Professional Documents
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Long Eaton Tender Submission
Long Eaton Tender Submission
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Long Eaton Services Consultants have been tasked by London Office
The
sound, they are not financially viable, as it would take 50 years to break
even.
and additional thermal mass. Due to their minimal capital costs, they
It was decided that a VAV Air Conditioning System would best suit the
Not only will LOB see net financial benefits, but will also help minimise
Inspection of the buildings fire exits found breaches of regulation;
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
ii
iii
NOMENCLATURE
Symbol
Definition
Unit
h1
Heat Gains
Volume
m3
3 /
f3
Intermittence factor
[dimensionless]
W/K
HDD
[dimensionless]
Thermal Conductance
Area
W/m K
Moisture content
kg/s
U-value
Lag
Mixing point
Hour of incidence
RH
Relative humidity
Decrement Factor
[dimensionless]
Specific enthalpy
kJ/kg
[dimensionless]
G-Value
[dimensionless]
Pressure
Pa
Temperature
K or
Fan efficiency
W/m2
Time
Also Height
Velocity
Hueretic constant
Width
Throw
xs
Shadow x-component
ys
Shadow y-component
Speed
Overhang
Lift capacity
[dimensionless]
[dimensionless]
Altitude
RTT
Air density
kg/m3
W/kgK
NOMENCLATURE
m3 /s
iv
Kg/kg
[dimensionless]
m/s
[dimensionless]
m/s
s
[dimensionless]
CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION
2 BUILDING INFORMATION
2.1 Zoning
2.2 Occupancy
2.3 Building Fabric
3 EXTREME CONDITIONS: HEATING SEASON
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
5
7
8
10
10
11
12
13
16
5 BOILER PLANT
5.1 Sizing the Boiler
5.2 Annual Running Costs and Carbon Emissions
6 AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM (ACS)
6.1 Sizing System
6.2 Air conditioning system specification
6.3 Annual Running Costs
7 VENTILATION
Design Criteria
duct configuration
Fans
supply diffuser choice
8 SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS
8.1 Potential Changes
8.2 Comparison of Changes
8.3 Reccommendations
10
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
9 FIRE PROTECTION
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5
17
18
20
Horizontal Escape
Vertical Escape
Compartmentalisation of spaces
Protection of Ventilation Openings
Location of Fire-fighting servces
10 VERTICAL TRANSPORT
10.1System Mechanics
10.2Firefighting Lifts
10.3Quality of service assessment
22
22
24
26
26
28
31
42
42
43
44
46
46
48
48
49
50
52
53
55
55
11 CONCLUSIONS
58
12 BACK MATTER
12.1References
12.2Appendix A
12.3Appendix B
12.4Appendix C
34
34
34
37
39
I
I
VI
XII
FIGURES
Figure 2-1: Proposed Building
47
47
document Bs guidelines.
49
11
49
13
50
16
50
17
52
Figure 10-2: Plan of Lift Showing Dimensions around Car as given in CIBSE
20
Guide D 0
22
53
Doors
53
26
54
27
29
35
35
36
44
Figure 9-1: Typical office floor, not meeting maximum travel distances
47
47
FIGURES
vi
TABLES
Table 2-1: Building Geometry
Table 5-3: Fuel Prices, taken from Table 12 SAP 2012, [4]
24
26
27
28
29
30
10
31
11
34
11
36
12
37
16
38
17
38
17
39
18
18
Standard
42
18
42
19
43
20
43
20
44
22
22
[12]
vii
46
[12]
46
48
Table 12-7: South Wall heat transfer (W) Example of Quasi-Dynamic Heat
48
transfer calculation
VI
50
VII
52
VIII
53
Table 12-10: West Glazing unshaded solar gain (W) Example of solar
55
cooling load
55
Table 12-11: West glazing shaded solar gain (W) Example of solar cooling
Table 12-1: Weather data used for Heating Season Calculations, taken
IX
load
IX
II
XI
III
XII
IV
XIII
Table 12-5: Heating Degree Days, taken from CIBSE Guide A, Table 2.23
IV
TABLES
viii
INTRODUCTION
Buildings for the invitation to apply for tender for designing the services
building.
It was also requested that the plans should be examined to identify any
potential issues that exist. Areas of particular concern were the fire-safety
UK Building Regulations.
INTRODUCTION
BUILDING INFORMATION
Table 2-1: Building Geometry
BUILDING INFORMATION
Parameter
Value
Unit
Height
37.8
4.2
3.6
Depth
19.7
Width
50.0
Volume
36674
Envelope Area
6450
Wall Area
5331
Roof Area
985
Ground Area
852
Exposed Floor
133
0.18
9717
Floors
10
(dimensionless)
Ground Floors
(dimensionless)
Typical Floors
(dimensionless)
-1
2
2.1
ZONING
Each floor is subdivided into distinct thermal zones. The ground floor is
dominated by a large entrance zone; with facilities located in the central
core, see Table 2-2. There is a void in the rear of the building, which
provides service access.
The upper floors follow a similar pattern; with large occupied open plan
office space, surrounding services and amenities, see Figure 2-2and Table
2-3.
Code
Zone
Width (m)
Depth (m)
Area (m )
Volume (m )
001
Entrance
50.0
19.7
689.8*
2897.2
002
Lobby
9.0
4.5
40.5
170.1
003
Male WC
3.0
4.5
13.5
56.7
004
Female WC
3.0
4.5
13.5
56.7
005
Circulation [W]
8.6
4.5
38.7
162.5
006
Circulation [E]
8.6
4.5
38.7
162.5
007
Lifts [W]
1.9
4.5
8.6
35.9
008
Lifts [E]
1.9
4.5
8.6
35.9
851.8
3577.6
Total
*Area defined as total floor area not accounted for in other zones inc. services void.
Table 2-3: Zone Dimensions Typical Floor
2
Code
Zone
Width (m)
Depth (m)
Area (m )
Volume (m )
101
Office
50.0
19.7
793.8*
2857.5
102
Lobby
9.0
4.5
40.5
145.8
103
Male WC
7.5
4.5
33.8
121.5
104
Female WC
5.0
4.5
22.5
81.0
105
Circulation [W]
8.6
4.5
38.7
139.3
106
Circulation [E]
8.6
4.5
38.7
139.3
107
Lifts [W]
1.9
4.5
8.6
30.8
108
Lifts [E]
1.9
4.5
8.6
30.8
985.0
3546.0
Total
*Area defined as total floor area not accounted for in other zones
Figure 2-3: Exploded Building Iso
BUILDING INFORMATION
2.2
OCCUPANCY
The occupancy for each zone in shown in Table 2 4. The total occupancy
for the building is 722 people, only 11 of whom are most in the office.
The occupancy profile is modelled on a typical 09:00 to 17:00 working
day, see Figure 2-4. To simulate gradual arrival and departure of
occupants it increases/decreases incrementally over the course of three
1
0.75
0.5
0.25
Code
Zone
Area (m )
Occupancy Density
2
(m /person)
Occupancy
(people)
001
Entrance
689.8
0*
002
Lobby
40.5
11
003
Male WC
13.5
004
Female WC
13.5
005
Circulation [W]
38.7
006
Circulation [E]
38.7
007
Lifts [W]
8.6
008
Lifts [E]
8.6
101
Office
793.8
10
79
102
Lobby
40.5
103
Male WC
33.8
104
Female WC
22.5
105
Circulation [W]
38.7
106
Circulation [E]
38.7
107
Lifts [W]
8.6
108
Lifts [E]
8.6
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112131415161718192021222324
Occupancy Density specified using CIBSE guide A Table 6.2 for a Hotel Lobby [1]
2.3
BUILDING FABRIC
Wall
Glazing Ratios
Wall N
61%
1814
713
1101
Wall E
34%
745
488
256
Wall S
61%
1890
743
1147
Wall W
34%
745
488
256
regulations document L2 [2]. The wall and glazing areas for each faade
are shown in Table 2-6
Table 2-5: Fabric Properties
Surface
Construction
Limiting U2
Value (W/m K)
INFILTRATION
Surface
Area
(m )
Roof
0.25
0.35
0.25
Glazing
2.2
2762
Vehicle Access
Doors
1.5
138
Wall
Floor
BUILDING INFORMATION
the building [1]. The resulting air permeability is 2.173 //2 *. This
985
2432
(347)
Zone
Floor Area
2
(m )
QOcc,
sensible
(W)
QLighting,
sensible
(W)
QEquip,
sensible
(W)
Entrance
Lobby
Sanitary
Accom.
Sanitary
Accom.
Circulation
[W]
Circulation
[E]
Lifts [W]
Lifts [E]
Office
Lobby
Sanitary
Accom.
Sanitary
Accom.
Circulation
[W]
Circulation
[E]
Lifts [W]
Lifts [E]
Total
689.8
40.5
13.5
825
-
10347
405
-
10347
405
-
Total
Sensible
Gains
(W)
10347
405
-
13.5
38.7
38.7
8.55
8.55
793.75
40.5
33.75
5530
-
7937
405
-
7937
405
-
7937
405
-
22.5
38.7
38.7
8.55
8.55
50595
85834
109181
245611
Solar gains are not considered when assessing the buildings heating load.
This is because the peak-heating load is calculated for the worst-case
scenario, no solar exposure. Building form and orientation could be
considered to optimise the influence of solar gains.
10
3.3
FABRIC LOSSES
Symbol
A
U
Parameter
Thermal Conductance
Area
U-Value
Unit
W/K
2
m
2
W/m K
Limiting U-Value
2
(W/m K)
Floor Area
Roof
0.25
985
246
Wall
0.35
2432
851
Floor
0.25
985
246
Glazing
2.2
2762
6075
1.5
138
207
Total
(m )
7626
11
3.4
VENTILATION LOSSES
Floor
Area
( )
Volume ( )
Entrance
689.8
2897.16
Lobby
40.5
170.1
11
Male WC
13.5
56.7
Female WC
13.5
56.7
Circulation [W]
38.7
162.54
Circulation [E]
38.7
162.54
Lifts [W]
8.55
Lifts [E]
8.55
Office
Lobby
Total
ventilation
rate per
zone (L/s)
Total
ventilation
rate per
zone ( /s)
Infiltration
(a )
Infiltration
rate ( /h)
Infiltration rate
( /s)
0.4
1158.864
0.321906667
110
0.11
0.4
68.04
0.0189
0.4
22.68
0.0063
0.4
22.68
0.0063
0.4
65.016
0.01806
0.4
65.016
0.01806
35.91
0.4
14.364
0.00399
35.91
0.4
14.364
0.00399
793.75
2857.5
79
0.79
0.4
1143
0.3175
40.5
145.8
0.4
58.32
0.0162
Male WC
33.75
121.5
0.4
48.6
0.0135
Female WC
22.5
81
0.4
32.4
0.009
Circulation [W]
38.7
139.32
0.4
55.728
0.01548
Circulation [E]
38.7
139.32
0.4
55.728
0.01548
Lifts [W]
8.55
30.78
0.4
12.312
0.00342
Lifts [E]
8.55
30.78
0.4
12.312
0.00342
Total
Occupancy
(people)
Ventilatio
n Rate
Required
per person
(L/s)
Total
ventilation rate
per person per
zone (L/s)
10
110
10
790
35491
790
7220
12
7.22
3.94
Ventilation requirements state that 7.22 3/s of air is needed for the
building. With infiltration set at 0.4 a1 per zone, it results in a net loss
ventilation losses.
3.5
The annual external temperatures in London for each hour of the day,
each month of the year are used to calculate the buildings peak-heating
35%
Ventilation
load.
Infiltration
65%
13
14
15
The internal gains are estimated using heat gain densities specific to a
zones function (Table 6.3, CIBSE Guide A [1]) and are compiled in Table
4-1.
300
Sensible
Latent
200
100
0
Hour
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Zone
Entrance
Lobby
Sanitary Accom.
Sanitary Accom.
Circulation [W]
Circulation [E]
Lifts [W]
Lifts [E]
Office
Lobby
Sanitary Accom.
Sanitary Accom.
Circulation [W]
Circulation [E]
Lifts [W]
Lifts [E]
Floor
2
Area (m )
Occupancy
(persons)
689.8
40.5
13.5
13.5
38.7
38.7
8.55
8.55
793.75
40.5
33.75
22.5
38.7
38.7
8.55
8.55
0
11
0
0
0
0
0
0
79
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Sensible heat
gains per
person (W)
75
70
-
Latent heat
gains per
person (W)
55
45
-
Lighting gain,
Area Weighted
2
(W/m )
15
10
10
10
-
Total
16
Equipment gains,
Area Weighted
2
(W/m )
5
15
5
-
QOcc,
sensible
(W)
825
5530
-
QOcc,
latent
(W)
605
3555
-
QLighting,
sensible
(W)
10347
405
7937
405
-
QEquip,
sensible
(W)
0
202
0
0
0
0
0
0
11906
202
0
0
0
0
0
0
Total
Sensible
Gains (W)
10347
1432
0
0
0
0
0
0
25374
608
0
0
0
0
0
0
Total
Latent
Gains (W)
0
605
0
0
0
0
0
0
3555
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
50595
50595
85834
109181
245611
32600
4.1
FABRIC LOSSES
Symbol
1) that take into account both a time lag and decrement in the transfer of
heat through the buildings fabric, (Figure 4-2).
+ = ( ) + (0 )
[4-1]
Unit
Area
U-value
Lag
Hour of incidence
Decrement Factor
[]
Parameter
/2
= 23 [2].
17:00 = 488 0.35(22.5 23) + 488 0.35(19.2 22.5) 0.21
17:00 = 204
U-Value (W/m K)
Area (m )
Colour
Wall North
0.35
713
0.21
Light
Wall East
0.35
488
0.21
Light
Wall South
0.35
743
0.21
Light
Wall West
0.35
488
0.21
Light
Glazing North
2.20
1101
Glazing East
2.20
256
Glazing South
2.2
1147
Glazing West
2.2
256
Roof
0.25
985
0.15
10
Dark
Exposed Floor
0.25
133
0.15
Light
1.5
138
1.00
Light
Calculations for hourly heat transfers for all surfaces can be found in Appendix B.
17
4.2
SOLAR GAINS
Symbol
Parameter
Unit
Area
G-Value
[]
Correction factor
[]
/2
[4-2]
Window
Azimuth ()
Area (m )
Glazing type
Glazing North
1101
Clear/reflective
0.41[3]
0.50 [3]
Glazing East
90
256
Clear/reflective
0.41
0.50
Glazing South
180
1147
Clear/reflective
0.41
0.50
Glazing West
270
256
Clear/reflective
0.41
0.50
14:30, 4
,
= 6927W
Glazing
The shortcoming using this approach is that no solar cooling loads are
Date
Time
154495
April 28th
12:30
of which North
34772
June 21st
of which East
30432
June 21st
08:30
of which South
133124
November 4th
12:30
of which West
30379
June 21st
17:30
Ground Floor
35313
April 28th
12:30
Typical Floor
13242
April 28th
12:30
Whole Building
Calculations for full hourly solar gains for all glazed surfaces can be found in Appendix B.
18
SOLAR SHADING
( ) ( )
[4-3]
Symbol
[4-4]
Parameter
Unit
Area
Window width
Window Height
Shadow x-component
Shadow y-component
Overhang
Altitude
19
4.3
calculated using equation 4-5 using the air flow rates defined earlier.
= ( )
Whole Building
[4-5]
Peak solar
cooling load,
un-shaded (W)
Reduction due to
shading (%)
154495
153093
0.91%
Air density
/3
/
Parameter
Unit
North
34772
34772
0.00%
East
30432
30218
0.70%
Room temperature
133124
132787
0.25%
West
30379
30379
0.00%
Ground Floor
35313
34993
0.91%
Typical Floor
13242
13122
0.91%
3 /
50
Ventilation Heat Transfer
(kW)
South
0
-50
-100
-150
-200
-250
-300
-350
Jul
(277)
20
21
BOILER PLANT
5.1
The buildings boiler can be sized using the steady state equation
Symbol
Parameter
Unit
U-Value
/2 K
Area
Building Volume
(equation 5-1). Heating systems are designed to heat the building when
unoccupied with no casual/solar gains, see Figure 5-1
Using the internal design temperatures and weather data from CIBSE
Guide J, the annual energy demand is calculated using equation 5-1 and
Table 5-2.
Table 5-2: Building Specifications calculated in section 3.5
Qd = [ + 0.33]( )
BOILER PLANT
[5-1]
22
(W/K)
( )
( )
7626
1.13
36674
3 value of 1.2 .
Example Calculation: Peak heating load
= 578 kW
Heating systems are designed to meet the maximum heating load likely to
occur. However, additional capacity is needed to overcome thermal
inertia so that the building may reach an operational temperature
quickly.
The required boiler capacity is calculated by applying an intermittence
factor,3,that takes into account the thermal response of the building and
the hours of plant operation (equation 5-3).
= 3 [5-3]
Table 1.11 in CIBSE Guide B, [3], recommends plant size ratios according
to heating periods. The boiler must operate for 16 hours, to serve the 14
23
5.2
A[1]. Figure 5-2 shows the HDD for London for an average year.
Table 5-3 states the costs and carbon emissions per kWh.
350
Table 5-3: Fuel Prices, taken from Table 12 SAP 2012, [4]
300
250
Fuel
200
Mains Gas
3.48
0.216
150
100
50
0
BOILER PLANT
24
25
6.1
SIZING SYSTEM
AIR PROPERTIES
The ACS must be capable of offsetting both the peak sensible and latent
Load
Date
Time
Sensible
443.0kW
August 4th
14:00 15:00
Latent
32.6kW
Every day
[6-1]
To calculate the mass flow rate the temperature difference between the
supply and room ( ) must be specified, in this case as 9 ,
recommended by Roy Jones of Gilberts [5].
500
Sensible
443.0
kW
400
Higher values of may be used, reducing the required air supply rate. This may be
Latent
necessary if the diffusers specified are incapable of meeting design requirements at higher
air supply velocities.
300
= /( )
200
= 443.0/(1.02/ 9) = 48.3/
100
0
To find the properties of air at the supply point of the system, both
32.6kW
Jan
Jul
Aug Sep
26
The room airs properties can be found by using combined with the
room moisture content ( ), calculated with the buildings latent gains:
=
= /
= 100%
/
7.223 /
= 100%
= 81.9%
39.83 /
Symbol
Unit
Outside
Where the volume flow rate of cooling air ( ) is calculated from the
mass flow rate () derived above, using the specific volume of air ( ) at
the supply. = = 47.1/ 0.8253 / = 7.223 /
Air at Point:
Supply
Room
Mixing
25.8*
14.0
23.0
23.5
16.7*
13.8
17.3
17.50
Relative Humidity
39.3%*
95.0%
55.0%
55.5%
Specific Enthalpy
46.6*
38.0
47.6
49.0
Moisture Content
0.00813*
0.00946
0.009743
0.00944
th
27
6.2
The Apparatus Dew Point (ADP) of the cooling coil is marked on Figure 6-2
at 13.3C.
determined = = 0.92.
To ensure the ACS can cool the building if the cooling load were ever to
mechanical cooling system.
exceed the peak design load, a Plant Size Ratio () is employed, at a
Table 6-3: Factors to consider when specifying an ACS
= ( )
= 48.3/ (49.0/ 38.0/) = 530.8
=
Factor
Reason
Comfort
The ability of the ACS to meet the variable requirements of the occupants is
paramount to ensure that the workforce function effectively.
Financial
Control
Since the cooling demand of the building varies greatly throughout the day,
the ACS must be able to operate under a variable schedule. This prevents
the ACS being active when it is not necessary, minimising energy use and
environmental impact.
Noise
Production
Environmental
28
SYSTEM SELECTION
Component
Variable Air Volume (VAV) systems are the most widely employed ACS in
Air Handling
Unit (AHU)
VAV Terminal
Units
Room based
Diffusers
Filters
Fans
29
Description
Chiller
Image
Disadvantages
CONTROL
The ACS should be controlled via a schedule that is refined with feedback
from post-occupancy evaluation.
30
6.3
Estimation 2
Estimation 3
Using general energy demand costs from CIBSE Guide B Table 2.2
2.40/2 .
Running Cost:
= 2
= 2
2 = 2
39.8
Finding the average cooling required ( ) required.
, = , = 23.5 14.0 = 9.5
Assuming sinusoidal fluctuation in outdoor air temperature
finds the mean mixed air temperature , by multiplying
by 70.7%. The average cooling power (, ) of
the ACS can then be determined with the total volume flow
rate of air, air density () and specific heat capacity of air ().
, = ( 70.7%)
= 39.8 1.21 1020 (9.5 70.7%) = 330.9
Hours of operation ( ) are determined as any time
when < . The number is determined based
on the proportion of hours during summer (CIBSE Guide A
Table 2.13) that exceeds , multiplied by hours in a
year.
Energy
n/a
Price
43,045 p.a
42,322 p.a
17,571 p.a
CO2
31
production since 1992, reducing the amount of CO2 produced per kWh.
It would be expected that Estimation 3 would be most accurate, as it is
derived from the actual buildings performance, as opposed to generic
area-weighted assumptions.
32
33
VENTILATION
7.1
DESIGN CRITERIA
Offices
Lobby
0.79
0.11
0.82
0.82
3.57
0.50
0.45
0.25
4.5
30
24
F [9] it must:
Supply the total air required for heating and cooling to occupied
zones
*from gilberts curved blade grills documentation [8]. Must not exceed 30 dbA in office
7.2
DUCT CONFIGURATION
VENTILATION
34
35
Sanitary Accommodation
Configuration
1 WC 2 Urinals
3 WCs
18
4 WCs 3 Urinals
42
5 WCs
30
VENTILATION
36
Parameter
Value
Unit
40.21
Pa
103.58
Pa
143.79
Pa
Found using method CIBSE Guide B [3] and values from CIBSE Guide C [10] for breakdown
please see appendix C
p = 2 2
[7-1]
7.3
FANS
Where is the friction factor found using chart 4.2 in CIBSE Guide C, is
the density of air (1.2 kg/m3) and c is the specific heat capacity of air (1.0
kJ/kg.K). [10]
=
1
= 2 2
[7-3]
[7-2]
The electrical power required based on the fans efficiency (90% [6])
Where is the component loss factor obtained from tables in CIBSE Guide
C Chapter 4.
[7-4]
The results of these calculations are found in Table 7-3 and detailed in
depth in Appendix C.
37
There are four fans in the building; two supply and two extract. The total
[7-5]
Table 7-5
Table 7-4: Equation Parameters
Table 7-5: Fan and energy characteristics
Term
Definition
top
operational time
Parameter
Value
Unit
143.79
Pa
Air power
2,343
Fan Efficiency
90%
[percentage]
Electric Power
2,604
Operational Time
4080
hr
10,623
kWhr
Number of Fans
[dimensionless]
10,414.56
42,491
kWhr
QT
System Calculations
Electric Power = 2343/0.9
= 2604W
Top= 17hours*240days
= 4080hrs
Therefore
Energy consumption = 4080*2.604
= 42491 kWhrs
VENTILATION
38
7.4
The supply diffusers are situated in the ceiling due to the duct placement
and to take advantage of the coanda effect They are sized using equation
7-6.
[7-6]
Definition
Offices
Lobby
Umax
Umax (m/s)
0.25
0.25
Hueretic Constant
5.5
5.5
Throw (m)
4.5
0.45
0.25
1.96
1.47
3.27
2.46
Q
Ae
Ao
Area Diffuser (m )
= 1.96m2
= 3.27m2
39
VENTILATION
40
41
SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS
8.1
The triple
POTENTIAL CHANGES
Window Type
U-Value (W/m K)
G-Value
Response Factor
2.2
0.41
0.50
0.9
0.35
0.43
Wall
0.35
0.15
Floor
0.25
0.15
Roof
0.25
0.15
SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS
42
8.2
COMPARISON OF CHANGES
Table 8-4: Comparison of changes
Lag, (hrs)
Decrement Factor, f
Response Factor
Fast
Slow
Fast
Slow
Fast
Slow
Wall
0.58
0.21
Roof
10
0.93
0.15
Floor
0.91
0.15
Vehicle Access
Doors
Glazing
Affects
Heating
Load?
Affects
Cooling
Load?
Affects
Ventilation
Load
Energy
Demand
(kWh)
Saving
(%)
CO2
Emissions
(Tonnes)
Saving
(%)
Original
n/a
n/a
n/a
1164210
305
Triple
Glazing
960134
18.0%
249
18.0%
Fabric Uvalues
1130812
3.0%
297
3.0%
Total Solar
Shading
1137502
2.0%
291
5.0%
Increase
Thermal
Mass
1150135
1.0%
301
1.0%
925,295
21.0%
241
21.0%
Net effect
Note: Each of the changes only alters the sensible loads, not the latent loads, resulting in a
-
0.50
different room ratio. This slightly alters the psychometric process for the air conditioning
0.43
cycle. However, the changes in enthalpies are so small that the margin of error incurred
becomes negligible (<1%) when considering the inaccuracies in the original calculations.
The heating load is far greater than the cooling load. Changes that affect
only the cooling load of the building will therefore have a lesser impact
on the total energy demand, but comparatively high financial savings due
to the relative expense of electricity compared to gas.
43
8.3
RECCOMMENDATIONS
Table 8-5: Recommendations
Alteration
Energy
Saving (%)
CO2
Saving (%)
18.00%
18.00%
Triple Glazing
Fabric U-values
3.00%
3.00%
Total Solar
Shading
2.00%
5.00%
Increase
Thermal Mass
1.00%
1.00%
SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS
Feasibility
LOB plan to operate the building for 50 years to see payback on their
additional investment.
(226)
44
45
FIRE PROTECTION
Table 9-2: Number of routes required, taken from Approved Document B, [12]
Floor
Number of People
Office
Entrance
79
11
HORIZONTAL ESCAPE
office and entrance floors respectively. Not all areas of the floor are
Escape routes and travel distances are assed. Maximum travel distances
within 18m of a fire exit; so additional doors will need to be fitted to
from any point on a floor to that storeys exit can be seen in Table 9-1.
meet the minimum guidelines.
Table 9-1 Maximum travel distances, taken from Approved Document B, [12]
Room
Office (Floors 1-10)
Entrance (Ground floor)
For each upper floor there are two means of horizontal escape, and three
for the ground floor. Table 9-2 shows that the current conditions meet
required standards.
FIRE PROTECTION
46
Figure 9-1: Typical office floor, not meeting maximum travel distances
47
9.2
VERTICAL ESCAPE
9.3
COMPARTMENTALISATION OF SPACES
Stair carrying capacities and widths are assessed. Table 9-3 shows the
minimum escape widths required. A fire may prevent one of the exits
from being used so all exit widths must adhere to these guidelines.
depends on:
Floor
Office
Entrance
Number of People
79
11
Building use
Building height
Table 9-4 shows that the building requires all storeys to be separated by
simultaneous evacuation.
FIRE PROTECTION
48
30
37.5
2000
985
9.4
Fire dampers
Fire-resisting enclosures
Fire resisting ductwork
49
9.5
Hydrants, hoses, risers and sprinklers must be suitably placed to assist fire
fighters in time of need. Fire mains with valves must be installed within
the building so that fire fighters can connect hoses for water rapidly. The
fire fighting shafts and necessary escape stairs must be equipped with fire
mains. The mains can be dry type due to the building being less than
Figure 9-7: ground floor sprinkler system
50m tall.
A sprinkler system must be installed throughout the building since it is
taller than 30m. These systems ensure occupant safety and reduce fire
damage. Table 9-5 sets out the standards for a sprinkler system, and
Figures 9-7 and 9-8 shows an appropriate configuration for the building.
Table 9-5: Maximum sprinkler distances, BSEN pg 77 , [13], [14]
Hazard
Class
Ordinary
Maximum
distances between
sprinklers (m)
The main sprinkler riser should be placed centrally with primary pipelines
FIRE PROTECTION
50
51
10
VERTICAL TRANSPORT
The building is served by four lift shafts, two on either side of the lobby.
The dimensions of each shaft are shown in Table 10-1. The buildings lift
to floor ratio of 1:2.5 places it in the excellent quality of service category
according to British standards lifts and lift services section 6.4.5 [16].
Table 10-1: Lift Shaft Dimensions
Parameter
Value
Unit
Width
0.95
Depth
4.5
Height
37.8
Area
4.3
161.6
Volume
VERTICAL TRANSPORT
52
10.1
SYSTEM MECHANICS
2.4m to allow space for the counterweight and runners between car and
Component
Area (m )
4.30
0.68
0.67
Car Area
2.41
Capacity
12 People
DOOR TYPE
Figure 10-3: Comparison of Side Opening and Two-Speed Centre Opening Doors
Figure 10-2: Plan of Lift Showing Dimensions around Car as given in CIBSE Guide D 0
53
ROPING MECHANISM
The roping mechanism is housed at the top of the building to allow the
Lift is essential in this building for disabled access as it over one story. The
load to act directly downwards. Since the lifts only have a capacity of 12
distance from a lift to the furthest point away from a lift is about 30m this
a single wrap pulley system can be used. This is the most economical and
is well under the maximum walking distance limit of 45m [16] and so
efficient system.
allows for any deviation from the direct route due to, for example,
furniture layout.
The recommended car speed for a building 37m tall is 2.5 m/s, as
specified in table 6 of British standards lifts and lift services document
[16].
VERTICAL TRANSPORT
54
10.2
FIREFIGHTING LIFTS
Starting Values
No. of Stories
10
722
Total Occupancy
3.6 (typical)
4.2 (ground)
33
4.2+8*3.6
0.4
Lift Capacity n
12
2.5
Number of Cars N
87
The round trip calculations are shown in Table 10-4. Table 10-3 collates
relevant values already established. 116 people can be carried by the
system in five minutes, well above the recommended 87. The maximum
waiting time of 31.1s puts the system in the excellent category for quality
of service. [16]
55
Calculations
Probable Number of Stops S1
Calculated Value
1 = (
6.8
8 12
= 99( )
9
= 1 (
1
33
= 6.8 (
Downward journey time Td
+ 2)
6.82.5
43.0s
+ 2 2.5)
= ( + 2)
18.2s
39.1s
24.0s
33
=(
+ 2 2.5)
2.5
Door opening time To
= 2(1 + 1)
= 2(6.8 + 1)
0.4
= 2
= 2 12
= + + +
= 43 + 18.2 + 39.1 + 24
124.3s
124.3
4
5 60
=
5 60 4
=
124.3
. = = .
31.1s
9.7
116
(382)
VERTICAL TRANSPORT
56
57
11
CONCLUSIONS
less financially viable as they will take 50 years to see a financial
return.
Fabric properties
Glazing type
Shading
Thermal mass
The two changes that save the greatest amount of energy and
2 are installing triple glazing windows and upgrading the fabric
in line with ACEB Gold Standard regulations. They are however
(230)
CONCLUSIONS
58
59
CONCLUSIONS
60
12
BACK MATTER
12.1
REFERENCES
Regulation). 2010
[12] HM Government. Approved Document B volume 2: Fire Safety
[3] CIBSE. Guide B: Heating, ventilating, air conditioning and
refrigeration. 2005
2010
Nottingham. 2015
[16] BSI Standards Publishing. BS 5655-6 Lifts and Lift Services. 2011
BACK MATTER
II
12.2
APPENDIX A
Table 12-1: Weather data used for Heating Season Calculations, taken from CIBSE Guide J, Table 5.36
Hour
1
January
29th
2.5
February
26th
2.3
March 29th
April 28th
May 29th
June 21st
July 4th
August 4th
October 4th
15.7
September
4th
11.6
4.8
7.1
9.8
13.9
14.8
November
4th
5.2
December
4th
1.3
4.3
6.4
9.2
13.1
14.2
15
11.1
8.6
1.1
1.9
1.9
4.1
8.7
12.4
13.6
14.4
10.4
8.2
4.5
0.7
1.4
1.5
3.5
5.6
8.3
12
13.2
13.9
9.9
7.8
4.3
0.2
1.2
1.4
3.2
5.3
8.1
12.2
13.3
13.4
9.6
7.5
3.9
0.9
1.2
5.7
9.2
13.3
14.3
14
9.6
7.4
3.7
-0.2
0.7
1.1
3.2
7.4
10.9
15
15.9
15.6
10.6
7.8
3.7
-0.4
0.7
1.4
4.6
9.4
12.7
16.8
17.7
17.4
12.7
9.2
3.9
-0.3
1.2
2.5
6.6
11.1
14.4
18.5
19.5
19.4
15.1
11.4
5.4
-0.1
10
2.3
3.8
8.2
12.8
16
20.1
21
21.2
17.2
13.4
1.2
11
3.7
5.2
9.7
14.3
17.4
21.5
22.5
22.6
18.6
14.8
8.4
2.7
12
4.7
6.3
11.1
15.2
18.4
22.7
23.4
23.9
19.6
15.9
9.5
13
5.5
7.1
12.1
16
19.3
23.6
24.2
24.8
20.4
16.4
9.9
4.9
14
5.9
7.7
12.6
16.4
19.8
24.4
24.8
25.4
21
16.6
10.2
5.4
15
5.8
7.7
12.7
16.4
20.1
24.5
25.3
25.8
21.2
16.8
10
5.1
16
5.3
7.2
12.6
16.1
20
24.4
25.4
25.7
21.1
15.9
9.1
4.1
17
4.3
6.1
12.1
15.5
19.6
24.2
25
25.2
20.5
14.9
7.9
3.3
18
3.7
10.9
14.6
18.8
23.5
24.4
24.3
19.4
13.6
7.3
2.7
19
3.3
4.4
9.7
13.2
17.4
22.5
23.3
23
18
12.8
6.7
2.2
20
3.8
8.6
11.8
15.7
20.9
21.7
21.3
16.6
11.9
6.3
1.8
21
2.7
3.3
7.7
10.8
14.3
19.3
20.1
20
15.4
11.1
5.9
1.6
22
2.2
6.8
9.7
13.1
17.9
18.9
18.9
14.4
10.5
5.7
1.4
23
1.8
2.7
5.8
9.1
12.1
16.8
17.5
18
13.5
9.8
5.4
1.1
24
1.8
2.5
5.6
8.3
11.4
15.7
16.7
17.1
12.9
9.5
0.7
Average
2.9
3.8
7.6
11.0
14.4
18.7
19.6
19.8
15.4
11.7
6.4
1.9
Hour
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
-415929
-420195
-366871
-339142
-281552
-194100
-174904
-155707
-243159
-277286
-358339
-441525
-426594
-426594
-377536
-354073
-294350
-211164
-187701
-170638
-253823
-285818
-362605
-445791
-428727
-428727
-381802
-362605
-305015
-226095
-200499
-183435
-268754
-294350
-373270
-454323
-439392
-437259
-394600
-371137
-313547
-234627
-209031
-194100
-279419
-302882
-377536
-464988
-443658
-439392
-400998
-377536
-317813
-230361
-206898
-204765
-285818
-309281
-386068
-469253
-450057
-443658
-405264
-369004
-294350
-206898
-185568
-191967
-285818
-311414
-390334
-473519
-454323
-445791
-400998
-332743
-258089
-170638
-151441
-157840
-264488
-302882
-390334
-477785
-454323
-439392
-371137
-290084
-219696
-132244
-113047
-119446
-219696
-273020
-386068
-475652
-443658
-415929
-328477
-253823
-183435
-95984
-74654
-76787
-168505
-226095
-354073
-471386
10
-420195
-388201
-294350
-217563
-149308
-61856
-42659
-38393
-123712
-183435
-319946
-443658
11
-390334
-358339
-262355
-185568
-119446
-31995
-10665
-8532
-93851
-153574
-290084
-411663
12
-369004
-334876
-232494
-166372
-98117
-6399
8532
19197
-72521
-130111
-266621
-383935
13
-351940
-317813
-211164
-149308
-78920
12798
25596
38393
-55457
-119446
-258089
-364738
14
-343408
-305015
-200499
-140776
-68255
29862
38393
51191
-42659
-115180
-251691
-354073
15
-345541
-305015
-198366
-140776
-61856
31995
49058
59723
-38393
-110914
-255956
-360472
16
-356206
-315680
-200499
-147175
-63989
29862
51191
57590
-40526
-130111
-275153
-381802
17
-377536
-339142
-211164
-159973
-72521
25596
42659
46925
-53324
-151441
-300749
-398865
18
-390334
-362605
-236760
-179170
-89585
10665
29862
27729
-76787
-179170
-313547
-411663
19
-398865
-375403
-262355
-209031
-119446
-10665
6399
-106649
-196233
-326344
-422328
20
-405264
-388201
-285818
-238893
-155707
-44792
-27729
-36260
-136510
-215430
-334876
-430860
21
-411663
-398865
-305015
-260222
-185568
-78920
-61856
-63989
-162106
-232494
-343408
-435126
22
-422328
-405264
-324211
-283685
-211164
-108781
-87452
-87452
-183435
-245292
-347674
-439392
23
-430860
-411663
-345541
-296483
-232494
-132244
-117313
-106649
-202632
-260222
-354073
-445791
24
-430860
-415929
-349807
-313547
-247425
-155707
-134377
-125845
-215430
-266621
-362605
-454323
Average
-408375
-388289
-306170
-255779
-184235
-91362
-72254
-67544
-161395
-219696
-332477
-429705
BACK MATTER
II
Hour
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
-420006
-424072
-369928
-341483
-283178
-194799
-175412
-156168
-244557
-279480
-361658
-445815
-430671
-430471
-380592
-356414
-295976
-211863
-188210
-171099
-255222
-288011
-365924
-450081
-432804
-432604
-384858
-364946
-306641
-226794
-201008
-183897
-270153
-296543
-376589
-458613
-443469
-441135
-397656
-373478
-315173
-235326
-209540
-194562
-280817
-305075
-380855
-469278
-447735
-443268
-404055
-379876
-319439
-231060
-207407
-205227
-287216
-311474
-389387
-473544
-454134
-447534
-408321
-371345
-295976
-207597
-186077
-192429
-287216
-313607
-393653
-477809
-458400
-449667
-404055
-335084
-259716
-171337
-151949
-158301
-265887
-305075
-393653
-482075
-458400
-443268
-374194
-292425
-221322
-132943
-113556
-119908
-221094
-275214
-389387
-479942
-447735
-419806
-331534
-256164
-185062
-96683
-75162
-77248
-169903
-228288
-357392
-475677
10
-424272
-392077
-297407
-219904
-150934
-62555
-43168
-38855
-125111
-185629
-323265
-447948
11
-394411
-362216
-265412
-187909
-121073
-32694
-11173
-8993
-95249
-155767
-293403
-415953
12
-373081
-338753
-235550
-168712
-99743
-7098
8023
18735
-73919
-132305
-269941
-388225
13
-356017
-321689
-214221
-151649
-80546
12099
25087
37932
-56856
-121640
-261409
-369028
14
-347485
-308891
-203556
-143117
-69881
29162
37885
50730
-44058
-117374
-255010
-358363
15
-349618
-308891
-201423
-143117
-63483
31295
48550
59262
-39792
-113108
-259276
-364762
16
-360283
-319556
-203556
-149516
-65616
29162
50683
57129
-41925
-132305
-278473
-386092
17
-381613
-343019
-214221
-162313
-74147
24896
42151
46464
-54723
-153634
-304068
-403156
18
-394411
-366482
-239816
-181510
-91211
9966
29353
27267
-78185
-181363
-316866
-415953
19
-402943
-379279
-265412
-211372
-121073
-11364
5890
-461
-108047
-198427
-329664
-426618
20
-409341
-392077
-288875
-241233
-157333
-45492
-28237
-36722
-137908
-217623
-338196
-435150
21
-415740
-402742
-308071
-262563
-187195
-79619
-62365
-64451
-163504
-234687
-346728
-439416
22
-426405
-409141
-327268
-286026
-212790
-109481
-87960
-87913
-184834
-247485
-350994
-443682
23
-434937
-415540
-348598
-298824
-234120
-132943
-117822
-107110
-204031
-262416
-357392
-450081
24
-434937
-419806
-352864
-315887
-249051
-156406
-134886
-126307
-216828
-268815
-365924
-458613
Mean
-412452
-392166
-309227
-258119
-185862
-92061
-72763
-68005
-162793
-221889
-335796
-433995
III
482075
PSR
1.2
578490
578
Table 12-5: Heating Degree Days, taken from CIBSE Guide A, Table 2.23
BACK MATTER
Month
January
314
February
290
March
255
April
192
May
105
June
45
July
16
August
18
September
51
October
124
November
228
December
293
Total
1931
IV
Table 12-6: Annual Energy Consumption and Carbon Emissions, using data from SAAP Building Regulations 2010, Table 12.
Parameter
Value
1931
24
+ 0.33NV
1330
988504
0.216
214
0.0348
34, 400
12.3
APPENDIX B
Table 12-7: South Wall heat transfer (W) Example of Quasi-Dynamic Heat transfer calculation
Hour
Effective Time
Jan-29
Feb-26
Mar-29
Apr-28
May-29
Jun-21
Jul-04
Aug-04
Sep-04
Oct-04
Nov-04
Dec-04
-5055
-4958
-4103
-3712
-3014
-1853
-1654
-1447
-2522
-3080
-4189
-5432
-5116
-5004
-4163
-3818
-3104
-2003
-1775
-1568
-2628
-3125
-4249
-5462
-5146
-5034
-4209
-3878
-3180
-2124
-1865
-1673
-2718
-3185
-4295
-5522
-5236
-5079
-4329
-3954
-3240
-2169
-1941
-1764
-2809
-3261
-4355
-5628
10
-5266
-5094
-4374
-4014
-3195
-2049
-1835
-1794
-2869
-3306
-4415
-5673
11
-5312
-5124
-4390
-3848
-2803
-1626
-1428
-1492
-2839
-3306
-4460
-5703
12
-5357
-5139
-4148
-3335
-2351
-1144
-976
-1055
-2311
-3200
-4475
-5718
13
-5357
-4642
-3063
-2446
-1747
-571
-388
-196
-1135
-1994
-4385
-5703
14
-4196
-3541
-2007
-1436
-843
469
592
890
71
-652
-2485
-5583
10
15
-3065
-2652
-1118
-622
-59
1344
1346
1734
900
403
-1294
-3125
11
16
-2206
-1943
-455
-64
469
1932
1904
2337
1382
915
-646
-1964
12
17
-1920
-1476
58
238
785
2248
2160
2624
1714
976
-254
-1557
13
18
-1874
-1506
118
343
876
2308
2341
2684
1895
991
-495
-1602
14
19
-2327
-1702
-108
87
740
2143
2175
2518
1729
795
-902
-1949
15
20
-3035
-2199
-515
-335
363
1690
1813
2111
1277
312
-1566
-2989
16
21
-3970
-2983
-1269
-953
-195
1072
1271
1478
598
-517
-2591
-4949
17
22
-4799
-3993
-2143
-1647
-828
424
592
754
-276
-1406
-3782
-5130
18
23
-4890
-4521
-3003
-2280
-1220
77
246
196
-1060
-2311
-3903
-5236
19
-4935
-4642
-3364
-2642
-1582
-254
-86
-120
-1527
-2492
-3978
-5296
20
-4980
-4732
-3530
-2928
-1974
-662
-478
-527
-1753
-2612
-4038
-5356
21
-5025
-4808
-3666
-3094
-2230
-993
-780
-738
-1934
-2748
-4099
-5387
22
-5116
-4883
-3832
-3260
-2426
-1204
-991
-919
-2100
-2838
-4129
-5432
23
-5161
-4928
-3982
-3381
-2607
-1400
-1217
-1070
-2251
-2944
-4189
-5447
24
-5176
-4943
-4013
-3501
-2743
-1581
-1368
-1221
-2357
-3004
-4234
-5537
-4355.0
-3980.3
-2733.7
-2270.1
-1504.4
-246.9
-97.5
72.6
-980.2
-1732.9
-3225.4
-4640.9
Mean
BACK MATTER
VI
Jan-29
Feb-26
Mar-29
Apr-28
May-29
Jun-21
Jul-04
Aug-04
Sep-04
Oct-04
Nov-04
Dec-04
-27958
-26862
-21541
-17888
-13090
-6560
-5617
-5726
-12487
-16725
-23458
-29997
-27944
-27178
-22161
-18951
-14568
-8354
-7107
-6996
-13557
-17353
-23648
-30129
-28115
-27467
-22920
-20047
-15800
-9764
-8415
-8166
-14484
-17864
-23798
-30160
-28408
-27757
-23556
-20706
-16675
-10854
-9435
-9034
-15283
-18393
-24138
-30344
-28634
-27921
-23898
-21285
-17331
-11670
-10212
-9834
-15931
-18775
-24447
-30889
-28458
-28091
-24487
-22212
-18218
-12429
-11266
-10771
-16736
-19213
-24508
-30787
-28793
-28284
-24806
-21915
-16808
-10683
-10269
-10095
-17100
-19462
-24894
-31050
-29008
-28455
-24794
-20883
-15250
-8952
-8513
-8900
-16651
-19513
-25140
-31320
-29382
-28464
-23660
-18945
-13813
-7373
-6728
-7151
-14507
-18957
-25261
-31625
10
-29277
-27446
-21385
-16940
-11620
-4572
-4111
-4651
-12024
-16872
-24700
-31626
11
-28202
-25755
-19364
-13051
-6489
1251
969
23
-9457
-14435
-23011
-30868
12
-26888
-24312
-16175
-9248
-3516
4532
4023
3421
-4696
-12235
-21318
-29052
13
-25664
-21740
-11926
-6336
-1214
6707
6519
6587
-1080
-7647
-19849
-27645
14
-22725
-18570
-8896
-3823
1044
9021
8816
9125
1815
-4570
-15153
-26519
15
-20520
-16898
-7288
-2334
2481
10420
10359
10556
3497
-2702
-13278
-22054
16
-19628
-16179
-6730
-2140
2914
10745
10751
11006
3768
-2392
-12918
-20856
17
-20234
-16491
-6949
-2807
2426
9935
10124
10360
3158
-3486
-13570
-21642
18
-21102
-17662
-8034
-3711
1591
8969
9341
9302
2254
-4827
-15134
-22665
19
-22051
-18826
-9583
-4905
895
8512
8355
8222
849
-6274
-16387
-23143
20
-23106
-20139
-11542
-6838
-633
6969
6730
6411
-1288
-8096
-17447
-24667
21
-24861
-21714
-13685
-9513
-3740
3509
3914
3520
-3696
-9962
-19359
-28181
22
-26825
-24145
-15720
-11759
-6398
581
1194
835
-5982
-12129
-22175
-28894
23
-27323
-25904
-18584
-13775
-8086
-1133
-636
-1179
-8435
-15175
-22690
-29376
24
-27688
-26467
-20697
-15835
-10005
-2955
-2569
-3186
-11295
-16066
-23095
-29672
VII
Jan-29
Feb-26
Mar-29
Apr-28
May-29
Jun-21
Jul-04
Aug-04
Sep-04
Oct-04
Nov-04
Dec-04
-266451
-269183
-235023
-217260
-180367
-124344
-112046
-99748
-155771
-177634
-229557
-282848
-273283
-273283
-241855
-226825
-188565
-135275
-120244
-109313
-162603
-183099
-232290
-285580
-274649
-274649
-244588
-232290
-195397
-144840
-128443
-117512
-172168
-188565
-239122
-291046
-281481
-280115
-252786
-237756
-200863
-150305
-133908
-124344
-179000
-194031
-241855
-297878
-284214
-281481
-256886
-241855
-203596
-147573
-132542
-131176
-183099
-198130
-247321
-300611
-288313
-284214
-259619
-236389
-188565
-132542
-118878
-122977
-183099
-199496
-250054
-303344
-291046
-285580
-256886
-213160
-165336
-109313
-97015
-101115
-169435
-194031
-250054
-306077
-291046
-281481
-237756
-185832
-140741
-84718
-72420
-76519
-140741
-174901
-247321
-304710
-284214
-266451
-210428
-162603
-117512
-61489
-47824
-49191
-107947
-144840
-226825
-301977
10
-269183
-248687
-188565
-139374
-95649
-39626
-27328
-24595
-79252
-117512
-204962
-284214
11
-250054
-229557
-168069
-118878
-76519
-20496
-6832
-5466
-60122
-98382
-185832
-263718
12
-236389
-214527
-148939
-106580
-62855
-4099
5466
12298
-46458
-83351
-170802
-245954
13
-225458
-203596
-135275
-95649
-50557
8198
16397
24595
-35527
-76519
-165336
-233657
14
-219993
-195397
-128443
-90183
-43725
19130
24595
32794
-27328
-73786
-161237
-226825
15
-221359
-195397
-127076
-90183
-39626
20496
31428
38260
-24595
-71053
-163970
-230924
16
-228191
-202229
-128443
-94283
-40992
19130
32794
36893
-25962
-83351
-176267
-244588
17
-241855
-217260
-135275
-102481
-46458
16397
27328
30061
-34160
-97015
-192664
-255519
18
-250054
-232290
-151672
-114779
-57389
6832
19130
17763
-49191
-114779
-200863
-263718
19
-255519
-240489
-168069
-133908
-76519
-6832
4099
-68321
-125710
-209061
-270550
20
-259619
-248687
-183099
-153038
-99748
-28695
-17763
-23229
-87450
-138008
-214527
-276015
21
-263718
-255519
-195397
-166702
-118878
-50557
-39626
-40992
-103847
-148939
-219993
-278748
22
-270550
-259619
-207695
-181733
-135275
-69687
-56023
-56023
-117512
-157138
-222725
-281481
23
-276015
-263718
-221359
-189931
-148939
-84718
-75153
-68321
-129809
-166702
-226825
-285580
24
-276015
-266451
-224092
-200863
-158504
-99748
-86084
-80618
-138008
-170802
-232290
-291046
BACK MATTER
VIII
Table 12-10: West Glazing unshaded solar gain (W) Example of solar cooling load
Hour
Jan 29th
Feb 26th
Mar 29th
Apr 28th
May 29th
Jun 21st
Jul 4th
Aug 4th
Sep 4th
Oct 4th
Nov 4th
Dec 4th
07:30
1051
2365
4573
7253
8935
9723
8830
7043
5203
2838
1314
841
08:30
1367
2786
5308
8094
9671
10354
9566
7779
5887
3364
1629
841
09:30
1787
3416
6044
8777
10302
10880
10091
8462
6517
3994
2102
1261
10:30
2260
4100
6622
9250
10722
11300
10617
8935
7201
4520
2628
1682
11:30
2628
4520
7095
9671
11037
11563
10985
9250
7674
4941
2943
2102
12:30
3311
5308
7884
10459
11721
12194
11616
9934
8304
5729
3627
2628
13:30
4520
6570
9198
11878
12982
13508
12877
11300
9618
7043
4993
3837
14:30
8777
12089
15400
18448
19499
20078
18921
17555
16083
12772
9829
8094
15:30
10039
16030
20445
24440
25439
26122
24545
23126
21444
17029
12351
9723
16:30
8252
15663
22075
27226
28592
29486
27804
25228
23652
17082
11248
5887
17:30
4100
10985
19447
26963
29118
30379
28487
23862
21234
13981
5781
841
PEAK
10039
16030
22075
27226
29118
30379
28487
25228
23652
Table 12-11: West glazing shaded solar gain (W) Example of solar cooling load
17082
12351
9723
Hour
Jan 29th
Feb 26th
Mar 29th
Apr 28th
May 29th
Jun 21st
Jul 4th
Aug 4th
Sep 4th
Oct 4th
Nov 4th
Dec 4th
07:30
1050
2361
4563
7243
8933
9722
8829
7036
5192
2832
1313
841
08:30
1361
2770
5274
8050
9637
10326
9537
7744
5848
3343
1622
839
09:30
1769
3367
5944
8640
10179
10770
9985
8343
6401
3932
2076
1249
10:30
2194
3922
6279
8758
10248
10889
10196
8516
6796
4311
2528
1633
11:30
1970
2996
4362
5781
7201
7936
7463
5939
4520
3101
2011
1545
12:30
3311
5308
7884
10459
11721
12194
11616
9934
8304
5729
3627
2628
13:30
4520
6570
9198
11878
12982
13508
12877
11300
9618
7043
4993
3837
14:30
8777
12089
15400
18448
19499
20078
18921
17555
16083
12772
9829
8094
15:30
10039
16030
20445
24440
25439
26122
24545
23126
21444
17029
12351
9723
16:30
8252
15663
22075
27226
28592
29486
27804
25228
23652
17082
11248
5887
17:30
4100
10985
19447
26963
29118
30379
28487
23862
21234
13981
5781
841
PEAK
10039
16030
22075
27226
29118
30379
28487
25228
23652
17082
12351
9723
IX
Jan-29
Feb-26
Mar-29
Apr-28
May-29
Jun-21
Jul-04
Aug-04
Sep-04
Oct-04
Nov-04
Dec-04
21910
36383
48797
62530
88279
104110
92134
66094
54458
42755
25606
19102
39266
56210
73908
87054
93381
103684
94306
82957
80263
70971
49191
21828
10
70915
87756
104959
112524
109403
113505
106278
104533
108357
105106
89878
55553
11
105372
118644
128615
131266
126666
129154
121857
123213
130088
133582
125953
101287
12
124441
132281
134317
133777
127803
129348
123148
126241
130949
136387
136347
122369
13
137007
149832
153093
152963
144259
145734
138925
141630
146250
145175
150365
134812
14
135250
146336
150161
150979
140674
142782
136801
138554
146655
142690
141415
129460
15
118303
137829
142750
141613
132276
133417
127769
131573
139987
137039
128038
116525
16
88561
119398
125140
123609
110905
110826
107156
112366
122211
120328
103797
89445
17
58886
87378
94904
77929
94177
105645
96773
77776
90769
88921
73097
46976
18
34162
54475
45529
86928
91748
99201
90974
80199
51436
60346
41603
19102
19
20
21
22
23
24
BACK MATTER
Jan-29
Feb-26
Mar-29
Apr-28
May-29
Jun-21
Jul-04
Aug-04
Sep-04
Oct-04
Nov-04
Dec-04
-412878
-415730
-361061
-331746
-273652
-186189
-167481
-149824
-237517
-273338
-355082
-438604
-422734
-421968
-371551
-346626
-286973
-203775
-180814
-164912
-248457
-281863
-359220
-442685
-424879
-424231
-376257
-355619
-298075
-219003
-193966
-177925
-263202
-290269
-369239
-450612
-435042
-432417
-388737
-364174
-306845
-227988
-202882
-188664
-273871
-298694
-373527
-460665
-439215
-434554
-395001
-370675
-311450
-224856
-201685
-199333
-280441
-304998
-381732
-465158
-444962
-438673
-399537
-363705
-290623
-203903
-182999
-188427
-281245
-307410
-385741
-469004
-387841
-379437
-334506
-268449
-194254
-107196
-89017
-94765
-200467
-238360
-324724
-411812
-304744
-275901
-196659
-104005
-7483
95578
101807
69458
-42704
-106618
-234014
-329604
-216490
-172966
-69532
17417
94016
191691
202697
188952
94021
26984
-119537
-261832
10
-101619
-53338
56780
139852
205218
297299
308299
309961
227455
164084
14697
-141044
11
-38452
6877
112066
192092
255247
346407
358567
360951
279388
222634
80096
-64943
12
1670
43670
148593
216172
279096
373569
380677
393038
304750
249351
113896
-16383
13
31253
79584
191356
254061
315619
409895
414742
429358
339458
272598
137279
15233
14
-82476
-31704
78519
139681
201357
302244
303953
317859
231796
154333
16141
-101930
15
23614
84267
197495
254609
323123
419057
429139
443010
353563
277303
123497
6485
16
-15106
56686
178469
230876
300212
394818
410893
422280
334085
243136
81851
-39137
17
-65126
2640
138144
172687
275099
384878
391987
377174
290189
190896
26811
-98184
18
-163964
-114551
2594
101613
194641
302248
312158
299371
166836
73915
-79494
-200328
19
-268374
-243436
-129573
-75547
13160
121448
137082
131027
24957
-65072
-195596
-291180
20
-336754
-317995
-214648
-166518
-83328
26919
42472
34257
-66218
-146063
-265954
-362002
21
-405833
-390843
-295960
-250335
-175474
-69527
-53330
-55699
-153717
-225122
-337165
-430867
22
-417667
-399196
-315760
-274294
-201819
-100090
-79738
-80097
-175741
-239133
-343929
-435528
23
-426061
-406876
-338364
-288154
-223247
-123518
-109203
-99876
-195961
-255996
-350366
-441932
24
-426426
-411388
-344425
-306005
-238984
-147053
-126928
-119649
-210664
-262810
-358666
-450124
Peak
31253
84267
197495
254609
323123
419057
429139
443010
353563
277303
137279
15233
XI
12.4
APPENDIX C
Table 12-14: Total pressure drop along pipes and method
Section of Duct
Q (m3/s)
Velocity (m/s)*
16.30
10
1.63
1.44
0.5
14.51
10
1.45
1.36
0.6
3.6
2.16
12.73
10
1.27
1.27
0.6
3.6
2.16
10.95
10
1.09
1.18
0.7
3.6
2.52
9.16
10
0.92
1.08
0.8
3.6
2.88
7.38
10
0.74
0.97
0.9
3.6
3.24
5.60
10
0.56
0.84
1.1
3.6
3.96
3.81
10
0.38
0.70
1.4
3.6
5.04
2.03
10
0.20
0.51
3.6
7.2
10
0.89
0.22
0.53
0.35
13
4.55
11
0.45
0.11
0.38
0.5
4.5
40.21
*values to prevent excessive fan power form CIBSE Guide B 2.3.11.4 [3]
From Chart 4.2 CIBSE Guide C [10]
BACK MATTER
XII
Description
Component Loss
Factor *
Velocity (m/s)
Branch 1 - Unequal T
10
20
10
20
1.8
10
18
1.2
10
12
1.2
10
12
10
10
0.21
10
2.1
0.1
10
0.05
0.2
Branch 3 - Unequal T
Branch 4 - Unequal T
Branch 5 - Unequal T
Branch 6 - Unequal T
Branch 7 - Unequal T
Branch 8 - Unequal T
Smooth elbow
0.7
2.8
0.67
2.68
Smooth elbow
0.7
2.8
Total Pressure Drop from Components (Pa)
XIII
103.58
BACK MATTER
XIV
XV