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Bi 3 : Gii Bi Tp nh Thc
1. Tnh
trong , , l cc nghim ca phng trnh :x3 + px + q = 0
Gii :
Theo nh l Viet ta c + + = 0
Cng ct (1), ct (2) vo ct (3) ta c:
++
= ++
++
0
= 0
0
1
1
1
1
x x2 x3
2 4 8
3 9 27
4 16 64
Gii :
1
=0
=0
Gii :
Nhn ct (2) vi (-1), ct (3) vi 1 ri cng vo ct (1), ta c:
2a1 b1 + c1 c1 + a1
a1 b 1 + c 1 c 1 + a1
V T = 2a2 b2 + c2 c2 + a2 = 2 a2 b2 + c2 c2 + a2
2a3 b3 + c3 c3 + a3
a3 b 3 + c 3 c 3 + a3
a1 b 1 c 1
a1 b 1 + c 1 c 1
(2)
(1)
=
=
2 a2 b2 c2
2 a2 b2 + c2 c2
a3 b 3 c 3
a3 b 3 + c 3 c 3
Gii thch:
(1) : nhn ct (1) vi (-1) cng vo ct (3)
(2) : nhn ct (3) vi (-1) cng vo ct (2)
4. Chng minh
a2
b2
c2
d2
(a + 1)2
(b + 1)2
(c + 1)2
(d + 1)2
(a + 2)2
(b + 2)2
(c + 2)2
(d + 2)2
(a + 3)2
(b + 3)2
(c + 3)2
(d + 3)2
=0
Gii :
(1)
V T =
a2
b2
c2
d2
(a + 1)2
(b + 1)2
(c + 1)2
(d + 1)2
2a + 3
2b + 3
2c + 3
2d + 3
6a + 9
6b + 9
6c + 9
6d + 9
(2)
=0
Gii thch:
(1) : Nhn ct (1) vi (-1) cng vo ct (4), nhn ct (2) vi (-1) cng vo ct (3)
(2) : nh thc c 2 ct t l
2
5. Tnh nh thc
1 + a1
a2
a3
a1
1
+
a
a3
2
a1
a2
1 + a3
..
..
..
.
.
.
a1
a2
a3
. . . 1 + an
...
...
...
..
.
an
an
an
..
.
Gii :
1 + a1 + . . . + an
a
a
.
.
.
a
2
3
n
1 + a1 + . . . + an 1 + a2
a3
...
an
(1)
a2
1 + a3 . . .
an
V T = 1 + a1 + . . . + an
..
..
..
..
..
.
.
.
.
.
1 + a1 + . . . an
a2
a3
. . . 1 + an
1 + a1 + . . . + an a2 a3 . . . an
0
1
0
.
.
.
0
(2)
0
0 1 . . . 0 = 1 + a1 + . . . + an
=
..
.. .. . .
.
. ..
.
.
.
0
0 0 ... 1
Gii thch:
(1): Cng cc ct (2), (3),. . . , (n) vo ct (1)
(2): Nhn dng (1) vi (-1) ri cng vo cc dng (2), (3), . . . , (n)
6. Tnh nh thc
1 x x ... 0
0
1
1
..
.
1
0
x
..
.
1
x
0
..
.
...
...
...
..
.
1
x
x
..
.
Gii :
Vi x 6= 0
0 1
1 ... 1
1 x 0 . . . 0
(1)
V T = 1 0 x . . . 0
.. ..
.. . .
.
. .
. ..
.
1 0
0 . . . x
n 1
1
1 ... 1
x
(2) 0
x 0 . . . 0
=
0
0 x . . . 0
..
..
.. . .
.
. ..
.
.
.
0
0
0 . . . x
3
n1
(x)n1 = (1)n1 (n 1)xn2 (n 2)
x
Gii thch:
(1): Nhn dng (1) vi (-x) cng vo dng (2), (3), . . . , (n)
1
(2): Nhn ct (2), (3), . . . , (n) vi ri cng tt c vo ct (1)
x
D thy khi x = 0, p s trn vn ng do tnh lin tc ca nh thc.
=
7. Tnh nh thc
Dn =
0 0 0 0 . . . 5 3
0 0 0 0 ... 2 5
5
2
0
..
.
3
5
2
..
.
0
3
5
..
.
0
0
3
..
.
...
...
...
...
0
0
0
..
.
0
0
0
..
.
Gii :
Khai trin nh thc theo dng u ta
2
0
0
Dn = 5Dn1 3 ..
.
0
0
c :
0 0 . . . 5 3
0 0 ... 2 5
3
5
2
..
.
0
3
5
..
.
...
...
...
..
.
0
0
0
..
.
0
0
0
..
.
(*)
(n 3)
T (*) ta c :
Dn 2Dn1 = 3(Dn1 2Dn2 )
Do cng thc ng vi mi n 3 nn ta c:
Dn 2Dn1 = 3(Dn1 2Dn2 ) = 32 (Dn2 2Dn3 ) = . . . = 3n2 (D2 2D1 )
Tnh ton trc tip ta c D2 = 19, D1 = 5 nn D2 2D1 = 9. Bi vy ta c:
Dn 2Dn1 = 3n
(1)
Tng t nh trn ta c:
Dn 3Dn1 = 2(Dn1 3Dn2 ) = 22 (Dn2 3Dn3 ) = . . . = 2n2 (D2 3D1 ) = 2n
Vy ta c:
Dn 3Dn1 = 2n
(2)
a1 x
x a2
.. ..
. .
x x
. . . an
...
...
...
x
x
..
.
Gii :
nh thc ny c th tnh bng phng php biu din nh thc thnh tng
cc nh thc. Trc ht ta vit nh thc di dng:
a1 x + x
0+x
...
0+x
0
+
x
a
x
+
x
.
.
.
0
+
x
2
D=
..
..
..
.
.
.
.
.
.
0+x
0+x
. . . an x + x
(1) (2)
(1) (2)
(1) (2)
a1 x
0
0
a
2x
Di =
..
..
.
.
0
0
...
...
..
.
x ...
0
x ...
0
.. . .
..
.
.
.
. . . x . . . an x
cti
x
(1)
n
Q
(ak x)
k=1
ai x
a1 + b 1 a1 + b 2
a2 + b 1 a2 + b 2
..
..
.
.
an + b 1 an + b 3
. . . a 1 + bn
. . . a 2 + bn
..
...
.
. . . an + bn
Gii :
6
=0
1 1 ... 1
a1 1 0 . . . 0
a1 + b1 a1 + b2 . . . a1 + bn
a2 + b1 a2 + b2 . . . a2 + bn a2 1 0 . . . 0 b1 b2 . . . bn
a3 1 0 . . . 0 0 0 . . . 0
A=
..
..
..
..
.. .. .. . . .. .. .. . .
.
..
.
.
.
. . .
. .
. . . .
an + b1 an + b3 . . . an + bn
0 0 ... 0
an 1 0 . . . 0
{z
}|
{z
}
|
B
Bi vy, ta c:
D = detA = det(BC) = detB.detC =
10. Tnh
cos(1 1 ) cos(1 2 )
cos(2 1 ) cos(2 2 )
..
..
.
.
cos(n 1 ) cos(n 2 )
0
nu n > 2
(a1 a2 )(b2 a1 ) nu n = 2
. . . cos(1 n )
. . . cos(2 n )
..
...
.
. . . cos(n n )
tnh nh thc ny ta dng phng php biu din nh thc thnh tch
cc nh thc. Vi n 2 ta c:
A=
..
..
..
..
.
.
.
.
cos(n 1 ) cos(n 2 ) . . . cos(n n )
cos 1 sin 1 0 . . . 0
cos 1 cos 2 . . . cos n
cos 2 sin 2 0 . . . 0 sin 1 sin 2 . . . sin n
0
...
0
= cos 3 sin 3 0 . . . 0 0
..
..
.. . . .. ..
..
..
.
.
. . .
.
.
.
.
.
.
|
cos n sin n 0 . . . 0
{z
}|
B
...
{z
C
0
}
Bi vy ta c:
D = detA = det(BC) = detB.detC =
0
nu n > 2
sin(2 1 ). sin(2 1 ) nu n = 2
2n
...
...
..
.
0
0
..
.
0
0
..
.
0
0
..
.
...
...
...
...
...
a
0
0
b
..
.
0
a
b
0
..
.
0
b
a
0
..
.
0 ...
0 ...
.. . .
.
.
b ...
0 ...
0 ...
a ...
.. . .
.
.
0
b
..
.
b
0
..
.
0
0
0
0
..
.
0
0
0
0
..
.
... 0 0 0 0 ... a 0
... 0 0 0 0 ... 0 a
(1)
(2)
(n 1)
(n)
(n + 1)
(n + 2)
(2n 1)
(2n)
2n2n
Gii :
Xt khi a 6= 0
b
cng vo dng (2n)
a
b
- Nhn dng (2) vi cng vo dng (2n-1)
a
.....................................................................
b
- Nhn dng (n) vi cng vo dng (n+1)
a
Ta c :
a 0 ... 0 0
0
0
...
0
0 a ... 0 0
0
0
.
.
.
b
.. .. . . .. ..
..
..
..
.
..
. .
. . .
.
.
.
0 0 ... a 0
0
b
...
0
0 0 ... 0 a
b
0
.
.
.
0
2
2
a b
0 0 ... 0 0
0
...
0
D2n =
a
2
2
a b
0
...
0
0 0 ... b 0
a
.. .. . . .. ..
..
..
..
..
. . .
.
. .
.
.
.
2
a b2
0 0 ... 0 0
0
0
...
a
0 0 ... 0 0
0
0
...
0
- Nhn dng (1) vi
0
0
0
= (a2 b2 )n
0
..
.
0
a2 b2
a
b
0
..
.
Ch : Khai trin nh thc theo dng (1), sau khai trin cc nh thc
cp (2n 1) va nhn c theo dng (2n 1). Ta s c cng thc truy hi:
D2n = (a2 b2 )D2(n1)
Do cng thc trn ng vi mi n 2 nn :
D2n = (a2 b2 )D2(n1) = (a2 b2 )2 D2(n2) = . . . = (a2 b2 )n1 D2 = (a2 b2 )n
(Chi tit ca cch lm ny xin dnh cho bn c).
12. Tnh nh thc cp 2n
..
a1 0 . . . 0
. b1 0
..
.
0 b2
0 a2 . . . 0
.
.. . .
..
..
..
..
..
. .
.
.
.
.
.
.
0 0 . . . an .
0 0
D2n = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
..
c1 0 . . . 0
. d1 0
..
0 c ... 0
.
0 d2
2
.
.
.
.
..
..
.
..
. . ..
..
..
.
.
..
0 0 . . . cn .
0 0
...
...
..
.
0
..
.
. . . bn
... ...
...
...
..
.
0
..
.
. . . dn
Xt khi a1 , a2 , . . . , an u khc 0 :
c1
- Nhn dng (1) vi ri cng vo dng (n + 1)
a1
c2
- Nhn dng (2) vi ri cng vo dng (n + 2)
a2
.............................................................................
cn
- Nhn dng (n) vi
ri cng vo dng (2n)
an
(1)
(2)
(n)
(n + 1)
(n + 2)
(2n)
Ta c :
D2n =
a1
...
0
..
.
a2 . . .
.. . .
.
.
0
..
.
..
.
..
.
..
.
..
.
b1
...
0
..
.
b2
..
.
...
..
.
0
...
...
...
...
0 0 . . . an
0
... ... ... ... ...
...
.. a1 d1 b1 c1
0 0 ... 0
.
a1
..
0 0 ... 0
.
0
..
.
..
.
..
..
.
...
..
.
..
.
..
.
0
a2 d2 b2 c2
...
a2
..
..
.
.
0
...
0
..
.
bn
...
0
0
..
.
an dn bn cn
an
0
n
Y
= (a1 d1 b1 c1 ) . . . (an dn bn cn ) =
(ai di bi ci )
i=1
10