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MASTERYPHYSICSSPM2009

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EXPERIMENT

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CHAPTER2:FORCESANDMOTION
Arrangmentoftheapparatus

Aimofexperiment

Toinvestigatethe
relationshipbetween
massand
acceleration

m,a

forceconstant

(1)Effectofforce(F=ma)

Variables

Manipulated:
mass//numberof
trolley
Responding:
accelerationof
trolley

Constant:Force
appliedbyan
elasticcord,F

Procedureoftheexperiment

1.Switchonpowersupplyandatickertimer.
2.Thetrolleyispulleddowntheinclinedrunwaywith
anelasticcordattachedtothehindpostofthe
trolley.
3.Theelasticcordisstretcheduntiltheotherendis
withthefrontendofthetrolley.Thelengthis
maintainedasthetrolleyrunsdowntherunway.
4.Thetickertapeobtainediscutintostripsof10
ticksandtheacceleration,producedbytheone
unitofforceiscalculatedbyusingtheformula,
a=vu/t
5.Theexperimentisrepeatedwith2,3,4and5trolley
(withasecondtrolleystackuponthefirsttrolley)


(2)Effectofforce(F=ma)

Toinvestigatethe
relationshipbetween
forceand
acceleration

F,a

massconstant

Manipulated:
Forceappliedby
anelasticcord,F
Responding:
accelerationof
trolley,a

Constant:
mass//numberof
trolley

Toinvestigatethe
relationshipbetween
velocityandheightof
atrolley

(3)Velocityandheightofatrolley

Manipulated:
Heightofatrolley
Responding:
velocity

Constant:angleof
inclinedrunway,

1.Switchonpowersupplyandatickertimer.
2.Thetrolleyispulleddowntheinclinedrunwaywith
anelasticcordattachedtothehindpostofthe
trolley.
3.Theelasticcordisstretcheduntiltheotherendis
withthefrontendofthetrolley.Thelengthis
maintainedasthetrolleyrunsdowntherunway.
4.Thetickertapeobtainediscutintostripsof10
ticksandtheacceleration,producedbytheone
unitofforceiscalculatedbyusingtheformula,
a=vu/t
5.Theexperimentisrepeatedwith2,3,4and5
identicalelasticcord.

1.Atickertapeisattachedtoatrolleyandpassed
throughatickertimerconnectedtoapower
supply.
2.Thetrolleyisplacedataheight,h=10.0cmfromthe
tabletop.Theheight,hismeasuredbyusingaruler
andrecorded.
3.Thepowersupplyisturnedonandthetrolleyis
releasedtotherundowntherunway.
4.Thevelocityofthetrolleyatthebottomofthe
runwayisdetermined
Usingtheformula

V=Distancetraveled,s
Timefor5ticks

=scm
5ticksX0.02s

5.Theexperimentrepeatedwithaheight,h=15.0cm,
20.0cm,25.0cmand30.0cm.


Toinvestigatethe
relationshipbetween
velocity/speedand
distanceofspring
compression

(4)Velocityanddistanceofspringcompression

Manipulated:
distanceofspring
compression
Responding:
velocity/speed

Constant:elasticity
ofaspring/spring
constant

Toinvestigatethe
relationshipbetween
velocityanddistance
ofspringstretching

(5)Velocity/speedanddistanceofspringstretching

Manipulated:
distanceofspring
stretching
Responding:
velocity/speed

Constant:
elasticityofa
spring/spring
constant/stiffness/
diameter/thickness
ofaspring

1.Switchonthepowersupplyandtickertimer.
2.Compressthespringbypushingthetrolleyata
distance,x=2.0cmmeasuredbyaruler.
3.Releasethetrolleyandcalculatethevelocityofa
trolleyfromatickertapebyusingtheformula,

V=Distancetraveled,s
Timefor5ticks

=scm
5ticksX0.02s

4.Theexperimentrepeatedwithadistance
compression,x=4.0cm,6.0cm,8.0cmand10.0cm.

1.Switchonthepowersupplyandtickertimer.
2.Pullthetrolleyatadistancex=2.0cmmeasuredby
aruler.
3.Releasethetrolleyandcalculatethevelocityofa
trolleyfromatickertapebyusingtheformula,

V=Distancetraveled,s
Timefor5ticks

=scm
5ticksX0.02s

4.Theexperimentrepeatedbypullingthetrolleyata
distance,x=4.0cm,6.0cm,8.0cmand10.0cm.

CHAPTER3:FORCESANDPRESSURE
Arrangementoftheapparatus

Aimofexperiment

Toinvestigatethe
relationshipbetween
extensionofaspring
andforce/massofload

(6)Extensionandforce/massofaload

Toinvestigatethe
relationshipbetween
pressureanddepthof
water

(7)Pressureanddepthofwater

Variables

Manipulated:
force/massofload
Responding:
extensionofaspring,
x

Constant:
length/diameter
/elasticity/spring
constant/stiffnessofa
spring

Manipulated:Depth
ofaliquid,h
Responding:pressure
ofaliquid,L

Constant:densityofa
liquid

Procedureoftheexperiment

1.Measuretheinitiallengthofthespring,L1
2.Putoneslottedmass,20gattheendofthe
spring
3.Measurethelengthofthespring,L2
4.Calculatetheextensionofthespring,x=L2
L1
5.Repeattheexperimentforthemass
40g,60g,80gand100g.

1.Themeasuringcylinderiscompletelyfilled
withwater.
2.Thethistlefunnelisconnectedtothe
manometerwitharubbertube.
3.Thethistlefunnelisloweredverticallyatthe
depthofwater,h=10.0cm.
4.Thedifferenceheightofwater,Lin
manometermeasuredusingaruler.
5.Theexperimentisrepeatedwiththedepthof
water,h=20.0cm,30.0cm,40.0cmand
50.0cm.


(8)ArchimedesPrinciple

Toinvestigatethe
relationshipbetween
buoyantforce/up
thrustandthedepthof
ironrodinthe
water/volumeof
waterdisplaced

Manipulated:Depth
ofironrodinthe
water,L/volumeof
waterdisplaced
Responding:buoyant
force/upthrust

Constant:densityofa
liquid

1.Theweightofironrodinairismeasuredby
usingaspringbalance,W0
2.Theironrodisloweredverticallyinthewater
atdepth,L=5.0cm
3.Theweightofironinthewateris
measured,W1.
4.Thebuoyantforce,Bismeasuredbyusinga
formula
B=W1W0.
5.Theexperimentisrepeatedwithdepth,
L=10.0cm,15.0cm,20.0cmand25.0cm.

CHAPTER4:HEAT(GASLAW)
Arrangementoftheapparatus

Aimofexperiment

Toinvestigatethe
relationshipbetween
pressureandvolume
ofagas

PV/T

(9)BoylesLaw(PressureandVolume)

Variables

Manipulated:
volumeofairina
syringe
Responding:
pressureoftrapped
air

Constant:
temperature/mass
ofairinsidea
syringe

Procedureoftheexperiment

1.Thepistonofthesyringeisadjusteduntilthe
volumeofairinthesyringeis50cm3at
atmosphericpressure.
2.Thepistonofthesyringeispushedinuntilthe
enclosedvolume/airtrappedis90cm3.
3.ThepressureontheBourdongaugeis
recorded.
4.Repeattheexperimentforenclosedvolume
/airtrappedinthesyringe40cm3,30cm3,
20cm3and10cm3.


Toinvestigatethe
relationshipbetween
volumeand
temperatureofagas

(10)CharlesLaw(VolumeandTemperature)

1.Thewaterisheatedandcontinuouslystirred
Manipulated:
untilthetemperatureofthewaterreaches
Temperatureof
20C.
trappedair,
2.Thelengthofaircolumn,xisrecordedusinga
Responding:Length
ruler.
ofaircolumn,x
3.Theexperimentisrepeatedbyincreasesthe

temperature40C,60C,80Cand100C.

Constant:
mass/volumeof
trappedair

Toinvestigatethe
relationshipbetween
pressureand
temperatureofagas

(11)PressureLaw(PressureandTemperature)

Manipulated:
Temperatureof
trappedair,
Responding:
Pressureoftrapped
air

Constant:
mass/volumeof
trappedair

1.Thewaterbathisheatedandcontinuously
stirreduntilthetemperatureofthewater
reaches20C.
2.Thepressureoftheairismeasuredbyusing
theBourdongauge.
3.Theexperimentisrepeatedbyincreasesthe
temperature40C,60C,80Cand100C.

CHAPTER5:LIGHT
Arrangmentoftheapparatus

Aimofexperiment

Toinvestigatethe
relationshipbetween
linear
magnification,mand
objectdistance,u

(12)Linearmagnification,mandobjectdistance,u

Variables

Manipulated:
objectdistance,u
Responding:linear
magnification,m

Constant:focal
length/lenspower

Procedureoftheexperiment

1.Theobjectisplaced10.0cmfromthelens.
2.Adjustthescreenuntilthesharpimage
formedonthewhitescreen.
3.Theimagedistance,vismeasuredbyusinga
ruler.
4.Linearmagnificationoftheimage,mis
calculatedusingaformula,m=v/u
5.Repeattheexperimentwithdifferentobject
distance,u=20.0cm,30.0cm,40.0cmand
50.0cm.

CHAPTER6:WAVE
Arrangmentoftheapparatus

(1) WATERWAVE
(Refractionofwaterwave)

Aimofexperiment

Toinvestigatethe
relationshipbetween
wavelengthandthe
depthofwater.

Variables

Procedureoftheexperiment

1.Fillintherippletankwithwateratdepth2cm.
Manipulated:depth
2.Apieceofperspexplateatthickness0.3cmis
ofwater
placedatthemiddleoftherippletank.
Responding:
3.Switchonthepowersupply,vibratingmotor
wavelength
andlamp.

4.Freezethewaterwavebyusingthe
Constant:frequency
stroboscope.
ofwaterwave
5.Measurethedistancebetweentwo
consecutivebrightORdarkfringesonwhite
paperusingaruler.
6.Repeattheexperimentbyusingaperspex

plateatthickness0.6cm,0.9cm,1.2cmand
1.5cm.

Toinvestigatethe
relationshipbetween
distancebetweentwo
consecutiveloud
sounds,xand
distancebetweentwo
loudspeakers,a.

(2) SOUNDWAVE(=ax/D)
Xanda(,Dconstant)

Distancebetweentwoconsecutiveloudsound,xand
distancebetweentwoloudspeakers,a

1.Placeasignalgeneratorandtwoloudspeakers
Manipulated:
onalongbenchinanopenspace.
distancebetween
2.Adjusttheseparation,a,ofthetwospeakersA
twoloudspeakers,
andBto1.0m.
a
3.Switchonthesignalgenerator.
Responding:
4.Anobserverstand5minfrontofAandBand
distancebetween
walksinastraightlineparalleltoAB.
twoconsecutive
5.Thedistancebetweentwoconsecutiveloud
loudsounds,x
soundheard,x,ismeasuredbymetrerule.

6.Repeattheexperimentwithdistancebetween
Constant:frequency
twoloudspeakers,a=1.2m,1.4m,1.6m,1.8m
ofthesignal
and2.0m.
generator

CHAPTER7:ELECTRIC
Arrangementoftheapparatus

Aimofexperiment

(3)Resistanceandlength/diameterofwire

(4)Energy/Workdone/Power/heightoftheloadandmagnitudeof
current/voltage.

Variables

Toinvestigatethe
relationshipbetween
resistanceandthe
lengthofwire.

Toinvestigatethe
relationshipbetween
Energy/Work
done/Power/height
/distanceoftheload
andmagnitudeof
current/voltage

Manipulated:
length/diameterof
wire/crosssectional
area
Responding:
resistanceofwire

Constant:
diameter/length/
current/resistivity

Manipulated:
Magnitudeof
current
Responding:
Energy/Work
done/Power/height
/distanceofthe
load

Constant:massof
theload

Procedureoftheexperiment

1.A10.0cmconstantanwire(s.w.g28)is
connectedbetweenXY.
2.Therheostatisadjusteduntilthecurrent
flowsinthecircuit0.5Aandvoltmeterreading
isrecorded.
3.Theresistancecalculatedbyusingaformula,
R=V/I
4.Repeattheexperimentwithlengthofwire,
L=20.0cm,30.0cm,40.0cmand50.0cm.

1.Switchonthepowersupply.
2.Adjusttherheostatsothatthecurrentflowin
thecircuitis0.5A.
3.Activatethestopwatch.
4.Measuretheheight/distanceoftheloadgoes
upusingarulerin2minutes.
5.Repeatexperimentwithdifferentcurrent,
I=1.0A,1.5A,2.0Aand2.5A.


CHAPTER8:ELECTROMAGNETISM
Arrangementoftheapparatus

Aimofexperiment

(5)Strengthofmagneticfield/no.ofpinattractedandmagnitudeof
current

(6)Magnitudeoftheinducedcurrentandvelocity/speed/heightofbar
magnet

Toinvestigatethe
relationshipbetween
thestrengthof
magneticfield/no.of
pinattractedand
magnitudeofcurrent.

Toinvestigatethe
relationshipbetween
velocity/speed/
heightofthemagnet
andmagnitudeofthe
inducedcurrent

Variables

Manipulated:
magnitudeof
current
Responding:the
strengthof
magneticfield/no.
ofpinattracted

Constant:no.ofturn
ofthesolenoid

Manipulated:
velocity/speed/
heightofthe
magnet

Responding:
magnitudeofthe
inducedcurrent

Constant:number
ofturnsofthecoil

Procedureoftheexperiment

1.Theswitchisonandrheostatisadjustedtoset
thecurrentflow0.2A.
2.Bringthepetridishfilledwithpinattheendof
solenoid.
3.Recordthenumberofpinattractedbythe
solenoid.
4.Repeattheexperimentwithcurrent,I=0.4A,
0.6A,0.8Aand1.0A.

1.Theheightofbarmagnetisadjustedath=20
cm.
2.Thebarmagnetisdroppedverticallyintothe
coilofwire.Recordthemaximumreadingof
miliammeter.
3.Thestepsarerepeatedforh=30cm,h=40
cm,h=50cmandh=60cm


(7)Magnitudeof(induced)current//potentialdifference(Vs)and
numberofturnsofthesecondarycoil

Acpower
supply

Softlaminatedironcore

Manipulated:the
numberofturnsof
thesecondarycoil,
Ns
Responding:
(induced)current//
potentialdifference
(output)
Constant:input
voltage//noof
turnsoftheprimary
coil//size/
diameter/thickness
ofwireofcoils.

OR

Acpower
supply

Toinvestigatethe
relationshipbetween
thenumberofturns
ofthesecondarycoil
andthemagnitudeof
(induced)current//
potentialdifference
(Vs)

1.Setuptheapparatusasshown,witha240V
accurrentsupplywith50turnsontheprimary
coil.
2.Setthesecondarycoilsothatthenumberof
turnsn=20
3.Switchonthepowersupply,measurethe
current,I(withtheammeter)thatpasses
throughthesecondarycoil.
4.Repeatstep2and3forn=40,60,80and100
turns.