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We M2
We M2
Problem 1:
The steady-state temperature distribution in a onedimensional slab of thermal conductivity
50W/m.K and thickness 50 mm is found to be T= a+bx2, where a=2000C, b=-20000C/ m2, T
is in degrees Celsius and x in meters.
(a) What is the heat generation rate in the slab?
(b) Determine the heat fluxes at the two wall faces. From the given temperature distribution
and the heat fluxes obtained, can you comment on the heat generation rate?
Known: Temperature distribution in a one dimensional wall with prescribed thickness and
thermal conductivity.
Find: (a) the heat generation rate, q in the wall, (b) heat fluxes at the wall faces and relation
to q.
Schematic:
Assumptions: (1) steady-state conditions, (2) one dimensional heat flow, (3) constant
properties.
Analysis: (a) the appropriate form of heat equation for steady state, one dimensional
condition with constant properties is
.
d dT
q K
dx dx
.
q k
d
d
d
k [2bx ] 2bk
2
dx dx (a bx )
dx
q 'x' ( x ) k
dT
dx
d
[a+bx2]= -2kbx.
dx
The flux at the face, is then x=0
''
q x ( x ) k
q '' x (0) 0
atX L, q 'x' (l) 2kbL 2 50W / m.K (2000 0 C / m 2 ) 0.050m
q '' x (L) 10,000 W / m 2
Comments: from an overall energy balance on the wall, it follows that
.
E in E out E g 0
2.0 10 5 W / m 3
L
0.050m
Problem 2:
Consider a solar pond having three distinct layers of water-salt solution. The top and bottom
layers are well mixed with salt. These layers are subjected to natural convention, but the
middle layer is stationary. With this arrangement, the top and bottom surfaces of the middle
layer is maintained at uniform temperature T1 and T2, where T1>T2. Solar radiation is
absorbed in the middle layer in the form q=Ae-mx , resulting in the following temperature
distribution in the central layer
A
T ( x) 2 e mx Bx C
ka
In the above equation, k is the thermal conductivity, and the constants A (W/m3), a (1/m), B
(K/m) and C(K) are also known.
Obtain expressions for the interfacial heat flux from the bottom layer to the middle layer, and
from the middle layer to the top layer. Are the conditions are steady or transient? Next,
obtain an expression for the rate at which thermal energy is generated in the entire middle
layer, per unit surface area.
Find: (a) heat fluxes at lower and upper surfaces of the central layer, (b) whether
conditions are steady or transient (c) rate of thermal energy generation for the entire
central layer.
Schematic:
A mx
"
qcond
e B
k
km
Hence
A ml
"
"
B
ql" qcond
e B qu" qcond
( x L 0 k
( x 0 ) k
km
km
2 T q 1 T
2 t k t
A mx A mx 1
e e
k
k
t
T
=0
t
E g 0L qdx A 0L e mxdx
.
Eg
A mx L
A
A
e
(e mL 1) (1 e mL )
0
a
a
a
q "2 q1" E g =0
.
Eg k
."
A
A mL
A
BK
e B (1 e mL )
km
km
m
Comments: Conduction is the negative x-direction, necessitating use of minus signs in the
above energy balance.
Problem 3:
Consider 1D heat transfer across a slab with thermal conductivity k and thickness L. The
steady state temperature is of the form T=Ax3+Bx2+Cx+D. Find expressions for the heat
generation rate per unit volume in the slab and heat fluxes at the two wall faces (i.e. x=0, L).
Known: steady-state temperature distribution in one-dimensional wall of thermal
conductivity, T(x)=Ax3+Bx2+CX+d.
Find: expressions for the heat generation rate in the wall and the heat fluxes at the two wall
faces(x=0, L).
Assumptions: (1) steady state conditions, (2) one-dimensional heat flow, (3) homogeneous
medium.
Analysis: the appropriate form of the heat diffusion equation for these conditions is
.
d 2T q
0
dx 2 k
Or
d 2T
q k 2
dx
.
d dT
d
k [3Ax 2 2Bx C 0]
dx dx
dx
q k[6Ax 2B]
which is linear with the coordinate x. The heat fluxes at the wall faces can be evaluated from
Fouriers law,
dT
q "x k
k[3Ax 2 2Bx C]
dx
Using the expression for the temperature gradient derived above. Hence, the heat fluxes are:
q"x (0)=-kC
Surface x=0;
Surface x=L;
q"x (L) = -K [3AL2+2BL+C]
COMMENTS: (1) from an over all energy balance on the wall, find
.
E in E out E g 0
.
E g 3AkL2 2BkL
. ''
3AkL2 2BkL
Problem 4:
Consider a one dimensional system of mass M with constant properties and no internal heat
generation as shown in the figure below. The system is initially at a uniform temperature Ti.
The electrical heater is suddenly switched ON, resulting in a uniform heat flux qo at the
surface x=0 . The boundaries at x=L and elsewhere are perfectly insulated.
(a) Set up the differential equation along with the boundary and initial conditions for the
temperature T(x,t).
(b) Sketch the temperature variation with x for the initial condition (t<=0) and for several
times after the heater is switched ON. Comment whether a steady-state temperature
distribution will ever be reached.
(c) For any given time, sketch the heat flux variation with x. Choose the following
planes: x=0, x=L/2, and x=L.
(d) After time te, the heater power is switched off. Assuming no heat loss, derive an
expression determine Tf , the final uniform temperature, as a function of the relevant
parameters.
Known: one dimensional system, initially at a uniform temperature Ti, is suddenly exposed
to a uniform heat flux at one boundary while the other boundary is insulated.
Find: (a) proper form of heat diffusion equation; identify boundary and initial conditions, (b)
sketch temperature distributions for following conditions: initial condition (t<=0), several
times after heater is energized ;will a steady-state condition be reached?, (c) sketch heat flux
for x=0, L/2, L as a function of time, (d) expression for uniform temperature, Tf, reached
after heater has been switched off the following an elapsed time , te, with the heater on.]
Schematic:
Assumptions: (1) one dimensional conduction, (2) no internal heat generation, (3) constant
properties.
Analysis: (a) the appropriate form of the heat equation follows. Also the appropriate
boundary and initial conditions are:
2 T 1 T
T / x ) L 0 Insulated
x=L
( d) If the heater is energized until t=to and then switched off, the system will eventually reach
a uniform temperature , Tf. Perform an energy balance on the system, for an interval of time
t=te,
.
E in E st
E in Q in 0t e q "0 A s dt q "o A s t e
OR
Tf Ti
E st Mc(Tf Ti )
q "o A s t e
Mc
Problem 5:
Constant properties
Analysis: for prescribed conditions, is constant. Hence,
T1 T2
15 0 C
=
1500W / m 2
L / 2 0.5m / 50W / m.k
T1 T
30 0 C
q"
1500W / m 2
(L / k ) (1 / h ) (0.02 1 / h )m 2 .K / W
q "cond
h 30W / m 2 .K
resistance are
L
0.02m 2 .K / W
K
1
0.033m 2 .K / W
h
R " t ,cond
R " t ,cond
Problem 6:
and vermiculite and pine panel. Inner and outer convection coefficients.
Find: Total thermal resistance and overall heat transfer coefficient.
Schematic:
glass Gypsum
Pine panel,Kp
Brick
h0=70W/m2.K
Kb
Kgl
hi=10W/m2.K
Lb
Kb
Lg l
L gy
k gl
k gy
Lp
Kp
1
hi
R "tot
R "tot
1 L B L g1 L gy L p
1
h 0 K B k g1 k gy K p h i
0.1
0.01 0.006 1 m 2 .K
1 0.1
70 1.3 0.038 0.17 0.12 10 W
1
R tot A
1
R
"
(2.93m 2 .K / W ) 1
tot
U 0.341W / m 2 .K.
Problem 7:
Ts,i=6000C
KA
KB
KC
LA
LB
LC
T=8000C
h= 25W/m2.K
LA=0.3m
LB=LC=0.15m
kA=20W/m.K
kC=50W/m.K
q"
Ts,i T s ,0
(600 20) 0 C
0.3m 0.15m
0.15m
LA LB LC
0.018
KB
50W / m.K
KA KB KC
580
W / m2
0.018 0.15 / K B
Comments: In an over, radiation effects are likely to have a significant influence on the
net heat flux at the inner surface of the oven.
Problem 8:
a steam pipe.
Find: heat loss per unit pipe length.
Schematic:
Ts,1=800K
D2=0.16m
Steam
D1=0.12m
Ts,2=490K
q r 2K (Ts,1 T s, 2 )
qL
ln(D 2 / D1 )
q 'r
q 'r 603W / m
Problem 9:
convection process is
R 1'
ln ro / r1
2k 2
R '2
1
h 2ro
E out E g
Find that
.
q ' q1 r12
.
Hence
Ti 100 0 C 754.0W / m (0.0276 cccc)K.m / W 100 50.8 150.8 0 C
TC 100 0 C 754.0W / m 0.0398K.m / W 100 30 130 0 C
needed.
Problem 10:
Ts
T
q
Eg
Analysis: (a) the rate at which heat is transferred to the surroundings is fixed by
the rate of heat generation in the cable. Performing an energy balance for a
.
control surface about the cable, it follows that E g q or, for the bare cable,
I 2 R 'e L h (D i L)(Ts T ).withq ' I 2 R 'e (700A) 2 (6 10 4 / m) 294 W / m.
It follows that
Ts T
294W / m
q'
30 0 C
hD i
(25W / m 2 .K )(0.005m)
Ts 778.7 0 C
(b) With thin coating of insulation, there exists contact and convection
resistances to heat transfer from the cable. The heat transfer rate is
determined by heating within the cable, however, and therefore remains the
same,
q
Ts T
Ts T
1
R t ,c
1
R t ,c
hD i L D i L hD i L
D i (Ts T )
1
R t ,c
h
q'
Ts
q'
D i
1
294W / m
m 2 .K
m 2 .K
30 0 C
R
0
.
02
0
.
04
t ,c
h
(0.005m)
W
W
Ts 11530 C
Ts T
R t ,e
Or
Ti Ts qR t ,c 11530 C q
Ti 778.7 0 C
R " t ,c
11530 C
D i L
294
W
m 2 .K
0.02
m
W
(0.005m)
k 0.5W / m.K
0.02m
h 25W / m 2 .K
2
2
2
t 0.0175m
t
R "t,c
D i
Ts T
ln(D c,r /D i )
2
1
h c,r
Ts 30 0 C
(0.005m)
2(0.5W/. )
1
25
W
(0.04m)
m 2 .K
hence,
Ts 30 0 C
Ts 30 0 C
W
294
q Ts Ti /R t,c,
W
m 2 .K
294 0.02
R "t,c
m
W
Ts q
692.5 0 C
D i L
(0.005m)
Ti 318.2 0 C
Comments: use of the critical insulation in lieu of a thin coating has the