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22. Stresses Around a Hole (II)

I Main Topics
A General solu=on for a plane strain case
B Boundary condi=ons
C Solu=on that honors boundary condi=ons
D Signicance of solu=on
E Superposi=on
F Stress concentra=ons

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21. Stresses Around a Hole (I)

Hydraulic Fracture
Ship Rock, New Mexico

hKp://jencarta.com/images/aerial/ShipRock.jpg
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From Wu et al., 2007

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22. Stresses Around a Hole (II)

II General solu=on for a plane strain case
Start with the governing equa=on
0=

d 2ur 1 dur ur
+

dr 2 r dr r 2

Consider a power series solu=on for ur and its deriva=ves

ur = C3r 3 +C2 r 2 +C1r 1 +C0 r 0 +C1r1 +C2 r 2 +C3r 3 + ...

dur
= 3C3r 4 2C2 r 3 1C1r 2 + 0C0 r 1 + 1C1r 0 + 2C1r1 + 3C1r 2 + ...
dr
d 2 ur
= 12C3r 5 +6C2 r 4 +2C1r 3 +0C0 r 2 +0C1r 1 +2C1r 0 +6C1r1 ...
dr 2

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22. Stresses Around a Hole (II)

II General Solu=on for a plane strain case
Now subs=tute the series solu=ons into the
governing equa=on 0 = d u + 1 du 1 u
2

dr 2

r dr

r2

0 =12C3r 5 + 6C2 r 4 + 2C1r 3 + 0C0 r 2 + 0C1r 1 + 2C1r 0 + 6C1r1 ...

1
+ 3C3r 4 2C2 r 3 1C1r 2 + 0C0 r 1 + 1C1r 0 + 2C1r1 + 3C1r 2 + ...
r
1
2 C3r 3 +C2 r 2 +C1r 1 +C0 r 0 +C1r1 +C2 r 2 +C3r 3 + ...
r

0 = 12C3r 5 + 6C2 r 4 + 2C1r 3 + 0C0 r 2 + 0C1r 1 + 2C0 r 0 + 6C1r1 + ...

(
(C

)
+ ...)

+ 3C3r 5 2C2 r 4 1C1r 3 + 0C0 r 2 + 1C1r 1 + 2C0 r 0 + 3C1r1 + ...

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r 5 + C2 r 4 +C1r 3 + C0 r 2 +C1r 1 +C2 r 0 +C3r1

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22. Stresses Around a Hole (II)

II General Solu=on for a plane strain case
0 =12C3r 5 + 6C2 r 4 + 2C1r 3 + 0C0 r 2 + 0C1r 1 + 2C0 r 0 + 6C1r1 + ...

(
+ ( 1C

)
...)

+ 3C3r 5 2C2 r 4 1C1r 3 + 0C0 r 2 + 1C1r 1 + 2C0 r 0 + 3C1r1 + ...

3

r 5 1C2 r 4 1C1r 3 1C0 r 2 1C1r 1 1C2 r 0 1C3r1

Now collect terms of the same powers

0 =8C3r 5 + 3C2 r 4 + 0C1r 3 1C0 r 2 + 0C1r 1 + 3C0 r 0 + 8C1r1 + ...

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22. Stresses Around a Hole (II)

II General Solu=on for a plane strain case
0 = 8C3r 5 + 3C2 r 4 + 0C1r 3 1C0 r 2 + 0C1r 1 + 3C0 r 0 + 8C1r1 + ...

For this to hold for all values of r, the product of each

leading coecient and constant must equal 0
because the powers of r are linearly independent.
All coecients except C-1 and C1 thus must be zero.
ur = C3r 3 + C2 r 2 + C1r 1 + C0 r 0 + C1r1 + C2 r 2 + C3r 3 + ...

ur = C1r 1 + C1r1
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General solu=on for radial displacements

Solve for constants via boundary condi=ons
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22. Stresses Around a Hole (II)

III Boundary condi=ons
A Two boundary
condi=ons must be
specied to solve our
problem because our
general solu=on has
two unknown
coecients:
ur = C1r 1 + C1r1
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22. Stresses Around a Hole (II)

III Boundary condi=ons:
Radial displacements
B ur = u0 at the wall of
the hole: ur|r=a = u0
C ur = 0 at innity:
ur|r=b= = 0

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22. Stresses Around a Hole (II)

IV Solu=on that honors boundary
condi=ons
Gov. eq.: ur = C-1r -1 + C1r1
BC 1: ur|r=a = u0
BC 2: ur|r=b= = 0
As r!, ur ! C1r
BC 2 requires C1 = 0, so
ur = C-1r -1

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22. Stresses Around a Hole (II)

IV Solu=on that honors boundary
condi=ons
Gov. eq.: ur = C-1r-1 + C1r1
BC 1: ur|r=a = u0
BC 2: ur|r=b= = 0
As r !, ur ! C1r
BC 2 requires C1 = 0, so
ur = C-1r -1
By BC 1, ur|r=a = u0 = C-1a -1
So, C-1 =a u0
ur = (a/r) u0
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Solu=on sa=sfying boundary condi=ons

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22. Stresses Around a Hole (II)

IV Solu=on that honors boundary
condi=ons (cont.)
ur = (a/r) u0
The hole radius a provides a
scale
The displacements decay with
distance r from the hole (as
suspected)
The displacements scale with u0
Problems with dierent
boundary condi=ons have
dierent solu=ons
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22. Stresses Around a Hole (II)

IV Solu=on that honors
boundary condi=ons
(cont.)
Strains

1
( r 1 )
ur ( u0 ar )
rr =
=
= u0 a
r
r
r
u a
= 20 = u0 ar 2
r

=
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ur u0 ar 1 u0 a
=
= 2 = u0 ar 2
r
r
r
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r = 0
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22. Stresses Around a Hole (II)

IV Solu=on that honors boundary
condi=ons (cont.)
Stresses (in terms of u0)

Hookes Law

rr =

rr +
( rr + )
(1 + )
(1 2 )

E u0 a
u0 a u0 a
+
+ 2

(1 + ) r 2
(1 2 ) r 2
r

E u0 a
(1 + ) r 2

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Strains

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22. Stresses Around a Hole (II)

IV Solu=on that honors boundary
condi=ons (cont.)
Stresses (in terms of u0)

Hookes Law

rr =

rr +
( rr + )
(1 + )
(1 2 )

E u0 a
u0 a u0 a
+
+ 2

(1 + ) r 2
(1 2 ) r 2
r

E u0 a
(1 + ) r 2

Strains

+
( + rr )
(1 + )
(1 2 )

E u0 a
u0 a u0 a
+
+ 2

(1 + ) r 2 (1 2 ) r 2
r

E u0 a
(1 + ) r 2

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Same absolute magnitude,

opposite sign; rr = -
r = 2G r = 0

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22. Stresses Around a Hole (II)

IV Solu=on that honors boundary
condi=ons (cont.)
Stresses (in terms of trac=ons)
First evaluate the radial stress on the
wall of the hole (r=a), which equals
trac=on T, and from that solve for u0
E u0 a
E u0
=
=T
(1 + ) a 2 (1 + ) a
E
u0 = aT
(1 + )

rr

r=a

Now subs=tute for u0 in the general

expression for rr on previous page

E
aT
a
2
E
(1 + )
a
rr =
=
T

(1 + )
r2
r

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a
= rr = T
r

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22. Stresses Around a Hole (II)

Solu=on for in-plane
Solu=on for in-plane
displacements in terms
stresses in terms of
of displacement
trac=on (stress)
boundary condi=ons
boundary condi=ons
does not depend on the
does not depend on the
elas=c proper=es
elas=c proper=es
ur = ( a r ) u0

a
= rr = T
r

u = 0

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r = r = 0

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22. Stresses Around a Hole (II)

Solu=on for in-plane
Solu=on for in-plane
stresses in terms of
displacements in terms
displacement boundary
of trac=on (stress)
condi=ons does depend
boundary condi=ons
on the elas=c proper=es
does depend on the
elas=c proper=es

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rr =

E u0 a
(1+ ) r 2

E u0 a
(1+ ) r 2

(1+ ) a
aT
E
r
u = 0
ur =

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22. Stresses Around a Hole (II)

V Signicance
For a pressure in a hole with
no remote load at r = :
A The radial normal stress
rr is a principal stress
because r = 0; rr is the
most compressive stress.
B The circumferen=al
normal stress is a
principal stress because
r = 0; is the most
tensile stress.
C A high pressure could
cause radial cracking
(e.g., radial dikes around
a magma chamber).
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a
= T
r

a
rr = T
r

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Stresses Around a Hole (II)

VI Superposi=on

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22. Stresses Around a Hole (II)

VII Stress concentra=ons
A The hole causes a doubling of the normal stress
far from the hole (i.e.,a stress concentra=on)
B The magnitude of the circumferen=al stress at the
hole is independent of the size of the hole, so a
=ny cylindrical hole causes the same stress
concentra=on as a large one.
C A =ny hole near the wall of a larger hole might be
expected to have an even larger stress
concentra=on (why?)

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22. Stresses Around a Hole (II)

VI Stress concentra=ons
D Stress concentra=ons explain myriad phenomena,
such as
1 Why paper doesnt explode when pulled
upon hard
2 Why paper tears along the doKed line
3 Why cracks in riveted steel plates start from
the rivet holes
4 Why cracks in drying mudats originate from
the where grass stems have poked through
the mud etc.
5 Why strong rocks can fail under low
stresses
6 Why dikes can propagate through the Earths
crust
7 Why seismic ruptures grow so large
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