Integral Calculus 6

Chap 06 SM Page 211 Thursday, October 12, 2000 10:59 AM
Integral
calculus
6
VCE coverage
Area of study
Units 3 & 4 Calculus
In this chapter
6A Substitution where the
derivative is present in the
integrand
6B Linear substitution
6C Antiderivatives involving
trigonometric identities
6D Antidifferentiation using
partial fractions
6E Definite integrals
6F Applications of integration
6G Volumes of solids of
revolution
6H Approximate evaluation
of definite integrals and
areas
212
Specialist Mathematics
Integration techniques and applications

You will have seen in your Maths Methods course and elsewhere that some functions
can be antidifferentiated (integrated) using standard rules. These common results are
shown in the table below where the function f(x) has an antiderivative F(x).
f(x)
F(x)
ax n + 1
ax n
--------------- + c
n+1
1
--x-
logekx + c
e kx
e kx
------- + c
k
sin kx
cos kx
------------------ + c
k
cos kx
sin kx
-------------- + c
k
sec2kx
tan kx
-------------- + c
k
1
-------------------- , x (a, a)
a2 x2
x
Sin 1 --- + c
a
1
-------------------- , x (a, a)
a2 x2
x
Cos 1 --- + c
a
a
---------------a2 + x2
x
Tan 1 --- + c
a
In this chapter you will learn how to find antiderivatives of more complex functions
using various techniques.
Technique 1: Substitution where the

derivative is present in the integrand
d[ f ( x ) ]n + 1
Since ---------------------------- = ( n + 1 ) f ( x ) [ f ( x ) ] n , n 1, as an application of the chain rule,
dx
then it follows that:
[ f ( x ) ]n + 1
f ( x ) [ f ( x ) ] n dx = ------------------------- + c, n 1.
n+1
d [ log e f ( x ) ]
f ( x )
Since ----------------------------= ------------ ; f(x) 0
dx
f ( x)
then it follows that
f ( x )
- dx = log f ( x ) + c .
----------f ( x)
e
The method relies on the derivative, or multiple of the derivative, being present and
recognisable. Then, the appropriate substitutions may be made according to the above
rules.
Chapter 6
Integral calculus
213
WORKED Example 1
Find the antiderivative of the following expressions.
3 x2 + 1
a (x + 3)7 b 4x(2x2 + 1)4 c ------------------x3 + x
THINK
WRITE
a Let u = x + 3.
Recognise that the derivative of

x + 3 is 1. Let u = x + 3.
du
Find ------ .
dx
Make dx the subject.
or dx = du
Substitute for x + 3 and dx.
So (x + 3)7 dx = u7 du
Antidifferentiate with respect to u.
u8
= ----- + c
8
Replace u with x + 3 and state answer

in terms of x.
( x + 3 )8
= ------------------- + c
8
Recognise that 4x is the derivative of

2x 2 + 1. Let u = 2x 2 + 1.
du
Find ------ .
dx
du
Substitute u for 2x 2 + 1 and ------ for dx.
4x
du
------ = 1
dx
b Let u = 2x2 + 1.
du
------ = 4x
dx
dx
or ------ = du
4x
So 4x(2x2 + 1)4 dx
du
= 4x u4 -----4x
= u4 du
Simplify the integrand by cancelling

out the 4x.
u5
= ----- + c
5
Replace u with 2x 2 + 1.
( 2x 2 + 1 ) 5
= ------------------------- + c
5
Recognise that 3x 2 + 1 is the derivative

of x3 + x. Let u = x3 + x.
du
Find ------ .
dx
c Let u = x3 + x.
du
------ = 3x 2 + 1
dx
Continued over page
214
THINK
3
WRITE
du
or dx = ----------------3x 2 + 1

du
- for
Substitute u for x 3 + x and ----------------3x 2 + 1
dx.
So
3x 2 + 1
------------------dx
x3 + x
du
= ------u
= u du
3x 2 + 1
du
------------------ ----------------3x 2 + 1
u
Cancel out 3x 2 + 1.
Express the integrand in index form.
= 2u 2 + c
Replace u with x 3 + x.
= 2( x3 + x )2 + c
Express in root notation.
= 2 x3 + x + c
1
--2
1
---
1
---
WORKED Example 2
Antidifferentiate the following functions with respect to x.
x+3
a f ( x ) = ------------------------b f ( x ) = ( x 2 1 ) cos ( 3 x x 3 )
( x2 + 6 x )3
THINK
WRITE
a
1
2
3
4
Express in integral notation.

Recognise that x + 3 is half of the
derivative of x 2 + 6x.
Let u = x 2 + 6x.
du
Find ------ .
dx
du
Substitute u for x 2 + 6x and --------------- for dx.
2x + 6
Factorise 2x + 6.
Cancel out x + 3 and express u in index

form on the numerator.
x+3
------------------------ dx
2
( x + 6x ) 3
Let u = x2 + 6x.
du
------ = 2x + 6
dx
du
or dx = --------------2x + 6
x+3
- dx =
So -----------------------( x 2 + 6x ) 3
- --------------2x + 6
----------u
du
x+3
= ------------ -------------------2
(
x
+ 3)
u
= u du
x+3
3
1 3
--2
du
Chapter 6
THINK
10
Replace u with x2 + 6x.
11
Express the answer with a positive

index number. (Optional.)
3
4
215
WRITE
Integral calculus
u 2
= ------- + c
4
( x 2 + 6x ) 2
= --------------------------- + c
4
1
= ------------------------+c
2
4( x + x )2
b
Recognise that x2 1 is a multiple of

the derivative of 3x x3.
Let u = 3x x3.
du
Find ------ .
dx
du
Substitute u for 3x x3 and ----------------2
3
3x
for dx.
( x 1 ) cos( 3x x ) dx
2
Let u = 3x x3.
du
------ = 3 3x 2
dx
du
or dx = ----------------23 3x
So
( x 1 ) cos( 3x x ) dx
du
= ( x 1 ) cos u ----------------
3 3x
du
= ( x 1 ) cos u ---------------------
3(1 x )
du
= ( x 1 ) cos u ------------------------
3 ( x 1 )
cos u
= ---------------- du
3
2
Factorise 3 3x2.
Cancel out x2 1.
10
Replace u with 3x x3.
sin u
= --------------- + c
3
sin ( 3x x 3 )
= -------------------------------- + c
3
WORKED Example 3
Evaluate the following indefinite integrals.

x
Tan 1 --b
a cos x sin 4x dx
2
------------------d
x
4 + x2
THINK
a 1 Recognise that cos x is the derivative of sin x.
2 Let u = sin x.
log e 4 x
----------------d x
x
sin 2x cos 3x dx
WRITE
a
Let u = sin x.
Continued over page
216
THINK
WRITE
du
Find ------ .
dx
du
or dx = -----------cos x
du
Substitute u for sin x and ------------ for dx.
cos x
So cos x sin4x dx =
Cancel out cos x.
= 1--5- u5 + c
Replace u with sin x.
= 1--5- sin5x + c
du
------ = cos x
dx
1
Recognise that -------------2- is half of the
4+x
x
derivative of Tan1 --- .
2
x
Let u = Tan1 --- .
2
du
Find ------ .
dx
x
Let u = Tan1 --- .
2
du
2
------ = -------------2dx
4+x
( 4 + x 2 )du
or dx = -------------------------2
( 4 + x 2 )du
Substitute u for Tan --- and -------------------------2
2
for dx.
1 x
So
x
Tan 1 --2
----------------2- dx
4+x
( 4 + x 2 )du
u
-------------2- -------------------------2
4+x
u
= --- du
2
=
Cancel out 4 + x2.
u2
= ----- + c
4
x
Replace u with Tan1 --- .
2
Tan 1 --x-
2
= ------------------------- + c
4
1
2
3
4
du
( cos x )u ----------cos x
= u du
1
Recognise that --- is the derivative of loge4x.
x
Let u = loge4x.
du
Find ------ .
dx
c
Let u = loge4x.
du
1
------ = --dx
x
or dx = x du
Chapter 6
THINK
5
Substitute u for loge4x and x du for dx

in the integral.
So
- dx
--------------x
log e 4x
= u du
u
--- x du
x
Cancel out x.
= 1--2- u2 + c
Replace u by loge4x.
= 1--2- (loge4x)2 + c
Express cos3x as cos x cos2x.
2
3
217
WRITE
Integral calculus
Express cos x cos2x as cos x (1 sin2x)

(using the identity sin2x + cos2x = 1).
Let u = sin x as its derivative is a factor
of the new form of the function.
du
Find ------ .
dx
du
cos x
sin2x cos3x dx
= sin2x cos x cos2x dx
= sin2x cos x (1 sin2x) dx
Let u = sin x.
du
------ = cos x
dx
du
or dx = -----------cos x
So sin2x cos3x dx
Cancel out cos x.
du
= u2 cos x (1 u2) -----------cos x
2
2
= u (1 u ) du
Expand the integrand.
= (u2 u4) du
= 1--3- u3 1--5- u5 + c
10
Replace u by sin x.
= 1--3- sin3x 1--5- sin5x + c
WORKED Example 4
If f(x) = 4xe x and f(0) = 5, find f(x).

THINK
1 Express f(x) in integral notation.
2
2
3
4
Recognise that 4x is twice the

derivative of x2.
Let u = x2.
du
Find ------ .
dx
WRITE
f(x) = 4xe x dx
2
Let u = x2.
du
------ = 2x
dx
Continued over page
218
THINK
WRITE
du
or dx = -----2x
du
Substitute u for x2 and ------ for dx.
2x
So f(x) =
Cancel out 2x.
11

Replace u by x2.
Substitute x = 0 and f(0) = 5.
Solve for c.
12
State the function f(x).
9
10
4xe -----2x= 2e du
du
= 2eu + c
2
f(x) = 2e x + c
f(0) = 2e0 + c = 5
2+c=5
c=3
2
Therefore f(x) = 2e x + 3.
remember
remember
d[ f ( x ) ]n + 1
1. Since ---------------------------- = ( n + 1 ) f ( x ) [ f ( x ) ] n, n 1
dx
[ f ( x ) ]n + 1
f ( x ) [ f ( x ) ] n dx = ------------------------- + c, n 1 .
n+1
d log e f ( x )
f ( x )
- = -----------2. Since ------------------------dx
f ( x)
f ( x )
then ------------ dx = log e f ( x ) + c .
f ( x)
then
6A
Mat
d
hca
WORKED
Example
Antidifferentiation
1&2
Substitution where the

derivative is present in the
integrand
1 Find the antiderivative for each of the following expressions.

a 2x(x2 + 3)4
b 2x(6 x2)3
3x2(x3 2)5
d 2(x + 2)(x2 + 4x)3
( 2x + 5 ) x 2 + 5x
2x 3
-----------------------( x 2 3x ) 4
3x 2 + 4x
-----------------------x 3 + 2x 2
(2x + 3) sin(x2 + 3x 2)
cos x sin3x
g 3x2(x3 5)2
i
4x3e x
k (3x2 + 5) cos(x3 + 5x)
Chapter 6
219
Integral calculus
log e x
------------x
m sin4x cos x
o sec2x tan3x
( Sin 1 x ) 2
p ------------------------1 x2
2 multiple choice
Given that the derivative of (x2 + 5x)4 is 4(2x + 5)(x2 + 5x)3, then the antiderivative of
8(2x + 5)(x2 + 5x)3 is:
A 2(x2 + 5x)4 + c
1 2
--- (x
2
+ 5x)4 + c
D 2(x2 + 5x)2 + c
1 2
--- (x
2
+ 5x)2 + c
C 4(x2 + 5x)4 + c
3 multiple choice
dx can be found by making the substitution u equal to:
-----------------x +3
x
a The integral
A x2
B x
D x2 + 3
E 2x
b After the appropriate substitution the integral becomes:

A
D
c
1
---
(u + 3)
u 2 du
B
1
--2
du
2 2
--- ( x
3
3
---
+ 3)2 + c
1
---
D ( x2 + 6 )2 + c
Example
1
--2
du
1
--2
2 2
--- ( x
3
(u + 3)
a 6x2(x3 2)5
1
---
B 4( x2 + 3 )2 + c
x2(x3 1)7
1
---
b x(4 x2)3
d (x + 3)(x2 + 6x 2)4
4x + 6
---------------------x 2 + 3x
2x 5
g --------------------------------( x 2 5x + 2 ) 6
h ( x2 1 )
4 3x + x 3
x2e x + 2
k (x + 1) sin(x2 + 2x 3)
(x2 2) cos(6x x3)
m sin 2x cos42x
n cos 3x sin23x
log e 3x
o ---------------2x
(4x 2) log e (x 2 x)
p ---------------------------------------------------x2 x
(6x 3)e x
x+3
3
---
+ 6)2 + c
E ( x2 + 3 )2 + c
e (x + 1)(x2 + 2x + 3)4
du
du
4 Antidifferentiate each of the following expressions with respect to x.

c
1
--2
x
- is:
Hence the antiderivative of ------------x2 + 3
A
WORKED
1
--2
2 u
1
--2
220
WORKED
Example
5 Evaluate the following indefinite integrals.

a
c
e
g
i
k
m
o
5
---
e ( 3 + 2e ) dx
x sin x dx
cos x log ( sin x )
- dx
-----------------------------------------sin x
x ( x 2 + 1 ) 2 dx
x 4
x
2 Cos 1 --3
--------------------------- dx
9 x2
Sin 4x
dx
-----------------------1 16x
x
- dx
1--------------- 4x
( x + 2 ) cos ( x 2 + 4x ) dx
1
b
d
f
h
l
n
x 1 x dx
sin x
- dx
-----------cos x
sin x e dx
e ( 1 e ) dx
2
cos x
3x
3x 2
( 2x + 1 )
x + x 2 3 dx
e x+1
---------------- dx
x+1
Tan 1 x
------------------ dx
1 + x2
6 Find the antiderivative for each of the following expressions.

cos x
a -----------------------------b sec 2 x 2 + tan x
1 + 3 sin x
c
sin x sec3x
sec 2 x
---------------------------3( 5 tan x )
( log e x ) 3
g -------------------x
e x ex
---------------------e x + ex
k sin3x cos2x
log e ( tan x )
m --------------------------sin x cos x
i
WORKED
Example
e2 x
d ---------------------( e2 x 3 )2
4
f ---------------xlog e x
h
e tan x
-----------cos 2 x
sin x cos x
-----------------------------sin x + cos x
cos3x sin4x
x
7 If f ( x ) = ------------------ and f(2) = 1 find f(x).
2
x +5
e x
8 If f ( x ) = -------- and f(0) = 3 find f(x).
x
4 log e x 2
- then find g(x).
9 If g(1) = 2 and g ( x ) = ------------------x
10 If g --- = 0 and g(x) = 16 sin x cos3x then find g(x).

4
Chapter 6
Integral calculus
221
Technique 2: Linear substitution

For antiderivatives of the form
f ( x)[g( x)]
dx, n 0 where g(x) is a linear function,
that is, of the type mx + c, and f(x) is not the derivative of g(x), the substitution u = g(x)
is often successful in finding the integral. Examples of this type of integral are:
1.
4x + 1 dx . In this example f(x) = 1 and g(x) = 4x + 1 with n =
u = 4x + 1, and consequently dx = 1--4- du, the integral becomes

readily antidifferentiated.
2.
4x( x 3 )
1
--4
1
--- .
2
By letting
u du which can be
dx . In this example f(x) = 4x and g(x) = x 3 with n = 4. By letting
u = x 3, the function f(x) can be written in terms of u, that is, u = x 3, thus

4x = 4(u + 3) and further, dx = du. The integral becomes
4( u + 3 ) u du which
can be readily antidifferentiated.

The worked examples below illustrate how the use of the substitution u = g(x)
simplifies integrals of the type
f ( x)[g( x)]
dx .
WORKED Example 5
i Using the appropriate substitution, express the following integrals in terms of u only.
ii Evaluate the integrals as functions of x.
a
5
---
x( x 2)2 d x
x2
---------------- d x
x+1
THINK
a i
1
2
3
4
ii
WRITE
Let u = x 2.
du
Find ------ .
dx
Substitute u for x 2, u + 2 for x and
du for dx.
Replace u with x 2.
a i Let u = x 2 and x = u + 2.
du
------ = 1
dx
dx = du
5
---
= ( u + 2 )u du
= u + 2u dx
So
x ( x 2 ) 2 dx
5
--2
7
--2
9
---
5
--2
7
---
ii = 2--9- u 2 + 4--7- u 2 + c
9
---
7
---
= 2--9- ( x 2 ) 2 + 4--7- ( x 2 ) 2 + c
Continued over page
222
THINK
3
WRITE
Take out the factor of
--- x 2
4
= 2 ( x 2 ) 2 ----------- + --- + c
9
7
7
--2
2( x 2) .
4
Simplify the other factor.
7
--- 7x 14 + 36
= 2 ( x 2 ) 2 ------------------------------ + c
63
7
--- 7x + 22
= 2 ( x 2 ) 2 ------------------ + c
63
b i
Express x + 1 in index form.
b i
x2
---------------- dx
x+1
=
2
Let u = x + 1.
du
Find ------ .
dx
Express x in terms of u.
Hence express x2 in terms of u.
ii
x2( x + 1 )
1
2
---
dx
Let u = x + 1.
du
------ = 1
dx
Substitute u for x + 1, u2 2u + 1
for x2 and du for dx.
Replace u with x + 1.
Take 2 ( x + 1 ) 2 out as a factor.
Simplify the other factor.
1
---
or dx = du
x=u1
x2 = u2 2u + 1
So
x ( x + 1 ) 2 dx
( u 2 2u + 1 )u
u --2- 2u --2- + u --2- du
1
---
5
---
3
---
1
2
---
du
1
---
ii = 2--5- u 2 4--3- u 2 + 2u 2 + c
5
---
3
---
1
---
= 2--5- ( x + 1 ) 2 4--3- ( x + 1 ) 2 + 2 ( x + 1 ) 2 + c
1
--- ( x + 1 ) 2
2( x + 1)
= 2 ( x + 1 ) 2 ------------------- -------------------- + 1 + c
5
3
1
--- ( x 2 + 2x + 1 )
( 2x 2 )
= 2 ( x + 1 ) 2 -------------------------------- + ------------------------ + 1 + c
5
3
1
--- 3x 2 + 6x + 3 10x 10 + 15
= 2 ( x + 1 ) 2 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- + c
15
1
--- 3x 2 4x + 8
= 2 ( x + 1 ) 2 ------------------------------ + c
15
Chapter 6
Integral calculus
223
WORKED Example 6
e2 x
-.
a Find the antiderivative of ------------ex + 1
b State the domain of the antiderivative.
THINK
a
WRITE
a Let u = e x + 1.
Since e2x = (e x)2, it can be

antidifferentiated the same as a linear
function by letting u = e x + 1.
du
Find ------ .
dx
du
------ = e x
dx
Express e x in terms of u.
and e x = u 1
du
Substitute u for e + 1 and -----x- for dx.
e
So
du
or dx = -----xe
e2 x
------------- dx
x
e +1
e x e x du
---------- -----xu
e
e
= ----- du
u
u1
= ------------ du
u
1
= 1 --- du
u
Cancel out e x.
Substitute u 1 for the remaining e x.
Simplify the rational expression.
= u logeu + c
10
Replace u with e x + 1.
= e x + 1 loge(e x + 1) + c
e x + 1 > 0 for all values of x as e x > 0

for all x. The function loge f(x) exists
wherever f(x) > 0.
State the domain.
b For loge(e x + 1) to exist e x + 1 > 0, which

it is for all x.
Therefore the domain of the integral is R.
Note: Recall that the logarithm of a negative number cannot be found.
remember
remember
For antiderivatives of the form
f ( x)[g( x)]
dx, n 0 , make the substitution
u = g(x) and so [g(x)]n dx, n 0 becomes g(x) un du, n 0. This technique can be
used for the specific case where g = mx + c since g(x) = m. The function f(x) needs
to be transformed in terms of the variable u as well.
224
6B
Mat
d
hca
Linear substitution
1 By making the appropriate substitution for u:

i express the following integrals in terms of u
5
ii evaluate the integrals as functions of x.
4
2
----------- dx
--------------- dx
a
b
x3
3x + 5
WORKED
Example
Antidifferentiation
c
e
g
i
k
m
o
4x + 1 dx
x( x + 1 ) dx
2x( 2x + 1 ) dx
6x( 3x 2 ) dx
x x + 3 dx
( x + 2 )( x 4 ) dx
2x
- dx
--------------x6
3 2x dx
4x( x 3 ) dx
3x( 1 3x ) dx
x( 2x + 7 ) dx
x 3x 4 dx
( x 3 )( 2x + 1 )
3x
- dx
--------------8x
d
f
3
--4
1
--3
j
l
3
--2
n
p
5
--2
dx
2 multiple choice
a The integral
4x
x+2
x + 2 dx can be found by letting u equal:

C x+2
B x
D 4x
E 2x
b The integral then becomes:

5
---
u 2 du
4u --2- 2u --2- du
2u --2- 4u --2- du
4u --2- 8u --2- du
1
---
2u 2 du
u --2- + 2u --2- du
3 multiple choice
a Using the appropriate substitution,

A
u du
u --2- + 2u --2- + u --2- du
B
3
x2
---------------- dx becomes:
x1
u --2- + 2u --2- + u --2- du
3
--2
du
Chapter 6
Integral calculus
225
b The result of the integration is:
WORKED
Example
6a
Example
6b
2
--- ( x
3
1)2 + c
2
--- ( x
5
1)2 + c
2
--- ( x
7
1 ) 2 + 4--5- ( x 1 ) 2 + 4--3- ( x 1 ) 2 + c
5
---
7
---
5
---
3
---
1
---
5
---
3
---
2
--- ( x
3
1)2 + 4( x 1)2 + c
2
--- ( x
5
1 ) 2 + 4--3- ( x 1 ) 2 + 2 ( x 1 ) 2 + c
1
---
3
---
4 Find the antiderivative of each of the following expressions.

a x2(x 4)4
b x2(5 x)3
d x2 3 x
g ( x + 1 )2 x 2
x2( x + 2 )3
x2( 1 x )4
h ( x 3 )2 x + 1
ex
------------x
e +1
x3 x 1
4
---
x1
3
---
x2
---------------x+1
2x 2
---------------3x
x3
m ---------------x+4
2x 3
---------------1x
x+3
o ------------------2( x 2)
2x 1
p ------------------3( x + 1)
4x
q ------------------2( x + 2)
x2
------------------2( x 1)
( x 2 )2
------------------2x
e2 x
------------x
e +2
WORKED
3
---
( x + 3 )2
------------------x+2
e3 x
------------x
e 1
1
---
5 a If f ( x ) = ( 5 x ) 2 + 10 ( 5 x )
1
2
---
and f(1) = 2, find f(x).
b State the domain of f(x).

3
---
---
1
--5( x + 1)2
( x + 1) 2
6 a If f ( x ) = ---------------------- 3 ( x + 1 ) 2 + --------------------- and f(0) = 1, find f(x).
2
2

2x + 1
7 a Given that g ( x ) = ------------------2- and g(2) = 0, find g(x).
( x 1)
b State the domain of g(x).
e2 x
- , find g(x).
8 a Given that g(0) = 2 loge 2 and g ( x ) = ------------ex + 1
226
Technique 3: Antiderivatives involving

Different trigonometric identities can be used to antidifferentiate sinnx and cosnx;
n J + depending on whether n is even or odd. Functions involving tan2ax are
also discussed.
Even powers of sin x or cos x

The double-angle trigonometric identities can be used to antidifferentiate even powers
of sin x or cos x. The first identity is:
cos 2x = 1 2 sin2x
= 2 cos2x 1
Therefore
sin2x = 1--2- (1 cos 2x)
or
cos2x = 1--2- (1 + cos 2x)
The second identity is:
sin 2x = 2 sin x cos x

sin x cos x =
or
1
--2
sin 2x
These may be expressed in the following general forms:

sin2ax = 1--2- (1 cos 2ax)
Identity 1
cos2ax = 1--2- (1 + cos 2ax)
Identity 2
sin ax cos ax =
Identity 3
1
--2
sin 2ax
WORKED Example 7
x
x
a sin2 --b 2cos2 --2
4
THINK
WRITE
sin --2- dx
=
( 1 cos x ) dx
=
( 1 cos x ) dx
2x
x
Use identity 1 to change sin2 --- .
2
Take the factor of
Antidifferentiate by rule.
= 1--2- ( x sin x ) + c
Simplify the answer.
x 1
= --- --- sin x + c
2 2
1
--2
1
--2
1
--2
to the front of the integral.
2cos --4- dx
2x
Chapter 6
THINK
Integral calculus
227
WRITE
x
Use identity 2 to change cos2 --- .
4
Simplify the integral.
x
= 1 + cos --- dx
x
2 1--2- 1 + cos --- dx
x
= x + 2sin --- + c
2
WORKED Example 8
Evaluate the following indefinite integrals as functions of x.

x
x
sin x cos x d x
a
b 4 sin 2 --- cos 2 --- d x
2
2
THINK
WRITE
Use identity 3 to change sin x cos x.

Note: The integral could be
antidifferentiated using technique 1
since the derivative of sin x is cos x.
x
x
Express sin2 --- cos2 --- as a perfect square.
2
2
sin x cos x dx
=
sin 2x dx
1
--2
= 1--4- cos 2x + c
b
x
x
4 sin 2 --- cos 2 --- dx
2
2
x
x 2
4 sin --- cos --- dx
2
2
= 4 ( sin x ) dx
= 4 ( sin x ) dx
= sin x dx
=
( 1 cos 2x ) dx
=
x
x
Use identity 3 to change sin --- cos --- .
2
2
Square the identity.
Use identity 1 to change sin2x.
= 1--2- ( x 1--2- sin 2x ) + c
Simplify the answer.
x
= --- 1--4- sin 2x + c
2
1
--2
1
--4
1
--2
Odd powers of sin x or cos x

For integrals involving odd powers of sin x or cos x the identity:
sin2x + cos2x = 1
can be used so that the derivative method of substitution then becomes applicable.
The following worked example illustrates the use of this identity whenever there is an
odd-powered trigonometric function in the integrand.
228
WORKED Example 9

a cos 3x
b cos x sin 2x
c cos 42x sin32x
THINK
WRITE
Factorise cos3x as cos x cos2x.
Use the identity: (1 sin2x) for cos2x.
cos x dx
= cos x cos x dx
= cos x ( 1 sin x ) dx
Let u = sin x.
Let u = sin x so the derivative method

can be applied.
du
Find ------ .
dx
du
------ = cos x
dx
du
or dx = -----------cos x
du
cos x
So
cos x( 1 sin x ) dx
du
= cos x ( 1 u ) -----------
cos x
= ( 1 u ) du
Cancel out cos x.
= u 1--3- u3 + c
10
Replace u with sin x.
= sin x 1--3- sin3x + c
Use identity 3 in reverse to express

sin 2x as 2 sin x cos x.
Simplify the integrand.
Let u = cos x so that the derivative

method can be applied.
du
Find ------ .
dx
du
Substitute u for cos x and -------------- for dx.
sin x
cos x sin 2x dx
= cos x ( 2 sin x cos x ) dx
= 2sin x cos x dx
Let u = cos x.
du
------ = sin x
dx
du
or dx = ------------- sin x
2 sin x cos x dx
du
= 2 sin x ( u ) -------------
sin x
2
So
Chapter 6
THINK
Integral calculus
WRITE
2u
Cancel out sin x.
= 2--3- u3 + c
10
Replace u with cos x.
= 2--3- cos3x + c
Factorise sin32x as sin 2x sin22x.
cos 2x sin 2x sin 2x dx
Use the identity 1 cos22x for sin22x.
cos 2x sin 2x( 1 cos 2x ) dx
Let u = cos 2x so that the derivative

method can be applied.
du
cos 2x sin 2x dx
4
Let u = cos 2x.
du
Find ------ .
dx
du
or dx = --------------------- 2 sin 2x
du
Substitute u for cos 2x and --------------------- 2 sin 2x
for dx.
So
Cancel out sin 2x.
u ( 1 u ) du
(u
10
= 1--2- ( 1--7- u7 1--5- u5) + c
11
Simplify the result.
1 7
------ u
14
12
Replace u with cos 2x.
1
7
------ cos 2x
14
229
du
------ = 2 sin 2x
dx
du
sin 2x ( 1 u 2 ) --------------------- 2sin 2x
1 4
--2
1
--2
u 4 ) du
1 5
------ u
10
Using the identity sec2x = 1 + tan2x
+c
1
5
------ cos 2x
10
+c
The identity sec2ax = 1 + tan2ax is used to antidifferentiate expressions involving

tan2ax + c where c is a constant since the antiderivative of sec2x is tan x.
Otherwise, expressions of the form tannx sec2x can be antidifferentiated using the
derivative method of exercise 6A.
230
WORKED Example 10
Find an antiderivative for each of the following expressions.
a ( 2 + tan 2 x ) d x
b 3 tan 2 3 x sec 2 3 x d x
THINK
a
WRITE
Express 2 + tan2x as 1 + sec2x using the identity.
( 2 + tan x ) dx
= ( 1 + sec x ) dx
Antidifferentiate by rule. There is no need to add

c as one antiderivative only is required.
= x + tan x
Let u = tan 3x so that the derivative method can

be applied.
b Let u = tan 3x.
du
Find ------ .
dx
du
------ = 3 sec 2 3x
dx
du
or dx = --------------------3 sec 2 3x
du
Substitute u for tan 3x and -------------------for dx.
3 sec 2 3x
So
3 tan 3x sec 3x dx
du
= 3 u sec 3x -------------------
3sec 3x
2
Cancel out 3sec23x.
= 1--3- u3
Replace u with tan 3x.
= 1--3- tan33x
du
remember
remember
1. Trigonometric identities can be used to antidifferentiate odd and even powers
of sin x and cos x. These identities are:
sin2ax = 1--2- (1 cos 2ax)
cos2ax = 1--2- (1 + cos 2ax)
sin ax cos ax =
1
--2
sin 2ax
2. The identity sec2ax = 1 + tan2ax is used to antidifferentiate expressions

involving tan2ax + c where c is a constant.
Chapter 6
6C
WORKED
WORKED
Example
231
Antiderivatives involving

b sin22x
c 2 cos24x
d 4 sin23x
a cos2x
x
x
h sin2 --g cos2 --e cos25x
f sin26x
2
3
2x
3x
x
x
i 3 cos2 --j 2 sin2 --k cos2 -----l sin2 -----3
2
6
4
2 Evaluate the following indefinite integrals as functions of x.
a
c
e
g
i
k
2 sin x cos dx
sin 3x cos 3x dx
sin x cos x dx
2 sin 4x cos 4x dx
x
x
2 2
5x
5x
sin -----2- cos -----2- dx
2
d
f
4 sin 2x cos 2x dx
2 sin 4x cos 4x dx
sin 2x cos 2x dx
2 sin 3x cos 3x dx
x
x
3 3
4x
4x
2 sin -----3- cos -----3- dx
2
3 multiple choice
If a is a constant, then,
a
sin ax dx is equal to:

2
A 2x sin 2ax + c
B x 2asin 2ax + c
ax
D x 1--2- sin ------ + c
2
x 1 ax
E --- --- sin ------ + c
2 a
2
sin ax cos ax dx is equal to:

2
x sin 4ax
A --- ------------------ + c
8
32a
sin 4ax
D x ------------------ + c
16a
c
x sin 2ax
C --- ------------------ + c
2
4a
cos ax dx is equal to:
x sin ax
B --- -------------- + c
2
4a
x cos 4ax
E --- + ------------------- + c
8
16a
x cos ax
C --- --------------- + c
4
8a
A a cos ax 3a cos3ax + c
cos 4 ax
C ---------------- + c
4a
1
E ------ ( 3 sin ax sin 3 ax ) + c
3a
B a sin ax 3 cos3ax + c
sin 4 ax
D --------------- + c
4a
Math
cad
Example
Integral calculus
Antidifferentiation
232
WORKED
Example
9a
WORKED
Example
9b
4 Find an antiderivative of each of the following expressions.

a sin3x
b cos32x
c 6 sin34x
x
g 3 sin 3 --e sin37x
f cos36x
2
3x
5x
3x
i sin 3 -----j cos 3 -----k sin 3 -----2
2
4
d 4 cos3 3x
x
h 2 cos 3 --3
4x
l cos 3 -----3
5 Use the appropriate identities to antidifferentiate the following expressions.

a sin x cos 2x
b cos 2x cos 4x
c sin 3x cos 6x
x
x
2x
d cos 4x cos 8x
e sin --- cos x
f cos --- cos -----2
3
3
x
x
c sin --- cos 5 --b sin 2x cos32x
a sin x cos4x
2
2
x
2x
2x
x
e cos --- sin 6 --f cos ------ sin 7 -----d cos 3x sin43x
5
3
3
5
WORKED
Example
9c
7 Find the following integrals.

a
c
e
g
i
k
m
WORKED
Example
10
cos x sin x dx
cos 2x sin 2x dx
x
x
cos --- sin --- dx
2 2
x
x
4 cos --3- sin --3- dx
sin x cos dx
2sin 2x cos 2x dx
x
x
2 2
2
sin x cos x dx
sin 3x cos 3x dx
3x
3x
sin ------ cos ------ dx
2 2
5x
5x
6 sin -----4- cos -----4- dx
cos 2x sin 2x dx
2 cos 3x sin 3x dx
3x
3x
cos ------ sin ------ dx
2 2
2
8 Find an antiderivative for each of the following expressions:

x
b 1 + tan 2 --c tan2x sec2x
a 1 + tan22x
3
x
x
f 8 tan 4 --- sec 2 --e 4 tan52x sec22x
d tan3x sec2x
2
2
x
x
i 2 tan 2 --- sec 4 --h 6 tan22x sec42x
g tan2x sec4x
2
2
x
x
k tan 4 --- sec 4 --l 12 tan56x sec66x
j 3 tan33x sec43x
5
5
9 Find the following integrals where n J+.
a
d
sin x cos x dx
sin x cos x dx
3
cos x sin x dx
cos x sin x dx
n
sec x tan x dx
2
Chapter 6
Integral calculus
233
10 If f (x) = 6 sin x cos2x and f --- = 0 , find f(x).

3
11 If f (x) = 4 sin22x cos22x and f --- = , find f(x).

4
x
x
4
12 Find g(x) if g(x) = sin3 --- cos4 --- and g(0) = ------ .
2
2
35
The graph of a function and the

graphs of its antiderivatives
2x
Given f(x) = 2cos --- , what do the graphs of its
2
antiderivatives look like?
Using a graphics calculator, press Y= , enter

Y1= 2(cos(X/2))2, move down to Y2 = , press
MATH and select 9:fnInt(. Complete to obtain
fnInt(Y1,X,0,X).
(Remember that to insert the symbol Y1, press VARS , select Y-VARS and
1:Function. Then select 1:Y1 and press ENTER (and similarly for any Y variable).
As the given function is trigonometric, press

ZOOM and select 7: ZTrig.
(Since the numeric integral is repeatedly applied

for every X-value on the screen, the antiderivative
graph can take some time to plot. You can speed it
up considerably by changing the value of Xres in
the WINDOW settings to 5.)
2x
1 Which is the graph of f(x) = 2cos --- and which is the graph of the antiderivative?
2
The antiderivative graph in the second screen

is the line that cuts 0 at x = 0, since the integral
from 0 to 0 of any function is 0. To see another
antiderivative graph, go to Y3 = , press MATH ,
select 9 and complete 9: fnInt(Y1,X,1,X) and
then press GRAPH .
2 Generate another two antiderivative graphs on your calculator. Sketch the
function and the four antiderivative graphs. Describe any relationships you can
find.
3 Choose another function and investigate the relationship between the graph of
the function and the graphs of its antiderivatives.
234
Technique 4: Antidifferentiation using

partial fractions
Recall that rational expressions, in particular those with denominators that can be
expressed with linear factors, can be transformed into partial fractions. A summary of
two common transformations is shown in the table below. These transformations are
useful when the degree of the numerator is less than the degree of the denominator;
otherwise long division is generally required before antidifferentiation can be performed.
Rational expression
Equivalent partial fraction
f ( x)
---------------------------------------( ax + b ) ( cx + d )
where f(x) is a linear function
A
B
-------------------- + -------------------( ax + b ) ( cx + d )
f ( x)
---------------------( ax + b ) 2
A
B
---------------------- + -------------------( ax + b ) 2 ( ax + b )
We have seen how this procedure simplifies the sketching of graphs of rational functions. Similarly, expressing rational functions as partial fractions enables them to be
antidifferentiated quite easily. However, it is preferable to use a substitution method, if
it is applicable, as the partial-fraction technique can be tedious.
WORKED Example 11
Find a, b and c if ax(x 2) + bx(x + 1) + c(x + 1)(x 2) = 2x 4.

THINK
WRITE
Let x = 0, 2c = 4
1 Let x = 0 so that c can be evaluated.
c=2
2 Solve the equation for c.
Let x = 2, 6b = 0
3 Let x = 2 so that b can be evaluated.
b=0
4 Solve the equation for b.
Let x = 1, 3a = 6
5 Let x = 1 so that a can be evaluated.
a = 2
6 Solve the equation for a.
State
the
solution.
Therefore
a
=
2,
b = 0 and c = 2.
7
WORKED Example 12
For each of the following rational expressions:

i express as partial fractions
ii antidifferentiate the result.
x+7
2x 3
a ----------------------------------b -------------------------( x + 2)( x 3)
x2 3 x 4
THINK
a i 1 Express the rational expression as two
separate fractions with denominators
(x + 2) and (x 3) respectively.
2 Express the partial fractions with the
original common denominator.
WRITE
x+7
a
b
a i ---------------------------------- = ----------------- + ---------------( x + 2)( x 3) ( x + 2) ( x 3)
a( x 3) + b( x + 2)
= ---------------------------------------------( x + 2)( x 3)
Chapter 6
THINK
b i
ii
235
WRITE
x + 7 = a(x 3) + b(x + 2)
so
Equate the numerator on the lefthand side with the right-hand side.
Let x = 2 so that a can be evaluated.
Solve for a.
Let x = 3 so that b can be evaluated.
Solve for b.
Rewrite the rational expression as

partial fractions.
x+7
1
2
Therefore ---------------------------------- = ------------ + ----------( x + 2)( x 3)
x+2 x3
Express the integral in partial

fraction form.
ii
2
3
Simplify using log laws.
Factorise the denominator.
Express the partial fractions with

denominators (x 4) and (x + 1)
respectively.
3
4
Express the right-hand side with the

Equate the numerators.
So
Let x = 4 to evaluate a.
Let x = 4,
Solve for a.
Let x = 1 to evaluate b.
Solve for b.
Rewrite the rational expression as

partial fractions.
Express the integral in its partial

fraction form.
ii
Integral calculus
Let x = 2, and thus 5 = 5a

a = 1
Let x = 3, and thus 10 = 5b
b=2
- dx
--------------------------------( x + 2)( x 3)
1
2
= ------------ + ----------- dx
x + 2 x 3
x+7
= loge(x + 2) + 2 loge(x 3) + c (x > 3)

2
( x 3)
= loge ------------------- + c
x+2
2x 3
2x 3
- = ---------------------------------b i ------------------------2
(
x
4)( x + 1)
x 3x 4
a
b
= ----------- + -----------x4 x+1
a( x + 1) + b( x 4)
= ---------------------------------------------( x 4)( x + 1)
2x 3 = a(x + 1) + b(x 4)
5 = 5a
a=1
Let x = 1, 5 = 5b
b=1
2x 3
1
1
- = ----------- + -----------Therefore ------------------------2
x 3x 4 x 4 x + 1
ii
- dx
------------------------x 3x 4
1
1
= ----------- + ------------ dx
x 4 x + 1
2x 3
= loge(x 4) + loge(x + 1) + c (x > 4)

= loge[(x 4)(x + 1)] + c (x > 4)
or loge(x2 3x 4) + c (x > 4)
236
WORKED Example 13
Find the following integrals.
x2 + 6 x 1
2
-------------2- d x
a
b ----------------------------------- d x
( x + 4)( x + 1)
1x
THINK
a
WRITE
2
2
-------------- = ---------------------------------1 x2 ( 1 x )( 1 + x )
Factorise the denominator of the integrand. a
Express into partial fractions with

denominators (1 x) and (1 + x).
Express the partial fractions with the

so
Let x = 1 to find a.
Let x = 1, 2 = 2a
Solve for a.
Let x = 1 to find b.
Solve for b.
Express the integrand in its partial

fraction form.
a
b
= ----------- + -----------1x 1+x
a(1 + x) + b(1 x)
= ---------------------------------------------1 x2
a=1
Let x = 1, 2 = 2b
b=1
Therefore
=
10
11
The degree of the numerator is the

same as the degree of the denominator
and hence the denominator should
divide the numerator using long division.
Expand the denominator.
Divide the denominator into the

numerator.
2 = a(1 + x) + b(1 x)
- dx
1------------x
2
+ ------------ dx
----------1 x 1 + x
1
= loge(1 x) + loge(1 + x) + c,
(1 < x < 1)
1+x
= loge ------------ + c
1 x
(1 < x < 1)
x 2 + 6x 1
x 2 + 6x 1
---------------------------------- = -------------------------( x + 4)( x + 1)
x 2 + 5x + 4
Using long division:
1
2
2
x + 5x + 4 ) x + 6x 1
x2 + 5x + 4
x5
The division yields 1 with remainder
(x 5).
Chapter 6
THINK
4
Integral calculus
237
WRITE
Rewrite the rational expression using

the result of the division.
Therefore
x 2 + 6x 1
x5
---------------------------------- = 1 + ---------------------------------( x + 4)( x + 1)
( x + 4)( x + 1)
x5
Express ---------------------------------- as partial
( x + 4)( x + 1)
fractions with denominators (x + 4) and
(x + 1).
x5
a
b
Now ---------------------------------- = ------------ + -----------( x + 4)( x + 1)
x+4 x+1
a( x + 4) + b( x + 1)
= ----------------------------------------------( x + 4)( x + 1)
Rewrite the partial fractions with the

and thus x 5 = a(x + 4) + b(x + 1)
Let x = 1, 6 = 3a
Solve for a.
10
11
Solve for b.
12
Express the original integrand in its

partial fraction form.
a = 2
Let x = 4, 9 = 3b
b=3
Therefore,
=
13
x 2 + 6x 1
---------------------------------- dx
( x + 4)( x + 1)
- + ------------ dx
1 + ----------x + 4 x + 1
2
= x 2loge(x + 4) + 3loge(x + 1) + c,
(x > 1).
remember
remember
Rational polynomials can be antidifferentiated by rewriting the expressions as
partial fractions or by long division. If the numerator is of degree less than the
denominator then use partial fractions; otherwise rewrite the expression by long
division. Two common partial fraction transformations are shown below.
Rational expression
f ( x)
---------------------------------------( ax + b ) ( cx + d )
A
B
-------------------- + -------------------( ax + b ) ( cx + d )
f ( x)
---------------------( ax + b ) 2
A
B
---------------------- + -------------------( ax + b ) 2 ( ax + b )
238
6D
WORKED
Example
11
d
hca
WORKED
Mat
Example
12i
Partial
fractions
Mat
d
hca
WORKED
Example
Antidifferentiation
12ii
Antidifferentiation using
partial fractions
1 Find the values of a, b and c in the following identities.

a ax + b(x 1) = 3x 2
b a(x + 2) + b(x 3) = x 8
c a(x 4) + b = 3x 2
d a(3x + 1) + b(x 2) = 5x + 4
e a(2 3x) + b(x + 5) = 9x + 11
f a(x + 2) + bx = 2x 10
g a + b(x + 2) + c(x + 2)(x + 3) = x2 + 4x 2
h a(x + 2)(x 3) + bx(x 3) + cx(x + 2) = 3x2 x + 6
2 Express each of the following rational expressions as partial fractions.
1
12
6x
a ---------------------------------b ---------------------------------c ---------------------------------( x + 1)( x + 2)
( x 2)( x + 2)
( x + 3)( x 1)
3x
x+3
x + 20
d ---------------------------------e ---------------------------------f ---------------------------------( x 2)( x + 1)
( x + 2)( x + 3)
( x 4)( x + 4)
5x 26
4x + 5
x+4
g ------------------2h ------------------2i ------------------x( x 2)
( x 5)
( x + 2)
7x 4
8x 10
9x 11
j ---------------------------------k ------------------------------------l ------------------------------------( x 2)( x + 3)
( 2x + 1 ) ( x 3 )
( 3x 2 ) ( x + 1 )
11 3x
12 2x
m ---------------------------------n --------------------------------(2 x)( x + 3)
(1 x)(3 x)
3 Find the antiderivative of each rational expression in question 2.
4 multiple choice
5x + 10
a
b
a If ----------------------------2- = ------------ + ----------- , then:
x+6 4x
24 2x x
A a = 2, b = 3
B a = 2, b = 3
C a = 3, b = 2
D a = 2, b = 3
E a = 1, b = 1
5x + 10
b Hence ----------------------------2- dx is equal to:
24 2x x
A 2loge(x + 6) 3loge(4 x) + c
B 2loge(x + 6) 3loge(4 x) + c
C 3loge(x + 6) + 2loge(4 x) + c
D 3loge(x + 6) 2loge(4 x) + c
log e ( x + 6 )
E --------------------------4x
5 multiple choice
10
The antiderivative of ---------------------- is equal to:
2
x +x6
A 2loge(x + 3) loge(x 2) + c
x+1
B 2loge ------------ + c
x6
x+3
C 2loge ------------ + c
x2
E loge(x + 1) 2loge(x 6) + c
D loge(x + 3) 2loge(x 2) + c
Chapter 6
WORKED
Example
13a
WORKED
Example
13b
Integral calculus
239
6 Antidifferentiate each of the following rational polynomials by first expressing them

as partial fractions.
5x 4
3x + 10
x+3
a ----------------b ---------------------c -------------------------2
2
2
x x2
x + 2x
x + 3x + 2
5x 7
6x 1
x + 16
d ------------------------e -------------------------f -------------------------2
2
2
x 4x + 3
x + 7x + 6
x 5x 6
7x + 1
5x
7x + 9
g -------------h -------------i ----------------------------2
2
2
x 1
2x 3x 2
x 9
x+4
4
16 2x
j ----------------------------k ----------------------------l -------------22
2
2x 5x + 2
4x
3x + 7x 6
x + 13
3x 4
m ----------------2n --------------------------2
5 + 4x x
16 x
7 By first simplifying the rational expression using long division, find the antiderivative
of each of the following expressions.
x1
x+3
x2 1
a -----------b -----------c ----------------x+5
x2
x 2 + 3x
x 2 + 2x + 4
x2 + x + 4
x2 x
d -------------------------f ------------------------e ---------------------------------2
( x + 3)( x + 1)
x 4x
x 2 2x 3
x 2 + 3x 2
x 3 + 4x 13
x 3 + 4x 2 x
----------------------------g -------------------------i
--------------------------------h
( x + 2)( x + 1)
x2 4
x 2 4x 5
3
2
2
2x + x 5
x x+2
2x 2 9x + 7
-----------------------------------------------------j ---------------------------k
l
x2 1
x 2 + 2x + 1
x 2 6x + 9
8 Evaluate the following integrals in terms of x.
9x + 8
4x
---------------------------------- dx
-------------------- dx
a
b
( x 3)( x + 4)
x( x + 2)
x2 + 3
x 2 + 3x 4
-------------dx
d
---------------------------------- dx
e
2
( x 4)( x + 2)
x 9
x 3 + x 2 4x
4x 2 + 6x 4
----------------------------- dx
---------------------------- dx
g
h
2
x 2 4x + 4
2x x 6
4x 2
-------------- dx
j
x2 + 9
Challenge
5x 2 + 2x + 17
--------------------------------------------------- dx
k
( x 1)( x + 2)( x 3)
x 2 + 8x + 9
m -----------------------------------2-dx
( x 1)( x + 2)
c
f
i
x 2 + 18x + 5
---------------------------------------------------dx
( x + 1)( x 2)( x + 3)
x 2 + 5x + 1
-----------------------------------dx
( x2 + 1 )( 2 x )
5( x + 1)
- dx
------------------x 25
x + 4x + 1
- dx
-------------------------x + 6x 7
x+1
--------------dx
x + 4
6
9 a If f ( x ) = ------------- and f(2) = 3loge 2, find f(x).
x2 1
x2 + 1
- and g(4) = 4 loge 5.
10 a Find g(x) if g ( x ) = ------------------------x 2 2x 3
240
Definite integrals
The quantity
f ( x ) dx is called the indefinite integral of the function f(x). However,
f ( x ) dx is called the definite integral of the function f(x) and is evaluated using
the result that:
f ( x ) dx = [ F ( x ) ] ab
= F(b) F(a)
where F(x) is an antiderivative of f(x).
The definite integral
f ( x ) dx can be found only if the integrand, f(x), exists for
all values of x in the interval [a, b]; that is, a x b.
WORKED Example 14
For each of the following integrals, state:
i the domain of the integrand
ii whether the integral exists.
a
1
------------------ d x
9 x2
2
----------------------------------- d x
( x 1)( x + 3)
THINK
a i
WRITE
9 x2
For the integrand to exist,

must be greater than 0.
Solve the inequation for x.
x2 < 9
3 < x < 3
State the domain.
The domain is (3, 3).
ii The integral exists for all values of x

between the terminals 2 and 2.
b i
a i The integrand exists if
The integrand does not exist for

x = 3 and 1, as these values make
the denominator equal to zero.
State the domain.
ii The integral does not exist for all values

of x between the terminals 0 and 4
(as 1 lies in the interval).
9 x2 > 0 .
ii The integral exists.

b i x 3, 1
Domain is R\{3, 1}.

ii The integral does not exist.
When using substitution to evaluate definite integrals there is no need to return to an

expression in terms of x providing the terminals are expressed in terms of u. In fact it is
mathematically incorrect to show the integral in terms of u but with terminals in terms
of x. Therefore when using a substitution, u = f(x), the terminals should also be
adjusted in terms of u.
Chapter 6
Integral calculus
241
WORKED Example 15
Use an appropriate substitution to express each of the following definite integrals in terms
of u, with the terminals of the integral correctly adjusted.
3
6
x
x
------------- dx
---------------- d x
a
b
2
x2
2 x 1
3
THINK
WRITE
a Let u = x2 1.
Antidifferentiate the integrand by letting

u = x2 1 so the derivative method can be
applied.
du
Find ------ .
dx
Express dx in terms of du.
du
or dx = -----2x
Adjust the terminals by finding u when x = 2

and x = 3.
When x = 2, u = 22 1
=3
When x = 3, u = 32 1
=8
du
------ = 2x
dx
Therefore the integral is

5
Rewrite the integral.

Antidifferentiate the integrand by using the
linear substitution u = x 2.
x du
--- -----u 2x
8
3
1
------ du
2u
b Let u = x 2.
du
Find ------ .
dx
or dx = du
Express x in terms of u.
x=u+2
Adjust the terminals by finding u when x = 3

and x = 6.
When x = 3, u = 3 2
=1
When x = 6, u = 6 2
=4
du
------ = 1
dx
Therefore the integral is

6
Rewrite the integral.
u+2
----------- du
1
--2
u
u --2- + 2u --2- du
242
WORKED Example 16
Evaluate the following definite integrals.
a
2
0
x2
--------------------------- dx
x2 + 5 x + 4
--2
cos x 1 + sin x d x
THINK
WRITE
Write the integral.
Factorise the denominator of the

integrand.
Express in partial fraction form with

denominators x + 1 and x + 4.
Express the partial fractions with the

x2
-------------------------- dx
2
x + 5x + 4
x2
x2
- = ---------------------------------Consider: -------------------------2
(
x
+
1)( x + 4)
x + 5x + 4
a
b
= ------------ + -----------x+1 x+4
a( x + 4) + b( x + 1)
= ---------------------------------------------x 2 + 5x + 4
x 2 = a(x + 4) + b(x + 1)
Let x = 1, 3 = 3a
a = 1
Let x = 4, 6 = 3b
b=2
2
So
Rewrite the integral in partial fraction

form.
0
2
0
x2
-------------------------- dx
x 2 + 5x + 4
1
2
------------ + ------------ dx
x+1 x+4
Antidifferentiate the integrand.
= [loge(x + 1) + 2loge(x + 4)]20
10
Evaluate the integral.
= [loge3 + 2loge6] [loge1 + 2loge4]

= loge3 + 2loge6 2loge4
11
= 2loge1.5 loge3
= loge2.25 loge3
= loge0.75
(or approx. 2.88)
Write the integral.
--2
cos x 1 + sin x dx
Let u = 1 + sin x to antidifferentiate.
du
Find ------ .
dx
Let u = 1 + sin x
du
------ = cos x
dx
du
or dx = -----------cos x
Chapter 6
THINK
5
243
WRITE
When x = 0,
u = 1 + sin 0
=1
When x = --- , u = 1 + sin --2

2
=1+1
=2
Change terminals by finding u when
x = 0 and x = --- .
2
Integral calculus
So
--2
cos x 1 + sin x dx
=
=
1
--- du
( cos x )u 2 -----------cos x
1
1
---
u 2 du
3 2
2 --2--- u
3
1
----2
2
2
2
= --- 2 --- 1
3
3
4 2 2
= ---------- --3
3
4 22
------------------3
or
WORKED Example 17
By using the substitution x = sin , evaluate
1
--2
1 x2 d x .
THINK
WRITE
Let x = sin .
dx
Find ------ .
d
or dx = cos d
Change the terminals by finding when

x = 1--2- and x = 0.
= sin
= --6
When x = 0, 0 = sin
=0
Let x = sin .
dx
------ = cos
d
When x = 1--2- ,
1
--2
Continued over page
244
THINK
5
WRITE
1
--2
1 x 2 dx
=
=
=
--6
--6
1 sin cos d
cos cos d
cos 2 d
--6
0
Replace cos by its identity
1
--- (1
2
+ cos 2).
=
--6 1
--- ( 1
2
0
--1 6
--(1
2
0
+ cos 2 ) d
+ cos 2 ) d
1
--2
+ 1--2- sin 2
1
--2
--- + 1--- sin

6 2
1
--2
1 3
--- + --- -------
6 2 2
--6
0
--- ( 0 + 1--2- sin 0 )

3
= ------ + ------12 8
Finding the numeric integral at the
Graphics Calculator tip! HOME screen
To find the value of a definite integral, press MATH and select 9:fnInt(. Then type in
the integrand, the function variable, the lower terminal and the upper terminal. Press
ENTER to evaluate the integral.
Alternatively, if the function is already in Y1, press MATH , select 9:fnInt(, complete
9: fnInt(Y1,X,0, 2) and press ENTER . (Remember that to insert the symbol Y1, press
VARS , select YVARS and 1:Function, then 1:Y1 (similarly for any Y variable).
2
1 The screen shows both methods for
- dx (Worked example 16a).

-------------------------x + 5x + 4
0
2 To estimate
2 cos
0
x2
x
--- dx, press MATH , select 9:fnInt( and complete by entering
2
2(cos(X 2)) ,X,0,) and pressing ENTER .

2
Chapter 6
Integral calculus
245
A handy trick to use, if the answer is a simple fraction, is to press MATH , select
1:
Frac and press ENTER but it doesnt work in this case.

If the answer could possibly be a fractional multiple of , first try dividing by then
pressing MATH , selecting 1: Frac and pressing ENTER . In this case, the answer is
just itself. (Dont expect this trick to always work!)
remember
remember
1.
f ( x ) dx = [ F ( x ) ] ab
= F(b) F(a), where F(x) is an antiderivative of f(x).
2. The definite integral
f ( x ) dx can be found only if the integrand, f(x), exists
for all values of x in the interval [a, b]; that is, a x b.
6E
WORKED
Example
14
Definite integrals
1 For each of the following definite integrals
f ( x ) dx , state i the maximal domain
of the integrand f(x) and ii whether the integral exists.

a
d
g
j
m
2
1
1
-------------- dx
9 x2
dx
-------------21+x
2
1
1
1
3
------2
0
4x + 10
-------------------------- dx
x 2 + 5x + 6
dx
----------------4x 2 + 9
1
x + ----------dx
2
0
1
0
4
1
2
0
0
1
1
------------------ dx
4 x2
2
--- dx
x
f
i
dx
--------------------1 9x 2
(e
+ e x ) 2 dx
1
------------------2- dx
( x 1)
1
--2
dx
--------------------16 x 2
dx
-------------------x( x + 1)
3x + 2
----------------------------dx
x 2 8x + 12
3
---
( 2x 1 ) 2 dx
246
2 Evaluate the integrals in question 1 provided that the integrand, f(x), exists for all
values within the domain of the integral.
Mat
d
hca
Integrator
3 multiple choice
2x 2 x 3 + 1 dx can be evaluated after substituting u = x3 + 1.
a The integral will then be equal to:

A
2 u
---------- du
3
2x 2
u du
3 u+1
------------------- du
2
2 u
---------- du
3
3
---
4u 2
-------- du
9
b The value of the integral is:

B 8---------29
A 11 5--9-
D 12 4--9-
C 9
E 10 10 1
4 multiple choice
a
--2
cos x
------------------------- dx can be evaluated by first making the substitution:
1 + sin x
A u = sin x
D u = cot x
B u = cos x
E u = 1 + sin x
C u =
1 + sin x
b The integral will then be equal to:
1
2
---
u du
WORKED
Example
15
1
--2
u du
1
2
---
du
When evaluated, the integral is equal to:

A 2
C 2
B 2 22
1
2
---
du
1 + u du
D 2 2
2
--3
5 By choosing an appropriate substitution for u, express the following integrals in terms

of u. (Do not forget to change the terminals.)
a
x 2 ( 2 + x 3 ) dx
( x 1 ) x 2 2x dx
3
1
--2
--2
4x
--------------- dx
2
x 32
x x 1 dx
log e x
------------ dx
x
cos x sin x dx
--2
--3
--4
sin x e cos x dx
cos 3 x dx
x x 2 + 1 dx
3
0
x2
---------------- dx
x+1
x(1 x)
10
dx
tan 3 x sec 2 x dx
0
1
--2
ex
------------------ dx
ex + 1
6 Evaluate each of the integrals in question 5.
x sin x 2 dx
Chapter 6
Example
16
7 Evaluate the following definite integrals.

a
4xe x dx
2 x + 3 dx
--3
sin x cos 4 x dx
--2
--4
1
1
---------------------------2- dx
4 ( x 1)
cot x dx
2
1 )e x + x
Example
2x 2 + 7x dx
1
2
x+1
---------------- dx
1x
x+5
-------------------------- dx
2
x + 4x + 3
- dx
(--------------------------x 3) + 1
1
sin 3 x cos 2 x dx
2x 2
------------- dx
x2 + 1
( 2x +
5
( 4x + 7 )
1
------------------ dx
4 x2
6
5
--2
3x 10
----------------------------dx
x 2 7x + 12
2 sin 2x cos x dx
dx
WORKED
247
x2
---------------- dx
x1
8 By substituting x = sin , evaluate
--3
--4
4
( 2 + tan 2 x ) dx
2x 3 + x 2 2x 4
---------------------------------------- dx
x2 4
1 x 2 dx .
17
9 By substituting x = 2sin , evaluate
4 x 2 dx .
10 By making the substitution x = tan , evaluate
11 If
12 If
13 If
4
-------------2- dx = , find the value of a.
1+x
4
-------------2- dx = log e 3 , find a.
4x
3 x + 1 dx = 6 3 , find a.
14 If
dx
--------------------.
( 1 + x2 )2
ET
SHE
------------------ dx = --- , find a.

2
2
4x
Work
WORKED
Integral calculus
6.1
248
You can check your answers by using the Mathcad file Integrator found on the Maths
Quest CD-ROM.
Mat
d
hca
Integrator
Applications of integration
In this section, we shall examine how integration may be used to determine the area
under a curve and the area between curves.
Areas under curves

You will already be aware that the area between a curve
which is above the x-axis and the x-axis itself is as shown in
the diagram at right.
Area =
Further, the area between a curve which is below the

x-axis, and the x-axis itself, is as shown in the second
diagram.
g( x ) dx
=
g( x ) dx
Area =
y = f (x)
f ( x ) dx
y
a
0
b
x
y = g(x)
The modulus is required here since, for a curve segment that lies below the x-axis,
the integral associated with that curve segment is a negative number. Area is a positive
number and in this case the integral is negative.
Chapter 6
Integral calculus
Similarly, the area between a curve and the y-axis can be

found if the rule for the curve is expressed as a function of
y, that is, x = f (y).
Area =
249
y
b
x = f (y)
f ( y ) dy (integral measures to the right of the
y-axis are positive)

or
Area =
g ( y ) dy (integral measures to the left of the
x = g (y)
y-axis are negative)

Area =
g ( y ) dy
If the graph crosses the x-axis, then the areas of the

regions above and below the x-axis have to be calculated
separately. In this case the x-intercepts must be determined.
In the figure at right a single intercept, c, is shown.
b
y
y = f (x)
Similarly the shaded region in the figure at right has an

area given by:
y
b
c
f ( y ) dy + f ( y ) dy
=
f ( y ) dy f ( y ) dy
Area =
0 c
f ( x ) dx + f ( x ) dx
=
f ( x ) dx f ( x ) dx
Area =
x = f (y)
0
a
WORKED Example 18
2 log e x
If y = ----------------- , find:
x
a the x-intercepts
b the area bounded by the curve, the x-axis and the line x = 3.
THINK
a
1
2
For x-intercepts, y = 0, when 2loge x = 0.

Solve for x.
Sketch a graph showing the region
required. (A graphics calculator may
be used.)
WRITE
a x-intercepts occur when 2loge x = 0.
That is, x = 1.
b
y
2 loge x
y =
x
0 1
Continued over page
250
THINK
2
3
WRITE
Express the area as a definite integral.

Antidifferentiate by letting u = loge x to
apply the derivative method.
du
Find ------ .
dx
Express the terminals in terms of u.
2 log e x
---------------- dx
x
1
Let u = loge x.
Area =
du
1
------ = --x
dx
or dx = x du
When x = 1, u = loge1
=0
When x = 3, u = loge3
Area =
log e 3
log e 3
2u
------ x du
x
2u du
0
log e 3
= [ u 2 ]0
= [ ( log e 3 ) 2 ] [ 0 2 ]
= (loge3)2
10
State the area.
The area is (loge3)2 or approximately

1.207 square units.
A graphics calculator should be used here to verify the result.
Finding the numeric integral at the
Graphics Calculator tip! GRAPH screen
To find the area under a curve between two x-values, first graph the curve by entering
its equation as Y1 in the Y= menu.
2log e x
Consider y = ------------------ in worked example 18. Press Y= and type in (2ln(X))X at Y1.
x
Then press GRAPH .
To find the area bounded by this curve and the
x-axis between x = 1 and x = 3, press 2nd [CALC]
and select 7: f(x) dx. Type in 1 for the lower value
(press ENTER ) and 3 for the upper value (press
ENTER ). Compare this result to that obtained in
worked example 18.
Chapter 6
251
Integral calculus
WORKED Example 19
Examine the figure at right.

a Express the rule as a function of y.
b Find the area of the shaded section.
THINK
WRITE
Write down the rule.
Square both sides of the equation.

Add 1 to both sides to make x the subject.
Express the area between the curve and

the y-axis in integral notation.
y = x1
y= x1
y2 = x 1
or x = y2 + 1
b Area =
(y
0 1
+ 1 ) dy
[ 1--3- y 3 + y ]02
= [ 8--3- + 2 ] [ 0 + 0 ]
=
= 4 2--34
The area is 4 2--3- square units.
State the area.
The shaded area shown in the figure in worked example 19

could also have been calculated relative to the x-axis by subtracting the area between the curve and the x-axis from the
area of the rectangle as shown in the figure at right. That is:
Area = ( 5 2 )
y
y = x1
x
5
0 1
x 1 dx
Using symmetry properties

In some problems involving area calculations, use of symmetry properties can simplify
the procedure.
WORKED Example 20
Find the area inside the ellipse in the figure at right.

THINK
WRITE
y2
x 2 + ----- = 1
1 Write the equation. (The ellipse is
4
symmetrical about the x-axis and y-axis
and so finding the shaded area in the
figure allows for the total enclosed area
to be determined.)
y2
----- = 1 x2
2 Express the relation as a function of x
4
for the top half of the ellipse.
y2 = 4(1 x2)
y
2
x2 + y4 = 1
0 1
y = 2 1 x 2 is the rule for the top half

of the ellipse.
(y = 2 1 x 2 is the bottom half.)
Continued over page
252
.
THINK
3
WRITE
Write the integral that gives the area in

the first quadrant (a quarter of the total
area).
Express the total area as four times this
integral.
Area in the first quadrant =
2 1 x 2 dx
=8
Total area of ellipse = 4
2 1 x 2 dx
0
1
1 x 2 dx
To antidifferentiate, let x = sin .

dx
Find ------ .
d
Express the terminals in terms of .
Rewrite the integral in terms of .
5
6
7
10
Simplify the integrand using identities.
Let x = sin .
dx
------ = cos
d
or dx = cos d
When x = 0, sin = 0
=0
When x = 1, sin = 1
= --2
Area = 8
=8
--2
--2
1 sin 2 cos d
cos 2 d
=8
=4
--2 1
--- ( 1
2
0
--2
+ cos 2 ) d
( 1 + cos 2 ) d
---
11
= 4 [ + 1--2- sin 2 ] 02
12
1
= 4 --- + --- sin [ 0 + 1--2- sin 0 ]
2 2
13
State the area.
= 4 --- + 0
2
= 2
The exact area is 2 square units.
Areas between curves

When finding the areas between two curves that intersect, it
is necessary to determine where the point of intersection
occurs. In the figure at right, two functions, f and g, intersect at the point P with x-ordinate c.
The area contained within the envelope of the two functions bounded by x = a and x = b is given by:
f (x)
0 c
g (x)
x
Chapter 6
Area =
[ g ( x ) f ( x ) ] dx +
Integral calculus
[ f ( x ) g( x ) ] dx
c
Similarly, areas between curves can also be found relay

tive to the y-axis.
x = g (y)b
Area =
253
x = f (y)
[ g( y ) f ( y ) ] dy
Note that on the interval [a, b], g(y) f (y) and hence the
integrand is g(y) f (y) and not f (y) g(y).
When an area between a curve and the x-axis (or between curves) gives an
integrand which cannot be antidifferentiated, it may be possible to express the
area relative to the y-axis, creating an integrand which can be antidifferentiated.
WORKED Example 21
Find the area bounded by the curves y = x2 2 and y = 2x + 1.

THINK
1
WRITE
Check on a graphics calculator to see if

the curves intersect. If they do, solve
x2 2 = 2x + 1 to find the x-ordinate of
the point or points of intersection for
the two curves.
x2 2 = 2x + 1
x 2x 3 = 0
(x 3)(x + 1) = 0
x = 3 and x = 1
The curves intersect at x = 3 and x = 1.
Express the area as an integral.

(Use , as without a graph we cannot
always be sure which function is above
the other. Here is a valuable use for the
graphics calculator.)
Area =
[ x 2 2 ( 2x + 1 ) ] dx
( x 2 2x 3 ) dx
[ 1--3- x 3 x 2 3x ]31
[ ( 9 9 9 ) ( 1--3- 1 + 3 ) ]
= 9 1 2--3= 10 2--3= 10 2--36
State the solution.
The area bounded by the two curves is

10 2--3- square units.
254
Showing and finding the area
Graphics Calculator tip! bounded by two curves

Consider using the TI calculator for worked example 21.
1. To graph the two curves with equations y = x2 2
and y = 2x + 1 enter Y1= X2 2 and Y2= 2X + 1. Then
press GRAPH . Use TRACE to locate the points of
intersection. Adjust the WINDOW settings if
necessary.
2. To show the area bounded by the two curves, press
Y= , position the cursor to the left of the Y1 symbol
and press ENTER successively to obtain the shade
below style. Repeat for Y2 to obtain the shade
above style. Press GRAPH . The required area is
shown unshaded.
3. To determine the value of the area bounded by the

curves on the required interval (in this case, between
x = 1 and x = 3), press MATH , select 9 and
complete 9: fnInt(Y2Y1,X,1,3) and press ENTER .
Remember, to insert Y1, press VARS and select
YVARS, 1:Function and 1:Y1 (or 2:Y2 to enter Y2).
Note that in this case we are subtracting Y1 from Y2
(seen by viewing the graph). However, if it is entered the opposite way, it only
produces the negative of the required answer.
remember
remember
1. The area between a curve f (x), the x-axis and lines x = a and x = b is given by:
Area =
f ( x ) dx = F ( b ) F ( a ) where F(x) is the antiderivative of f (x).
2. Area measures can also be evaluated by integration along the y-axis. The area
between a curve f (y), the y-axis and lines y = a and y = b is given by:
Area =
f ( y ) dy = F ( b ) F ( a ) where F(y) is the antiderivative of f (y).
3. If an area measure is to be evaluated over the interval [a, b] and the curve
crosses the x-axis at x = c between a and b, then the integral has to be
decomposed into two portions.
Area =
f ( x ) dx +
f ( x ) dx = F ( c ) F ( a ) + F ( b ) F ( c )
4. The area bounded by two curves f (x) and g(x) where f (x) g(x) and the lines
x = a and x = b is given by:
Area =
[ f ( x ) g( x ) ] dx = F ( b ) G( b ) F ( a ) + G( a )
a
5. Where possible use a graphics calculator to draw the function or functions to

determine whether the integrals have to be decomposed into portions and to
check and verify the correct use of the modulus function.
Chapter 6
6F
255
Integral calculus
Applications of integration
For the following problems, give exact answers wherever possible; otherwise give answers
to an appropriate number of decimal places. (Use a graphics calculator to assist with, or
verify, any graphing required.)
WORKED
18
1 For each of the following curves find:

i the x-intercepts
ii the area between the curve, the x-axis and the given lines.
x , x = 0 and x = 9
1
b y = x ----2- , x = 1 and x = 2
x
y = x x 1 , x = 2 and x = 5
3x 2
- , x = 3 and x = 4
d y = -------------x2 4
a y=
c
1
e y = ------------------ , x = 1 and x =
4 x2
g y = 2x cos x2, x = --- and x = 0

3
WORKED
Example
19
Math
cad
Example
Definite
integral
graph
y = cos2x, x = 0 and x = --2
ex
h y = --------------x , x = 0 and x = 1
2+e
2 For each of the graphs below:

i express the relationship as a function of y (that is, make x the subject of the rule)
ii find the magnitude of the shaded area between the curve and the y-axis.
a
b
c
y
y
2
y y = (x 1)
y= x
1
x
y
y = logex
0 1
y = x3
y = Cos1 x
0 1
x
0
y = Tan1 x
0 1
1 0
y = Sin1 x
256
WORKED
Example
20
3 Find the magnitude of the shaded areas on each graph below.

a
b y
c
y
y = x2
0
0
y = loge x
x2
y2
=1
3 x
4 + x2
e2
y=
0 1
1
4
y2 = x
y = sin3x
4 multiple choice
a The definite integral that correctly gives the area bounded by the curve y = 4x x2
and the x-axis is:
2
( 4x x ) dx
( 4x x 2 ) dx
( 2x
( 4x x 2 ) dx
( 4x x ) dx
2
1--3- x 3 ) dx
b The area, in square units, is equal to:

A 10 2--3-
B 2 1--3-
C 5 1--3-
E 5 1--3-
D 8
5 multiple choice
a Which of the graphs below correctly shows the area bounded by the curve
y2 = x + 1 and the y-axis?
A
B
C
y
y
y
y2 = x + 1
y2 = x + 1
y2 = x + 1
1
y
y2 = x + 1
y2 = x + 1
0
0
x
b The definite integral which gives the area bounded by y2 = x + 1 and the y-axis is:
1
(y
( y 2 1 ) dy
( y 2 1 ) dy
+ 1 ) dy
(y
1
C 2
x 1 dx
1 ) dy
Chapter 6
The value of the area, in square units, is equal to

A
WORKED
Example
257
Integral calculus
2
--3
B 2 2--3-
C 1 1--3-
D 5 1--3-
E 2
6 Find the area bounded by the graph with equation y = (x 2)2(x + 1) and the x-axis.
21
7 Find the area bounded by the graph with equation y2 = x + 4 and the y-axis.
8 a Show that the graphs of f (x) = x2 4 and g(x) = 4 x2 intersect at x = 2 and x = 2.
b Find the area bounded by the graphs of f (x) and g(x).
10 a On the same axis sketch the graphs of y = 9 x and y = x + 3.

b Find the value of x where the graphs intersect.
c Hence find the area between the curves from x = 1 to x = 2.
11 Find the area bounded by the curves y = x2 and y = 3x + 4.
12 Find the area enclosed by the curves y = x2 and y =
x.
13 Find the area bounded by y = e x and y = ex and the line y = e.

14 Examine the figure at right.
a Find the area enclosed by f (x), g(x) and the y-axis.
b Find the shaded area.
x2
1
e
y
2
1
y2
15 Find the area of the ellipse with equation ----2- + ----2- = 1 .

a
b
Hints:1. Use symmetry properties.
2. Antidifferentiate
g (x) = e x 1
2
f (x) =
1 + x2
a 2 x 2 by using the substitution x = asin .
x2 y2
16 Find the area between the circle x2 + y2 = 9 and ellipse ----- + ----- = 1 .
9 4
Hint: Make use of symmetry properties.
17 a Sketch the curve y = e x + 2.
b Find the equation of the tangent at x = 2.
c Find the area between the curve, the tangent and the y-axis.
1x
18 a Sketch the graph of y = ------------ .
x+1
b Find the area bounded by this curve and the x- and y-axes.
1
19 a Show algebraically that the line y = x does not meet the curve y = ------------------ .
1 x2
1
b Find the area enclosed by the curve, the lines y = x and x = ------- , and the y-axis.
2
cad
9 a On the same axis sketch the graphs of f (x) = sin x and g(x) = cos x over [0, ].
b Show algebraically that the graphs intersect at x = --- .

4
c Find the area bounded by the curves and the y-axis.
Math
Area
between
curves
258
Volumes of solids of revolution

If part of a curve is rotated about the x-axis, or y-axis, a figure called a solid of revolution is formed. For example, a solid of revolution is obtained if the shaded region in
figure 1 is rotated about the x-axis.
y
y
y = f(x)
y = f(x)
y = f(x)
y
0 a
0 a
Figure 1
0 a
x
Figure 3
Figure 2
The solid generated (figure 2) is symmetrical about the x-axis and any vertical crosssection is circular, with a radius equal to the value of y at that point. For example, the
radius at x = a is f (a).
Any thin vertical slice may be considered to be cylindrical, with radius y and height
x (figure 3).
The volume of the solid of revolution generated between x = a and x = b is found by
allowing the height of each cylinder, x, to be as small as possible and adding the volumes of all of the cylinders formed between x = a and x = b. That is, the volume of a
typical strip is equal to y2 x.
Therefore the volume of the solid contained from x = a to x = b is the sum of all the
infinitesimal volumes:
x=b
V = lim
x 0
y2 x
x=a
dx
The value of y must be expressed in terms of x so that the integral can be evaluated.
From the figure above y = f (x) and thus the volume of revolution of a curve f (x) from
x = a to x = b is V =
[ f ( x)]
dx .
Similarly if a curve is rotated about the y-axis, the solid

of revolution shown in the figure at right is produced.
The volume of the solid of revolution is likewise
V =
y
b
[ f ( y)]
dy
For regions between two curves that are rotated about the
x-axis:
V =
x = f (y)
[ f ( x)]
y = f (x)
y = g (x)
[ g ( x ) ] 2 dx
Chapter 6
Integral calculus
259
WORKED Example 22
a Sketch the graph of y = 2x and show the region bounded by the graph, the
x-axis and the line x = 2.
b Find the volume of the solid of revolution when the region is rotated about the
x-axis.
THINK
WRITE
a
a 1 Sketch the graph.
y
x = 2 y = 2x
2 Shade the region required.
State the integral that gives the

volume. (The volume generated is
bounded by x = 0 and x = 2.)
bV=
( 2x )
4x
dx
dx
0
4 3 2
--- x
3
0
= [
------ 0 ]
= [ 32
3
32
= --------3
32
The exact volume generated is --------- cubic units.
3
State the volume.
Finding the volume of a solid
Graphics Calculator tip! of revolution
Consider the volume of the solid of revolution formed in

Worked example 22.
1. The line with equation y = 2x is rotated about the x-axis
to form a cone. To graph the line, enter Y1 = 2X and press
GRAPH . Press TRACE to locate particular coordinates.
2. To determine the volume of the cone, press MATH , then
select 9: fnInt( and insert Y12, X, 0, 2) and press
ENTER . To insert Y1, press VARS and select YVARS,
1:Function and 1:Y1 (similarly any Y variable).
(Note that Y12 provides the integrand, X is the variable,
0 and 2 are the terminals of the integral.)
1 3
Can you verify the formula V = --- r for this cone? What is the radius for this cone?
3
You can try to convert your volume answer to a fraction of . Press and 2nd [ ],
then MATH . Select 1:
Frac and press ENTER . This is also shown in the screen above.
260
WORKED Example 23
a Sketch the region bounded by the curve y = loge x, the x-axis, the y-axis and
the line y = 2.
b Calculate the volume of the solid generated if the region is rotated about the
y-axis.
THINK
WRITE
a 1 Sketch the graph. (Use a graphics
a
y
calculator if necessary.)
y = logex
2
2 Shade the region required.
0
1
2
3
Write the rule y = loge x.

Take the exponent of both sides to get y
as a function of x.
State the function.
b y = loge x
ey = elog x
ey = x
or x = ey
Express the volume in integral notation

between y = 0 and y = 2.
( e ) dy
= e dy
So V =
0
2
= [
= [
y 2
2y
0
1 2y
--- e
2
1 4
--- e
2
]02
1 0
--2
= --- ( e 4 1 )
2
The volume is exactly --- ( e 4 1 ) cubic units

2
(or approximately 84.19 cubic units).
State the volume.
remember
remember
1. To find the volume of revolution about the x-axis for the function f (x) from
x = a to x = b, evaluate the integral:
V=
[ f ( x)]
dx
2. To find the volume of revolution about the y-axis for the function f (y) from
y = a to y = b, evaluate the integral:
V=
[ f ( y)]
dy
3. To find the volume of revolution about the x-axis for the region between f (x)
and g(x) where f (x) g(x) from x = a to x = b, evaluate the integral:
V=
[ f ( x)]
a
[ g ( x ) ] 2 dx
Chapter 6
6G
Integral calculus
261
Volumes of solids
of revolution
Give exact answers where possible; otherwise use an appropriate number of decimal
places when giving approximate answers. (Use a graphics calculator to check any
graphing.)
WORKED
22
1 a Sketch the graph of the region bounded by the x-axis, the curve y = 3x and the line
x = 2.
Solid of
b Calculate the volume generated by rotating this region about the x-axis.
revolution x
c Verify this result by using the standard volume formula for the solid generated.
Math
cad
Example
2 The region bounded by the graph of y = 16 x 2 and the x-axis is rotated about the
x-axis.
a Calculate the volume of the solid of revolution generated.
b Verify this answer using the standard volume formula.
WORKED
23
3 a Sketch the region bounded by the curve y = x 1 , the y-axis and the lines y = 0
and y = 2.
Solid of
b Calculate the volume generated when this region is rotated about the y-axis.
revolution y
4 Find the volume generated when the area bounded by y = x2 1 and the x-axis is
rotated about:
a the x-axis
b the y-axis.
5 For the regions bounded by the x-axis, the following curves, and the given lines:
i sketch a graph shading the region
ii find the volume generated when the region is rotated about the x-axis.
a y = x + 1; x = 0 and x = 2
b y = x ; x = 1 and x = 4
c
y = x2; x = 0 and x = 2
e x2 + y2 = 4; x = 1 and x = 1
g y = cos x; x = --- and x = --2

2
d y2 = 2x + 1; x = 0 and x = 3
2
f y = --- ; x = 1 and x = 3
x
h y = ex + 1; x = 2 and x = 1
6 For each region defined in question 5 (a to f only) find the volume generated by
rotating it about the y-axis.
7 multiple choice
a The region bounded by the curves y = x2 + 2 and y = 4 x2 is represented by the graph:
A
B
2
y
y
y=x +2
y = x2 + 2
y = 4 x2
(1, 3)
(1, 3)
x
0
y = 4 x2
Math
cad
Example
262
y y = x2 + 2
(2, 2)
y = x2 + 2
(2, 2)
0
x
y = 4 x2
y = 4 x2
E
y = 4 x2
y = x2 + 2
(1, 3)
x
0
(1, 3)
b The volume generated when the region is rotated about the x-axis is equal to:
A
( 2 2x 2 ) 2 dx
( 2 2y ) 2 dy
( 2 2x 2 ) 2 dx
( 2 2x 2 ) 2 dx
( 6 2x 2 ) 2 dx
The volume generated when the region is rotated about the y-axis is equal to:
A
( 4 y ) dy +
C
E
( y 2 ) dy
( 2 2y ) dy
2
4
( y 2 ) dy +
( 4 y ) dy
2
( 2y 2 ) dy
2
( 2 2x ) dx
2
8 Find the volume generated when the region bounded by the curves y = x2 and y = x
is rotated about:
a the x-axis
b the y-axis.
9 Find the volume generated when the area bounded by the curve y = sec x, the line
x = --- and the x- and y-axes is rotated about the x-axis.

4
10 Find the volume generated by rotating the area bounded by y = e2x, the y-axis and the
line y = 2 about the x-axis.
11 The area bounded by the curve y = Tan1x, the x-axis and the line x = 1 is rotated
about the y-axis. Find the volume of the solid generated.
x2
12 A model for a container is formed by rotating the area under the curve of y = 2 ----6
between x = 1 and x = 1 about the x-axis. Find the volume of the container.
Chapter 6
Integral calculus
13 For the graph shown at right:

a find the coordinate of A
b find the volume generated when the shaded region is rotated
about the x-axis
c find the volume generated when the shaded region is rotated
about the y-axis.
263
y=
4 x2
x2 y2
14 What is the volume generated by rotating the ellipse with equation ----- + ----- = 1 about:
4 9
a the x-axis?
b the y-axis?
15 Find the volume generated when the region bounded by y = x2 and y =
rotated about:
a the x-axis
b the y-axis.
8x is
16 Find the volume generated by the rotation of the area bounded by the curves y = x3
and y = x2 about:
a the x-axis
b the y-axis.
17 A hemispherical bowl of radius 10 cm contains
water to a depth of 5 cm. What is the
volume of water in the bowl?
18 A solid sphere of radius 6 cm has
a cylindrical hole of radius 1 cm
bored through its centre. What
is the volume of the
remainder of the sphere?
19 Find the volume of a truncated cone of height
10 cm, a base radius of
5 cm and a top radius of
2 cm.
20 a Find the equation of
the circle sketched
below.
b Find the volume of a
torus (doughnut-shaped
figure) generated by
rotating this circle about
the x-axis (give your answer
in cm3).
y
6
0
264
Approximate evaluation of definite

integrals and areas
When calculating definite integrals or areas that involve integrands which cannot be
antidifferentiated using techniques discussed in this chapter, approximation methods
can be used. We shall now look at two useful and simple approximation methods: the
midpoint rule and the trapezoidal rule.
The midpoint rule

f ( x ) dx determines the shaded area
y = f (x)
under the curve below.

It can be approximated by constructing a rectangle with height
equal to the value of y halfway between x = a and x = b.
a+b
Area of rectangle = ( b a ) f ------------
2
The estimate for the shaded area is improved by increasing
the number of intervals, that is the number of rectangles
between x = a and x = b. In the figure below, the region from
x = a and x = b is broken up into n rectangles.
The base width of each rectangle is x and the height of
each individual rectangle is obtained from the midpoint rule.
The area of each rectangle is given by the product of the
height and the common width x.
y = f (x)
ba
where: x = ------------ , the width of each rectangle
n
n = the number of intervals and hence rectangles used
x0 = a
xn = b
WORKED Example 24
4
Estimate
(x
+ 2 x ) d x using the midpoint rule and 4 intervals.
THINK
1 State f (x).
2 Calculate x.
WRITE
f (x) = x2 + 2x
40
x = -----------4
=1
0 x0 x1 x2 xn x
x0 + x1
x1 + x2
xn 1 + xn
f ( x ) dx x f ---------------- + f ---------------- + . . . + f -----------------------
2
2
2
a
b
a+b
y = f (n)
(a)
So
(b)
Chapter 6
THINK
265
Integral calculus
WRITE
Find x0, x1, x2, x3, x4.
Substitute these values into the

midpoint rule.
x0 = 0
x1 = 1
x2 = 2
x3 = 3
x4 = 4
4
Evaluate the approximation.
State the solution.
So
(x
+ 2x ) dx
1[ f (0.5) + f (1.5) + f (2.5) + f (3.5)]

= 1(1.25 + 5.25 + 11.25 + 19.25)
= 37
The approximate value of the definite integral is 37.
The trapezoidal rule
The area under a curve can also be approximated using a

trapezium.
ba
The area of the trapezium = ------------ [ f ( a ) + f ( b ) ] .
2
By increasing the number of intervals between x = a and

x = b, that is, the number of trapezia, the estimate becomes
more accurate:
So
f ( x ) dx
y = f (x)
y
y = f (x)
0 x0 x1 x2 x3
(a)
xn x
(b)
ba
------------ { [ f ( a ) + f ( x 1 ) ] + [ f ( x 1 ) + f ( x 2 ) ] + [ f ( x 2 ) + f ( x 3 ) ] + . . . + [ f ( x n 1 ) + f ( b ) ] }
2
Notice here that the terms f (a) and f (b) occur only once and all other terms such as
f (x1) and f (x2) occur twice. Thus an approximation to the area is:
x
Approximate area = ------ [ f ( x 0 ) + 2 f ( x 1 ) + 2 f ( x 2 ) + . . . + 2 f ( x n 1 ) + f ( x n ) ]
2
where: n = the number of intervals used
ba
x = -----------n
a = x0
b = xn
266
WORKED Example 25
4
Estimate
(x
+ 2 x ) d x using the trapezoidal rule and four equal intervals.
THINK
WRITE
State f (x).
Calculate x.
Find x0, x1, x2, x3, x4.

trapezoidal rule.
f (x) = x2 + 2x
40
x = -----------4
=1
x0 = 0
x1 = 1
x2 = 2
x3 = 3
x4 = 4
4
So
(x
+ 2x ) dx
1--2- [f (0) + 2f (1) + 2f (2) + 2f (3) + f (4)]

5
Evaluate the approximation.
= 1--2- [0 + 2(3) + 2(8) + 2(15) + 24]

= 1--2- (76)
State the solution.
= 38
The value of the definite integral is approximately 38.
Compare this answer with that in worked example 24. Which is closest to the exact
answer?
WORKED Example 26
Estimate the area under the graph of y = x log e x from x = 1 to x = 5 using two equal
intervals and:
a the midpoint rule
b the trapezoidal rule.
THINK
WRITE
a 1 State f (x).
a f (x) = x loge x
51
x = -----------2 Calculate x.
2
=2
x0 = 1
3 Find x0, x1, x2.
x1 = 3
x2 = 5
5
So the area = x log e x dx
4 Substitute the values into the
1
midpoint rule.
2[ f(2) + f(4)]
= 2[2loge2 + 4loge4]
5 Evaluate the estimate of the area.
= 4loge2 + 8loge4
The
approximate
area is 13.863 square units.
6 State the approximate area.
Chapter 6
THINK
WRITE
b f (x) = xloge x
State f (x).
Calculate x.
Find x0, x1, x2.

trapezoidal rule.
Evaluate the estimate for the area.
State the approximate area.
51
x = -----------2
=2
x0 = 1
x1 = 3
x2 = 5
So the area =
267
Integral calculus
xlog x dx
e
2--2- [f (1) + 2f (3) + f (5)]

= 1[loge1 + 2(3loge3) + 5 loge5]
= 6 loge3 + 5 loge5
The approximate area is 14.639 square units.
remember
remember
1. Some functions cannot be integrated using the
y
y = f (n)
techniques covered in this chapter. Two approximation methods are discussed. The midpoint rule
involves subdividing the required area into a finite
number of rectangles. The trapezium rule involves
0 x0 x1 x2 xn x
subdividing the area into a finite number of trapezia.
(a)
(b)
2. The midpoint rule:
b
x0 + x1
x1 + x2
xn 1 + xn
f ( x ) dx x f ---------------- + f ---------------- + . . . + f -----------------------
2
2
2
a
ba
where: x = ------------ , the width of each rectangle
n
n = the number of intervals used
x0 = a
xn = b
3. The trapezoidal rule:
y
y = f (x)
0 x0 x1 x2 x3
(a)
x
f ( x ) dx ------ [ f ( x 0 ) + 2 f ( x 1 ) + 2 f ( x 2 ) + . . . + 2 f ( x n 1 ) + f ( x n ) ]
2
a
ba
x = -----------n
a = x0
b = xn
xn x
(b)
268
Approximate evaluation of
definite integrals and areas
6H
WORKED
Example
24
1 Find approximations to the following definite integrals using the midpoint rule with
four equal intervals.
a
dx
----------x2
Example
sin x dx
log e x 2 dx
Tan 1 x dx
WORKED
2 Repeat question 1 using the trapezoidal rule.
25
GC p
am
rogr
WORKED
Midpoint Example
rule
26a
3 Use the midpoint rule with two equal intervals to estimate the following definite integrals.
a
d
hca
(x
( x + 2 ) dx
Mat
Middle
boxes
Example
( x 3 ) dx
( 16 x ) dx
2
x 2 + 2x ) dx
WORKED
am
rogr
4 Repeat question 3 using the trapezoidal rule.
GC p
26b
Trapezoidal
rule
5 multiple choice
a Using the midpoint rule and two equal intervals, an estimate for
Mat
d
hca
Trapezoidal
rule
A 1.4
B 0.8
C 0.9412
D 0.7906
1
-------------2- dx is:
+
1
x
0
E 0.863
b Compared to the exact answer, the percentage error in answer a is closest to:
A 0.7
B 1.9
C 2.5
D 20
E 6.4
6 multiple choice
a Using the trapezoidal rule and four equal intervals, an estimate for
--2
--2
is:
A 1+ 2
B --2
(1 + 2)
(1 + 2)
C ------------------------- D ------------------------- E --4
4
8
b The percentage error relative to the exact answer is closest to:

A 61
B 21
C 11
D 5
7 Find the value of
e
1
a 4 equal intervals
b 8 equal intervals.
dx using the midpoint rule and:
E 1
cos x dx
Chapter 6
8 Find
Integral calculus
269
1 + x 2 dx using the trapezoidal rule and:
a 4 equal intervals
9 Estimate the area under the curve y = loge x from x = 1 to x = 4 using the midpoint rule
and:
a 3 equal intervals
10 Estimate the area under the graph of y = Cos1x from x = 1 to x = 1 using the midpoint rule and 4 equal intervals.
11 Calculate an estimate for the area under the graph of y = 2x between x = 0 and x = 2
using the trapezoidal rule and:
a 2 equal intervals
12 Using the trapezoidal rule with:
a 2 equal intervals
b 4 equal intervals
find the approximate area under the graph of y =
sin x between x = 0 and x = .
Is there a connection between area

and volume of revolution?
The area under a curve can be found directly from integration. Likewise, the
volume of revolution can also be found from integration. In both cases it is
assumed that the curves have functions which can be readily integrated.
This investigation examines the relative size of the area produced by a curve
and the x-axis, and the volume of revolution produced. Curves will be restricted
to those of the type f (x) = ax n.
1 Consider the function f (x) = ax n, where a = 1--2- , 1, 2 and 4 and n = 1. Find the
area enclosed by the curve, the x-axis and the line x = 1 for each of the four
values for a. In what manner is the area dependent on the gradient of the line a?
2 For each of the four curves, find the volume of revolution. In what way is the
volume dependent on a?
3 Consider the function f (x) = ax n, where n = 1--2- , 1, 2 and 4 and a = 1. Find the
area enclosed by the curve, the x-axis and the line x = 1 for each of the four
values for n. In what manner is the area dependent on the value of n?
4 For each of the four curves, find the volume of revolution. In what way is the
volume dependent on the value of n?
5 Finally, compare the sizes of the areas found in parts 1 and 3 to the volumes
found in parts 2 and 4. In particular, investigate the ratio of the volume of
V
revolution V to the area A. In what way does the ratio ---- depend on the values
A
of a and n for the general function f (x) = ax n? What happens to the ratio as
n when a = 1?
6 Write a brief report detailing your findings being careful to illustrate your work
with graphs and with calculations.
270
summary
Common antiderivatives
The table below lists common antiderivatives.
f(x)
F(x)
ax n + 1
Ax n
--------------- + c
n+1
1
--x
loge kx + c
e kx
------- + c
k
cos kx
------------------ + c
k
sin kx
-------------- + c
k
tan kx
-------------- + c
k
x
Sin 1 --- + c
a
e kx
sin kx
cos kx
sec2kx
1
-------------------- , x (a, a)
2
a x2
1
-------------------- , x (a, a)
a2 x2
a
---------------a2 + x2
x
Cos 1 --- + c
a
x
Tan 1 --- + c
a
Substitution where the derivative is present in the integrand
[ f ( x ) ]n + 1
f ( x ) [ f ( x ) ] n dx = ------------------------- + c
(n + 1)
f ( x )
- dx = log f ( x ) + c
----------f ( x)
e
Linear substitution
The integral
f ( x) [g( x)]
dx, n 0 may be successfully antidifferentiated using
the substitution u = g(x), provided that g(x) is linear. The function f (x) must be written
in terms of y also.
Useful trigonometric identities

Trigonometric identities are used to integrate even and odd powered trigonometric
functions:
sin2ax = 1--2- (1 cos 2ax)
cos2ax = 1--2- (1 + cos 2ax)
sin ax cos ax =
1
--2
sin 2ax
Chapter 6
Integral calculus
271
Antidifferentiation using partial fractions

Many rational expressions can be antidifferentiated by transforming the expressions
into partial fractions. Two common types are shown below.
Rational expression
f ( x)
---------------------------------------( ax + b ) ( cx + d )
A
B
--------------- + --------------ax + b cx + d
f ( x)
---------------------2( ax + b )
B
A
---------------------2- + --------------ax
+b
( ax + b )
Definite integrals
f ( x ) dx = [ F ( x ) ] ab
= F(b) F(a), where F(x) is an antiderivative of f(x).
f ( x ) dx can be found only if the integrand f(x) exists for
all values of x in the interval [a, b]; that is, a x b.
Areas under curves

y
y = f (x)
Area =
f ( x ) dx
Area =
g( x ) dx
a
y = g (x)
y
y = f (x)
0 c
y
b
c
f ( x ) dx +
f ( x ) dx
x = f (y)
0
a
Area =
Area =
f ( y ) dy +
f( y ) dy
c
272
Areas between curves

y
f (x)
0 c
g (x)
x
Area =
[ g ( x ) f ( x ) ] dx +
Area =
x = g (y) b
[ f ( x ) g( x ) ] dx
c
[ g( y ) f ( y ) ] dy
a
x = f (y)
a
x
Volumes of solids of revolution

b
[ f ( x ) ] dx .
About y-axis: V = [ f ( y ) ] dy
About x-axis: V =
Between two functions f (x) and g(x) where f (x) g(x):

V =
[ f ( x)]
[ g ( x ) ] dx
Approximate evaluation of definite integrals and areas

Approximate measure of
f ( x ) dx using the midpoint rule:
x0 + x1
x1 + x2
xn 1 + xn
f ( x ) dx x f ---------------- + f ---------------- + . . . + f -----------------------
2
2
2
a
ba
x = -----------n
x0 = a
xn = b
Approximate measure of
f ( x ) dx using the trapezoidal rule:
x
f ( x ) dx ------ [ f ( x 0 ) + 2 f ( x 1 ) + 2 f ( x 2 ) + . . . + 2 f ( x n 1 ) + f ( x n ) ]
2
a
ba
x = -----------n
x0 = a
xn = b.
Chapter 6
Integral calculus
273
CHAPTER
review
Multiple choice
1 The expression
A
( x 1 )( x 2x )
B
u du
2
1
--2
du
dx is equal to:
6A
C 2 u 5 du
5u
du
du
sin x
- is:
2 An antiderivative of -----------cos 3 x
6A
1
B -----------cos 2 x
1
A -----------cos 4 x
3 The expression
A 2 u 4 du
1
C ----------sin 2 x
1
D ----------------2 cos 2 x
6 sec 3x tan 3x dx is equal to:

B u du
C
u du
2
1
E ----------------4 cos 2 x
1
--2
6A
E 2 u 2 du
du
4 The antiderivative of x(x + 2)10 is:

A x +c
B (x + 2) + c
( x + 2 ) 11 ( 12x 11 )
D ------------------------------------------------ + c
132
E x(x + 2)11 + c
11
( x + 2 ) 11 ( 11x 2 )
C --------------------------------------------- + c
132
11
2 x dx is equal to:
5
---
3
---
5
---
3
---
6B
3
---
2
--- ( 2
5
x)2 2(2 x)2 + c B
1
--- ( 2
5
2
- ( 2 x ) 2 ( 3x + 4 ) + c
x ) 2 + 2 ( 2 x ) 2 + c E ----15
u --2- + 2u --2- du
3
---
x )2 3( 2 x )2 + c C x2( 2 x )2 + c
---
6 Using an appropriate substitution,

u --2- + u --2- du
5
--- ( 2
2
5
---
6B
2x
e x 1 dx is equal to:
3
2u --2- + u --2- du
u --2- + u --2- du
6B
5
u --2-
3
--2u 2
1
--u 2
du
274
6C
7 Using an appropriate substitution,

A
D
6C
(u
(u
u 2 ) du
u 5 ) du
6D
6D
u 3 ) du
B 2x 1 + sin 2x
( u u ) du
( u 1 ) du
2
10 The expression
C 2x + cos 2x
E 2x sin 2x
sin x dx is equal to:

( u 2u ) du
( u u + 1 ) du
9 Using the appropriate substitution,

A
6C
8 If f (x) = 4sin2x and f --- = --- , then f (x) is equal to:

4
2
A 4 cos 2 x + --- 2
2
D 2x cos 2x
6C
cos x sin x dx is equal to:

C (u
u cos x dx
( u u ) dx
( 2u
1 u 4 ) du
( 2 + tan x ) dx is equal to:

2
A x + sec2x + c
D x + tan x + c
B 2x + sec2x + c
E xtan x + c
C tan x + c
1
1
1
1
= ----------- -----------, x > 5 , an antiderivative of ----------------------------11 Given that ----------------------------is:
2
2
x
5
x
4
x 9x + 20
x 9x + 20
x5
A log e -----------
x 4
x4
B log e -----------
x 5
1
D log e ( x 5 ) ------------------2( x 4)
1
1
E ------------------2- ------------------2( x 5) ( x 4)
12 The expression
C loge(x2 9x + 20)
- dx is equal to:
(-----------------x + 1)
2x + 3
2
A ------------ + c
x+1
2
B ------------------2- + 3 log e ( x + 1 ) + c
( x + 1)
1
C log e ( x + 1 ) + ------------ + c
x+1
1
D 2 log e ( x + 1 ) ------------ + c
x+1
E loge(x + 1)2 + c
6E
13 The integral
A (9, 9)
D R
1
------------------ dx can be evaluated over the largest domain of:
9 x2
B [3, 3]
E (3, 3)
C (3, 0)
Chapter 6
14 The value of
6E
1
--3
A loge2
D loge4
E unable to be calculated.
The expression
275
x2
------------- dx is:
3
x +1
15
Integral calculus
C 3 loge2
loge2
2x cos x 2 dx is equal to:
6E
A cos
B sin ( 2)
C 0
D 1
E 2
16 The integral representing the shaded area of this curve is equal to:
A 2
( x2
1 ) dx
6E
y = x2 1
( x 2 1 ) dx
C 2
(x
1 ) dx
( 1 x ) dx
( x 1 ) dx
2
17 The area between the curve y = sin x and the line y = x from x = 0 to x = 1 (see diagram) is
approximately equal to:
y
6F
y=x
1
0
A
B
C
D
E
y = sin x
x
0.04 square units

1.04 square units
0.54 square units
0.84 square units
0.34 square units
18 The shaded area (in square units) on the graph below is equal to:
y
16
-----3
B 16
32
-----3
6F
y = (x 2)2
4 x
8
--3
E 8
276
Questions 19 and 20 refer to the shaded area in the figure below.

y
y= x
(1, 1)
x
0
y=2x
6G
19 The volume generated when the region is rotated about the x-axis is equal to:
1
( 4 3x + x ) dx
( 2 x x ) dx
0
1
0
2
( 4 + x x ) dx
( 4 4x + x + x ) dx
( 4 2x 2 + x 4 x ) dx
0
1
6G
20 The volume generated when the region is rotated about the y-axis is equal to:
2
y dy
( 2 y y ) dy
0
2
C
E
( 2 y ) dy +
1
2
0
2
( 2 y ) dy
dy
dy +
( 2 y ) dy
0
6H
21 The approximate value of

A
C
E
6H
ex
----- dx using the trapezoidal rule and 3 equal intervals is:
x
1
1
2
3
4
------ (6e + 3e + 2e + e )
12
1
2
3
4
------ (6e + 6e + 4e + e )
12
1
2
3
4
------ (12e + 12e + 8e + 3e )
24
B
D
1
--- (4e
8
1
--- (2e
4
+ 4e2 + 2e3 + e4)

+ 2e2 + e3 + 1--2- e4)
22 The approximate value of the area under the curve y = x2 + 1 from x = 1 to x = 1 (using the
midpoint rule with four equal intervals) is:
A 2.625 square units
B 1.3125 square units
C 2.5 square units
D 2.75 square units
E 1.95 square units
Short answer
6A
1 Find the antiderivative of:
6B
6C
2 Find the indefinite integral
( log e x ) 2
b -------------------x
a (cos x) esinx
x
---------------- dx .
x+1
3 Find:
a
cos 2x dx
2
sin --4- cos --4- dx

2x
2x
Chapter 6
Integral calculus
277
x 2 2x 12
-.
4 Find an antiderivative of f (x) where f (x) = ---------------------------x 2 7x 8
6D
5 Find f (x) if f (x) = sin 2x cos x and f () = 1.
6E
6 If f (x) = 2 1 x 2 and f (0) = 3, find f (x).

(Hint: Use the substitution x = sin to antidifferentiate.)
6E
7 Evaluate:
6E
1
-------------2- dx
4+x
x
---------------- dx
2x
8 a Sketch a graph which shows the region enclosed by the curve y = loge x, the
line y = 2 and the x- and y-axes.
6E
b Find the area of this region.

9 What is the area bounded by the curve y = x2 + 2 and the line y = 5x 4?
10 Find the volume generated when the area under the graph of y = e x, between x = 1 and
x = 0, is rotated about the x-axis.
6F
6G
11 Find the volume of water in a hemispherical bowl of radius 8 cm if the depth is 3 cm.
6G
12 a Find an approximate value of
2x
dx using four equal intervals and:
i the midpoint rule

ii the trapezoidal rule.
b Which result is closest to the exact answer?
Analysis
1 a Find the area of the shaded region on the graph at right.
b What is the volume generated when this region is rotated about the x-axis?
c
If the region is rotated about the y-axis, find the approximate volume of the solid
generated using the midpoint rule and four equal intervals. (Give your answer correct to
4 decimal places.)
y
y = tan x
1
0
6H
278
2 The side view of the right side of a wine glass vessel

can be modelled by two curves which join at x = e:
y
0 1 e
5 x
y = 2loge x, 0 < x e (red curve)

y = x2 2ex + e2 + c, e x 5 (blue curve)
(All measurements are in centimetres.)
a Show that the value of c is 2 and find the height
of the vessel correct to 2 decimal places.
The vessel is formed when the region between the
curves and the y-axis is rotated about the y-axis.
b Find the volume of wine in the glass when the
depth is 2 cm.
c What is the maximum volume of wine that the glass
can hold (using maximum height to the nearest mm)?
3 A below-ground skating ramp
is to be modelled by the curve
2
y = ---------------------, 5.98 x 5.98 .
36 x 2
y
Ground 4.086 Level
CHAPTER
test
yyourself
ourself
6 x
This is shown above, where the line

y = 4.086 represents
ground level. (All
measurements
are in metres.)
(Give all
answers correct to
2 decimal places.)
a Find the
maximum depth
of the ramp.
b Find the area under
the curve.
c Find the volume
generated if this area is
rotated about the x-axis.
d If the ramp is 20 metres
long, what is the volume of
dirt which must be removed?

Integral Calculus 6

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Integral Calculus 6

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Chap 06 SM Page 211 Thursday, October 12, 2000 10:59 AM

Chap 06 SM Page 212 Thursday, October 12, 2000 10:59 AM

Integration techniques and applications

Technique 1: Substitution where the

Chap 06 SM Page 213 Thursday, October 12, 2000 10:59 AM

Recognise that the derivative of

Make dx the subject.

Substitute for x + 3 and dx.

Antidifferentiate with respect to u.

Replace u with x + 3 and state answer

Recognise that 4x is the derivative of

Make dx the subject.

Simplify the integrand by cancelling

Antidifferentiate with respect to u.

Recognise that 3x 2 + 1 is the derivative

Chap 06 SM Page 214 Thursday, October 12, 2000 10:59 AM

Make dx the subject.

Express the integrand in index form.

Antidifferentiate with respect to u.

Express in root notation.

Express in integral notation.

Make dx the subject.

Cancel out x + 3 and express u in index

Chap 06 SM Page 215 Thursday, October 12, 2000 10:59 AM

Antidifferentiate with respect to u.

Replace u with x2 + 6x.

Express the answer with a positive

Express in integral notation.

Recognise that x2 1 is a multiple of

Make dx the subject.

Antidifferentiate with respect to u.

Replace u with 3x x3.

Evaluate the following indefinite integrals.

Chap 06 SM Page 216 Thursday, October 12, 2000 10:59 AM

Make dx the subject.

Cancel out cos x.

Antidifferentiate with respect to u.

Replace u with sin x.

Make dx the subject.

Cancel out 4 + x2.

Antidifferentiate with respect to u.

Chap 06 SM Page 217 Thursday, October 12, 2000 10:59 AM

Substitute u for loge4x and x du for dx

Antidifferentiate with respect to u.

Express cos3x as cos x cos2x.

Express cos x cos2x as cos x (1 sin2x)

Make dx the subject.

Cancel out cos x.

Expand the integrand.

Antidifferentiate with respect to u.

= 1--3- sin3x 1--5- sin5x + c

If f(x) = 4xe x and f(0) = 5, find f(x).

Recognise that 4x is twice the

Continued over page

Chap 06 SM Page 218 Thursday, October 12, 2000 10:59 AM

Make dx the subject.

Cancel out 2x.

Antidifferentiate with respect to u.

State the function f(x).

Substitution where the

1 Find the antiderivative for each of the following expressions.

d 2(x + 2)(x2 + 4x)3

k (3x2 + 5) cos(x3 + 5x)

Chap 06 SM Page 219 Thursday, October 12, 2000 10:59 AM