG a
q
q jZCG J
IQdG H GqL Jh qjG IQdH oM IG EG AG Y J d T YHG
.IG QGL qJ dPh
YHG b Gq L j e go h YH dG
q jZCG hj e UTCG e go
dG
q jZCG Y qjG IQdHh qdH Gh G KCJ : 28 Kh
: 28 KdG EG GOSG
dG jZCG HGh e N qdH G h SCG qgCG cPG (1
AH qjK qfCH Y qjG IQdH J dG jZCG IG QGL qd fG KCqdG Vh
q (2
.(...dG R ,) cqdG qjb U jZCG hj fEG CGh
.(...IG ,dG) dG fCG NGO jZCd fG dG IgX q Y (3
.cCG YSo U
o H IQocG SQoG ofG (4
VdG OodG GRGaEG e gh jq G IQo dGh tdc FGH q fe F N dG jZCG
.dG GRGaEG g QhO j oj .(...qje OoZ ,qHd OoZ)
VdG GQdG q gCG : dG q dG

dG qdG Qhd qj SGQO : e
: ``````MG ? bGe j c .YHG hO bO Iq G qd e b b (1
q V````dG : dqdG G EG GOSG GG Qe UH qVH OCG (2

Hb qjY OGe Y h (qfe eCG) d Hb Z H qfe OGe Y oG j : 1 MG
IqOe SSCG qG (% 55) qjqdGh (% 1) qgqdG , (% 5) GJhdG : dG fCG NGO d
.qdG
T q h G Ic jL e fe
q h GG IM Z IqOe) qdG qjqdG e : 2 MG
.dG
q qSh (dG qS) Rc G GG GP dG qjqdGh (qM
.GJhdG Hh qfe eCG Yh AG e Ic f Y qdG j : 3 MG
qVdG gLh QN qjqdG h qdG j SH G QN qj CG qoe AGZ qdG KCJ qCH Y qVdG e qqd H bG (3
qdG qdH AGdG NG ,G qdc Ne jZCG SG) q qdG h qdG Ich QNG HfCG
(dG j NGO IQGG ,AH
73
dG -2
aCGh fCG
SGh HqdG REG

29 OY KdH IQcG MGG qJEH dqdG HqdG CG (4
G AG e qe 100- qdG e GZ 0^1 : LLR SCc qdG G H qdG e YCG -1

q bCG Y YS e cCJ qfGC e qcCq dG H : q dG q dG Y AH qG qdG e qe 10 q YCG -2
G eG q K (qe 10 q ) qG AG d VCG q K LLR SCc Hd e b SG
VCGh QNG fCG NGO FS qc e e 2 V : qdGh G qdG qdG OLh Y e qcC J -3
qdG OLh Y Y qj MCG SGQ Y dG
Y : G qH b qK (QRCG FS) &a e e 2
q
AG Gg Yj ) IQGG g Y M aMh U LLR VM NGO LQO 37 JQGM NS Ak e q YCG -4
(Qe q H QNG HfCG Vo S oM
: qdG qdG Y QNG HfCG YCG -5
qG AG qc
qG qdG q c
H
q dG e q c
H
8
5
0
2
0
2
0
5
8
HqdG jGd IQU
iG
HfCG
1
2
3
Qe M KqdG HfCG V K fCG q c i NG -6

LQO 37
(LQO 37 JQGM Ae) Qe qM NGO ITe
qdGh dG e qc OLh Y HG FbO N H -7
: HfCG EG G jRJ H fCG qc
FS) OdG Ae e Ib aVEH dG Y dG *
OLh) QRCG EG qdG
q GPEG HjEG YJ : (UCG
(dG OLh Y) UCG qdG H GPEG S hCG (dG
a e e 2 aVEH dG OLh Y dG *
q q dG
q EG HjEG YJ : G H h (QRCG FS)
qdG H EG S hCG (dG OLh) LBG MCG SGQ Y
(qdG OLh Y) QRCG
G QN qdG Y qdG KCJ SGQd H MGe : 29 Kh
(FbO 5 H) HqdG jf
dG OLh
dG OLh
: qdG hG qdGh
o qdG OLh Y dG Ff hO
q (5
HfCG
( 0 bdG) HqdG jGH
dG OLh
dG OLh
qe Ae + q d :1
qe Ae + qdG e : 2
q d + dG e : 3
? Y o
q G Fq dG e J GPe (6
74
dG -2
aCGh fCG
qdc VdG GQdG QhO J

30 OY KdG IOQGdG G QSG Y f Qhq dG Gg d
q J PEG IqG qjqdG e q dG j

RG UY e jdG HGJ e JjL
.(qFc pH)
gh T qS EG qdG q dG j
q
Y
HGJ
K
o
qS
q
f j q e PCG
.R L
qdG g qa JhH Y qdG j
IO LG V dG fCG e gh
.(...jq e IQY ,od) VdG GQdG
RL Y : dG j q cq dG IMdG
e H dG fCG g N
q J
OGe EG dc qjdG OGG J AG
UY H qF dG dG
q b) HCG
(...q dG jL RG
dG g Y dG q dG S jL h qdG e H VdG fCG J
fCG e q e AGLCG IOLG q dG
.(bqdG G ,IG ,dG) dG
dPh GQdG g SGH H jZCG EG J YS VdG GQdH Leh jZCG J jj
.VdG fCG jLh jZCG jL H Sq dG Me SH
VdG GQdG QhO : 30 Kh
: 30 OY KdG EG GOSG
.q dG g N
q J dGh qdG IOLG dq dG IOq G FN H ocPG (1
.q e
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KdG) q dG dG
q j .AYCG gRJ q Fc OGe o FGS EG jZCG J
q
q PEG aU q Fc
: G QN dG UH IdG
q HQ iMEG OS (46 OY
Vh qK qdG e b VCG h fCG NGO e S IG NGO OLG FdG
q e b Y
q qdG H{
NBG fCG NGO qdG SCG e qdG f dc Vh . Je IQGM e JQGM QJ qJ a fCG
qCG d dP h hCq G fCG S dG jq G IQdG q c hJ AG e q c VCG h hCq d He
e S a h YS 12 b fG CGH jq G IQdG Vh dG qdG qCG M...fQG e
HqdG fG e qjCG KK H qM gqJ MCG a AG Vh dG qdG b qeCG YS 35 X
dG UH Spallanzani Q iMEG : 46 Kh
H OCG dG qVdG jCGQ M g e dH UG
Borelli qjf Raumurbe e bfG (1
q
? 45 OY KdH q G q jQq dG H REG b Raumur
? Borelli jf be q c g ? J GPe .SQ H IQcG Hq dG Ff qM (2
? J GPe .SQ H Spallanzani H qM 46 KdG EG GOSG (3
? bG Gg e foJ c EG HLEG J e cPCG .aU qFc IgX dG qGC Spallanzani YG (4
87
dG
q SGQO -3
qaCG
O f : 48 Kh
f : 47 Kh
qd qMGL qY : 50 Kh
qdH qtdG Zqd a : 49 Kh
hGh q MGG q dGh jdG

q q dG Mh q G OGGh b tdG OGM H qEG
.JM PfE oG EG q dG f LJ IG
? q d q JG q gCG f
q c
88
dG
q SGQO -3
aCGh fCG
q dG fe
q -1
q d jq G dG Uh : hCG q dG
fe
q Z qjeO S Ige -CG
51 KdH q oG MGG qJH jq eq dG dG
q s pYnCG (1
1 IQdG
q q J e) aW e S H Y f q LLR U Y jK GM O e Ib V -1
.( 51 KdH
fG) dG aW qJG dG
q W Y d e cM U
o SGH qjeqdG IdG qoL -2
.(KdG H 3 h 2 JQdG
q
.M Me jd fK S qYCG -3
fe
q Z qjeO S OGYEG MGe : 51 Kh
dG
q H gT -2
.qjeqdG
52 OY KdH SG
.JMe bd
FdG
hdG H IQU :
s H IQU : GC
f
e
AGG dG jd
q Z jq eO d
jJ hH goJ qdG q dG j jq G dG : 52 Kh
JgT e U (3
fe
q jq eO S Ige -
53 OY KdH q G MGG qJH jq eq dG dG

q YCG (4
dG N e Gb fqdG dG
q Y SG -1
. ( % 50) KCGh ( % 50 )
.d FbO 10 Iqe dG
q Y G JG -2
. qe Ae e N GQqJ dG
q Y SG -3
.FbO 10 Iq G QRCG e GH dG
q dq -4
. qG AH Z YCG q K
.AGdG jH dG
q qL -5
fq eo jq eO S OGYEG MGe : 53 Kh
89
dG
q SGQO -3
aCGh fCG
fq G jq eq dG q d VJ SQ :
d Fq dG H IQU : CG
G QRCH fq e jq eO
.G SGH jq eq dG q dG gT (5
EGh qjG IgoG EG GOSEG (6
: 54 h 52 OY KdG
q dG jJ e dG cPBG (CG
.jq eq dG jG GfCG q J (
.e qc FN H cPCG (
jq eq dG q d q e SQ CG (7
.H IgG fq G
fq e jq eO S gJ dG q dG j jq G dG : 54 Kh
eRdG FS OLh RGHEG : dG q dG

.qJ feCG cG aVEG e G e Y G
q LRW eO f q dG fe d
G . q dG gT q K ej Iq LqK SCG q Sj qG Z q dG JG (1
.IHf dBG SH JGP q dG Y jS
.qVJ SQ CGh 55 OY KdH fSG e qdG q SJ KEG MJ dG AGLCG qJ (2
.AL qc U (3
RJ IQU
o : 55 Kh
q e Z O SJ
q f
eRdG cJ - 2
eRdG fe
q q J : ddG q dG
.eRdG M e 56 OY KdG qJ
q dG e SSCG Ac cJ NJ dG jq dG OGHh ( q e : 900 ) AH
q K FS q dG eRH
gh hddGh ( 5,1 EG 4,0 e) dGh
q ( 80 EG 60 e) Iqe GJhH gh JhdG : (f)
: q fG eCG o
J
AG
FGP
fe
UY: Y dc j qfEG .(q e : 2) q gq dG e f
q
q
cJ K qEG...( 1,2 EG 1) jM ,( 0,1) c ,( 1,6 ) SJH ,( 3,6 Qc ,( 3,3) jOU
.fCG jN d d NGq dG SdG cJ eAe Y aG q g eRdG UdG g
...qeCG VMCG ,(qdG 1) RL ,qfe eCG : G UeG gQe qjN qjqoe (qdG e 20) HdG cCG FKh (qdG e 2) cCG : qqJ GRZ (...dG G , ddG) dG h (HdG cCG FK) aq dG AGg oJ eq S jq N a Y qKD o a iNCG AYCG EG (eRdG SGH) oJ h q e AYCG oJ jq Y OGe gh fego T ) RG N q a cCG q H (eg) dfCG G oJ jq qdH
o
q K AGZ hJ KEG : e
aoG dP ga G jN ie RG SG YS JJ h dG ie (LZ
.q dG eRH qdG Gg cJ K Y
e q e GfCG g gQe .q eKG dGh
KGG
e
jdG
V
q
q dq a GJhH gh IOq e LCG qjhqdG jG a e AdG jdG
qJG-qFdG Yqd Iq GJhH gh fCG eRdG cJ : 56 Kh
: eRdG q gCG RjEH q Vh 56 OY KdH IOQGdG G EG GOSG
.qeq dG dG e Jh qJ h jG jJ (1
.oe AYCG H H Y qXdG bdG HQ (2
.G Ye (3
90
dG
q SGQO -3
UMCG
o M Qq j ,dh q eo MCG LdH FS q dG
q oe f qfEG .ddG dG
q Y Gd H
.eRdG qj FS FY qjeO jN e
EG Jh q dG e % 45 jq eq dG jG qoJ
: q SSCG U
dG
q qUob jN gh AGG jodG MCH qW fq oe IGqdG Y ,LdG Iqoe
IOq e) HZdG IOq e Y FG M G f
.( cJ jG Nj q JhHo
qdG e 3G AGG qdG joc OY Qqoj
.LqdG Y je 5h ICGG Y je 4 GH
jdG J .q dG a Ve ff q j
. q q dG GRdG AGG
qjeO jN gh AdG jodG e M cCG gh IqY GfCG e LJh IGf Y
3G 7000 GH gOY Qjo h AGG jodG
.q dG e
eh
o G Ye QhO AdG jod
.KGG
150000 e) qjeO U
o qdG LoJ .IGf d d (q dG e 3G 450000 EG
h q dG q dG q J gQhO Rj
.dG ehe
FS gh q dG M e % 55 eRdG qjo
: FXh Iq Y d qdG UCG
.G jN EG qFGdG UdG j EG jG MJ dG nedG
q qOGG j qq d (q bdG OdGh dG) GNEG AYCG
.e
LCGh fCGh f e o dG j .edGh IqOoG
.q qq dG GRdG e f oj -
(OHCG KK GP IQU) qeO f
91
dG
q SGQO -3
Je NCG
1
2
1 OY j
q e SQ 57 OY KdG oq J
.fe
q qjeO d
.SqdG Y SG fdG cG (1
IO LG q JhdG IqOG q S (2
.gQhOh fd cPGh AGG qdG qjoc
.dG
q jJ e dG cPCG (3
.dP Y .z FS f qdG{ (4
57 Kh
2 OY j
: FXH qdG fe
q H HQoCG
FXdG
q dG fe
q
G Ye qNdG
AGG qdG jc
dG GRdG f
jq eO U
o
q dG tJ
eRdG
GRdGh qjG juG f

dGh cdG V OGGh
AdG qdG jc
3 OY j
.foeCG cCG e b Y j qLLoR kAfEG e a qdG e b OGSG Y J qY

? foeCG cCH RqdG qdG N e jdG g e -1
.LK QNG fCG qdG J e ej H gJ e SQCG -2
.G qdG e qc fe
q OqY -3
92
GQhdG
q Xh - 4
`qaCG
qb eqU Vj
q qYUG qU : 59 Kh
dJ
LY b e YQd gL b : 58 Kh
dH qj dG SpG : 61 Kh
qjeqdG YhCHh
d q YUpG Qq e QR q Y : 60 Kh
qJG H IqcG jdG Yb EG NOCG d : qb HH UGoC je qdG b

PfEG
q Ggh dG jN jd q dG GQhO d j b d .dG H jT OGfG
.G NGO q dG GQhO Xh eq g GQhO GPEG dG Oq Djo .L H
? XdG g qJ c
? q LdGh q FbdG G SGH Y af c
93
GQhdG
q Xh - 4
aCGh fCG
dG d qLQG gG -1
dG d MG GUCG q J : hCq G qdG
dG f Y Aq WCG j
SG H e IqY H
Yq dG SH JqbO EG
q d MG GUCG q J
q b bO
dG qbO t J : 62 Kh
q dG IgX q J : qdG q dG
SdGh HdH
aH VCG (1
q
HEG N q o odG jdG
q Y
.(63 OY KdG fCG) idG d
?
GP
q
? dP o
q J c (2
, KdG Yh qdG Y GOYG (3
.dG bO H q dG Qb
H jW q dG L
q jo
q c N .dG qbO f a
dG VfG Y qdj qb qbO
Y j dG jGdG
q QGL q
.e Le T
qdG
t nL : 63 Kh
eGdG H M dG qbO f t J q J : dqdG q dG

qe q Y f KEG e q Y f KEG
180
bdG Y
120
70
bqdG dG bO f
M LQ Y bqdG dG bO f : 64 Kh
(q dH) dG Y
(q dH) dG Y
65
55
30
24
12
63
70
59
61
70
98
111
dG
dG bO qe
bqdG
dG M fEG Y bq dG dG bO f : 65 Kh
? J GPe .64 OY KdH IOQGdG G qM (1
.dG bO f qKDJ iNCG eGY cPG 65 OY KdG Y GOYG (2
94
GQhdG
q Xh - 4
aCGh fCG
QhOh dG H H bdG -2
q Fq dG YhCdh d q LQG dG Uh : HGdG q dG
dG jh
.SCG EG q WhG DhL q j H eeCG hN b V (1

.(S Y Rj Fe K qCH Y) qdG Lh U (2
.(S Y Rj qjOY K qCH Y) q qdG Lh U (3
jq eq dG q YhCG
.dH q G YhCG jW b NOCG (4
.jPoCH q e jQh a dG e
q dG AG dG qbJ EG *
FQ jQh
.H qe jT a dG e qdG
q AG EG dG Uh GpE h *
FQ jT
.dGh jPCd qLQG FG H Qb (5
.dG jhH q G IOQhCGh jGdG
q FN H Qb (6
LCG jQh
hG H dPh jq eq dG YhCH q G dG jh Oq M (7
HCG jT
66 OY KdH OQGdG
. 68h 67 OY Kd qVdG SqdG Y fdG cG (8
66 Kh
............................................... 6
.............................................. 1
............................................... 7
......................................... 2
............................................... 8
............................................. 3
............................................... 9
..............................................4
............................................... 10
............................................... 5
d VJ SQ e d dG LdG : 67 Kh
.........................1
.................7
.......................2
.................8
........................3
..................9
...........................4
..........................5
...............10
..........................6
d VJ SQ e d dG LdG : 68 Kh
95
GQhdG
q Xh - 4
aCGh fCG
NGO q dG Qe q gCG Jh d q NGq dG dG Uh : eG q dG

HCG jT
FQ jT
ij jPCG
jCG H
CG H
bGh jCG dH q oG HCG jdG

q e
q NOCG (1
. 69 OY KdG VG
(+++++) qG ah
q
G ah dG HJh qFqdG jdG
NOCG (2
q G
q
.JGP KdG VG
(---)
q
: 70 OY KdG EGh q G dG Ige EG GOSG (3
(G f e) HG dGh jPCG q c H HGdG
q U (CG
gQhO SGh
SGh HCG jdG
q e IOLG HGdG
q U (
.gQhO
SGh Fq dG jdG
q e IOLG HGdG
q U (
.gQhO
hN b jd q : 69 Kh
HCG jdG
(qdW e)
ij jPCG
IYb eqdG
HCG jdG
q
U
o
M
J IYCG
QGL G
dG
jCG dG QGL
Y QGL)
-jPCG qU
H
H dG qj)
(dGh jPCG
jCG dG j
hN b e q G jCG Ad IQU : 70 Kh
. dG ie d qVY e CG (4
71 OY KdG EG h G Ige EG GOSG (5
.dG Qb
EG q dG qRj HCG jdG
q qCH Y J GPe (6
? G AYCG qc
odG ie d VY e : 71 Kh
96
GQhdG
q Xh - 4
aCGh fCG
72 OY KdG SG d qNGqdG dG Uh d
CG
.................................9
..................................: 1
................................: 10
...................................: 2
...................................: 3
................................: 11
...................................: 4
...................................: 5
................................: 12
...................................: 6
................................: 13
...............................: 7
................................: 14
.................................: 8
................................: 15
d VJ SQ :
d W IQU : CG - fEG d qNGqdG dG : 72 Kh
jq eq dG YhCGh dG AGLCG q J ( 72 OY KdG e zCG{ AG) dG qdG G IQU EG GOSG (7

.eq dGh H JG
AG) dG H UG
dCqdG SqdG Y bQCd aGG fdG V HS qJ e EG GOSG (8
q
(KdG f e z{
97
GQhdG
q Xh - 4
aCGh fCG
qdG IQhq dG QGWCG Uh : SOdG qdG

....................................................
....................................................
5
2
3
....................................................
.fH qdG qJ
o a
q Y dG
.e JJh e jPCG J
o
.e Jjh e o dG j EG cCH q dG q dG jCG dG q j
o .JYq J EG h HCG jdG
q
cCG H q oG q dG CG dG q j
o .JYqJ EG h FqdG jdG
q EG HdG
: q FQ QGWCG KK e q dG IQhq dG J
q G q dG jPG q J : jPCG VfG *
dG
qfjdG
q eqdG
q oJ : dG VfG *
.jGdG
q NGO q dG dG q a
oCoJh q fjdG eq dG
q oJ : dG fG *
EG qdG Qhoe CG j q K jQdG q dH jPCG
qdG eqdG
CG
q fG KEG dG
() SQh
: q dG IQhq dG : 73 Kh
o (CG) f
q
: 73 OY KdG EG GOSpG
.Sqd jPG fG dP hOh
q qdG IQhqdG QGWCG qJ (1
.H q G YhCG h dG NGO q dG Qe eq dG
q QhO Vh
q (2
G q dG GQhO GQe - 3
.Fq dGh dG H q dG Qe j : HdG
q q dG
b
CG
1
2
4
5
e (qjFqdG IQhqdG)idG
q qjeqdG IQhqdG J
dG qj :(CG Hh jPCG) CG dG
MCG O) HdG cCG FH qG qdG CG
SCG EG d Yhah FqdG jdG
q (b
HdG cCG FK e qj M qjFq dG
MCG) cDG qdG Oj Ggh .cCH Ohjh
q
da idG jPCG EG qjFqdG IOQhCG Y (b
idG
q qjeqdG IQhqdG : IQhqdG g qJ .jCG
.(qjFqdG qjeqdG IQhqdG)
CG
b
jCG
() e
q SQh (CG) f
q : idG
q jq eq dG IQhq dG : 74 Kh
98
GQhdG
q Xh - 4
aCGh fCG
: 74 OY KdG EG GkOSG
6 EG 1 e bQCd SG fdG ocG (1
.HdG coCG FoH q oG q dG Qe qdG d H h cDG q dG Qe H L
q (2
.idG
q jq eq dG IQhq dG Xh SG (3
.dGh AYCG H qdG Qe j : edG qdG
. 75 OY KdH SGh Yd
q q G d
q MGq dG AdG ie q dG GQhO H gT (1
AGM jq c
jq eO Go T
IgG Ffh Yd
MGqdG AdG Ige qc : 75 Kh
q
MGq dG AdG Y G IBGe Y G Aq dG Qh qdG j : He iq e Qh b Y q Yf YV b J : CG
qjG IQq d VJ SQ : -MGqdG AdG e A qj IQU : - (qjG IgG N)
? MGqdG AdG fCG ie MoJ GPe (2

? fCG ie qjeqdG YhCG UH J GPe (3
AYCG ie q dG GQhO U
o H iNoCG eo 76 OY KdG q J
e jQh U
e jQh U
dG e jCG AG e iodG jq eq dG IQhq dG J

HCG jdG
q cCH q G q dG q j dG
jq eq dG Go dG
q LoJ oM AYCG EG d Yhahn
a q dG S AHh fGQL qbH R dG
.V VfGh
IOQhCG d
q AYCG e L
q QG GjQdG
o q J
oj jqdG aLCG jjQdG
q J dG idG
q
.dG EG q dG
qdG V Hh NqdG gQGL qbH IOQhCG oR
AG e qdG Qhe goJ eqU OLoHho a
.dG EG d do
q G
jq jQdG eq dG QhOh idG jq eq dG IQhq dG : 76 Kh
99
GQhdG
q Xh - 4
aCGh fCG
76 OY KdG Y qWG (4
: idG IQhqdG h idG
q IQhqdG UH HS dEG UJ
q e EG GOSG (5
.G NGO qdG GQe qJ dG 77 OY KdG OQGdG SqdG Y fdG cG (CG
.H KdG f Y GQG g L
q (
.idG jq eq dG IQhq dGh idG
q jq eq dG IQhq dG H bdG Vh
q (
.jG qJh jJ qdG QhO SqdG Y Vh
q (O
CO2
O2
............................... 1
............................... 2
............................... 4
............................... 3
............................. 5 ........... 21
............................... 7
............................... 6 ................
............................... 9
............................... 8
............................... 11
............................. 10
............................... 12
........................... 13
........... 22
................
............................... 14
........................... 15
............................... 16
........................... 17
............................... 19
............................... 18
.......................................................................................... 20
G NGO qdG GQhO GQe

q oj e
q SQ : 77 Kh
100
GQhdG
q Xh - 4
aCGh fCG
NGq dG SdG e - 4
G FdG
q SbCG qJ : SqdG qdG
q dG eh H FdG
q SbCG UH G H 78 OY KdG q J
: b NGO qRjh G c e % 60 qjo PEG fEG L q SSCG qceo AG jo
.G Ae e % 70 `H Qqoj h G AdG gqoj dG jG ebCG : Y j dG NGq dG SdG qoJh G Ae e % 30 GH Qo s oJ dG jq G QN ebCG .(qjhqdGh qjeqdG) YhCG GQhoj GqdG qdGh qdG : (G Ae e % 9) FYdG ebCG *
.jG H GAdG C dG G FdG
q : (G Ae e % 21) dG ebCG *
qjeO IT
IdG L
jo H JoG
IdG L
jQHo JoG
2 NGq dG SdG
cCG fG
qjG jqoG fG
HdG cCG FK fG
iNCG jq N a fG
qdG GQhO G
Fq dG SbCG H AG fG
jq hqdG q YhCG qdG GQhO G
G FdG
q SbCG : 78 Kh
: 78 OY KdH SqdG Gh
q qdG EG GOSpG
(3) h (2) h (1) jq G QN SbCG q S (1
? Sq dG Y dG
q
q GPe (2
.eGZc 70 c LQ L FdG
q SbCG e qc AG c MoG (3
101
GQhdG
q Xh - 4
aCGh fCG
SbCG H bdGh NGq dG SdG cJ : TdG q dG

79 OY KdG QSG Y f G Gg
.qdGh q dG e NGq dG SdG j

q
.dGh
AGG
jdG
Y
j
q
f
G
C
q
G
E
dG
cJ
e
cJ
J
q
dG
Y
T
FS
q
dG
q
q
q
.qjhqdG YhCG qJ dG qjhqdG GdG
q (VG qdG) jH G G FdG
q Nj (FYdG qdG Y jG)
IOQhCG H ie jq eq dG IQhq dG EG q FYn pdG qdG Oo jn jT
AGM O jq c
eRH
N FS
qjh IT
qjQU Ib
LCG jQh
oY
qe
IT
jq eO
jq h Yo
jQho
G qdG GQhO : CG
qjhqdG odG FGq dG GQhO :
SbCG H bdGh d NGq dG SdG cJ UH G H : 79 Kh

: HdG
q G EG GOSG
.eh G FdG
q FN H cPG (1
.jd JG SdG G FdG
q : j e qY (2
102
GQhdG
q Xh - 4
YhCGh dG
q U M -5
aCGh fCG
jq eq dG q YhCGh dG
q U M YGb q J : Y OG q dG
80 OY KdG QSG Y f e jbdG Sh
o HSCG q d .
q dG Y GN jGdG
q tJ jo
dGh qfGG dH
t qdG fRGoG Z jqdG Y qjeqdG YhCGh dG oOqoJ dG QNCG H
o
ooJ
: CG QNCG g e ojbdG
o LJ .G Rh IOjR IOY o J
.G j dG b qdG q c e jZCG e qJCG b qdG q q c ihJ .qG b qdG qqc e % 30 Y qgqdG jZCG goqaoJ dG b qdG qqc qJ .qG gqdG qqc HQ Y qfGG gqdG qqc qJ .IHqdGh dG hJ e qG e Y
q oe jZCG SG Y fEG Uj .q dG V JQG dPh Nq dGh q dodG Hho G SGh qdG d oG SG q YdG
q jY
t oj jdG SqdG H Y cG e toh qdG dG
q IqM e ojJ dG CG H qEG
.VfG Y oJQob tJh odG ooa G of tj .dG e hCG IQqdG hCG SG
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o
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.Fe q VjQ fCH dGh q dG q Yf e AJQGh q dG tq dGh GfG Y UG
q
G H q dG dN
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q dG M ho To IYGeo (...qdG dG ,SCG oe)
q dG Oq J cCG GaEG Y q dG q dG
qdG M ooJ VjqdG oSQoe
jGdG
q tJ UH oG H: 80 Kh
: 80 OY KdG EG GOSG
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q (1
.q Vjq dG fCG SQ
o jo GP q H (2
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o G Y q dG q gCG Vh
q (3
103
GQhdG
q Xh - 4
UMCG
q dG IQhdG-3
dG d q LQG gG -1
.IHf IHL
q e e oJ a
q eo Y dG
q jh cCH q dG q dG jCG dG q j
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KK Y q b IQhO q q b qbO q c
: de QGWCG
q V t a e jPCG J : jPCG VfG . Ho q c q dG
q a e dG j : dG VfG .q dG
q eq dG fG KEG jGdG
q q dG t V
jGH q o dG q jPCG eq dG J
Gg .''hO'' dG
q K eo o dG V fEG
.jPCG q c EG q dG LQo fG
a dG Y JJ : dG fG J q oK (IOQhCG e O dG q dH) jPoCG
o dG AeG CGa q o dG q jPCG eq dG
oJ dG fG jGH .jPCG e bfG
HCG jdG
q e q c Ne q dG
q eq dG
fG Gg .zJ{ dG
q Keo Fq dG jdGh
q
JG dG EG jT q c e q dG LQ
.H
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J dG YqdH
q dG qbpd SG oj
q b qbO q d h de JU H
.(''J'' - ''hO'')
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t nsdG ou
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q dG L
q -
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q AYCG EG dG e q dG j
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GQH q J dG jGdG
q NGO dG
q Jj
q dG V j H , qd Hbh S
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Gq L bQh Ic YhCG EG jq eq dG YhCG q J
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q oJ
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q V fGh
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q
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104
Hh NGO q dG GQhO Gh dG H -2
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o J q Ho -q jPoCG eq U @
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q c IYb dG
q q dg q S eq U @
jdG
q EG qH qc e qdG Qh oJ jT
e qdG Qhoe : coG qJCG h e oG
p EG jCG q dG
CG o dG e h HCG jdG
p EG
. Fq dG jdG
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LCG jQdGh dG LCG jQdG j .dG jPCG EG AYCG e dG dG
q
EG FqdG e qdG HQCG qjFqdG IOQhCG J .idG jPCG
q dG q j qfC CG e S cCG jCG o dG G AYCG qac EG
GQhdG
q Xh - 4
UMCG
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q U M -7
jq eq dG IQhq dG -5
H HUEG EG jq eq dG YhCGh dG Vq j
h dG Y f NBG dGh KGQh
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jqdG Y UG j WG J e jbd
dG
q eh qdG e e q dGh fRGoG
h J Yh Nq dG Y eGh q fG G
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q
bG Y qdG YGH QdG
q qqdG LGdG eh
JRqdG SG Yh SCG J Y hCG q S
o q jo .q ddG QGh jq Fq dG dG
q MGL Yh
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q
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q U Y G IQhHh
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q qjeqdG IQhqdG
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EG dG e q dG Qe g idG jq eq dG IQhq dG
.dG EG eh G AYCG q H
NGq dG SdG -6
G qdGh q dG e NqGdG SdG j
q
. G FdGh
q YhCG
L e G FdGh
q qdG H OJ
e YhCG G qdGh G FdG
q Hh
.iNCG L
cCH G jN jhJ Oq dG g eq D J
cCG FK e Jh qjG jq Gh
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R qjh q dG GdGh
q qjeq dG GdG
q qEG
qbQh MG c : Oq dG Me q U
q H
dG
q VfGh GQhq dG YS V fGh QGG
.a
105
GQhdG
q Xh - 4
Je NCG
1 O``Y j
U cCJ q d HG fG (x) edG V dq dG SCG e GDS q c EG q dH
: jOCG VfEG Y-1
Fq dG Nj dG q dG-3
.jPCG EG q dG N
cCH q Z -CG
o r jn -CG
.dG EG qdG oNrnj -
.HdG cCG FH qZ -
.dG edG
.CG dG e JCj -
q j -
.fjdG
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q edG
q j -O
:FqdG e j dG qdG -4
cCH qZ -CG
HdG cCG FH q Z -
.Fq dG jdG
q dG EG j -
qjFqdG IOQhCG dG EG j -O
dG VfG Y -2
.IOQhCG qdG j -CG
jGdG
q qdG j -
.dG edG
q jo -
.fjdG
q edG
q oj -O
: Y q HCG jdG
q EG dG LCG jQdG e oqoJ dG qdG qjc qEG -5
FQ jQh
FQ FQ jT
jCG H
j jPCG
Y LCG jQh -CG
HCG jT
CG H
jPCG
.
FQ jQh
FQ
FQ jT
CG H
jPCG
Y LCG jQh -
. HCG jT
jCG H
j jPCG
FQ jT
FQ
FQ jT
FQ jQh
FQ
CG H
j jPCG
HCG jT
Y LCG jQh -
CG H
jPCG
jPCG
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Y LCG jQh -O
jCG H ij jPCG
2 O`Y j
.dG W e
q SQ 81 OY KdG
.10 EG 1 e bQCd aGG fdG coG (1
cCG FH q dG dG Qe Sq dG Y AbQR H L
q (2
.HdG
.cCH q dG dG Qe Sq dG Y AGM H L
q (3
CG dG Y e S cCG jCG dG Y :j e qY
3
4
FQ jQh
jCG H
9
10
5
6
81 Kh
106
GQhdG
q Xh - 4
Je NCG
3 OY j
.q dG IQhq dG QGWC e
q SQ 82 OY KdG q
CG
82 Kh
.QGWCG g e QW qc qS (1
.....................
.....................
.............................CG
'''' e bfG QGWCG g qJQ (2
''.......''QW
''......'' QW
'''' QW
'' Me '' hCG '' e '' HH QW qc eqdG
qdG hG cCG (3
q dM Ve
q
QGWCG
Q qdG
Q qdG
CG Q qdG
......................... ......................... .........................
eq dG
q
qdG eqdG
q
......................... ......................... ......................... qfjdG

q eqdG
q
4 OY j
. a q dG qJGh jq eq dG YhCG FN H q e q dG hG cCG
NGO qdG qJG
FN
qjeqdG YhCG
...............................
.................................
jGdG
q
...............................
................................
IOQhCG
5OY j
.qdG V - NGqdG SdG - idG qjeqdG IQhqdG - idG
q qjeqdG IQhqdG : j e qY
6OY j
.e jbdG Wh jq eq dG YhCGh dG J dG VGeCG H VGYCGh SCG q e q dG hG q Y
jbdG
VGYCG
SCG
VGeCG
..........................
..........................
......................
jGdG
q qJ
..........................
..........................
......................
...........................
..........................
......................
q dG V JQG
dG fH dG
(dG)
q
107
dG
q -5
qaCG
dG IqT dG qdG jj - (e 10000 S) hdG : 83 Kh
q G AGdG q H jq dG SEG h qq dG qbJ EG Oq Dj b dG : CG G AGd fEG L LM : 84 Kh

.cCG e GqH Ohq dG Lj (FbO 3 Y jJ) jW Iq QdG YCG dG : -qqqdG QG cCG hCG
bdG SEG qj dd ,NG coCH G jhJ tbJ Y oj .IcCG AGdG coC G LM qEG
IAo jQGH S qdG Ohj
q jW Iq AG NGO AdG e tdh .qdG RG RdG Gg q H
.foCG SGH gRZ ojh gQ oX a foj coCH
bW G jh cCd IjGG Ld HSG tdG qdG OGOj qe Y H dG Y
.jZCd LG jGJ EG ODoj q V qjQGM
.
? d Iq oG Ld HSd qq dG f t Jh Id qdG IQhV o

q f c
108
dGq 5
aCGh fC
q G
dG jEGh dG cG -1
fEG Y q qq dG cG Uh : hCq G q dG
85 OY KdG EGh ITe Me EG GOSG dG cG FN H qJ
? MoJ GPe .ah fG eCG io dG jh QU Y o dG j V (1

aqYh dG cG QGWCG snJ (2
.QW c QU b (3
? J GPe
85 OY KdH SG .QW c FN cPG (4
qqJ cM RQW RGHEG : 85 Kh
dG jEG :dGG q dG
85 OY KdG EG h ITe Me EG GOSG dG cG FN H q J
MGqdG dM dG jEG
44
26
20
18 - 14
16 - 12
q dG
Vq dG
GS 5 Y W
gGe
ICGeG
LQ
qdG
jEG) IMGdG bqdG dG JcM soY (1

. Y f KGh MGdG AKCG (qq dG
? J GPe
fH (MGdG AKCG) qdG YjEG
q Sn (2
86 OY KdH OQGdG hH INCG
UTCG H Y qqdG jEG Qb (3
? J GPe .86 OY KdG EG GOSG
dG
q M
q q dG jEG q J : 86 Kh
q qq dG cG q dBG
-2
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adG
dG
AGdG
AGdG
q dG
dG Y
qadG
N Qq dGh LG G Ve
aq dGh q dG
qNGO jQho e qdD oe gh G AZ Yj AZ FQ H oj

H Ljo .Qq dG dG QGH eo q LQN jQho h Fq dH e
.NBG Y gMCG fG q j FS jQo dG
adGh dG QW N QdG dG M J : 87 Kh
109
dGq 5
aCGh fC
q G
QW N LG Gh QdG
q dG ie dG GqqdG U (1
87 KdG EG GOSG aqdGh dG
q
aq dG N LhNh dG
q N Fq d AGdG NO d q Va q b (2
. q VdG gLh e d H bG (3
LLdG SbdG GaEGh Y fCG e a H q W qe Nf HQ H) 88 OY KdH G HdG CG (4
(AGdG e
b L Y j GPe (5
Y qK (CG) SCG EG qG
? () hCq G be EG JOY
dEG UJ
e EG GOSG (6
q
e q c q dBG RjEH a
q HS
EG q dH aq dGh dG
q
OdG tqdG
SbqdG jd fCG
AGdG e LLq dG
Nf HJ Y H fCG
Ya e a q c jf
NGO q dG d fCG
LLq dG Sbq dG
qe
( h CG) q qq dG cG QW N LG G QhO Ic : 88 Kh
qq dG RG H -3
?dG RG NGO AGdG Qe g e .h G H qdG GRdG OJ e qqdG cG qoJ
? FdG ie RdG OdG j jCG
q qq dG dG Uh : HGdG q dG
89 KdH fSGh h tq dG RG Y M dG jo UdG Gg e td
.................................................. 7
................................................... 8
................................................... 9
................................................ 10
.....................1
.....................2
.....................3
.....................4
.....................5
.....................6
FdGh q FGdG dG ie : dGh fCG ie : GC -fEG Y qdG dG : 89 Kh

89 OY KdG SGh h qdG RG Ige N e qqdG dG qJ (1
KdG H h CG Sqd SG fdG cG (2
110
dGq 5
aCGh fC
q G
Fq dG H q J : eG q dG
Fd qjG dH 91 OY KdGh qdG Rd qLQG dH 90 OY KdG qJ
..............1
...............2
...............4
...............3
fEd qqdG Rd e
q SQ :
hd qqdG Rd IQU :CG - qqdG RG : 90 Kh
T
AGdG qJG
FQ jT
FQ jQh
S QGL
FQ
Go T
qjeO
S NGO AGg
SCG ie jedG YhCG T -
jd W e -
FdH dG W - CG
: 2U 1 e IMGh q c Me VCG IOq e TCG EG J

q bO jONCG FQ a
q c S Y J
SCG YJ IU ScCG J bO To EG a q c NGO q FGdG dG q J .odG
. 2 0^28 S Meh ( 0^0005 ) he 0^5 gQGL So iqj qjFqdG
S e 700 `H FdH SCd qG OdG Qqj
Fd jG dG : 91 Kh
? a
q c S Y j GPe ? Th fd qJ .hN FQ gT (1
90 OY KdH Sqd SoG fdG cGh fEG FQ Ua OY OqM (2
? dP J c ? MJ GPe .YG K hG FQ e GAL bG (3
(- -CG) 91 OY KdG e Y WG (4
.SCG QGLh AGdG H SdG Me MG
o (5
.SCG ie RdG Oqd FG FG SG (6
111
dGq 5
aCGh fC
q G
Fq dG ie jq RdG Oq dG -4
dG f Jh G AGg e d f dG
q QW N Fq dG Nj ( OdG) Fq dG qq dG Y
? e hGh G dNO H G AGg j g . adG QW G EG FdG e
adG AGg h dG AGg fQe : SOdG dG
: MG
NGO AGdG jd q dG H aGq dG a q j AG e Gob Mof OQH LR Y qdG KEG -
: q VdG
dG
q AGg H NG UH qVH OCG qqdG UH Je EGh MG EG GOSG (1
aqdG AGgh (G
q AGdG)
q VdG gLh QNG

aq dG AGgh dG
q AGg cJ H NG j e q H bG (2
92 OY KdH q G Hq dG CG (3
CG fCG
N) HS oCG Q G Ae QhH qcP (4
(... SSCG q dG e eqdG dG
q
SG q K H zCG { fCG W Y VG (5 fCG
. (aqdG N) fCG Gg qdG q e AGdG
? MJ GPe
? MJ GPe . Gqe IqY z{ fCG fG (6
G Ae
dG
q AGg H NG UH J GPe (7
?aqdG AGg h (G
q AGdG) aq dG AGgh dG
q AGg fQ H : 92 Kh
adG AGg
dG AGg
G Ae SH
GRdG
% 79
% 79
% 16,4
% 21
% 4,2
% 0,04
e OGg
Ie f
hRCG
AGgh dG
G qM (8
q AGg cH UG
q
.(93 OY KdG) aqdG
HdG cCG FK FdG NGO AGdG Y CGW dG dG SG (9
q
t q
cCG
AG QH
AGgh (G
q AGdG) dG
q AGg fe
q f : 93 Kh
aqdG
112
dGq 5
aCGh fC
q G
Fq dG jQdG Oh Fq dG jdG
q O fQe : HdG dG
94 OY KdG QSG Y f fQG H d
HdG cCG FK
(C02 )
cCG
( 02 )
jFdG SCH dG jeqdG dG

q W Qqj
O e e 100
. 2 200 GH Me QqJh c 2400
FQ jT
10
q Y ) FdG Nj MGq dG Y
( Fqd qdG Noj) (Fq dG jdG
dG e Gd 5 ( jFqdG IOQhCG Y ) e jh
O e e 100 q
FQ jQh 25 EG qG Gg j CG h IMGdG bqdG
20
.e Y f N qdG e d
e q dG jo )
(FqdG GC
() FQ jQh Oh FQ jT H qqqdG GRdGh ( CG ) qjFqdG qjeqdG dG
q : 94 Kh
60
50
QGL Y qJ qfCH Y RdG Oqd FG qUG SG . 94 OY KdG OQGdG ( CG ) dG

qM (1
q
.NGO OLG AGdGh H G jq eq dG dG
q H SCG
GPe .(FQ jQh Y) e QG qdG h (FQ jT Y) FqdG EG NGqdG qdG cCG f Qb (2
? J
jQh Y) e QG q dG h (FQ jT Y) Fq dG EG NGq dG q dG HdG cCG FK f Qb (3
? J GPe .(FQ
.Fq dG EG dNO H Fq dG jdG
q d j e q (4
MGQ dM T Y IMGh YS N qjFqdG IOQhCG O j dG cCG qc MG (5
:4
:1
:2
:3
O2
CO2
:5
:6
:7
q dGh FQ S AGg H jq RdG Oq dG :
113
95 ``Kh
95 OY KdG OQGdG Sq dG CG (6
AGdG H qjRdG OqdG d

: FQ S ie qdGh
bQCd SG fdG o cG (CG
H AGdG qJG Vh
q (
iNCG H qdG GQhO qJG Vh
q (
(02 ) cCG e qc fG Vh
q (O
H (C02) HdG cCG FKh
.AGG qjdG d qJ SqdG Rj (7

qqdG Gg S UH qVH OCG
dGq 5
aCGh fC
q G
q q dG GRdG f q dG QhO q J : edG dG

? dP qj a (HdG cCG FKh cCG) qqqdG GRdG qdG j
HS H dOCG dG q VdG e q q d H bG (1
dG
OYH 96 OY KdH G HdG CG (2
q
: qdG
fCH HdG cCG FK e Qq J jH ob -CG
L ? MJ GPe . RW O Y j dG 1QNG
2 fCH dP
Y cCG QH HdG cCG FK QJ SG -
3 fCH dP L ? MJ GPe . 2 fCG
qdG Y qqqdG GRdG KCJ RGHEG : 96 `Kh

? qqqdG GRdG J dG qdG fe
q g e
97 OY KdG QSG Y f HLEG EG U
q qd
UG
G qM (3
q
UH J GPe . cCH
? f
FH UG
G qM (4
q
J GPe .HdG cCG
? f UH
cCG
jdG
q O
Fq dG
HdG cCG FK
jQdG O jdG
q O jQdG O
Fq dG
Fq dG
Fq dG
f
GRdG
1 % e bCG
1,5 %
65 %
66 %
qdG fe
q
eRdG
99 % ecCG
98,5 %
35 %
34 %
AGG qjdG
AGG jq dGh eRdG q qq dG GRdG f : 97 `Kh
? eRdGh AGG jq dG SGH q qq dG GRdG f q j c

98 OY KdG QSG Y f HLEG EG U
q q d
jq FG q dG
qd
% 30
EG
25
% 10
EG
% 65
EG
60
(AH qjc h AGM qjc ) qjeO jN e qdG qcj

. eRdG : FS FY
HZdG q J AGM IOq e Y AGG jdG
AGG jdG HZg cHc HZg cG EG d c
oC G e Yq dG d
o
(CG YqdG)
eRdG
FGP T
HZg cG
1
HZg + cG
bq dG
eRdG
FK f TCG
HdG cCG
2
fHc FK
HdG
cC
G
FK
e
Y
q dG dc HZd
jOq dG
: ( YqdG) HZg cHc EG d

q
f eRdGh AGG qjdG QhO : 98 `Kh
HZg cHc
HZg + HdG cCG FK
qqqdG GRdG
114
dGq 5
aCGh fC
q G
: 98 OY KdG EGh HS q J e EG GOSG

: J
q q gCG cPG (5
( Yq dG) HZg cHdG (CG Yq dG) HZg cCG : q dH ( 2 Yq dG) cG qJEG Yq dG q gCG (6
HZg cHdG IOq HZg cCG IOq HdG cCG FK f eRdG q gCG Vh
q (7
: qdG QhO q (8
cCG f *
HdG cCG FK f *
AYCG ie q dG - 5
HdG cCG FK e (dG e OdG) FdG jdG O qj FdG QoY AKCG
qK cCH Ohjh
q
. dG EG GFY jFdG IOQhCG Y FdG qdG QOj
cCG eh HdG cCG FK Qe qJ : SdG dG
bGh qVH OCG (1
gLh e qd Q
q G Hq dG CG (2
99 OY KdH
f Y FqdG L
q (3
KdG
? J GPe .FqdG qM (4
T fCG
IOGqS
Roux fCG
Qe M
q e Y
qM Y
G Ae
Y f qJ RGHE H : 99 `Kh
fCG h q dG H RdG Oq dG q J : TdG dG

dG jQdG h dG jdG e qc qdG GRdG f 100 OY KdG qJ
dG jQdG O
dG jdG
q O
15
20
cCG
53
49
HdG cCG FK
e QG qdG h d NGqdG qdG qqqdG GRdG f : 100 Kh

dG QYo N q d o j dG q q dG SGh 100 OY KdG IOQGdG oG qM (1
oqqdG Gg S Vh
q (2
115
dGq 5
aCGh fC
q G
101 OY KdG E Yf fCG ie q qq dG jq RdG Oq dG d
bQCd SG fdG cG (3
H qdG GQhO qJG Vh
q (4
(02 ) cCG e qc fG Vh
q (5
H (C02 ) HdG cCG FKh
b QY N qdG d qJ a
q (6
qdG jN
q qq dG jq RdG Oq dG Qb (6
SCG ie h fCG ie
jq Fq dG
f ie q qq dG jq RdG Oq d SQ : 101 Kh
G qq dG e : Y OG dG
cCG a G hCG qdG qj c qJ G Y dhG qG qG CG QqdG jY cDJ
Foe hX f CGh RG e Se qbW jZCG d qaf CG jT HdG cCG FK Jh
? M
o J dG HdG cCG FK Qe g eh G j cCG q gCG g e .(... HWQ ,IQGM )
cCd fCG LM q J 102 OY KdG QSG Y f qqdGh dG qdG f H bdG qd
G cCG q c Qbh MG (1
h MGq dG dM dG W e
.qdG dM
HdG cCG FK qc Qbh MG (2
h MGq dG dM dG MJ dG
.q dG dM
dG q dG KCJ SG (3
qdG
LMh qdG Gg H bdG SG (4
cCd jG
cCG FK
(e) HdG
cCG
( e )
49
20
53
15
49
20
d NGq dG dG
(e 100)
MGq dG N
e QG qdG
(e 100) dG
d NGq dG dG
(e 100) f N
Y
65
e QG qdG
(e 100) dG
qJ Y f KCJ : 102 Kh
116
dGq 5
aCGh fC
q G
G qdGh qjqdG H bdG

104 OY KdG qK 103 OY KdG QSG e bdG g ge H qJ
b qdG qc
IqaG
RG qc
(e) G
RG qc
(e) qdH
90
80
90
59
(e 10) d NGq dG dG
MGqdG N
(e 10) dG e QG qdG
(e 10) d NGqdG qdG f N
(e 10) dG e QG q dG (FbO 5)Y
b qd Qc Rd cSGh Y f H bdG : 103 Kh
gqah dG b qdG qch qdG dM h MGqdG dM dG SG dG RG qc MG (5
? J GPe .hH SG fG dP qSh dG c d RG
? J GPe .(q dG M) cCd LM q J e Rd dG LM q J Qb (6
IQY g fCG qJ qCG LavoisierYG (7
.b qdG jo GMG Y
.cCqdG Gg fG
HH qjG IcCG f L
q (8
RGh cCG H Yq dG
.G FXd jq G IcCG q gCG SG (9
b qdG qaJ jZCd AH GMG q Y g qdG qGC Lavoisier YG

q d b qdG jo G qdG CG MqdG dG cCGh .d
b qdG GP jq G jq G IcCG qj a GMd deo
.(qeCG VMCG ,qgO VMCG ,gO c ,RL) edG
cCG FK W Y jh cCG IcCG g q J
b qdG fEGh AGh HdG
G qq dG UH G H : 104 Kh
qq dG RG
q U M -6
.qjdG qjG qjqoG IcC QhdG
q cCG aJ qJ qJM Xh qdG RG qOD j
? qJG XdG g eS eCJ e q dG qdG YGdG g e

QKBGh AGdG J
q : Y dG dG
.
q dG QJ bSG Y j b HdG coCG OMCG e qKeo G AGg j
? dG Gd dG
q QKBG e qdG oj c
105 OY KdG IOQGdG G QSG Y f G Gg
Iq h RdG Gg e V q c H AGg SG Oq Dj PEG q S q d FGq dGh qdG Y RZ HdG cCG iOMCG
dG
q IQOe H VGYCG g hJ .gQEGh Abh GU : GffCG VGYCG J VGYCG QX EG Ib
.H GOLe c dG d
.OLd q dG qj CG b G K NG qj qfEa jW Iqh dY qH RdG Gg SG IQU
Yj jL ce jJh AGG qjdG HZg e OqJG Y FdG JQb RdG Gg IQoN oJ

. G AYCG EG cCG M Y GLY q dG a HZg HdG
( ObdH J ICae ,fc) FHdG Z aq dG FSh g H RdG Gd SSCG QG
G Y HdG cCG OMCG KCJ q c : 105 Kh
117
dGq 5
aCGh fC
q G
H HdG cCG OMCG RZ EG Vq dG W q H c M SG 105 KdG EG GOSG (1

? G AGg qJ e G b MdGh GQq dG FS J GP (2
. qdG AGdG dG FGa SG (3
NqdG Qq e qJ : Y ddG dG
EG gOY j qFc qce IqY e IQdG
q J
q .qdG Y GN FdG
q e G NdG j
.G AGd KG
q UdG cCG e J qce 3600 Y jj e Y fNO jh qce 4000 e cCG
.qqdG RH UNh
H QdG
q
q j qfEG .qjS T je 3 GM e qdG qj
.106 OY KdG IOQGdG G QSG Y f ? q dG RG Y dG
q QKBG g e
e
q q c SG Y dG QGVCG jFG q dG FdG NO fe H jG dG fG
q
q dG dG GgCG cM q j 0,8- 0,2
Jf
J
95 %
FqdH qfWS GQhCG qj 32 - 13
Gb
dG cCG qc e qoj 17 - 10
2%
Qh
HdG cCG OMCG
G jN EG
qce
dd ee dG q j
3
%
LhdG cCG
qFc
q dG
CG
N
q e T FQ
Ne Z T FQ
Y Nq dG KCJh () bSG Y q dG QGVCGh fNO fe

q Hh (CG) FdG
q qce : 106 Kh
() FqdG e
Oq j dG Gh N
q G dG
q Y Fq dG d q J S cPG 106 OY KdG e EG GOSG (1
dG FShh GQGOEG e ceCG H NdG dGh SdG FGq dH QOdG QGdG ae g e (2
? edG
.dG Y NdG SCG Y HG (3
VjdG dG FGa q J : Y HGdG dG

e H Vjq dG SQ
o jo jdG UTCG id jFq dG dG
q qJG HCG J
? Vjq dG SQeo id jFq dG d
qJ c
q HjEG QdG
q
118
dGq 5
UMoCG
Y q FGdG dG q J : jq FdG dG IMGh q c q J (ijh ) T EG JYb
To EG K
q OCG To EG NGO q J h FH e
IMGh c Jh 0^1 e IMGdG b Rhj
.jFQ jH e
FdG -
iodG FqdGh Uoa KK e dG FqdG J
q
e c O Y Y a
q c j . a
q e
de W KK a
q c Lj ;odG
.odG e
EG a c NGO qFGdG dG qJ
U FGg c IMGh c J bO T
qV jh jM qc .jG Yj
H W gh jFdG SCG YJ IjYh
.c jeO
dG QGH j dG G AZ FdH oj
.qtqdG cG qNjh QdG
q
jRdG Oq dG .4
AGgh FqdG H qRZ OJ j qdG AKCG
GRdG j dG q dG SGH dP q jh G
: qdG
e jFdG SCH OLG G cCG q j jN EG J dG AGG jq dG HZg
cCG q j F c qc e T G
.HZg
G AYCG jN e HdG cCG FK jo : jH jFq dG SCG
FK T h (AL) eRdG e +
(cCG AG ) eRdG FGP fHc
HZg c HdG ce T +
AGG jdG HZg e OqJG H (AL)
OJ e fEG L q q JM Xh qdG
SdG e qjRZ
dG cG .1
gh dG
q : jQW Y qqdG cG J
e AGdG hN gh aqdGh FqdG EG AGdG NO
Fq dG
jEHh jOGQEG H q qdG cG Qq J
. dG qdGh dG M qj e
q dG cG q dBG .2
qG qdG dG qJ dG
q A KCG
Jh LG G Y qJh VCH
FqdG q EG ODj q QdG dG Ja
Y NGO AGdG aa NGO dG
q VfGh
. qdG dG
Jj dG LG G AJQG f aqdG j
QdG dG VCH qG dG AJQGh
. QG EG AGdG aGO FdG Y a
qqdG RG H .3
. FqdGh qqqdG dG e qdG RG qcj
: dG dG -CG
FL j q W AH qe j : fCG dG
q AGg qa IG QhO J HGgCG eeCG
EG jq dG j . KGLh QZ e j b
q
jH qLQG SdH qj h JM
Lj . FGdG dG e dG AG : IG AKCG IG a qj q e q Af ba
.q FGdG dG EG qdG NO dG
U 2 bh U 12 dW j fCG : FGdG dG
e IQGSG eq J Z q ahZ M e qdDe
.dG Qhe d Y QGL eh G L
119
dGq 5
UMGoC
G b e TG SEd Hb bW EG a
- qdG - j q dG) qjG FXdG dPh
.(SdH qJG - Kq dG
FK W e jq G jq G IcCG q Y aGJ
qjG IcCG UM .AGh HdG cCG
: dqdG dOH
G qqdG .5
cCG a q G AYCG jN qJ
e qJh qjedG GdG
q qK jGdG
q Y OdG
dG EG IOQhCG O j dG HdG cCG FK
.FqdG jdG
q Y FdG EG K eh
jq G IcC cCG jo q G NGO
edG b qdG a
qJ dG qjdG qjG
q
bW + Ae + HdG cCG FoK
cCG + RL
Ae
qN
CO2
jq G OdG
h fU
QG jQdG O
dG e
cCG FH Z
(CO2) HdG
FXdG f
RL + cCG
bW
dG dG
jdG O
EG NGqdG
q Z dG
(O2) cCH
RL
bdG G
dCJ SQ
G dG
qgCGh
qNG IQh Y Mh NqdG Y eG qJ qeS GRZ e FdG

q NO j j
.dG Rd eG dG
dG q j e q VjQ H dG .qjFqdG dG
q IOjR Yjh qqdG
cGG f IOjd qdG AGdG dG qqdG dG
dG RG U M -6
: tdG RG U M qj
J dG Qhd fCG af Y dG
q f H Kq G e Jh G AGg
Th WG
cCG OMCH q G AG dG SG e q G Z) qdG adG ILCG e G H dG
.dSG Y dG FJh fH (q FHdG
120
dGq 5
Je NCG
1 OY j
Fq dG tq dG -7
G qqdG -8
FdG dG
q -5
qjFqdG joG -6
: ddG dG RjEH qY
dG
qqdG cG -3
q -1
aqdG -2
qdG jEG -4
2 OY j
U cCJ qd HG fG edG V dqdG SCG e GDS qd qdH

qdG HdG cCG FK e AL cCG f qj-5
: g qqdG cG -1
: SGH
Fq dG EG AGdG NOEG : CG
AGG qjdG HZg : CG
aH e T :
qdG :
H e aR .
eRdG :
: SGH cCG f qj -6
AGG jq dG HZg : CG
qdG :
eRdG :
AdG jq dG :
: q j Fq dG dG
q ie -2
dG
q AGg e HdG cCG FK fG -CG
q dG EG
EG qdG e HdG cCG FK fG :
dG
q AGg
HdG cCG FKh cCG fG :
qdG EG dG
q AGg e
q dG EG dG
q AGg e cCG fG :
: EG QdG
q dG JQG Oq D j -3
jq G IcCG -7
jdG qjG qjqG J g : CG
cCG J :
qfG qjG qjqG qJ g :
: qjG IcCG J - 8
cCGh b qdG : CG
HdG cCG FKh cCGh b qdG :
AGh HdG cCG FKh b qdG :
121
NGO dG
q JQG h Fq dG M IOjR : CG
dG
q JQGh Fq dG M V fG :
NGO
dG
q V fG h Fq dG M IO jR :
NGO
SGH qdG cCG e AL cCG f qj -4
AGG qjdG HZg : CG
qdG :
eRdG :
dGq 5
Je NCG
3 OY j
HGL qY ? G jGT H Oh FdG jdG O H dG ge

4 OY j
.NEG HdG cCG OMCG SG q j

? HdG cCG OMCG Qe g e ? NG RdG Gg qj GP ? H dG
q QKBG e q dG c 5 OY j
bO 208 GO WGQe S N AGqY Y qjdG qjG qjG qc qJ 107 OY KdG q (1

pb e G qgqdGh qjqdG c MCG (CG
.WGQG N AGqdG
G ie jG d j GPe (
? dG
hdG Iq e N G b qdG c MCG (
jf
qdG
q dG jGH
18
150
(GZ) jdG
3390
3400
(GZ) qgqdG
107 Kh
G W e b qdG SG H 108 OY KdG RJ (2

q dG oJ dG b qdG q c Y HEG (CG
dG
RGaE oJ qdG b qdG q c Y HEG (
.dG
? d G RGaEG q gCG g e (
oJ qdG b qdG
dG q dG
( % 75)
oJ qdG b qdG
dG RGaEG
( % 25)
108 Kh
122
GNEG Xh - 6
``àCG
YUG dG SGH dG J Y : 109 Kh
qdG d AdG qj ddh dG

IG Y GN dG QodG j
q bJ IQU qeJ c EG UN
q
.YUG dG SGH
? dG GNEG qgCGh dG J
q o
q f c
? dG RG
q U Y aof c
123
GNEG Xh - 6
aCGh fCG
dG GNEG Xh -1
dG GNEG IQhV KEG : hCG dG
110 OY KdG S Yf QWEG Gg
IOQGdG qqdG MG qM (1
? J GPe 110
. OY KdG jGH
Y IG QqdG Ff qM (2
? J GPe .fQCG
EGh 110
OY KdG EG GOSG (3
dG GNEG gCG cPG Je
.dG a j
q dG dGh
RGaEG qb f qdG tJ EG fEG Y qOG dG dG qODoj

G e qbJ EG q M hCG ( dG e 400 e bCG ) dG
.Fq dGh dG e G AYCG Y Oq j idG
qdG Y ( Ve hCG OM KEG) fEG Y IMGh c Ga oqKDj
.qjCG H H h c Yf GPEG dG
q Y fQCG j
H H Je EG fQCG jQh fEG H e e 100 M Oq D j
.YS
dG GNEG Xh M Qq dGh jq jdG
q MG H : 110 Kh
`dG `FXh - 2
dG cJh eRdG cJ fQe : dG dG
112 OY KdGh 111 OY KdG e q c S Yf
f JJ H IQq b eRdG AG f J - dG q dG
q dG
SSCG UdG
Ae) oG AG q c JQG GPEG dG AG
(/ )
(/)eRdG q
G Ga OGR GPEG Jh
(jZCG Aeh dG
AG
o
q
900
950
(UN
dG RGaEG jW Y) Ad
q
q fG eCG
9
12
H IqQb qdG qfG eCG f J RG
1
0
q c JQG GPEG dG eCG g f JJ
qgqdG
0
5
(jZCG h dG
q Ae ) G eCG
.SG f GPEG Jh
GJhdG
o
0
80
RG qdG eRd qjdG fG
qJ q
ddG
0,3
20
.(JhdG) IqG GJdG UNh
qgqdGh
q
dG G
0,03
0,5
eq S a g QOq dGh dG Gh ddG QOq dG
.jG Y Y f
0,5
0
UH qaVEG G H : 112 Kh dGh eRd fG
q q SSCG UdG : 111 Kh
H bdGh dGh eRdG
.AG dG Xh SG . hX dG h eRdG AG f Qb (1
eCG dG Xh SG . hX dG h eRdG q fG eCG f Qb (2
.qfG
.OGG g dG QhO SG .dG h eRdG GJhdGh qgqdGh RG e qc f Qb (3
jq G dG g dG QhO SG .dG h eRdG dG Gh ddG e q c f Qb (4
.dG h eRdG IOq G g cJ H NG e bfG QOq dG IOq e dG QhO SG (5
.dH eRdG fQe e qJ dG dG FXh qgCG q (6
124
GNEG Xh - 6
aCGh fCG
.dG RG QN j q K dG ie dG j
q
? dG GNEG de geh dG ie dG U q j jCG
dG RG H - 3
dG Rd q LQG dG Uh : dqdG q dG
113 OY KdG QS Yf UdG GH d
CG
Rd VJ SQh (CG) dG RG aQh dG a H dG fQCd dG Rd IQU : 113 Kh

() fEG Y dG
.dG RG AYCG qJ qe fQCG Ige EG hCG IQdG
q EG GOSG (1
.H dG Qe e () Sq dG Y SG fdG V (2
.(LGNEG b) d qbDoG G Yh q ddG dG cPG (3
d q NGq dG dG Uh : HGq dG q dG
.......................... 1
.......................... 2
.......................... 3
.......................... 4
.......................... 5
............................. 6
............................. 7
............................... 8
dG W VJ SQ : 114 Kh
125
c M LJ dG dG
q RCG (1
.hN
.dG HUh Th d ocPG (2
. qdG qJH f EG dG bG (3
d qJh d qdG G gT (4
.d fG
WG Th
q
KdH Vq dG Sq dG fH cG (5
.114 OY
GNEG Xh - 6
aCGh fCG
dG q d jq G dG : eG q dG
115 OY KdG QS Yf dG GNEG Xh qODJ dG d qjG dG qd
bQ W e e AL Ige Y
H q (CG) d dG
q q dH d
: dG e e
YhCG OLh e Id oM e *qjeO
SdG H qdW q e **(jq dG GgCG M G N
o )
dG q dj dG q dG a KEG
je HfCG qdG GH hJ d
HGb) OdG Ic gh fhqdG qJ
c T dM q Jh (c H G
. ( ) jeq dG GdG
q e
: e hf q c qcj
gh dH G eH .HG jedG GdG e Y
c jeO H H fCG eG IdH
q jh
Y f qjdG Id G G *
dGh eH a OLh
Y f jq dG GgCd qG G **
H eG GdGh q ddG HfCG OLh
............................. 1
............................. 2
CG
................................................................................................ 3
......................................................................................... 4
.......................................................................... 5
........................................................6
................................7
..................... 8
.................................. 9
dG dH dG e T : CG
- dG qd jG dG : 115 Kh
VJ f : dG qdH hd VJ SQ :
115 OY KdH IOQGdG G EG GOSG
dG e EG q dH be Oq Mh hq dG AGLCG q J (1
hd VqdG SqdG fH cG (2
: qCG Y q dG GQhO qJG H L
q (3
HCG jdH
q JoG dG jdG
q ha e a g hqdG b jdG
o *
dG
q LCG jQdH JoG dG jQdG ha e a g hq dG b jQdG
o qCGh *
126
GNEG Xh - 6
aCGh fCG
? hqdG ie dG j
q c
dG jJ hq dG QhO -4
dG jJ MGe q J : SOdG
q q dG
dG j
q qK (CG 116 OY KdG) dH OLG eRdG e bfG eH hCq G dG j
q
Yf (Fq dG dG h hqCG dGh eRdG) q LdjdG FGdG
q g fQ .dG fCG Fq dG
116 OY KdG QS
FGq dG
IdG FS
eG
(Fq dG dG)
FS
eH
(hq CG dG )
dG FS
950
985
(eRdG)
CG
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900
AG
dG
80
GJhdG
eH
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10
qdG e
20
0,3
0,3
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0,5
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fCG
dG
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.G TG
QhO j qfEG : eH EG eRdG e G IU JjL OGe Qh
q
QGL jN Y H G qjeqdG qYhCG EG dG fCG e qfG eCGh Rc OGG H q
.(UeG IOYEG)
.dG cJ NJh NGO q a QOq dc GOGe dG fCG jN oRoJ
() dG GNEG QhO d dG FGdG
q d q FL cJh (CG) hd hCq G Ad SQ : 116 Kh
hqdG QhO M VJ fh
q
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EG GOSG J GPe. hCq G dH eRdG Qb (1
q
? dG
f EG GOSG J GPe . Fq dG dH hCq G dG Qb (2
q
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hq dG NGO dG J
q N eRdG OGe H e 117 OY KdG Y L
q (4
127
GNEG Xh - 6
aCGh fCG
GJhH
gO
RL
eCG + Ae
O
H M + dH
dG
O
hq dG ie dG jJ MG VJ SQ : 117 Kh
dG GNEG Y eGdG H KCJ - .5

ga SdH IQGG JQGh dG qdG h jZCG Sc eGY IqY KCJ dG GNEG qj
. fCG IM qdG d NGqdG SdG cJ K Y G dH
? eGdG d HSG dG GNEG Xh J j c

d NGq dG SdG cJ K Y aG dG GNEG QhO qJ : HdG
q qdG
118 OY KdG QS Yf HLEG o So EG Ud
q
d 2^6 d IqaG AG q c IOY o oJ IcCG Y q dG AG h jZCGh dG

q A e)
G gj dG AG qc hJ h (qqqdG
.(RGdG h dG h aq dG AGg OLe Ae)
fEG L j AG e d 1^5 GT H .YS 3 X AG e Gd 1^6 OY
qc qVjQ L Rj qe Y f KEG e GcJ cCG qfe eCG H dG e b
q c hjh dG e cCG q c Rj h IOdG
.AG e Ic
VCG AG e q c JGQG AGq Y j .RG h qfG eCG e b dEG
N cCG qH RGaEG qj dG) dG j .q fe eCG Y h AG Y (dG q dG
FGdG
q
dG
q dG eRH
10
13
10
e cJ
(/) jOdG
OY AGZ KEG
Z AGZ KEG
(jOU e) qdG
J M KEG
qdG
.q dG eRd q SSCG fG
q e jOdG e jo
SGH q dG EG Qheh qdG c SG KEG
qK dG Y hqdG NGO q G UeG
cJ c GPEG dG fCG UeG O jo
OGR e .q dG EG La qdG GZ 7 e q bCG eRdH
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http://www.cndp.fr/Themadoc/besoins/accueil.htm
http://www.cndp.fr/Themadoc/besoins/energie.htm
http://www.cndp.fr/Themadoc/besoins/Matiere.htm
http://www.cndp.fr/Themadoc/besoins/Specifiques.htm
http://www.cndp.fr/Themadoc/equilibre/accueil.htm
http://www.cndp.fr/Themadoc/risque/accueil.htm
http://www.inpes.sante.fr/CFESBases/catalogue/pdf/779.pdf
http://www.educ.necker.fr/cours/pole2nutrition/besoins_nutri.pdf
http://www.educ.necker.fr/cours/pole2nutrition/etatnutr.pdf
http://www.educ.necker.fr/cours/pole2nutrition/sportif.pdf
http://www.educ.necker.fr/cours/pole2nutrition/femme_enceinte.pdf
http://www.educ.necker.fr/cours/pole2nutrition/anorexie.pdf
http://www.educ.necker.fr/cours/pole2nutrition/sujet_age.pdf
http://www.nutrition-digestion.fr/
http://cours.cegep-st-jerome.qc.ca/101-902m.f/bio903/Digestif/absorption.htm
http://www-rocq.inria.fr/who/Marc.Thiriet/Glosr/Bio/TubDigest/
http://www.dondusang.tn/html-ar/lesang.htm
LG
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http://lyon-sud.univ-lyon1.fr/P1/Physio_CVF/Physio_Cardio_Vasc.pdf
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http://ici.cegep-ste-foy.qc.ca/profs/chebert/S.respir.d%E9but.pdf
http://www.educ.necker.fr/cours/pneumologie/rappels_physiologie_res
piratoire.pdf
http://www.educ.necker.fr/cours/pneumologie/asthme.pdf
http://www.educ.necker.fr/cours/pneumologie/tuberculose.pdf
http://www.bmlweb.org/respiration.html
qq dG
http://www.educ.necker.fr/cours/nephrologie/diabete.pdf
http://www.educ.necker.fr/cours/nephrologie/insuffisancerenale.pdf
http://www.6abib.com/a-960.htm
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175
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? J GPe .5 OY KdH hG CG (4
152
aCGh fCG
KdG
q RGh G
q dG
q -1
fEG Y Sq dG RG . 2
ICGG h Lq dG Y Sq dG RG H Uh : qdG dG
.fCG Kq dG Rdh cqdG Kq dG Rd SQ 6 OY KdG J
q
CG
- eeCG SQ
Rd N
LdG id Sq dG
SQ
N - eeCG
Sq dG Rd
ICGG id
Rd SQ
id Sq dG
ICGG
fEG id SqdG RG H qJ SQ : 6 Kh
153
aCGh fCG
KdG
q RGh G
q dG
q
ICGGh Lq dG Y Sq dG RL fQ hL 7 OY KdG q J
ICGG Y
LdG Y
AYCG
SdG OdG
q Sq dG dG
G OdG
G Y
ICGd Kq dG RGh Lq d Kq dG RG fQe : 7 Kh
.Sq dG Y SG fdG cGh SJ RL q c AYCG q J (1
. 7 OY KdG hL dEG UJ
q e hOh
q fCG KqdG RGh cqdG KqdG RG Qb (2
.ICGGh LdG Y dG RGh SqdG RG H bdG SG (3
.jq fqdG q G dG
q LGJ EGh dG EG q U SC G hCG G SG Oq Dj (4
.ICGGh Lq dG e q c Y q G OdG g QhO SG
SSCG QhO d q L jN gh eCG (ICGG Y Gh Lq dG Y G) q G OdG oJ
.HG
(q G jG) eCG
3
eCG FN j : dqdG q dG
FNh eCG Qe UH G H 9 h 8 OY KdG q J
cq e jN g eCG g .G (jq G fGG) jq cqdG eCG J
q dG q S e jGH
e GM q c q j .( 0^065= 65) he 65 dW iq j GNq Gh RHdG
q b dG
q q WS
fG JcH N
q j dG dGh
q SdG dGh q G IGf Y j dG SCGq dG : AGLCG KK OLH
.G
.Je OH G FdG
q cJ NJ h H IOLG jq G HfCG NGO jq G fGG qq J
jq fCG q Sq dG dG NGO jq CG HQCGh KK H hGJ Iq dG d . (G fe e cCG)
HdG
IdG
jq G
Ua
G
HfCG
qje
CG
- G W e
q SQ : C G - qj G o H h qj G fGG Q e : 8 Kh
HQC jq IQU : - (V J) G FdG
q jq G fGd jq IQU :
.(
q b J) fE d jq e fGM
154
KdG
q RGh G dG
q -1
aCGh fCG
.dG H h b q jQJ OdG Gg bj h jJ q L q N 400000 Y e c j ,IOdG Y

cCG QJ
e IMGh qCG EG e jdG j ,dP Y .dG hM M (f Z) IeN jG g J
q
.(VHEG) da b n a Vf jL QfG KEG G e Qq J h q L IQhO q c gZ e
Y j c RHH qJh dG
q qjhc h qJGqdG cG Y qjfCG qL qN g jdG
.( 0^15= 150) he 150 gb Qj .qFGZ GNqe
KEG qM J h IdG g QG qdG tqdG SGH MqdG qJG dG Ib NGO jdG oqJ
.HNEG j EG jq fCG q G dG jJ YS 24 VHEG
(Ho
o G H e q S ) S 55-45 q S q M jdG AdG e oJ
qL qN Y e qc j jL
G QGL
L jN
CG
qjG Hh qjfCG qG jG Qe : 9 Kh
qb e e AL fe
q jq IQU : CG
(qb J) VHEG KEG dG Ib NGO dG qjfCG qL q qj IQU :
qjfCG qG jGh qjcqdG qG jG fQ hL 10 OY KdG qJ
eCG
jdG
G GG
FG
dG
q e
RHdG q ch G
OdG
dG
q
cG
jfCG dG NGO IG Iq eo
q G jG Yf UH q d hL : 10 Kh
(10 OY KdG) hG fN dEG UJ
q e hO
q h qjfCG h qjcqdG eCG FN tJ (1
.VHEG KEG jq fCG q L q h e G SQ CG (2
.jo dG h G GG H NG f q gCG SG(3
155
UMCG
KdG
q RGh G
q dG
q
dG e .1
CGo J . EG Y QOb h q L Vf L EG q jQJ qdG L a j

q W QJ Me g dG
q
of dN ojh jJ GS N Y qh dG Y IY dqdGh IdG Y ITdG qS IdG g
(jq fK q L U) q Yh q fh jq L Gq J QXh (dhCG G dG) q SdG AYCG
G
(qHdG)
q fCG
(dG)
q cqdG
o d Iq G Gt q dG
RG f
Mq dG ie Gq J
U
dGh G
q
SqdG
q G IQhq dG N e hJ
q L
q dhCq G
: jq QhO H G hM
q K d FS) G b e FS hN
(jq G fGH SqdG RG
Mq dG fH ATCGh q dG hN
G W) q q dG Y S IO jR (fRhh G W)
q q dG YS IOjR q dG YS q J
(fRhh
q dG dG
VG qJG q
d
QdG
H dG qJ h
q q qJGcqd q H dG
(cqdGY j
q q q bCG)fCd q
jqdG
q fdG KJ h dG
q QX - Iq Y K Jh dG
q Q X - dG
q QX
.HEGh ,Q dG
q , dG , f dG : VG e e ceCG
q dG) L dG ,G WCG , HEG
G
(QdGh
q
fCd q Oq M U
cqd Iq H dG
q
q J
dG
q qJ
(dG e) ddG
fCd q L S cqd q L S q YLGh FY S - cqd q YLGh FY S fCd
156
dG
q qJ
U
qL
qjfK
KdG
q RGh G dG
q -1
UMCG
Sq dG RG .2
: q SJ deh OZ e fEG Y Sq dG RG j
q
ICGG Y
oLqdG Y
AYCG
XdG
XdG
RG aEGh j dG fEG
RGaEGh jcdG eCG jJ
G
G
jfCG fedG
IQcdG ego
G e jdG dG
da b
(VHEG KEG)
NGO qj qoe HfCG

HdG
jq cdG eCG of
dEG q Y NGO q J
dG Jb
e GH jdG
HdG Ib c HJ JdG
jG jH jG
Gh qdG Y
p hG
o q dG Yo
MqdG
J q dH q SJ Ib
MEG
QG EG G FdG
q
FdG
q f
q eo e GAL Ro poJ jG
dG b ofs oJh G jG
q
G FdG e GAL RJ ShdG
hG
o q dG Yo dG
157
q Sq dG OodG
qSqdG dG
oG OodG
G Yo
KdG
q RGh G dG
q -1
UMCG
q G jG -3
.ICGG Y jo dG h Lq dG Y jq G fGG hCG jq cqdG eCG YoJ q L jN Sq dG OodG oJ
: AGLCG KK e Jh
( 0^065 ) 65 dW iq j dG
q
q q WS cq e N G GG
GG Nd QhdG
q hRhcCGh KGQdG YEd eG q dG
q Y jG IGq dG j dG SCGq dG .NEG AKCG jd G
.G GG q d jq QhdG
q b qdG aJ QhO d dG QcG Y jG SdG dG d q JGqdG cG QhO d dG dG
q GN
q eo Y j RHS dh ( 0^15 ) 150 gb Qj dG
q jq hch cG Y q N jdG
(NEG jGH) e GM NO KEG f j .FGZ
AZ
eRHS
Sh b Y SCGQ
eRHS AZ
RHS
GNqH qK
q FGdG
gQe q U
qG IGf
dG
q
jQfce
qb qjc
IGf
jN
q jL
hRhcCG
QW jH
qdG e qe
aT e
e G SQ
dG Ib NGO dG jq fCG q L q SQ
VHEG KEG
158
KdG
q RGh G dG
q -1
Jeo NCG
OY j
( h h CG H e) U cCJ q d (X ) edG V ( 6 EG 1 e) dq dG SCG e GDS q c EG q dH

: Y jq G fGG J
q (4
LdG N J (1
gGoG : CG
S 40 oY c :
S 70 Y LQ :
G FdG
q h jq cqdG eCG : CG
cqdG eodG h G FdG
q :
cqdG eodG h qjG fGG :
pgGG : CG
S 40 gY ICGeG :
S 70 qS ICGeG:
dG h SdG jRd G G (2
: g Lq dG Y
HdG : CG
MEG :
dG :
: J
Gq J qJ jq fqdG q G q UG
(6
q
q
: jW Y oJ q G fedG (3
jq foCG q G dG : CG
H iNCG AYCG h ILCG :
(dG qS e jGH) dG
t :
Sq dG RG : CG
qdG :
dG RG :
: Y jdG J
q (5
OY j
: dqdG GQdG e Sj IdG CG

ie -IOdG-jG fGG-G -T -N -dG -Ie -jdG -HoG H e
edG tdG - IG
eq GC ................ H................ o UGjh .............. q S Y fEG Gg GC j -...........................Lq dG ................... oJ
jH qGC EG........... Y....................... e Ic qc Y j a...............hCG ICGd qSqdG JqdG
. ................q S q M Qhq dG q dG Gg UGjh................. c ......................... J IMGh
3
OY j
: dqdG FdG EG Ge GG hG CG
qjG jG -dG
q GJ -G -fdG T ac -dG M c -MqdG
jfdG G dG
ICGG Y
dhCG G dG
LdG Y
ICGG Y
159
LdG Y
ICGG Y G
IQhdG
q
q -2
qaCG
MdG
MdG Y
G
VJ SQ :
IQU : GC
:ICGG id SdG RG : 11 Kh
q SdG RG ie q NGO Gt J OLho EG o dG eo eo H G Q oX jo

.qG IQhq dH ICGG HN qedG GqdG g oJ .ICGd
? q G IQhq dG g f
q c
160
ICGG Y G
IQhdG
q
q -2
aCGh fCG
q G IQhq d q LQG gG
d Qhq dG q dG q J : hqC G qdG

G IQhq dG N ICGeG L IQGM J peo 12 OY KdG q
C
37,4
37,3
37,2
37,1
VHEG
37,0
36,9
36,8
36,7
36,6
36,5
36,4
36,3
ICGG L IQGM q J eo : 12 Kh
: 12 OY KdG EG GOSG
? J GPe .dG G qM (1
.IQhq dG Se
G IQGM LQO JQG j GPe EG q H (2
q
.IQhq dG g Iq e cP e IQhO IQGG LQO q J QYG a
q (3
.jq QhO H VHEG hM j GPe EG Vh
q (4
Md QhdG dG qJ : qdG qdG

.ddG efRhq dG Y TCG KK N G O QX jCG H ICGeG eb
GL
30
23
16
24
17
10
25
18
11
26
19
12
27
20
13
28
21
14
29
22
15
KG
AKdG
AHQCG
G
G
q dG
MCG
e
26
19 12
27
20 13
28
21 14
29
22 15
30
23 16
31
24 17
10
25
11
18
KG
AKdG
AHQCG
G
G
q dG
MCG
jaCG
28
21
14
29
22
15
30
23
16
24
17
10
25
18
11
26
19
12
27
20
13
KG
AKdG
AHQCG
G
G
q dG
MCG
efRhQ : 13 Kh
. ICGG g Y G Iq e Oq M (1
.IQhO c Iqe g e .jf h IQhO qc jGH OqM (2
.ICGG Y G qG GQhqdG qUN SG (3
.jq QhO H G hM a
q (4
? ICGG Y qG IQhqdG c
161
ICGG Y G
IQhdG
q
q -2
aCGh fCG
q G IQhq dG q dBG - 2
H jq Qhq dG Gq q dGh G H q J : dqdG q dG
15 h 14 OY KdG QSG Y f
...................1
...................2
...................4
...................3
...................5
CG
() e VJ SQh (CG) IQU :jK GM VY e
e q jK GM e jG IgG q J
6
: g
10
jq edG YhCH q Z Sh e 7 M MCG GP dG
q jq FGO j
o H q Z jb e Y jL
o q oc j .(Vf jL
o h q a jL
o ) g
t QGWCG
9
.IdG
q q jG jG e Y H oJ G Ic jHo
G Ic dG AGU H LGJ jq G IgG uJ c
8
O
.UCG G YJ
H jL QJ
G H UH VJ f
q Rj SQ
q
G H UH G H : 14 Kh
: q G IQhq dG QGWCG Rj SQ : CG
q dG q M EG jL Qq J Q W
jdG Qq QWh (jG Q qdG)
QWh (VHEG) Vq dG jG e IQhdG
q jCq G
L EG jG e qJ e
14
q
28
CG
(JqdG Q qdG) UCG IQhqdG QGWCG
qdG e j e oV
q oj SQ :
.UCG G J
q EG jG
2
q G IQhqdG UH G H : 15 Kh
( 10 EG 1 e) bQCd SG fdG cG 14 OY KdG e EG GOSG (1
: 15 OY KdG IOQGdG G EGh 14 OY KdG SG e dEG UJ
q EG GOSG (2
.15 SqdG Yh (qG IQhqdG QGWCG UH) CG15 SqdG Y SG fdG cG (CG
? J GPe .G ie dG Gq dG q gCG U (
162
ICGG Y G
IQhdG
q
q -2
aCGh fCG
H jq Qhq dG Gq q dGh Mq dG H q J: HGdG qdG

16 OY KdG QSG Y f
Mq dG
.............. 1
.............. 2
: W e j
q qfCG () Mq dG e SQ Rj
o eq DoJ (Mq dG Y) S Ae Y Y LQN W .IOdG Y h qG IQhqdG N MqdG qcM
N G jJh J oqeD oJ (MqdG fH) W qNGO W .G
: q G IQhq dG N jq QhO Gq d Mq dG fH J
) G N FG qqdG h fh () TJ We RhH (qG IQhqdG jGH
H (O) q HfCG OZ QX e AdG IOYEG f dG
q IOjR jq eO YhCG
Q
q J e (`g) qeh Y J dG qHfCG OdG Qq J qFGZ IqOe OodG g oRoJ .(MqdG dG
q J)
q qjeqdG YhCG
CG q dG b G jJ o eq D J
fH
MqdG
fH
MqdG
fH
Mq dG
We
fh TJ
MqdG q dG
fH jq IQU : `g
G b e QW Mq dG
q HfCG OZ
fH jq IQU : O
G H e QW N MqdG
fH qj IQU :
G N Mq dG
5
4
.......................................3
q G IQhq dG jq CG
0
14
28
qMqdG IQhqdG QGWCG
MqdG H UH G H : 16 Kh
q K HG fdG o cGh Mq dG fH ie dG Gt q dG q J 16 OY KdG EG GOSG (1
.q Mq dG IQhq dG QGWCG e QW q c N j e RjEH U
.NEG hM IQU G d QhV MqdG dG
q qCH Y qMqdG IQhqdG qgCG SG (2
163
ICGG Y G
IQhdG
q
q -2
aCGh fCG
MdGh G H bdG : eG q dG
: Me G j h HG H e q S ICGG Y Ff d Qhq dG q dG qbj @

G QX Y h dG EG ICGG Y d MGG SG Ou Djo @
GMCd bO eGJ RoJ h Mq dG IQhO QGWCG h G IQhO QGWCG H eq J aGJ 17 OY KdG q J @
. JQhqdG
..............................
..................................
.MdG IQhOh G IQhO H eGdG bY : 17 Kh

.17 OY KdG Y FG fdG ocG (1
.q Mq dG IQhq dGh q G IQhq dG H eGq dG bY Vh
q (2
.Gh MdG H bdG UH VH OCG (3
.VdG e qqd Q bG (4
164
ICGG Y G
IQhdG
q
q -2
aCGh fCG
G H bdG d S dH fEG Ga Y IG Qq dG d J 18 OY KdG q J

ICGG Y Mq dGh
h qdG
qjqdG
K IQCd G SG QR K G SG
G qej M GG f L gMCG
Zh Se
q QhO f
q
MqdG fd qQhO fd qOYh
Mq dG
MqdG SG
q QhO f
d
IQCd G SG
: IgT H
qjOY IQCa
fd qJ QV Qq Jh qQhO f
Mq dG
MdG fd OY
FqdG
Mq dGh G H bdG q Yf q d IG Qq dG H UN : 18 Kh
? J GPe .H Qb K 3 h 2 h 1 OY Qq dG Ff M
q (5
Mq dGh G H bdG q Yf d Fe q Va SGh 4 OY Hq dG Ff qM (6
G H bdG qYfh MoG qVdG qU UoH J GPe 5 OY HqdG Ff qM (7
?MqdGh
: feo dG e Yf j G qCH Y Mq dG f G q a
q (8
(G H e QW) G H Mq dG ie e eGj eh jG Q qdG UN
LhSCG q
e QW) q dGG q G IQhq dG M b Mq dG ie e eGj eh JqdG Q qdG hLhdG (G b
MqdG fH ie GqqdG hM fedG g QhO SG (9
165
ICGG Y G
IQhdG
q
q -2
UMCG
qdG ATCG Y j gh qS
q qdG dG Y
. MdG fd WoG
jf e Q qdG Gg t : G H e QW AH IOYEG tj Q qdG Gg N . VHEG EG G
OGOj dG Mqd qG NGqdG WoG AdG
.q HfoCG OodG H QJ
q h Jh q jQJ So
G EG VHEG e t : G b e QW MqdG fH
t UGj Q qdG Gg N .GG
H qJ je qHfoCG OoZ) MqdG dG
q jh
q
.(jeq dG YhCG e c T
Mq dG f H Gt dG g g qJ
MqdG dG
q qj dEG j GPEGh qd
.qSqdG dG Y G O jh
Rjo e SGH Mqd QhqdG qdG G qoj
LhSCG) qj foCG q L f e og e
fe dG g .q dG Y oJ (h Lh Hh
G KEG Mq dG fH Qq dh d jq QhV
IQU qd FG MqdG dG
q jJ)
qL IQhO jGH G oj .(dEG hM
q G fedG cJ VfG f q e
.J dG q G IQhq dG jf q dH jq fCG
qS e qjQhO H ICGG Y SqdG RG j

g hJ .(S55 -45) HG H e q S EG dG.
iNCG EG ICGeG e J h IOY ej 28 q G IQhq dG
SC ICGG f Y J bh (ej 32 EG 24 e)
.qNe hCG qFGZ hCG qU hCG qf
qdG Y dG VHEG : JgX qdG Gg qj
Mq d Qhq dG q dG Y q dG Gh d Qhq dG
G Y jq QhO Gq J CGJ q G IQhq dG N
: dqdG MGG M
(ej 17 EG 11e) HK Z Ia : jG Q qdG EG ( d j hCq G) q G IQhq dG jG H e q
NGO MGh jL
o o j
o h o j IdG g N .VHEG
.G MCG
e jodG QqJh VqdG joG nj : VHEG .da b opa G
VHEG e t (ej 14) HK Ia : JdG Q qdG qJ e j
q IdG g N .q G IQhq dG jf EG
.UCG L EG oG joG e
CG EG qjQJ oUCG oG ooj dEG j GPEG
.qj
MqdG fpH Y qjQhO GqJ CGJ MqdG IQhO N
: q dq dG MGG M
G O j h MdG fH qJ : G QW -
UCG G VG
jL e bfG
G QW
fH J
MqdG
G b e QW
fH S IOjR
MdG
q dG J h MdG
jG QdG
G H e QW
AH IOYEG
MdG
q fH
JqdG QdG
Vf jL j
VHEG
UCG G J
ej
28 hJ L IQhO MdG h G JQhO GMCG h QGWCG eGJ

166
ICGG Y G
IQhdG
q
q -2
Je NCG
OY j
( h h CG H e) U cCJ qd (x) edG V ( 8 EG 1 e) dqdG SCG e GDS qc EG qdH

: Mq dG f G qj (5
:FGO ICGG Y VHEG (1
ITe H -CG
dG RG jW Y ITe Z H -
qdG gRj OGe jW Y ITe Z H -
JqdG Q qdG e : CG
GG IQhqdG jf b ej Y HQCG :
G Ia H ej Y HQCG :
: G H e QW AKCG (2
: KCJ MqdG fH AH Ooj G H e QW N (6
G O jh Mq dG fH q J : CG
LhSCG -CG
MqdG fH AH Ooj :
hLhdG -
MqdG fH S jj :
e hLhdG h LhSCG - J ej KK hJ G JQhO ICGeG id (3

q
: VHEG
: g IjL qL IQhd hCq G dG (7
Y HGdG dG : CG
G jf j dG hCq G dG -CG
Y eG dG :
jL M a oj dG hCq G dG -
Y SOdG dG :
VHEG hoM j -
: KCJ Mq dG q dG q j G b e QW N (8
: N MqdG dG
q j
q (4
LhSCG -CG
hLhdG -
e hLhdG h LhSCG -
G : CG
G H e QW :
G b e QW :
2
q c ICGG g Y G Iq e Ou M (1
? fqdGh hCG qG IQhqdG e
cPG ?hCG qG IQhqdG Iqe OuM (2
.IQhdG jfh jGH jQJ
q G IQhq dG VHEG jQJ Oq M (3
HGL J e hCG
qG IQhqdG d j hq CG OqM (4
e IQhO ICGG d qCG Y dqdG
T H q Ff G QX qbJ (5
.dP S qH .S
OY j
: ddG efRhqdG Y G QX jQJ ICGeG qS

S
hCG
26
19
12
27
20 13
28
21 14
29
22
15
30
25 16
24 17
10
25 18
11
167
KG
AKdG
AHQCG
G
G
q dG
MCG
28
21
29
22
30
31
14
15
23 16
24 17
10
25
18
11
26
19
12
27
20
13
5
6
KG
AKdG
AHQCG
G
G
q dG
MCG
ICGG Y G
IQhdG
q
q -2
Je NCG
OY j
.q G fedG KCJ Mq dG fH QJ
q MGe qJe Z H 19 OY KdG q J
CG
: 19 Kh
: Joe Yh SqdG Y dP Ge MqdG fH UG GtdG qgCG U (1
............................................................................................................................................................................... : CG SqdG ............................................................................................................................................................................. : Sq dG ............................................................................................................................................................................. : Sq dG SqdG SCG OQGdG oG Me qc qS (2
z{h z{ h zG { MGG qJQ (3
: G IQhO QGWCG MCG 20 OY KdG q oJ
J e KdH SG Q qdG qJ (CG
HGL
dG G QYH Q qdG Gg q gCG cPG (
j
Soj eh Q qdG Gg H eGqdG bY qH (
qMqdG IQhqdG
20 Kh
168
```qaCG
d q
q dG
q bGoGh G J
q -3
jdH oJ qje fGM : 21 Kh
jdG Nj MGh e GM : 22 Kh
W IOh : 24 Kh
.fh TCG HQCG Y L : 23 Kh
KEG Tq dG) G Jh fCG Gh jq cqdG eCG AdG N j qdG NEG dG J

q
o qj
.(qdG) MqdG fH (NEG
.jbdH jOJ VGeCG Gh q CG
q U Oq oJ
? q dGh NEG q j c ? Gh qCG qU eCJ c 169
d q
q dG
q bGoGh G J
q -3
aCGh fCG
NEG -1
fEG Y NEG q Y Uh : hqC G q q dG
.26h 25 OY KdG Y qWpG
GgCG qJh dG Ib qJh VHEG QW G e J dG (foCG e) jodG da b j

.dG Ib e dG AG EG jdG ao a d qG qdG
Jh Mq dG Y Y Mq dG j EG jq G fGG q a G Y q G jo ,G q j eYh
.dG Jb EG
.jq fCG q Sq dG dG ZCG H jq G fGG e Oh OY jdG EG j
.dG Ib e dG qdG H h jdG M qjG fGG qJ
RHdG
q EG qh G aZ j MGh qe GM jdG Nj
m jpd GnJ q K HQnJh (q KGQdG IOq G Yo J f)G GG IGf o Mh jo dG IGf o M o j
.(mjpL
n
x pn Hn m Fc pnt pd pjGpdG oof) H -q N oJ dG po
q G jo dG mIMGh mIGf
dG Ib
qje fGM
jdH
e
da b
Mq dG Y
MqdG fH
MqdG Y
qje fGM
e
ICGG Y qSqdG dG qjG fGG f
fEG Y NEG UH G H : 25 Kh
170
d q
q dG
q bGoGh G J
q -3
aCGh fCG
qVJ SQ
QU
MGG qgCG
fGG WMEG
jo dH jq G
dG jdG
hCG
e GM
dG
G
e GM NOo
RHS EG
jodG
6........................
dG jdG
fdG
dG HdG
hCG
GG IGf GbG
IGf e qG
jodG
7...................
...................8
JGqdG QfG
IMGh IGf
(dG IGf)
NEG MGe qgC qVJ SQh QU : 26 Kh

: 26 h 25 OY KdH IOQGdG G EG GOSG
fCG Sq dG RG ie a q j dG VG cPCGh (NEG hCG) dEG q Y(1
dEG MGe RjEH U qK 26OY KdG SQ Y fdG cG (2
(dEG be qJG ) ICGd qSdG dG NGO qjG fGG f FG eGdG Vh
q (3
(jq G fGd aN) q JGqdG pcG opY qfCH Y dEG be EG jdG Uh q ch
jq fCG q Sq dG dG NGO jq G fGG J dG SG
Iq G qCG Y HG Ia Oq M (4
q
.ej g jo dG J dG SG
Iq G qCGh ,jq CG HQCGh KK H hGJ
q
171
aCGh fCG
d q
q dG
q bGoGh G J
q -3
q dG -1
q dG q Y Uh : qdG q dG
: 27 OY KdG Y qWpG
dG q N o a fG CGJh Mq dG EG dG Id dG qdG e q jQJ dG qJ dEG KEG
.dEG e ej q e H jN HQCG q K hCq G
W q N 64 e J
q dG q Jt dG q Jh q dG IK T jG Y NCa G fG UGj
oJ dG jqG GRGaEG oe oJh dG e dP H qJqdG q
o J .(HGqdG dG) oG dH
.(NEG H SOdG
q dG) G qa j NGO Rjh qMqdG OdG
.G SGH G qoa qdG qd CqJ dG MqdG fH G SJ HdG
q dG
dG Ib
.................................:
.................................:
MqdG fH
jH
e
....................................:CG
Mq dG Y
MqdG Y
qje fGM
.q dG EG NEG EG VHEG e
qdG UH G H : 27 Kh
: 27 OY KdH SqdG EGh qdG EG GOSG
.JefG N dG-q G Qe Oq M (1
.Sq dG IQcG z{h z { h zCG{ GMCG q S (2
.fEG Y Kq dG Xh q gCG VJ e q dG q Y (3
172
aCGh fCG
d q
q dG
q bGoGh G J
q -3
G QhO tJ : ddG qdG
IQU
qCG
G Jh
q Qe
jq G qdG e bfG G J
q q dG KEG
e Y e J
q G gh.d qLQG
RH
q J dG qjeqdG Gd
q H qjq dG G
NGO jQhh fjT SGH H UG
GQhq dG
q
.q dG
q G
O e Ic S Me d qG G jN qEG
.G O Hh H OqdG qj q qCG
FXhh G FN
o
LG Y qCG Lh G L H OqdG qJ
qeDJ Ic Meh bQ QGH qj dG G
HL NGO q dG JNh G
n r
n ò a
.q CG H e
: G qeDJ
VMCG ,cCG) G q d eRq dG Oq GG NOo G Ve
,q fe eCG ,Ae ,RL ,q gOo VMCG ,q eCG
dG IsOoG LCG SGH jMh (...ea
qS M qS jT
.qCG L j
L ,HdG cCG FK) d jq G dG hN .(...H M ,dH
q S jQh
hLhH ,LhSCG) fegh JhH fEG e HL
q CG H
.G eS d (iNCG fegh
G L EG q q dG e jhOCGh KGG ZCG e d qVJ IQU
,Jq dGh odc IQq dG
q Oq GGh ShdG ASH
gY qo dG
.G N G q q gCG M G H : 28 Kh
: 28 KdG EG GOSG
.CGh G H Oq dG eCd FG FG SG (1
.G jM G LG FN H q q gCG cPG (2
.e
q SQ SGH G eq DJ dG Oq dG q (3
173
aCGh fCG
d q
q dG
q bGoGh G J
q -3
d q
q dG
q bGG .3
fRGG Z jqd dG
q KCqdG qJ : HGqdG q dG
: (29 OY KdG) dq dG KdG Y qWpG
JLM d qjQhdG
q UdG eh b qdG e j e qad fRGe oeG ICGG jJ J CG j
.G LMh
e WCG IOh Y jh G Ia GW gQEG qJ eGG AqdG Y jqdG AS M H qEG
.qfe q gP GQb dh RdG
f qEG . c ea e j e ad LR qdG QqdGh Gh dG hJ CG eG ICGG Y j
ehe Y IQdG qfJh dG LhCGh gQEG d q jh G
q Y S qKDj FGZ C ea
.qeKG VGeCG
B12 eah B9 ea eh jG e q aVEG q q c aJ YJ M M dg
jG jJ qeg GQhO jh QGh NCG fdGh fdGh
q Gh qdGh dG B9 ea Lj
jq dG f q SSCG a B12 ea eq CG .AGG q dG jq oc J
q q SSCG jo h G IjG
qfGG jZCG qaj dG edG Gg e LH eG ICGG qo CG fRGG jqd ojh ,AGG
.(... ,c ,c)
Q X EG eG ICGG Y D ea SG GaEG qOD j
.G Y gJ
q
LqdG qdG HZdG f f Y j jG qdG a qEG
.(dG e 3 e bCG SEG fG) G jG f Y QhH
.qdG qW QVh gQEGh IdG T dP Y qj
QJ e Y U
q N Rj eG ICGG L jG f qEG
Jqjc d qeCG L OLG jG j G qC GOdG
.AGG
edG U qdG da G H
q dG q j :G dG Ve d eG ICGG SG q j
bPh fNh Gb fCG jh bQ dG Th JUh jY Y ha LdG gH
q ojh
.qq dG HU jh cJ jh JcGP qfa dG RL Qq jh GQe
qdG
q AGH HUEG MG h L Rhh fRh IOjR q J cCG J dG eG ICGG qEG
IOdG npY Y Y qj q ,qdG V JQGh
.G fRGG Z jq dG KCJ M e : 29 Kh
: 29 KdG EG GOSG
ea , B9 ea ,GJhdG : dq dG q FGdG OGG e q aVEG q c EG eG ICGG LM a
q (1
jG B12
.eG ICGG EG qdH FGdG RGqdG qgCG Vh
q (2
174
aCGh fCG
d q
q dG
q bGoGh G J
q -3
VG KGG H JG QNCG : eG qdG
SG
q AGO .1
AeCG jh ,SG
q qj (qG Mh oW) hCq G GM qj VG Gg qEG
AGO qeCG .dG
q dG
q Y qg G SG
q AGO jh .iNCG fGMh qdG
G Y eKG J PEG G
H
q
q j q d ,QOf a G SG
q
q J c ,OdG `Y dGh dGh q G g
dG
hC
G
F
dG
VLE
q q
q
q Jh
.dG qTh qe HdG (gGG Ia dZ) M
eKL fG q feEG GG a e HqdG Y dG ojh qdG ue jN tdG Gg oKj
Z qdGh (H ,N) Kq G WCG jW Y fEG EG ih dG a
q CG EG qdG e Sq G
.(G EG q CG e) G Yh (dGh CdG
q ) Gq L W NG
qh qdG Gg qV d adG jG YG RL qeDj G ZCG
fEG c GPEG qdG Gg hJ qdG IqOe LCG OLh KEG e q qdG dG
FS) H oG FHdG
q FdG
q e hCG G O e q Y NDJ dd .H He
G aCG h ..HUEG hCG G eS e qcCq d (q L jN Y j
HUEG WMG IqY qoJh jGH h G b ICGG Y QNG ioj
W qdG Wh GqL Z dGh G Zh jdG af UH eh
.dG YGeo Yh ec
Sq G eKL
AGG .2
qqqdG dG Y NBG EG T e j Sha Y oG VG Gg j
qK LdG Y J IU qjOQh H e j
q k`qjL kWh IjT qM qojh
.G S Y J
q FJ VLEG jo PEG G
Z eG ICGG Y GY e q g VG Gg jo
q
.d qN gJ
q hCG
Y f L W
fPCGh (QdG
q G YEG) G Y a G Y AGoG Sha j
AGoG
GN
C
J
q
q jh (gP qJ) dG RLh (qq dG V)qq dG RLh (U)
.IOdG Y RdG VfGh Mq dG NGO
q q dG
IdG J qj .H HUEG S N jbdG oJ dd J Y Vd d
,oc oHCG ]odG pd EG j) GT 15 ZH Y AGoG qV
q qdG q dG KCG GPEG q dH EG q S ICGG oJh (nGh [oreillon
.q W
Z qfCG
q
AGoG Shd IQU
AGGh SG
q AGO M e : 30 Kh
: qdG hG qY 30 KdG EG GOSG
VG
AGoG
SG
q oAGO
FG
VGYCG t gCG
qoG edG
jbdG
dG oqfeEG
175
UMCG
d q
q dG
q bGoGh G J
q -3
j .G UCG g H - q N jd JGf QfGh fCGh cqdG G efG g dEG

.dG Id dG qdG (NEG) dEG
.MqdG EG fGh fG dG CGJ dEG KEG
.dEG H HdG
q dG e MqdG fH SJ e EG gQhH J
q dG qJqdG J
q
.G SGH Mq dG fH NGO G q J g q dG
.( YGh GNEGh qqdGh jqdH UG
oOqdG ) qeCGh G H OqdG G qeD J
q
.(TCG 9 GM hj ) IOdG j jh NEG n j CGjh ICGG H q Ia g G
VGeCc H qJ dG VGeCG L eRqdG WMG qJ CG ICGG Y j ,G AKCGh b
.G Y KGG H Qheo Y q dG
q U Yh eG ICGG
q U Y Wd eRqdG UodH d jq Qhq dG HoG CG jo h
.L
Y f jN Y : q Jq dG
dG-q d efG Iq Y
dG-q d fG hCq G
qJdG
qjCG 4
jd e GM NO
ej jN4
j qN
fH
Mq dG
Y
MqdG
q dG
H jq GC 7
dEG
dG G
0 j
Y f)
(dEG
G
176
d
q dG
q bGoGh G J
q -3
Je NCG
OY j
(O h h h CG H e) U cCJ q d (X) edG V ( 4 EG 1 e) dq dG SCG e GDS q c EG q dH
: qdGh dEG H (3
UCG G o j -CG
UCG G oj -
Mq dG fH q J -
MqdG fH oJ -O
: ICGG Y NEG j (1
G jq CG - CG
VHEG QW -
dG Id dG qdG -
dG Id dG
q dG - O
: G (4
KGG Qhe qV oe GLM oJ -CG
G EG (CG J b dG) VoG
qjqG Qh J -
q qq dG GRdG Qh
o J -
G H CG O N be oJ -O
: ICGG Y qdG j (2
Y q G IQhq dG e Y HGq dG dG - CG
ICGG
d hCq G dG -
dEG H HdG
q dG -
qG IQhqd NCG dG - O
2
OY j
.ICGG Y dG J
q EG G dEG MGe qgCG (31 OY KdG) dGG KdG q
dG jdG
hCG
IGf
jdG
dG HdG
fdG
dG jdG
hCG
e GM
GG IGf Z
G
IGf
jdG
CG
(sJeo Z) dEG MGe d SQ : 31 Kh

.dEG hM e OqM (1
.O , , ,CG hG SH 4 EG 1 e eqdG J M MGG g qJQ (2
....................... : 2 ....................... : 1
.................... : 4 ........................ : 3
.qjfCG qSqdG dG NGO dG e OqM (3
.........................................................................................................................................................................................................................
177
GOdG J -4
```qaCG
OdG j QNG Fbh qLJ g ISCG J {

qdhDeh qjM H HEG G jd GhRCGh
UGdGh GOdG OYh G Ye QNH dPh
YLGh qdG h qdG M H qedG
ISCd z qjObGh
www.onfps.nat.tn : LG
G e FSh d QU : 33 Kh
.dG GdGh ISCd WdG GjqdG : 32 Kh

G e FSh aJ e qe e -fH
qHEG qdG eCJh GhRCd FG
q Cd q U ce e dP Y
q j CG e e GOdG QHh AHCG IH q j e SoCG e
cG H YGdG GhRCG e jdG Cj ddh AHCG HJ h FdG fEG ceh
.q dG e q dh GOdG d
q G bdG Y ec q qdG qdG e UN
h dG e G e oW fEG q W
q
q oJ GJ dG q qdG odG g qCG qJG bh (ICGG HN Ia) q G IQhq dG Sh
.HG Ia j Hc SCG Iq d Yq dG J
o
H qCG qEG cqdG RdGh qMq dG dBGh G e c G e CG FSh BG qaJ
.
q dG q S GKCJ d J b h Lq dG hCG ICGG Sj b
? FSdGh qdG g SH q bh G e q j c FdG q dG f
? QV hO FSdG g SG c
o oj eY UN h dP GhRCG ZQh AHCG Oq J IQU q Ff G e c
? oCG Y GN oVdG hCG oG
178
GOdG J -4
aCGh fCG
G q qdG qdG .1
QhqdG eG jW Yh FN j : hCq G q dG
Ia) ICGG HN Ia N q G bdG OnJ Yh VHEG Ye j Y oj qdG g o J
.(jdH jq G fGG dN J CG
dG
q hCG dG ie QG j qc b) d qNGqdG IQGG qJ H VHEG Ye j qj
IQhqdG jf EG JQEG Gg jh VHEG N jJ LQO H IQGG g JJ : (SdG Jh
.q G
dG
jQdG
dG
37,5
3
1 2 3 4
5 6 7
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
(C)
q NGdG IQGG
2
1
37,0
9
8
7
6
96,5
4
3
2
1
36,0
ej 28 hoJ qL IQhO N qNGqdG IQGG tJ Roj H oe

GRGaEG OGOJ YG Gg : Mq dG Y GRGaEG q J Me e cf VHEG Ye jd iNCG W LoJ
.LGd q bCG oJh
ddh ICGG f id qJ qfeE Gf qG IQhqdG W EG GOSG VHEG Ye j HU LJ
qJ H qbH VHEG Ye j qj EG) QhdG
q eG jH G q GhRCG e jdG oj
% 30 EG NEG f J .(...d q NGq dG IQGG
.G q S GKCJ OLh H Qhq dG eG jW R
G hM q d G Qhq dG eG jW M G H : 34 Kh
: 34 OY KdG IOQGdG G Y OYH
.HLEG qY .QhqdG eH G e tj c uH (1
.j qdG g qe Y NEG f pJQG a
q (2
dG NGO qjG fGG IM Iqe qCH Y dqdG G eCG Ga h ICGG HN Ia qOM (3
qCGh (VHEG KEG) ej RhJ jdG IM Iq e qCGh (L qJG KEG) jq CG 4 h 3 H hGJ q Sq dG
: G jGH j g q G IQhq d hCq G dG
qG IQhqd 14 dG VHEG hM -CG
qG IQhqd 10 dG VHEG hM -
qG IQhqd 17 dG VHEG hM -
q L IQhO q c VHEG jQJ j IOYEG hO Qhq dG eG jH G hM q c cPG (4
j 14) IQq b JqdG QdG Iq e qCG h ICGG f Y q q d Hb (G IQhd) joG Q qdG Iq e qCH Y
.(IOY
.MG j qdG qS cPG
179
GOdG J -4
aCGh fCG
iNCG W oW Gq q J : qdG q dG
.qf Je NEG f dc qdG d .G QN G c G iNCG qW W LJ
Jq Sh q HjEG Wf q e G q qdG qdG fG (1
HLEG qY ? GOdG J IG qdG j W V qM qdG g QYG g (2
G q YUG qdG .2
G e M SG q dM dhGe jW fQe : ddG q dG
35 OY KdG Y qWG
.(LhSCGh hLhdG) q G q G feo dG J q e fego Y G e M

? dP c. (% 99 e cCG ) dY H G dSG YGH ICGG GdG qEG
qcoG UGbCH G e jW
fego ) LhSCGh hMhdG J dq a JOq e Y UGbCG g
(G oj
jGH) qG IQhqd hCq G dG e jGH dP h bdG f h j qc UGbCG g e Ub ICGG hJ
.(iNCG q L IQhO jGH) jL e G QX b iNCG UGbCG hJ Y h ej 21 Iq h (G
.VHEG e dP
o q a q dG LhSCGh hLhdG cJ jj qcG UGbCG SG qEG
N IOG qdG qc Jh ICGd qG IQhqdG fG Y aG qcG UGbCG jW jGe e
SG Y qbq dG KEG jL e EG q feEGh dNh G b IOY j dG CG e q Gh G
.G
Y dqdG qjfqdG VGYCG J h G ZCG Y qjfK VGYCG qCG oj qcG UGbCG SG qEG
qdG IOY qj .qdG Y H CH QdG
q ,GdG
q ,dG : SG jGH UN
q
qH
,QdH
jT
C
G
OLh
,
eh
jT
GU
OLh
:
d
dG
G
AbG
Y
UGbC
G
SG
bJh
q
q
q
.GWCG MCG J hCG V Me
-qdG HGVG QNC VG
id qe GJ QX MG qcG UGbCG SG jj
q
e cCG MqdG Y hCG qdG WH HUEd VqGh (...jGdG
q qHh dH
q HG) qFYdG
.(e Nq dG Y eoG H e) q gZ
,H HS HUEG ,jGdGh
q dG VGeCG ,q dG V JQG : qcG UGbCG S fGe oIq Y LJ
NqdG ,dH GQhCG hCG dG OL h ,qdG Ve
,qdG c ,(S 35 Rhj qf qe qS UN)
q
.WG dG
q
edG qjOMCG UGbCH G e jW
.V cHh (e eg) hLhdG j a MGh eg Y UGbCG g i
jGH) qG IQhqd hCq G dG e jGH dPh bdG f h j qc UGbCG g e Ub ICGG hJ
IQU ) IQhO qc (Ub 28 Y ) iNCG UGbCG Md Jh qG IQhqdG ec Nh (G
(G e UGe ZqdG
G e UGbCG UH G H : 35 Kh
180
GOdG J -4
aCGh fCG
dZ VHEG edG qjOMCG UGbCG SG f qdG hLhdG eg f JQG iODj

eCG GLM qqdG Gg qj . IOGqdG e f EG a
MqdG oY gRoj dG qWG IqOG LGd IOjdh
q
H dc .UGbCG d qSSCG dG jW :dG Jd qK MqdG EG Y q a qjG fGG
.NEG hM IQU G SG Y JQb e q j
q fH S q j PEG Mq dG Gq dG
cH q J UGbCG : VHEG e ASH dG jW f d edG jq OMCG UGbCG e q Yf LJ
(pilules progestatives microdoses) hLhdH T IOq Gq L V
: dq dG G edG jq OMCG G e UGbCG oJ
H LhSCH T IqOe LGJ f IqOM dS qjfqdG VGYCG fc EG qcG UGbCG jJ e cCG) qdG qJ ,qdG V JQG : qcG UGbCG SG e oj dG h qW qG G ...NqdG ,dG
q ,(S 40
H qJ hCG QX goG GfG (a hLhdH) edG qjOMCG G e UGbCG qHjEG e
q feEG aJh (...qdG Wc WdG
q TCG H ,q FYh-q b HGVG) q dG HGVG
Y G RGaEG Y KCq dG Yh (...Nq dGh dGh
q q dG q q dG) q e M QNCG hOo e EG
.VoG
H f Q oX cf o CG dG GqqdG eh ICGG L Y qjfK GKCJ dZ UGbCG d d
.G Rh IOjRh SCGqdG LhCGh G qNCJh qG GQhqdG fG Y h G Ga
HUEG ,IN q FYh-q b HGVG OLh : dq dG G edG jq OMCG UGbCG SH jo
WdH
q HUEG ,qShdG dG HdH
G e UGbCG jW UH G H : 35 Kh
: 35 OY KdG EG GOSG
G e UGbCG SH G e q c a
q (1
G e M UH eqG j qdG fQ ( 36 OY KdG) qdG hG cCG (2
qjOMCG UGbCH G e jW
edG
jqdG
qcoG UGbCH G e jW
jG
G e YqdG
(UGbCH IOLG) dq dG Oq GG
G e UGbCG SG q c
(G e ) G J
GG
jq fqdG GKCdG
(SG Y M) fGG
UGbCG SGH G jW UH q d hL : 36 Kh
181
GOdG J -4
aCGh fCG
G pd iNCG q YUG W q J : HGq dG q dG

e Ye G IU H IGOCG g (MqdG dqdG hCG) qMqdG dBG
H G qfEG .dG SG Ie SdG e SdG
? dP c .Lfh qbD e
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dG Ib
MqdG j
MqdG Y
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q e Iq eo H S jo h UN
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q
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GS 10 : qYf M G e MqdG dqdG qMU J
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.(dEG hM IQU ) MqdG fH G SGfG MqdG ddG
fGG Qhe j
q Mq dG Y GRGaEG q J q j qfEG iNCG L e
dqdG cJ Nj dG Sq dG eq CG .dG Ja Mq dG EG jq G
Y dqdG Gd .qjG fGG Y Jb KCJ d qCG K a qdG
. % 99 p``H QqJ
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fG bYEGh Mq dG fH G SGfG ) G e Y Y
EG Mq d dqdG e hLhdG eg RGaEG iODj (jq G fGG
BG e qG EG dch G N oJ dG q dG q c J
.qG IQhqd MG
SGh qMdG
q Iqe oW qMqdG dBH G e jW qHjEG e
KCqdG Yh (dBG S KEG) jL e EG qHbh G e YqdGh
GKCq dG QX q q dG Yh (...VHEG) gq G IQhO a
.G e M od MoG jq fqdG
G O qc IOjR qMqdG dBG S G qjfqdG GKCqdG e
e dZh IQhq dG d MoG CG IOjR h q G IQhq dG Iq e dWEGh
.dBG cJ KEG hCG TCG N Gq q dG g J
DhL j -edG dqdG FH e qcCq d jq QhO H qdG IOY q Mq dG dBG SG qj

o qJ dBG q J Y eh Mq dH UCG Ve
T IOe Y G H JOYh eKL
H Ib ie MqdG QN G VGYCG QX IQU qFSG
(eg) hLhdH
(...IqOG BG ,jdG
q qdG)
OLho ,G N Oq G q dG : q Mq dG dBG S fGe Iq Y LoJ
q N Y OLh ,Oq M MQ dG OLh ,q G IQhq dG N jT CG
(G hCG Mq dG WS) WdH
q Sq dG RG HUEG M ,Mq dH
cqdG RdGh MdG dBG UH oG H : 37 Kh
182
GOdG J -4
aCGh fCG
cqdG bGdG
Voj bO qW qe IqOe e e dG
q GSG AYh g cqdG bGdG
.G G b h G qJG b G dG Y
fMCG j dSG qCG QYH % 98 h % 85 H da o q eo
o hGj
cqdG RdG q da Gq L J .(q G qJG q c ) eh S
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cqdG bGdG
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(...GdG ,ccfG dG ,jedG) dG
q dG
q EG G dG
q e q L oJ CG jo
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q qW qG IqOG qSG fMCG qj qfEG
icdG RdGh qMqdG dBG UH G H : (HJ) 37 Kh
: 37 OY KdG EG GOSG
cqdG RdG h qMqdG dBG SH G e qYf cPG (1
jW q c FN q gCG RGHE ( 38 OY KdG) q dG hG cG (2
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cqdG bGdG SH G e
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jG
G e YqdG
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jq fqdG GKCdG
(SG Y M) fGG
cqdG RdGh qMqdG dBG SGH G e UH qd hL : 38 Kh

Ff H G e W .3
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G dh q Ff H EG AfEG GhRCG H Zj AHCG Oq J IQU
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IH dG
da
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q q d fMCG Lq dGh dZ ICGG oCJ q b H dP
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Yh qG bdG Yh qG IQhqdG Y qNqdG Gg qKD oj ICGG EG qdH
G Yh G q dG Y N
q q dG qKDj Lq dG EG q dH .eY G
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q Ff H G e W UH G H : 39 Kh
: fEG Y KqdG Xh UH Joe EGh 39 bQ KdG EG OSG
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GOdG J -4
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LJ dG g (VHEG KEG jq fCG q G
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. (Se Z Ga KhMh gOqJh HQJ
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28
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q e IOq e Y edG jq OMCG UGbCG j PEG HK JodG QqdG Iqoe CG h e HK
(L eg) hLhdH T ej Y HQCG (dGoe qL IQhd) jG G
ICGG SG GPEG VHEG q UN qfEG 26 : IQhq dG W q e : e -VHEG jQJ H
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o qfEG .IGOCG SGH MqdG NGO qdG j J Y Fb dEG hM MG j LEG
N Oq G q dG dSG fGe e .q dG g q e Y NEG f J : q qdG o q dG
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Y jq G JdG b hCG/h HQ Oq Dj gGe feg) hLhdGh LhSCG J
qj a qje fGM hoO e e RGaEG EG LqdG
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q
q
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184
GOdG J -4
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1 OY j
( h h CG H e) U cCJ q d (x ) edG V (6 EG 1 e) dq dG SCG e GDS EG q dH

: qMqdG dBG (4
: qcG G e M (1
VHEG : CG
dEG :
qdG :
VHEG : CG
dEG :
q dG :
: ICGG Y HG Ia (5
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eH VHEG b e J :
eH VHEG H e J :
VHEG : CG
dEG :
q dG :
: q G bdG Y Qhq dG eEG jW (6
: codG bGdG (3
dEG FGO : CG
dEG fMCG :
bY OLh IQU dEG :
VHEG H qjGC 4 qL
qL dG VGeCG KGH ihdG : CG

GdG Sha fG :
dEG :
2 OY j
.GOdG J f oJ FSh HQCH 40 OY KdG OQGdG hG qj

hG cCG (1
HLEG qY .G e IQocG FSdG e Sh CG cPG (2
HLEG qY .qdG d JQG jd Ljh S 40 gY ICGeG SJ HQCG FSdG e Sh qCG (3
codG Rd NBG GQhO cPG (4
G e Qhq dG
q Yq dGh FG
SdG
qMqdG dBG
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edG jq OMCG G e M
cqdG RdG
G e FSh H UH q d hL : 40 Kh
185
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q G
e jbdG h L
dG VGeCG -5
q
QW gq dH e T d IQU : 41 Kh
VG e q e
GdG V e d IQU : 42 Kh
ENSEMBLE CONTRE LE SIDA
G GQdG
q e Qd IQU : 44 Kh
GdG
q ehe M N jYqdG
qdG IQGOEG qjf e qjf d IQU: 43 Kh

e OSG jq f) fH eGh SQG
e jGH a WGh
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q
UN
Ie GJ VGeCG g h dG
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IGh Iq G VGeCG eh qG FbdG dG h jbdG YGb q J dG G
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q cf
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q
186
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aCGh fCG
gq dGh dG
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q VGeCG FN q J : hCG q dG
46 h 45 OY KdG Y qWG -
MEG e dG hN
q L doG VGeCG bCG e VG Gg j .dG

q VGeCG e hCq G
:ihd bqdG G qJG H qjCG H hCG JeY J
FS hN ,MEH Oq M dG f q q dG Y b
o pH SMEG : Lq dG Y d qSqdG qddG dG e NCG-UCG EG fd qe d
... hCG IjL q e GRGaEG QX ,q q dG Y bH SMEG : ICGG Yid dqdG GqdG qj CG h VG Qj
q dG Y IQU
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CG ,qFL gOGfG f (dG Jb iMEG ) MqdG QN G qfeEG
.eoG VG
eG dG YREGh (dG a) HdG dH LdG Y VG Qj b
NGOh QN cfG jH
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QN MJ cfG YJ q FK jq hc jH HUEG Y f VG Gg
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jq G GOq G SG f VG dG e dG
q e jGH ccfG dG Ve LGJ
d iNCG qjM GqOe SG LSG d ehe cfG e S QX qd dc
.VG jGH CG j dG Ggh HG
FS hN EG j dG
Y MEG e d U
jedH e
NGO jedG eKL KJ

(CRdG) He N
: (G U) G dG
N QN TCE
dG VGeCG e M G H
: 45 Kh
o
jedG jH qdM G VG Gg qJ .dG Ve e K
.oJ dG jG NGO qEG KJ jH gh
HdGh qL dG FdG
q VGeCG cCG qdM jedG Ve ooj
AqdG HQCG KK Y VGYCG QX hO U Qj
q qfC N qfEG .d
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boG H ihdG KEG HSCG Iq Y H J CG dG VG Gg VGYCG e
qbCGh qe hCG d U FS RGaEGh MEd OM Z dG f q qdG N
.dG IQU qM WCG Iqe j dG Gg .qJ
VG CH QdG Aq dG id J CG dG iNCG VGYCG e
fG Y q j q dG Ggh G Ga H N f OLhh G Nh
.MqdG EG ihdG
IQU ihd bf VGYCG hO e VG eM hCG eM jl
.S d qL JTe
jedG Ve : dG VGeCG e K M G H : 46 Kh
187
aCGh fCG
e jbdGh L
dG VGeCG -5
q
YdG o o
Zh gGG h dG
cf gdh ihd Vq oG UTCG e
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q
q UN
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bY qCH dG KEG G FbdG dGh qdG qgCHh qG Zh IHdG qG bdG IQH
.ge qL
: jedG Ve GJ
dPh dG Jb OGfGh HUEG f) Aq dG Y HfoCG o dG M % 70 jedG Ve q j .Vd hCG edG Meo KEG qG e UNh
dG GfG IQU
q
Gg Y qj CG ojh ShdG hCG/h HdG ie qH jedH oHUEG qJ b LqdG Y .GQOf oj dG odG qdG
.Hoe qeoCG fc EG JOh N VqdG Y oe dG qJ CG oj jedG
KJ oM HoG jG Nt dG Y IQOdG jq G GOq oH f OGORG dG jedG Ve o dj
.a q G jdG
jedG Ve : dG VGeCG e K M G H : (HJ) 46 Kh
eh SQG Hh Ve q c FN q J (1
: (47 KdG) q dG hG fN dEG UJ
q e hO
q (2
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jedG
ccfG dG
jG
VGYCG t gCG
VGYCG hHh eKod eM OLho
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VoG eGdG
H eKoG OLho J
ihdG oM oqc
q Fbh M
o
qLY oM
dG
q VGeCG U
o H d hL: 47 Kh
188
e jbdGh L
dG VGeCG -5
q
aCGh fCG
dGh jbdGh ihdG Wh gq dG Ve FN qJ : qdG qdG

jGH LGJ qoK HhQhCG Goe ch Y eG dG jf VG oqJ q
e jGH jL e fG d dG gh Lf AGhO cG KEG 1943 S e
L h qjhGdG
q jaEG Joe f GJ h VG dG qS
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dG Y gq dG Ve QGWCG
hCq G Q qdG
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ob Q oX q
hCG hH h Mh qfEG .G h qdGh dc
q H iNCG VGe fMCGh
FS e jh Rf Zh Deo
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q
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qdGQ qdG
HSCG Iq Y qdG Q qdG eY J Fe Z dG c GPEG hCG jG djo GPEG
N G qdG
: hCq G Q qd qG dG GhR H
qdGQqdG
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.cGO AGM-jq OeQ
fG ,G ,SCGq dG LhCG : q WGh G Qq J aGJ iNCG eY OLh qjhqdG dG
G gqdG eK IqOoG LCG J Vd
qdG Q qdG N
o
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dqdG Q qdG
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Qj
HdG
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q
q MG Fe Z dG c GPEG hCG Gqe jG ndjo GPEG
MG jGH e cCG hCG S H dqdG Q qdG VGYCG Jh U VG
: hCG
qNGqdG AYCGh qWoGh qjG fCG UCG YoJ Y QX dGh dGh dG ie HUEG hM
o feEG .G EG dZ Oq DoJ dGh jq eq dG YhCG ieo HUEG hM
o dG Ga EG oJ qjH HGVG hoM N dG q Weo M ho ob SMEG QqJ ,OGQEG dG GVG ,LGdG : qY HUEG QX oqfeEG qdG QqdG
...c cG GVGh
hq CG QqdG Md IQo U
dG ie
gdG Ve M G H : 48 Kh
189
aCGh fCG
e jbdGh L
dG VGeCG -5
q
G gqdG Ve
HG eG ICGG e gdG eKL fG KEG T VG Gg Loj
: G EG
: AYCG jY HUEG : gH S EG IOdG e j dG qoG dG
q Fq dG h dc q NGO AYCG ,dG ,q WoG , G
HGVG IqY Q oX : IOdG KEG GS 10 h 5 H j dG qNCG dG
q dG RG e UNh
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q
e VQ Ld IQo U
(qe) G gdH
.fjdG YoJ dG
q q dd jH g gdG q G eoKoG qEG
ho odG eeo h MH dch G JG jW Y SSCG ihdG q J
qdG Q qdG qg ihdG MG . KG
q JGhOCG SH hCG G Y
Vd
.jbdH t h gqdG Ve qV Lf J BG qM EG Loj
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fjdG jd jq IQU
.gqdGjH qVLf J dc qjM GqOe SH dG qj
gdG Ve M e : (HJ) 48 Kh
: 48 OY KdG EG GOSG
ehe SQG Hh gdG Ve FN q J (1
(49 KdG) qdG hG fN UJ
q e hO
q (2
hCq G QdG
qdG Q qdG
VGYCG qgCG
dqdG Q qdG
VG eKG
H eKG OLh J
(HUEGjGH ) VGYCG hOo e eKd eM OLho
ihdG oM qc
q Fbh M
o
q LY M
o
gq dG Ve UH q d hL : 49 Kh
190
aCGh fCG
e jbdGh L
dG VGeCG -5
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GqdG -2
GdG
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q Gg QX M qJG . H GQqG Weh qL PGdG id
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q qdG
o
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...q M
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GS Iq Y EG J b Iq eo MG g ho J
q Vq j eY Jh
o
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q jo GdG eK IOq eo LCG OLh IQU : q dG e e
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: MG g
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VG VGYCG Q oX Y o
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KqdG MG
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191
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q
: 50 KdG EG GOSG
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H qjh qN S Y Ye
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: Jfq e Rj GdG Shd q e SQ

fq e) q KGQh IOq eh LQN Z
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q qoG eKoG
fEG id YG Ga Sha
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J qK jG H ShdG j :( 4 U e qjh jN)
hO eh Shd eG Y) qe Ia NGO ec qKGQdG JqOe
cCG OY fGh HoG jG e EG qODj q Kj GNCGh (VGYCG
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q oGh
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q ShH ihdG q J
MdG
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q V qG qdG BG qM EG
ehe ch GdG
q Sha M e : 51 Kh
: 51 OY KdG EG GOSG
.GdG
q Qf Io
q G eGdG ocPG (1
.GdG
q ShH HUEG e jbdG YGb H SG(2
qfCG qJG T q c eh G q HjEG qfCG qJG T q c e eq dG LdG cdG
q H SG(3
.GdG
q e INCG MG
192
UMCG
e jbdGh L
dG VGeCG -5
q
gq dGh dG
q VGeCG .1
G HUEG f jG gh YG g
.qjRfG qeKoL VGeCH
T EG GdH
eo e ShdG fG KEG
q
Iq Y H hGJ Iq eq H qEG Gq dG VGYCG J S
.GS Hh TCG
Sha q V IOq eo ek LCG dG
q Gg L jo
. G qHjEG oa qdG EG to GdG
q
fG qdG IQU
o q dG o GPEG oj
e qcCqd Sh (...goe qL bY KEG) ihdG
c GPEG .GdG
q ShH HUEG hM
o Y hCG hM
o
q S c GPEGh eo a G q HjEG
dG
o q
a (q dG IqOoG LCG OLh Y) G
.S
T e GdG
q Sha d oG tdG qEG
q G bdG : IOq eo S T EG eo
GT o SG ,Kq eo M HEG o SG ,go G
fG) Hoe tCG fc GPEG G ,Kq oe bM
EG hCG G N G Y G EG ShodG
VoG fc GPEG VQEG ,(IOdG N q dG
...(Vq dG EG ShdG fG) Heo
jo HS IQcG qjdG VGeCd aN
jG Kh GhOCG j W Y G dG
q Sha
(...KO oe , aoe) ob Y e e q dGh
M dG
q VGMC c qe dG aGG SGh
...aGh
jbdG oJ GdG
q V Lf Y Z
oq : JdG VG GH HUEG qd S N
HEG SG Y UG ,gG qG bdG
qG qdG ,Mh SG GPh qe M
...ihdG hM q dG IQU
H GdG
q Sha oKJ e q
o jhOCG BG LoJ
AH Iqoe jjh G Ye QgJ o oj q
gH jhOCG g qCG qEG IG b Y HoG
V qG qdG BG qM EG h qdG
.oG e gh GdG
q
Ieo o GJ gh dG oe VGeCG g X
jbdG f hCG GfG IQU
dG
o UN
q
jH HUEG Y f qfEG .q G dGh
EG q U GJ hM
o hO eo L
o Yh V
o
.Iqe H
q
VGeCG bCG e ccfG dG
Ve
q
bh LqdG Y UN
VGYC
G RoJh qL dG
q
o
SGH dG G fG IQU o dG EG qOD j
.jq G GOq oG
Gf Nh q eo Ve edG dG
q Ve
o
Qdh
Ho
G
e
jdG
Y
VGYC
G
Q
oX
q
o d
Y qdG odG M qoL qqdG e U
UN
ICGG id HfoCG odG) eKoG qqdG
q
dG Oq D jo .(dG J b OGfG Y f gh
hO VGp L
o GJ EG jq G GOq oG SG H
.Gqe dG Gg c GPEG GJ
Hb gh GH IqY Goe Gj gqdG Ve
GqOoG SG f jGH UN
LGqd
q
j H oJ dG G fG IQU .jq G
q ILCGh AYCG Iq Y q jQJ (fjdG) go dG

.oG g EG jo
tH qjdG VGeCG g qV jbdG t J
e qd MH h gG qG bdG
dG
q Heh GhOCG SG Y) ihdG q feEG
hM q dG Y q G q dG , oG
(...ihdG
GdG
q Ve . 2
e G X Nh q eo Ve GdG
q
.dG
GH
j
Gj
h
jdG
dG
q
qo
o
. FN QYH eheo J So EG U
q q dG
jN NGO Kj ShH HUEG Y f qfGE
(AdG jodG e f) 4 f e jq h
QgJ EG q jQJ ODq j
q G Y jq QhV
193
Je NCG
e jbdGh L
dG VGeCG -5
q
1 OY j
qL dG VGeCG e Ve J
dqdG G
q
: AqdH UG
G
q
% 75 EG fMCG J eKH HG Aq dG e eq g f Y VGYCG
q CG J : VGYCG G N CG IOjR *
q qdG N boH SMEG *
qdG SCG hCG H CG *
(FS) qjOdG qG GRGaEG qJ *
H hCG G uJG N qe f *
: Lq dH UG
G
q
W VGYC
G iS jNBG H Y J h VG eKH HG e % 50 Y VGYCG J l
: VGYCG p SMEG *
dG ie qH
d q Sq dG q ddG dG e S hM *
q qdG N CH QdG *
(G H ) H CG hCG fG *
dG
q VGeCG UH Jeo EGh HdG
q oG EG GOSG VG q J (1
dG Y IQU ICGGh LqdG e qc Y VG Gd G GqdG cPG (2
jdG e f qfCH Y eKH HG Y G jhOCG q Yf g e (3
qG dG qgCG a
q (4
q dG Gtq dG QX b Lq dG dG OLh ZQ VG QfG a
H
dG
G
H
E
G
GOSG
(5
q
q
H cPCG qdG id UN
eh (d Gh d qqdG Y IQU ) N G VG qCH Y (6
q
q d q FbdG SQG
GOSG dP a
q .qG bdG jW Y GdG Sha fG MG e VG GH HUEG ojJ (7
ShdG GH ihdG M Y IYG eGdG UH aJ
dH IOdG KEG W HUEG qJ CG dG
q e qdG Gg qG eKH HG qCG (8
. dG EG Oq Dj b dG Oq M
JOh Y eKG H qdG Y HUEG qd LdG SQoG cPG
q L J CG VGeCG 4 FN H fQ (52 KdG) q dG hG cCG 2 OY j
dG ccfG dG
GdG
gdG edG
q
(jedG)
VG eKG
eKG q Yf
VGYCG hoO e eK d eM OLh
ihdG fG oW
jbdG oW
dG qfeEG
qG LdG qNqdG qgCG
52 Kh
194
Je NCG
e jbdGh L
dG VGeCG -5
q
3 OY j
Y q K SG fG hCG fG (x) edG V GdG UH dq dG GcCdG e cCJ q oc EG dH
.JGQNG
QNEG J
GcCq dG
q U
GcCq dG
GdG
q ShH G HUEG hM qd YJ eY fMCG J (1
Vq q dG KEG KhM Y hCG GdG
q ShH HUEG hM a (2
: ihdG
G Rh bJ h qdG : hCG edG Y QbEG -CG
RfG qJ hCq G QX QfG j -
qdG e qY Y c AGLEG hCq G j -
e cCG) jW Ia q CG Gq dG ShH T jo eY (3
VGYCG QX b (GS5
: GdG
q eKL Y dG QNG (4
qdH qqdG b QLEG -CG
RfG qJ hCq G QX QfG j -
q dG e qY Y c AGLEG hCq G j -
TCG 3 QfG j ihdH GdG
q Sha fG VqqdG KEG (5
(H ShdG OLh Y d) G q dG AGLEG b
: j GdG
q EG q dH G t HjEG (6
ShdG j h GdG
q Shd qOV eH T -CG
ShdG jh GdG
q Shd qOV eH T -
: J Gq dG HUEG J QN q q dG q dG (7
GdG
q Sha Y G dG
q O AGMG Y -CG
QNG b TCG KK GdG
q Sha Y G dG
q O AGMG Y -
: g GdG
q ShH G id RfG qJ q c (8
G id GdG
q QH
q bY qCG d d Ve -CG
Ve-GdG
q Me EG G Qhe Y j qJ -
195
e jbdGh L
dG VGeCG -5
q
Je NCG
QNEG J Gcq dG
q U
GcCq dG
VG Gg Y Gq dG q V q dM IqaG IjG jhOCG SH (9

: cdG bGdG (10
q dG q dG EG Gq dG Sha fG e FGO j -CG
q dG q dG EG Gq dG Sha fG e j -
Gq L o SG EGq dG q dG EG Gq dG Sha fG e j -
qJG N q FL qJ KEG M q dG q dG EG Gq dG Sha fG e j -O
G
: jW Y dG q dG EG H G q dG e j CG Gq dG Shd (11
G GRGaEG -CG
G b b dG e J GRGaEG -
G -
IqPq dG q G SQG -O
(q d) MhL hCG ThN oJ q dH q e GhOCG -`g
AH Z KEG fK Iq e J M HEG -h
(qG SE) G qdM qdG f -R
G qdM (...c ,b) AYCG f -
qdG-
(q dG q dG b) dG hCG q dG-
q eY hCG q UN MS VGMCG Mq dG -
TdG -
dc dCG fGG H q Yh TN -
Vdc GG Nh -
Y GdG Sha fG e jbdG b IMdG SdG cqdG bGdG j (12
q G bdG jW
IGOCH L hCG TN ,WG hCG G j O )dG d Vq q dG dM (13
: (...qdH qe
q dSG H qdG IOY j -CG
ITe H dG AT Lj -
Gq dG ShH ihd N
q CG g d -
Gq dG ShH HUEG e ICGG j G e M hJ qEG (14

Gq dG Sha G q HjEG eG ICGG fc GPEG (15
(G N) d ShdG f V MG Lj -CG
IOdG Y d ShdG f V MG Lj -
q CG M YVQEG Y qd ShdG f b MG Lj -h
GqdG Sha KJ qV jhOCG qCG dhJ EG qd ihdG fG MG j -R
(q W Uh M)
196
Je bCG
HEG
KdG
q dGh
q
q : ddG QG
1 OY j
: dq dG G RjEH q Y
G G GG dG q dG jdG G G VHEG G *G qHjEG NEG Mq dG dG
q (...GdG
q ,gqdG SG
q AGO ) qe VGeC qdH G qHjEG *
2 OY j
U cCJ q d SG fG (x ) edG V ( 8 EG 1 e) dq dG SCG e GDS q oc EG q dH

( h h CG H e)
: g qMqdG IQhqdG MGe (5 : dG H Y dhCG G dG qJ (1
q
G H e QW G G b e QW : GC
q q
G G b e QW G H e QW :
G RGaEG :CG
(qdG)bqdH q dG QX :
fCG Y cqdG q L S QX :
: g q G IQhq dG MGe (6
: IdG H Y qjfqdG qG q dG oqJ (2
jG QdG
q JdG Q qdG VHEG : GC
jqdG
q :CG
jG QdG
q VHEG JdG QdG :
qjQhO H G QX :
JdG QdG
q VHEG pjr oG Q qdG :
cqdG Y fCG q L S QX :
G b e QW G H e QW G :
: qdG j (7
NEG H ITe : CG
: ICGG Y eCG fEG q j dG e jGH (3
Ie H : CG
NEG H qjCG S :
dG jf M jQhO H :
NEG H ej IY HQCG :
: G (8
q q dGh j q dG FXh UG d qjQhV : CG

G id GNEGh
VoG KGG Qhe V e GLM oJ :
G EG (qCG oJ b dG )
q CG O e o dG Qheo q V G L M qJ :
G O EG (qddG Hhd dhG)
197
HG H e qS b jQhO H :
: g ICGG Y qG IQhqd hq CG dG (4
G AfG j : CG
G jGH j :
VHEG hM j :
Je bCG
HEG
KdG
q dGh
q
q : dqdG QG
3 OY j
.WG e h FdG
q e q e GcCJ 53 OY KdH OQGdG hG q j
WG cCdG f GcCdG U
GcCdG
f
d jeq dG YhCG Qhjh q dG
o G eG ICGG O q -1
G EG Oj qqK
eq CGo h G H Oq dG G eq DoJ -2
g b ITe d q eG ICGG J dG jZCG -3
(qCd dG RG ie )
qjG Ja e G J G qeDJ -4
jdH HUEG N e G j G LG -5
VG ShdGh
H q J Ld q CG dhJ dG jhOCG -6
G EG eG ICGG e fd Hb GdG Sha - 7
e Z qd ShdG j Gd qdH G HjG T qc -8
GdG Shd eM T q c Y GdG Ve eY J -9
qG oG jW Y jo CG jo GdG Sha -10
53 Kh
(cCJ qc EG qdH hCG f) SG fG x xedG V (1

(53 KdG) hH SG fG dP hOh
q WN cCJ qc fG (2
4 OY j
: gH IQcG dH e ddG IdG cCG

qj dG ...................p``H HUEG e INCG MG gh .................... dG VGeCG NCG e Ve g GdG
. ................... a N
q J dG .................... GhRh bJ
jdG e f) 4 U e qe qjh jN NGO ................... dM ShdG j hCG MG
d HUEd qJ Z Hb gh ................... G jh VG VGYCG Q X hO (A dG
.S T EG................
(...q Z h ge q L bY N) GdG ShH G HUEG Vq J T q c Y q j
f q Y j ....................qfCG qJCG EG . q dG G dG Shd................ OLh ...............p`d G
(Lhe
q c EG) G Z jdc S T q c EG ................
jdG - J - G HjEG -VIH Sha - L - c - G Ye - ihdG : `dG
IqOoe LCG -AdG
198
Je bCG
HE
G
KdG
q
q dGh
q
q : dqdG QG
5 OY j
ICGG Y SqdG RG e AL e
q SQ 54 OY KdG qJ
7
8
9
1
2
NEG
10
11
54 Kh
bQCd aGG fdG CG (1
: M d aGG G q S .G jJ eq g KM EG h aM j (2
............................. : G
............................ : G
.........
..........
............. : edG J M h ,CG KdG GMCG qJQ (3
qgCGh NEG MGe qgCG ocPCG Je EGh 54 OY KdG EG GOSG (4
bdG Y Qhq dG eG : FdG q dG G qdG H (dEG) G Gg e jo (5
...G e ICGG SG ,cqdG bGdG SG ,qG
,j qdG FN ,G e Yq dG : dq dG jG QYH hL T IQcG qdG qdG Qb
G HYh j qd qjfqdG GKCqdG ,j qdG qHjEG ,dEG e qc
Oho M
o h j qdG g q HjEG cPG q K dP Vh
q .q Mq dG dBG SG : iNCG jH G e dc (6
.dSG
199
Je EG VCG
fEG Y q HEG
Kq dG : ddG QG
q dGh
q
ICGG Y qG IQhq dG .1
RoJ .qdG jW Y dEG oJh G gRoj dG qG feodG KCJ QhO d MqdG oj

.qdG gcJ tJ 55 OY KdG
fH e dG
G N
q AG qa (hLhHh LhSG) qdH fedG g cJ j
o
.Mq dG
:oSo OGOj dG Mq dG fH QJ
t EG dP Oq Do a IjGe q H LhSCG G Rjl joG Q qdG N
.HfCG g H LoJ dG qjeqdG YhCG qJh dSGh qHfCG OdG h QX
qJ EG qODoj q LhSCGh hLhdG VHEG KEG j
q dG UCG G Roj JtdG Q qdG N
ooj dG qd Foe MqdG dG
q Gg .MqdG fH qjeqdG YhCGh qHfCG OodG qJ : MqdG dG
.dEG KEG o j CG
Gg Oq Djh UCG G QV f LhSCGh hLhdG cJ j JqdG Q qdG jf
.IjL qL IQhO jGH jL e G hooM EG VfG
joG QqdG
(G GZhe) LhSCG :
JqdG QqdG
VHEG
14
21
qG IQhqdG QGWCG
q G IQhq dG jq CG
28
(G GZH) h
o Lho H
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
G
G H e QW
G b e QW
G
GoG
Mq dG IQhq dG QGWCG
qG IQhqdG N qdG qG fedG cJ qJ : 55 Kh
HfCG W .2
G fh LQG NEG : HfCG W jJ (1
,ICGG Y dG Jb OGfG) o dG M H e fj jdG GhRCd EG q feEG j qdG g qaJ (2
g HfCG W Y AGLE LhdG Cj d SSCG dG
q .(Lq dG Y jq G fGG OY VfG
.jG fGGh jdG fEG Y LdjdG IQG
.q CG MQ fH G d
q G QN NEG d q W N
q J KEG HfCG W Cj
e Vhh G e VdG jdG NCG H QNG fCG G GH jo dG NEG t j .dG
q jG fGG
[FIVETTE]
200
Je EG VCG fEG
Y q HEG
Kq dG : ddG QG
q dGh
q
HfCG W jW q G MGG
OLh Y e qcCd hq dG hCG Lhq d UdG Y q j (1
,q dG J
Ua : G hM oJ b ce jq GC
q
...jG fGG ,MqdG
HCG edG SGH kLY ICGd doG qdG j (2
dPh jodG e OY cCG fEG Y G q

.q dG Ua e IOjq d
q Y AGLEG hOo q W RL SGH jo dG S t j (3

qMGL
Koe JQGM LQO J qe Sh jodG VoJ (4
cCG q c EG q dH dch CG MQ IQGM LQd
4
qY NCG qj , jdG S a q dG dG f (5
FS q dG jq G fGG VJh G FdG
q e
cM IOjd iNCG jhOCG H jo bh U
q N
.(jH d e GM 1000000 GM NDj)
fCG e jq G fGG VH jo dG dEG q j (6
(fCG dEG) Mq dG oX Ic OSCG
5-2 H CG Md jN 8 QW o
q G jo dG f q j
fCG NOEG jW Y dP h NEG Y AGLEG e jCG
qY ueDoJ jhOC H ICGG o d oJ c Mq dG j EG
q dG
f e YSCG Qhe H G hM Y dM (7
OLh a qdG H dG j qG j dG
G hM e tcCdG HSCG KK Qhe Hh ,G
.JdG a LG RL N e G jDhQh
(LqdG NGO NEG) G QN NEG e bfG G qc : 56 Kh

201
Je EG VCG
fEG Y q HEG
Kq dG : ddG QG
q dGh
q
dG Ib OGfG
G e jL S : 1
fGG e j dG Vh : 2
.qjG
.MqdG fH EG G f : 3
MQ
G fh LqdG NGO NEG VJ : 57 Kh
HfCG W Ua (3
: eGdG g q gCGh dG j qdG g qKD oJ eGY Iq Y LoJ
ICGG q S G N
q CJ GS OY G qNCJ S HS G hM Y G
q dG jdG OY G NEG GSH HS M hM qdG H LhdG GdG HfCG W qY AGLEG a qj dG cG -
HfCG W Y a (4
: dqdG SCG pMC G QN NEG qY hCG HfCG W qY J b
.G hM
o Uoa e jj dG jdG OY Ic CG M ,dG jdG e Oho G OdG .G SGh NEG hM Y qKDJ dG jdGh qjG fGG qYf .bCG qdG Ua fc qc dG H qJ a ,ICGG oY h MqdG ouoJ qdG foerodG dG f ,a SGfG HUh G MqdG f tJ Y .G
gh G q J hCG jG IGf ie KGQdG YEd eG dG
q J)
q q KGQh Y OLh .VLEG EGh G cG Y EG dG g qODJ .(KGQdG YEG Gg e GMh
202
Je EG VCG fEG
Y q HEG
Kq dG : ddG QG
q dGh
q
d q
q dG
q bGGh G J
t .3
gJ
t qJh G Ic jhOCG oJ .eG qCG J b dG GQqGh jhOCH jS G qKCj
q H GQq G q J
o .AGhO
q CG SG b qdG IQSG eG q CG Y q j dd ,G L q N
f q o a G AKCG NdG eq CG .q gP qJh q N gn Jh
q RdG VfGh Iqe IOh Keo G
.UN qq dG RG VGeCGh q eKG qq dG ehe Y JQob VfGh OdG Rh
Yo Y dP j bh ,gGoGh d qdG Me hCG IOdG H q KGQh VGeC eM WCG H djo
.G NGO dG G hCG qdG
q
qch (qU 46 :qdG
q OY) IGqdG NGO qdG
q OLe KGQh YEG Y qL qN qc qEG
.IQoG Jhe VGeCGh q KGQh HYo q jo CG T Y hCG q dG
q OY Y CGj J
.fCG IQGSGh qJh dG YJ q oJ (hR Y VY 21 q dG
q q KK qEG
q e P KK) 21 q dG
CG c GcP OdG jh dG e dZ qdj dG qdG M jjh qeh jY SCGq d G AG hjh
( 58 KdG) hGO Ve :VG Gg qj .gqdG qqdG eY QX e edG U fCG
h ,G e Y HdG
q SCG S H FHdG
q FdG
q e jN qG qdG j
.JqU OY e qqd dPh qdG
t G e G O S jCG
FHdG FdG
q SGH edG
q e jh H jo c T NGO AZ : amnios AHdG
G Gd qdG
q dG
q :
hGO V e W : GC
() d IqG qdG
(CG) hGO Ve ee : 58 Kh
q dGh
q
H
q jo UGeo gQEG VGYCG qJh 11 q dG
q
q L Y Y j G q dG a Ve
qJ j q ( 59 Kh) AGG qdG jd W Z qJh H
q oG Gg O oqj .oG
.jG EG cCG Uho f dP Y qa qjeqdG GdG
q
G dG H oe T Y qe : 203
CG
qjOY : CG- AGG qdG jc T : 59 Kh
Je EG VCG
fEG Y q HEG
Kq dG : ddG QG
q dGh
q
GOdG J .4
Jh G e FSh J
q
q FdG FSdG (1
q Fch q fego oW LoJ G e M
o EG aVEG
G iNoCG
G e oM (CG
Y IQOb hLhodH T IqOe Y oG g
q c EG q dH YSCG 12 EG 8 H hGJ Iq VHEG e
.M
o
SdG (
Y c g G e G SdG
hCG CG GQqdG L SoJ h hLhdH T IOq e
: dG e Yf g .jCG
GS 5 Iq de q IU c 6 aCGh MCG) GS 3 Iq de q IMGh dc (hCq G q dG e
jq G fGG Ge (
Ib IH G b qjG fGG Ge oJ
,gGG ,Fbq dG ,q G UGbCG : Ij Y TCG h
dEG hoM MG e t qfGE ...hZqdG
MdG
NGdG G
bGdG Z
LQG G
q fG FSdG (2
iNCG qfe FSh IqY LJ cqdG bGdG Y IhY
t h Mq dG EG G e jq G fGG fG oJ
dEG hM
o MG e q dH
G b G NGO Vj W qe Z : fCG bGdG (CG
b Mq dG Y M Vjo W qe Z : G LG (
G
G VJ qdh Ije SEG : qG SEG (
MqdG oY qoJh G b
G iNCG FSh J : 60 Kh
204
Je EG VCG
fEG Y q HEG
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http://www.feedo.net/QualityOfLife/Sexuality/SexAndHealth/HumanBody/Puberty.htm
http://www.ac-amiens.fr/pedagogie/svt/info/logiciels/cycles/anim_decomp/
http://www.medicine4faith.net/A-ovarian.htm
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http://www.reefnet.gov.sy/health/hygienic-publications/procreativehealth/fertilization.htm
http://www.childclinic.net/pain/pregnant_health.html
GOdG J -4
http://www.layyous.com/articles%20arabic/interview%20aswaq.htm
http://www.sehha.com/womenissues/Contraceptives/index.htm
http://www.onfp.nat.tn/onfp/index.html
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http://www.isesco.org.ma/pub/ARABIC/Sihha/P5.htm
http://www.atlsida.org/
http://www.sida-info-service.org/international/tunisie/tunisie.php4
http://www.multikulti.org.uk/ar/health/an-introduction-to-sexually-transmitted-diseas/
http://www.onfp.nat.tn/onfp/index.html
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http://www.google.com
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