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Design Experiment SPM Biology
Design Experiment SPM Biology
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2.TO DETERMINE THE CONCENTRATION OF SUCROSE SOLUTION WHICH IS ISOTONIC TO THE CELL SAP
OF POTATO STRIP
Problem statement
What is the concentration of the sucrose solution that will maintain the length of potato strip?
Hypothesis
As the sucrose solution reach certain concentration (isotonic to the cell sap),there is no changes in the
length of potato strip
Variables
MV : the concentration of the sucrose solution
RV : change in length of potato strip
FV : initial length of potato strip
Apparatus & material
Cork borer, test tubes,stopwatch,ruler,potatoes,various concentration of sucrose solution,filter paper
Procedure:
1. Six test tube are labeled P,Q,R,S,T and U
2. Test tube P is filled with 10ml distilled water, test tube Q is filled with 10ml sucrose solution
O.1M,test tube R is filled with 10ml sucrose solution 0.2M,test tube S is filled with 10ml sucrose
solution 0.3M,test tube T is filled with 10ml sucrose solution 0.4M and test tubes U is filled with
10ml sucrose solution 0.5M
3. The cork borer is pushed into the potato and the potato strip is obtained by pushing it out of the
cork borer using a glass rod
4. The potato strips are cut to the exact length of 5 cm.
5. One potato cylinder is placed in each labeled test tubes for 30 minutes.
6. After 30minutes,the potato strips are removed from the test tube and gently wiped with filter
paper
7. The final length of the potato strips are measured and record using a ruler
8. The final length of the potato strips are recorded in a result table
9. A graph pf the concentration of sucrose solution against the change in the length is plotted
Presentation
Test tube
P
Q
R
S
T
U
Concentration of
sucrose
solution(M)
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Initial(cm)
5
5
5
5
5
5
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Length
Final(cm)
Change in
length(cm)
3.TO INVESTIGATE THE EFFECTS OF ALBUMEN CONCETRATION ON THE ENZYME PEPSIN REACTION
Problem statement
What is the effect of different albumen concentration on the rate of enzyme reaction?
Hypothesis
The higher the albumen concentration,the higher the rate of enzyme reaction
Variables
MV : the concentration of albumen solution
RV : rate of enzyme reaction
CV : the volume of albumen solution
Apparatus and Materials
Albumen solution(1%,2%,3%,4%),1% pepsin solution, pipette/measuring cylinder,HCL,water
bath,thermometer,stopwatch
Procedure
1. 5ml of 1% albumen solution is poured into a test tube using a pipette.The test tube is labeled P.
2. 1 ml of HCL acid is poured into the same test tube using another pipette
3. 1 ml of 5% pepsin is poured into the same test tube using another pipette.The mixture is shaken
well.
4. The test tube is placed in the beaker containing 300 ml of water at 37oC.A thermometer is
placed in the beaker to check the temperature.
5. The stopwatch is started
6. The mixture is observed and the time taken for the solution to turn colourless is taken using a
stopwatch and recorded in a table.
7. Steps 1 to 6 are repeated twice to get an average result
8. Steps 1 to 7 are repeated,replacing the 1% albumen solution with 2%,3% and 4% albumen
solution respectively.
9. All data are recorded in a table and a graph of the rate of enzme reaction against the albumen
concentrated is plotted
Presentation of data
Concentration of albumen
solution(%)
1
2
3
4
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average
pH values
2
7
9
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10.
11.
12.
13.
Mouth is rinsed with warm water and saliva is collected.Saliva with equal volume of distilled water is
diluted
5ml of 1% starch suspension is out into each of the test tubes labeled A1,B1,C1,D1, and E1 respectively
using a syringe
2 ml of saliva is added into each of another set of the test tubes labeled A2,B2,C2,D2 and E2 using a
second syringe
Test tubes A1 and A2,B1 and B2,C1 and C2,D1 and D2,E1 and E2 is immersed respectively into 5 different
O
o
O
O
o
water baths with temperature kept constant at O C,28 C,37 C,45 C and 60 C.
The test tubes are left for five minutes
Meanwhile, a dry piece white tile with grooves is prepared and a drop of iodine solution is placed into
each groove
After five minutes of immersion ,the starch suspension in test tube A1 is poured into the saliva in test
tube A2.The mixture is stirred using a glass rod. The stopwatch is started immediately.
A drop of mixture is removed from test tube A2,using a dropper and is placed in into the iodine solution in
the first groove on the tile.The first groove is considered as zero minute
The iodine test is repeated every minute for ten minute.The dropper in a beaker of water is rinsed after
each sampling.The time taen for the completion of the hydrolysis of starch is recorded (that is when the
mixture gives a negative iodine test) using a stopwatch.
The test tube with the mixture in their respective water bath is kept throughout the experiment .steps 7
to 10 for test tubes B1,C1,D1 and E1 is repeated.
Thermometer is used to ensure that the temperature remain constant throughout the experiment
The result is recorded and a graph showing the rate of reaction against temperature is plotted
o
The activities of amylase reaction Is optimum at 37 C
Presentation of data
Test tube Temp Time taken for the hydrolysis of starch to be completed (minutes)
(oC)
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Temperature 0C
Final
White bread
Peanut
Cashew nut
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Energy value
Increase in
temperature
7.TO DETERMINE THE CONCENTRATION OF VITAMIN C CONTENT IN THE SAMPLE OF FRUIT JUICES
Problem statement
What is the sample of fruit juices that contains a higher concentration of vitamin C?
Hypothesis
Guava juice contains a higher concentration of vitamin C compared to orange Juice and pineapple juice
Variables
MV : type of fruit juice
RV : concentration of vitamin C
CV : volume of DCPIP solution
Apparatus and materials
Boiling tube,a syringe,a syringe with needles ,beaker,gauze cloth and a knife ,DCPIP solution,0.1%
ascorbic acid solution .freshly prepared guava juice,pineapple juice and orange juice
Procedure
1. Label four boiling tube as A,B,C, and D
2. Place 1ml of DCPIP solution in each boiling tube
3. Fill a syringe with 5ml of ascorbic acid solution
4. Immerse the needle of the syringe in the DCPIP solution drop-by-drop
5. Do not shake the tube vigorously
6. Record the volume of ascorbic acid solution used to turn the DCPIP solution colourless using a
syringe
7. Repeat steps 22 to 7 using Lime Juice,pineapple juice and papaya juice
8. Calculate the percentage and concentration of vitamin C in these three types of fruit juice using
the formula below [ shows percentage of vitamin C and Concentration of vitamin C formula]
Presentation of data
Solution
Percentage of vitamin C
In fruit juice (%)
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Vitamin C concentration
in fruit juice (mg/cm)
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Type of solution
A
B
C
Distilled water
Complete knops solution
Nitrogen deficient in culture
solution
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Rate of anaerobic
respiration in yeast
(cm/min)
Presentation of data
Concentration of
glucose (%)
5
10
20
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Rate of anaerobic
respiration(cm/min)
To suction pump
Universal indicator
Temperature ( C)
Colour of cotton wool
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After experiment
15.TO DETERMINE THE OXYGEN AND CARBON DIOXIDE CONTENTS IN INHALED AND EXHALED AIR
Problem statement
Does inhaled air contain more oxygen and less carbon dioxide than exhaled hair?
Hypothesis
Inhaled air contains more oxygen and less carbon dioxide than exhaled air
Variables
MV : type of air sample(inhaled or exhaled air)
RV : percentage of oxygen and carbon dioxide in inhaled and exhaled air
CV : length of air used
Apparatus and materials
Potassium hydroxide solution,pottassium pyrogallate solution,water,J-tube,ruler,beaker,boilng
tube,basin/water bath,ruber tubings
Procedure
1. Turn the screw of the J-Tube until the end
2. Dip the end of the J-Tube in water.Draw into the tube about 5cm of water
3. Remove the J-Tube from the water.Draw into the tube about 10cm of air(inhaled air)
4. Dip the open end of J-Tube into the water again .Draw in a little more water (to seal the air
column)
5. Adjust the screw so that air column is sin the middle of the J-Tube
6. Immerse the J-Tube into the water bath for 2 minutes ,to stabilize the temperature of air sample
7. Measure the length of air column using a ruler .Record the measurement as P cm
8. Expel some of the water in the J-tube leaving about 2-3mm from the end of the tube
9. Dip the open end of the J-Tube into the potassium hydroxide and draw in about 2-3cm of the
solution(potassium hydroxide absorbs carbon dioxide from the air column)
10. Remove the test tube from the solution and move the air column to and fro several times
11. Repeat step 6 and 7 .Record the length of air column as q cm
12. Expel the potassium hydroxide solution leaving about 2-3 mm from the end of the tube
13. Repeat step 9 using potassium pyrogallate solution (potassium pyrogallate absorbs oxygen from
the air column)
14. Repeat steps 6 and 7 .Record the length of the air column as r cm
15. Based on the results ,calculate the percentage of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the sample of
inhaled air column using formula
16. Repeat steps 1 -17 using a sample of exhaled air
17. Compare the percentage of carbon dioxide in inhaled and exhaled air
18. Compare the percentage of oxygen in inhaled and exhaled air
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Presentation data
Data for inhaled air
Length of inhaled air column at the beginning
experiment
Length of inhaled air column after treating with
potassium hydroxide solution
Length of inhaled air column after treating with
potassium pyrogallate solution
Length of CO2 column in inhaled air
Length of O2 column in inhaled air
Percentage of CO2 in inhaled air
Percentage of O2 in inhaled air
P
Q
R
(p-q)cm
(q-r)cm
p-qcm x 100%
p cm
q-rcm x 100
p cm
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X
Y
Z
(x-y)cm
(y-z)cm
(x-y)cm x 100%
X cm
(y-z)cm x 100%
X cm
15.TO STUDY HOW POPULATION SIZE OF SPECIES MIMOSA PUDICA AND IMPERATA CYLINDRICA CAN
BE DETERMINED IN YOUR SCHOOL FIELD
Problem statement
What is the population size of mimosa pudica and imperata cylindrica in the school field?
Hypothesis
The population size of species mimosa pudica plant is higher than species imeprata cylindrica in the
school field
Variables
MV : type of plant
RV : population size
CV : quadrat size
Materials and apparatus
Plant species Mimosa Pudica and imperata cylindrica ,plastic quadrat,marker pen,A4 paper,graph paper
Procedure
1. School field was chosen as the field study
2. Quadrats size 1mx1m was used
3. Two plants species mimosa pudica and imperata cylindrica was identified
4. The quadrats were thrown at random in the school field
5. The area of coverage each plant species were counted
6. If more than half of the squares in the quadrat are covered ,the area of plant species will be
counted.the area is not counted if only less than half is covered
7. Steps 5 to 7 was repeated for nine quadrats
8. The area covered by plant species studied in each quadrat were recorded and tabulated in a
table
9. The percentage coverage of plant species were calculated by using this formula :
percentage of coverage = total are covered plant species In all quadrats X 100
Total number of quadrants x area of quadrat
Presentation of data
Plant
species
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10
Total number
of plant
2
species(m )
Percentage
coverage
area (%)
19.TO INVESTIGATE THE WATER POLUTION LEVEL AND BOD VALUE AT THE STATION A,B, AND C
Problem statement
Which sources of water sample A,B and C will be more polluted and give the higher BOD value?
Hypothesis
Water sample C are the most polluted and have the highest BOD value compare to water sample A and
B
Variable
MV : type water samples
RV : water pollution level and BOD values
CV : volume of water sample
Apparatus and materials
Reagents bottles with stoppers,syringe,cupboard,stopwatch,label paper, measuring cylinder, beaker,
water sources from station A,B and C,methylene blue solution
Procedure
1. 200ml water samples from A,B and C sources are collected
2. 3 bottles of reagent are labeled as A,B, and X respectively
3. 100ml of water samples at A were measured by using measuring cylinder are being put into
reagent bottle
4. 1ml of methylene blue solution 0.1% solution was added to the base of each water samples
using a syringe
5. The bottles are closed quickly and the contents are not to be shaken
6. Steps 1 to 5 were repeated by using water source from station B and C
7. All the bottles are placed in a cupboard and the stopwatch is started
8. The bottle are examined from time to time
9. The time taken for methylene to decolourise is recorded for all the water samples
10. The results are recorded in a table
Presentation of data
Reagent bottles
Time taken to
decolourise methylene
blue (hour)
A
B
C
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16.TO STUDY THE EFFECT OF LIGHT INTENSITY ON THE POPULATION GROWTH RATE OF LEMNA MINOR
Problem statement
What is the effect of light intensity on the growth rate of lemna minor?
Hypothesis
The higher the light intensity the higher the growth rate of lemna minor at the end of experiment
Variables
MV : light intensity
RV : the growth rate of lemna minor
CV : initial number of lemna minor
Apparatus and materials
Lemna minor,pond water,light bulb(5,40,80 watts),beaker,ruler,measuring cylinder,waterproof paint
Procedure
1. Three beakers are prepared and filled with 500ml of water in each beaker
2. The beakers are labeled as A,B and C with waterproof paint
3. 5 lemna minor are put into each baker
4. Each beaker is placed at 30cm from the lamps with different light intensities ,that is 5 watts ,40
watts, and 80 watts respectively
5. All the beakers are placed in area of the same temperature
6. Change the water in each beaker every 3 days
7. After 7 days,the number of lemna minor in each beaker is counted and recorded
8. The growth rate of lemna minor is calculated by using formula:
The number of lemna minor
Time taken(day)
9. The result are recorded in a table
Presentation of data
Light intensity (watts)
5
40
80
Number of lemna
Beginning
5
5
5
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end
17.TO STUDY THE EFFECT OF PH ON THE POPULATION GROWTH OF LEMNA MINOR IN THIS
LABORATORY
Problem statement
Does the changes in pH effects the growth rate of lemna minor?
Hypothesis
The growth rate of lemna minor is higher in neutral medium
Variables
MV : the changes in pH
RV : the growth rate of lemna minor
CV : numberof lemna minor in the beginning of experiment
Apparatus and materials
Lemna minor,pond water,0.1M hydrochloric acid ,0.1M sodium hyroxide,distilled
water,beaker,waterproof paint,measuring cylinder and dropper
Procedure
1. Three beakers are prepared and filled with 500ml of pond water in each beaker
2. The beaker are labeled A,B, and C with waterproof paint
3. Bu using measuring cylinder,10ml of 0.1M of hydrochloric acid is measured and poured into
beaker A,10ml of 0.1M sodium hydroxide solution is measured and poured into beaker B and
10ml of distilled water is measured and poured into beaker C
4. 20 numbers of lemna minor are put into each beaker
5. Each beaker is placed in an area of distributed light and temperature
6. After 5 days,the number of lemna minor is counted in each beaker
7. The growth rate of lemna minor is calculated by using formula
8. The result are recorded in a table
Presentation of data
Beaker
A
B
C
Condition of pH
0.1M of hydrochloric
acid(acidic)
0.1M sodium
hydroxide(alkaline)
distilled water(neutral)
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20.TO DETERMINE THE NUMBER OF SOLID POLLUTANTS IN THE AIR OF DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENT
Problem statement
Which place will produce the largest number of fine particle in the air?
Hypothesis
The number of solid particles in school car park is higher than air sample in air conditional
room,classroom and school canteen
Variables
MV : location where glass slide is placed
RV : number of solid particles
CV : time exposure
Apparatus and materials
Glass slide,cellophone tape,light miscroscope,petri dish,ruler,places of study,fine particles
Procedure
1. 4 slides are prepared and labeled them A,B,C and D
2. 5cm of cellophane tape is sticked on each slide with the sticky surface facing outward
3. The slide A is placed at school park
4. Leave the slide undisturbed for a week
5. After one week,collect a slide view under light microscope under low power
6. Repeat experiment for slide B at conditioned room,slide C at classroom and slide D at school
canteen
7. The number of solid pollutions is recorded
Presentation of data
Glass slide
A
B
C
D
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21.TO DETERMINE THE EFFECT OF TOTAL SURFACE AREA TO VOLUME(TSA/V) RATIO TOWARDS THE
RATE OF DIFFUSION OF SUBTANCES BY USING POTATO
Problem statement
How does the TSA/V ration effect the rate of diffusion of the substance?
Hypothesis
As the TSA/V ratio increases the rate of diffusion of the substances increases
Variables
MV : TSA/V
RV : rate of diffusion
CV : concentration of coloured water
Apparatus and materials
Coloured water,potato,filter paper,knife,blade,white tiles,forceps,stopwatch,grided transparency
sheet,beaker
Procedure
1. Potato is cut into cubes which is 1cm3,8cm3,27cm3, and 64cm3
2. Each potato cubes is placed in a beaker containing coloured water for 20minutes
3. After 20minutes the potato cubes are cut into two halves
4. The outer surface of the potato cubes are dried using filter paper
5. The transparency sheet is placed on the top of cut surface
6. The area that is stained red is drawn and shaded on the gridded transparency
7. Coloured area in each potato cubes is measured by using gridded transparency
8. The percentage of coloured area in each potato cube is calculated and recorded
9. Calculated and recorded the rate of diffusion using a formula
Percentage of coloured area %
Time taken(Min)
Presentation of data
Size of cubes(cm3)
1
8
27
64
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22.TO DETERMINE WETHER THE NUMBER OF LEAVES EFFECTING THE RATE OF TRANSPIRATION IN
PLANTS
Problem statement
Does number of leaves effect the rate of transpiration?
Hypothesis
The higher the number of leaves,the higher the rate of photosynthesis
Variables
MV : number of leaves
RV : rate of transpiration
CV : air movement
Apparatus and materials
Plant shoot with leaves,water,photometer(or capillary tube,ruler,ruber tube),stopwatch,light
bulb,beaker
Procedure
1. A leafy shoot is chosen from a plant.the shoot is cut and is immersed immediately into a basin of
water
2. The shoot is cut 1cm from the bottom of the stem under water.the leaves are removed from the
shoot and 8 leaves is left behind
3. The cut end of the stem is inserted carefully into the rubber tubing of the photometer under
water
4. The apparatus is then set up as shown in diagram .the end of the tube is immersed in a beaker
of water
5. The leaves and the apparatus are wiped dry with a cloth
6. Vaseline is used to ensure no water leakage and the apparatus is air tight
7. An air bubble is introduced in the tube
8. The photometer then placed in an enclosed room with no air movement
9. The shoot Is allowed a few minutes to reach a steady state before any readings is taken
10. The stopwatch is activated and the time taken for air bubble travel10cm distance is recorded
11. The experiment is repeated to obtain two more reading
12. Steps 1 to 11 are repeated by using difference shoot with difference number of leaves 6,4,2 and
0.
13. The time taken for air bubble to travel for each shoot is recorded in the following table using
stopwatch
14. Calculate the rate of transpiration by using formula
Presentation of data
Number of leaves
0
2
4
6
8
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Rate of transpiration(cm/min)
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Rate of transpiration
(cm/second)
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Rate of
transpiration
(cm/min)
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Rate of
transpiration(cms-1)
Humidity of air
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27.TO DETERMINE THE URINE VOLUME RELEASED BY A STUDENT WHO DRINKS DIFFERENT VOLUME
OF MINERAL WATER
Problem statement
What is the effect of water intake of urine output?
Hypothesis
If more water is taken,more urine will be released
Variables
MV : volume of water
RV : volume of urine released
CV : same student
Apparatus and materials
Beakers,cup/mug,measuring cylinder,stopwatch,drinking water,a student
Procedure
1. A student (sample A) is chosen and instructed to empty his bladders before the start of the the
experiment
2. 200ml of water is measured and put into the mug
3. A student(sample A ) is given 200ml of mineral drinking water drink
4. A stopwatch is started immediately after consuming the water
5. During the experiment,he is kept within 1-2 hours
6. He is instructed not to eat or perform any vigorous physical activities
7. After half an hour,he is asked to empty his bladder
8. The collected urine is kept in a large beaker
9. At the interval of half an hour,until two hours,a student empty his bladder
10. After two hours ,the total collected urine is measured using measuring cylinder
11. Repeat step 2-9 for different amount of drinking water(400ml,600ml,800ml,1000ml)
12. Step 7 is conducted for four consecutive days in a fixed time and place
13. Dispose the measured urine properly
14. Measure and record the data collected into a table
Presentation of data
Volume of
urine is
produced(ml)
200
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800
1000
28.TO INVESTIGATE THE TRAIT OF COLOUR OF FLOWER OBEY MENDELS FIRST LAW
Problem statement
Is colour of marble influence the total of button pair in beaker?
Hypothesis
When the red button is cross breeding with white button,the ratio of fillial is 3 red button and 1 white
button if first filial do self-breeding
Variables
MV : colour of button
RV : the number of pair button
CV : 50 red buttons ad 50 white buttons
Apparatus and materials
Plastic bag/can/box/pouch,red buttons,white buttons,beaker,student X
Procedure
1. Two black pouches ,A and B each containing a mixture of 50 red buttons and 50 white buttons
2. Pouch A and B were shaken to mix the buttons randomly
3. (without see)one button was drawn at random from each pouch by student X
4. Both of buttons are combined to produce daughter in second filial generation
5. Steps 1 to 4 are repeated when all buttons are completing combined
6. The number of colour combination of buttons from each pouches are recorded in table show
7. The genotype and phenotype of all the colour combination are recorded in the table show
Presentation of data
Colour of combination
Number of button
colour
genotype
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phenotype
29.TO INVESTIGATE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AVERAGE HEIGHT/GROWTH RATE OF MAIZE PLANTS
AND TIME AFTER PLANTING
Problem statement
What is the relationship between the average height of maize plants and time after planting?
Hypothesis
The longer the time after planting,the more the average height of maize plant until they reach maturity
Variables
MV : the time after planting
RV : the average height of maize plants
CV : number of seedlings types
Apparatus and materials
Maize seeds,nursery tile,garden soil,tap water,fertilizer,measuring tape,meter ruler
Procedure
1. Prepare a site for nursery with garden soil
2. Plant 20 maize seeds in the soil with even spacing between each seed
3. Water the seeds daily throughout the period of experiment
4. After 10 days,measure the height of maize plants using the meter ruler or measuring tape
5. Repeat steps 4 over 90/120 days
6. Record all the results obtained In a table
7. Plot a graph of the average height of maize plants against time after planting
Presentation of data
Time(days) after planting
10
20
30
40
50
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Type of fingerprint
whorl
curves
Height (m)
composite
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loops
black
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green
otal number of
buttons were taken