Professional Documents
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E Man 003
E Man 003
Version 8
January 2002
Copyright
The computer program ETABS and all associated documentation are proprietary and
copyrighted products. Worldwide rights of ownership rest with Computers and
Structures, Inc. Unlicensed use of the program or reproduction of the documentation in
any form, without prior written authorization from Computers and Structures, Inc., is
explicitly prohibited.
Further information and copies of this documentation may be obtained from:
Computers and Structures, Inc.
1995 University Avenue
Berkeley, California 94704 USA
Phone: (510) 845-2177
FAX: (510) 845-4096
e-mail: info@csiberkeley.com (for general questions)
e-mail: support@csiberkeley.com (for technical support questions)
web: www.csiberkeley.com
DISCLAIMER
CONSIDERABLE TIME, EFFORT AND EXPENSE HAVE GONE INTO THE
DEVELOPMENT AND DOCUMENTATION OF ETABS. THE PROGRAM HAS
BEEN THOROUGHLY TESTED AND USED. IN USING THE PROGRAM,
HOWEVER, THE USER ACCEPTS AND UNDERSTANDS THAT NO WARRANTY
IS EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED BY THE DEVELOPERS OR THE DISTRIBUTORS
ON THE ACCURACY OR THE RELIABILITY OF THE PROGRAM.
THIS PROGRAM IS A VERY PRACTICAL TOOL FOR THE DESIGN/CHECK OF
CONCRETE STRUCTURES. HOWEVER, THE USER MUST THOROUGHLY READ
THE MANUAL AND CLEARLY RECOGNIZE THE ASPECTS OF CONCRETE
DESIGN THAT THE PROGRAM ALGORITHMS DO NOT ADDRESS.
THE USER MUST EXPLICITLY UNDERSTAND THE ASSUMPTIONS OF THE
PROGRAM AND MUST INDEPENDENTLY VERIFY THE RESULTS.
Contents
1-2
1-2
1-3
1-4
1-4
1-6
1-7
2-1
3-1
3-1
4-1
4-1
4-2
4-2
1-1
1-1
1-1
5-1
5-2
Preferences
General
Using the Preferences Form
Preferences
6-1
6-1
6-2
Overwrites
General
Overwrites
Making Changes in the Overwrites Form
Resetting Concrete Frame Overwrites to Default
Values
10
11
ii
Column Design
Overview
Generation of Biaxial Interaction Surfaces
Calculate Column Capacity Ratio
Determine Factored Moments and Forces
Determine Moment Magnification Factors
Determine Capacity Ratio
Required Reinforcing Area
Design Column Shear Reinforcement
Determine Required Shear Reinforcement
Reference
Beam Design
Overview
Design Beam Flexural Reinforcement
Determine Factored Moments
Determine Required Flexural Reinforcement
7-1
7-1
7-3
7-4
10-1
10-2
10-5
10-6
10-6
10-8
10-10
10-10
10-14
10-15
11-1
11-1
11-2
11-2
Contents
Design Beam Shear Reinforcement
12
13
14
11-10
Joint Design
Overview
Determine the Panel Zone Shear Force
Determine the Effective Area of Joint
Check Panel Zone Shear Stress
Beam/Column Flexural Capacity Ratios
12-1
12-1
12-5
12-5
12-6
Input Data
Input data
Using the Print Design Tables Form
13-1
13-3
Output Details
Using the Print Design Tables Form
14-3
16
17
18
19
15-1
15-2
16-1
16-1
16-2
17-1
17-1
17-3
17-4
iii
20
21
22
23
iv
Column Design
Overview
Generation of Biaxial Interaction Surfaces
Calculate Column Capacity Ratio
Determine Factored Moments and Forces
Determine Moment Magnification Factors
Determine Capacity Ratio
Required Reinforcing Area
Design Column Shear Reinforcement
Determine Section Forces
Determine Concrete Shear Capacity
Determine Required Shear Reinforcement
References
20-1
20-2
20-5
20-6
20-6
20-9
20-10
20-10
20-11
20-12
20-13
20-15
Beam Design
Overview
Design Beam Flexural Reinforcement
Determine Factored Moments
Determine Required Flexural Reinforcement
Design for T-Beam
Minimum Tensile Reinforcement
Special Consideration for Seismic Design
Design Beam Shear Reinforcement
Determine Shear Force and Moment
Determine Concrete Shear Capacity
Determine Required Shear Reinforcement
21-1
21-1
21-2
21-2
21-5
21-8
21-8
21-9
21-11
21-12
21-13
Joint Design
Overview
Determine the Panel Zone Shear Force
Determine the Effective Area of Joint
Check Panel Zone Shear Stress
Beam/Column Flexural Capacity Ratios
22-1
22-1
22-4
22-4
22-6
Input Data
Input Data
Using the Print Design Tables Form
23-1
23-3
Contents
24
Output Details
Using the Print Design Tables Form
24-3
Technical Note 1
General Design Information
This Technical Note presents some basic information and concepts helpful
when performing concrete frame design using this program.
Design Codes
The design code is set using the Options menu > Preferences > Concrete
Frame Design command. You can choose to design for any one design code
in any one design run. You cannot design some elements for one code and
others for a different code in the same design run. You can, however, perform
different design runs using different design codes without rerunning the
analysis.
Units
For concrete frame design in this program, any set of consistent units can be
used for input. You can change the system of units at any time. Typically, design codes are based on one specific set of units.
No design
If a line object is assigned a frame section property that has a concrete material property, its default design procedure is Concrete Frame Design. A concrete frame element can be switched between the Concrete Frame Design and
the "None" design procedure. Assign a concrete frame element the "None"
design procedure if you do not want it designed by the Concrete Frame Design postprocessor.
Design Codes
Technical Note 1 - 1
Change the default design procedure used for concrete frame elements by
selecting the element(s) and clicking Design menu > Overwrite Frame
Design Procedure. This change is only successful if the design procedure
assigned to an element is valid for that element. For example, if you select a
concrete element and attempt to change the design procedure to Steel Frame
Design, the program will not allow the change because a concrete element
cannot be changed to a steel frame element.
Design of Beams
The program designs all concrete frame elements designated as beam sections in their Frame Section Properties as beams (see Define menu >Frame
Sections command and click the Reinforcement button). In the design of
concrete beams, in general, the program calculates and reports the required
areas of steel for flexure and shear based on the beam moments, shears, load
combination factors, and other criteria, which are described in detail in Concrete Frame UBC97 Technical Note Beam Design 11 and Concrete Frame ACI
318-99 Technical Note 21 Beam Design. The reinforcement requirements are
calculated at each output station along the beam span.
All the beams are designed for major direction flexure and shear only.
Effects resulting from any axial forces, minor direction bending, and
torsion that may exist in the beams must be investigated independently by the user.
In designing the flexural reinforcement for the major moment at a particular
section of a particular beam, the steps involve the determination of the
maximum factored moments and the determination of the reinforcing steel.
Technical Note 1 - 2
The beam section is designed for the maximum positive and maximum negative factored moment envelopes obtained from all of the load combinations.
Negative beam moments produce top steel. In such cases, the beam is always designed as a rectangular section. Positive beam moments produce
bottom steel. In such cases, the beam may be designed as a rectangular- or
T-beam. For the design of flexural reinforcement, the beam is first designed
as a singly reinforced beam. If the beam section is not adequate, the required
compression reinforcement is calculated.
In designing the shear reinforcement for a particular beam for a particular set
of loading combinations at a particular station resulting from the beam major
shear, the steps involve the determination of the factored shear force, the
determination of the shear force that can be resisted by concrete, and the
determination of the reinforcement steel required to carry the balance.
Design of Columns
The program designs all concrete frame elements designated as column sections in their Frame Section Properties as columns (see Define menu
>Frame Sections command and click the Reinforcement button). In the
design of the columns, the program calculates the required longitudinal steel,
or if the longitudinal steel is specified, the column stress condition is reported
in terms of a column capacity ratio. The capacity ratio is a factor that gives an
indication of the stress condition of the column with respect to the capacity of
the column. The design procedure for reinforced concrete columns involves
the following steps:
Generate axial force-biaxial moment interaction surfaces for all of the different concrete section types of the model.
Check the capacity of each column for the factored axial force and bending
moments obtained from each load combination at each end of the column.
This step is also used to calculate the required reinforcement (if none was
specified) that will produce a capacity ratio of 1.0.
The shear reinforcement design procedure for columns is very similar to that
for beams, except that the effect of the axial force on the concrete shear capacity needs to be considered. See Concrete Frame UBC97 Technical Note 10
Design of Beams
Technical Note 1 - 3
Column Design and Concrete Frame ACI 318-99 Technical Note 20 Column
Design for more information.
Technical Note 1 - 4
aMnt + bMlt
Eqn. 1
where,
MCAP
Technical Note 1 - 5
Mnt
Mlt
When the program performs concrete frame design, it assumes that the factor
b is equal to 1 and it uses code-specific formulas to calculate the factor a.
That b = 1 assumes that you have considered P-Delta effects in the analysis,
as previously described. Thus, in general, if you are performing concrete
frame design in this program, you should consider P-Delta effects in the
analysis before running the design.
Technical Note 1 - 6
Technical Note 1 - 7
It is possible for the last used analysis section and the current design section
to be different. For example, you may have run your analysis using a W18X35
beam and then found in the design that a W16X31 beam worked. In that
case, the last used analysis section is the W18X35 and the current design
section is the W16X31. Before you complete the design process, verify that
the last used analysis section and the current design section are the same.
The Design menu > Concrete Frame Design > Verify Analysis vs Design Section command is useful for this task.
The program keeps track of the analysis section and the design section
separately. Note the following about analysis and design sections:
Assigning a beam a frame section property using the Assign menu >
Frame/Line > Frame Section command assigns the section as both the
analysis section and the design section.
Running an analysis using the Analyze menu > Run Analysis command
(or its associated toolbar button) always sets the analysis section to be the
same as the current design section.
Assigning an auto select list to a frame section using the Assign menu >
Frame/Line > Frame Section command initially sets the design section
to be the beam with the median weight in the auto select list.
Unlocking a model deletes the design results, but it does not delete or
change the design section.
Using the Design menu > Concrete Frame Design > Select Design
Combo command to change a design load combination deletes the design
results, but it does not delete or change the design section.
Using the Define menu > Load Combinations command to change a design load combination deletes the design results, but it does not delete or
change the design section.
Using the Options menu > Preferences > Concrete Frame Design
command to change any of the composite beam design preferences deletes
the design results, but it does not delete or change the design section.
Deleting the static nonlinear analysis results also deletes the design results
for any load combination that includes static nonlinear forces. Typically,
Technical Note 1 - 8
static nonlinear analysis and design results are deleted when one of the
following actions is taken:
9
Use the Define menu > Frame Nonlinear Hinge Properties command to redefine existing or define new hinges.
Use the Define menu > Static Nonlinear/Pushover Cases command to redefine existing or define new static nonlinear load cases.
Use the Assign menu > Frame/Line > Frame Nonlinear Hinges
command to add or delete hinges.
Again, note that these actions delete only results for load combinations that
include static nonlinear forces.
Technical Note 1 - 9
Technical Note 2
Concrete Frame Design Process
This Technical Note describes a basic concrete frame design process using
this program. Although the exact steps you follow may vary, the basic design
process should be similar to that described herein. Other Technical Notes in
the Concrete Frame Design series provide additional information, including
the distinction between analysis sections and design sections (see Analysis
Sections and Design Sections in Concrete Frame Design Technical Note 1
General Design Information).
The concrete frame design postprocessor can design or check concrete columns and can design concrete beams.
Important note: A concrete frame element is designed as a beam or a column, depending on how its frame section property was designated when it
was defined using the Define menu > Frame Sections command. Note that
when using this command, after you have specified that a section has a concrete material property, you can click on the Reinforcement button and
specify whether it is a beam or a column.
Use the Options menu > Preferences > Concrete Frame Design
command to choose the concrete frame design code and to review other
concrete frame design preferences and revise them if necessary. Note
that default values are provided for all concrete frame design preferences, so it is unnecessary to define any preferences unless you want to
change some of the default values. See Concrete Frame Design ACI
UBC97 Technical Notes 6 Preferences and Concrete Frame Design ACI
318-99 Technical Notes 16 Preferences for more information.
Technical Note 2 - 1
2.
3.
Run the building analysis using the Analyze menu > Run Analysis
command.
4.
Assign concrete frame overwrites, if needed, using the Design menu >
Concrete Frame Design > View/Revise Overwrites command. Note
that you must select frame elements before using this command. Also
note that default values are provided for all concrete frame design overwrites, so it is unnecessary to define any overwrites unless you want to
change some of the default values. Note that the overwrites can be assigned before or after the analysis is run. See Concrete Frame Design
UBC97 Technical Note 7 Overwrites and Concrete Frame Design ACI
318-99 Technical Note 17 Overwrites for more information.
5.
To use any design load combinations other than the defaults created by
the program for your concrete frame design, click the Design menu >
Concrete Frame Design > Select Design Combo command. Note
that you must have already created your own design combos by clicking
the Define menu > Load Combinations command. See Concrete
Frame Design UBC97 Technical Note 8 Design Load Combinations and
Concrete Frame Design ACI 318-99 Technical Note 18 Design Load
Combinations for more information.
6.
Click the Design menu > Concrete Frame Design > Start Design/Check of Structure command to run the concrete frame design.
7.
Review the concrete frame design results by doing one of the following:
a. Click the Design menu > Concrete Frame Design > Display Design Info command to display design input and output information on
the model. See Concrete Frame Design Technical Note 4 Output Data
Plotted Directly on the Model for more information.
b. Right click on a frame element while the design results are displayed
on it to enter the interactive design mode and interactively design the
frame element. Note that while you are in this mode, you can revise
overwrites and immediately see the results of the new design. See
Concrete Frame Design Technical Note 3 Interactive Concrete Frame
Design for more information.
Technical Note 2 - 2
If design results are not currently displayed (and the design has been
run), click the Design menu > Concrete Frame Design > Interactive Concrete Frame Design command and then right click a frame
element to enter the interactive design mode for that element.
8.
Use the File menu > Print Tables > Concrete Frame Design command to print concrete frame design data. If you select frame elements
before using this command, data is printed only for the selected elements. See Concrete Frame Design UBC97 Technical Note 14 Output
Details and Concrete Frame Design ACI 318-99 Technical Note 24 Output Details for more information.
9.
Use the Design menu > Concrete Frame Design > Change Design
Section command to change the design section properties for selected
frame elements.
10.
Click the Design menu > Concrete Frame Design > Start Design/Check of Structure command to rerun the concrete frame design
with the new section properties. Review the results using the procedures
described in Item 7.
11.
Rerun the building analysis using the Analyze menu > Run Analysis
command. Note that the section properties used for the analysis are the
last specified design section properties.
12.
Click the Design menu > Concrete Frame Design > Start Design/Check of Structure command to rerun the concrete frame design
with the new analysis results and new section properties. Review the results using the procedures described above.
13.
Again use the Design menu > Concrete Frame Design > Change
Design Section command to change the design section properties for
selected frame elements, if necessary.
14.
15.
Rerun the building analysis using the Analyze menu > Run Analysis
command. Note that the section properties used for the analysis are the
last specified design section properties.
Technical Note 2 - 3
Note:
Concrete frame design is an iterative process. Typically, the analysis and design will be
rerun multiple times to complete a design.
16.
Click the Design menu > Concrete Frame Design > Start Design/Check of Structure command to rerun the concrete frame design
with the new section properties. Review the results using the procedures
described in Item 7.
17.
Click the Design menu > Concrete Frame Design > Verify Analysis
vs Design Section command to verify that all of the final design sections are the same as the last used analysis sections.
18.
Use the File menu > Print Tables > Concrete Frame Design command to print selected concrete frame design results, if desired.
Technical Note 2 - 4
Technical Note 3
General
Note that a design must have been run for the interactive design mode to be
available. To run a design, click the Design menu > Concrete Frame Design > Start Design/Check of Structure command.
Right click on a frame element while the design results are displayed on it to
enter the interactive design mode and interactively design the element in the
Concrete Design Information form. If design results are not currently displayed (and a design has been run), click the Design menu > Concrete
Frame Design > Interactive Concrete Frame Design command and then
right click a frame element to enter the interactive design mode for that element.
Important note: A concrete frame element is designed as a beam or a column, depending on how its frame section property was designated when it
was defined using the Define menu > Frame Sections command and the
Reinforcement button, which is only available if it is a concrete section.
General
Technical Note 3 - 1
DESCRIPTION
Story
Beam
This is the label associated with a frame element that has been
assigned a concrete frame section property that is designated
as a beam. See the important note previously in this Technical
Note for more information.
Column
This is the label associated with a frame element that has been
assigned a concrete frame section property that is designated
as a column. See the important note previously in this Technical Note for more information.
Section Name
This is the label associated with a frame element that has been
assigned a concrete frame section property.
Reinforcement Information
The reinforcement information table on the Concrete Design Information form shows the
output information obtained for each design load combination at each output station
along the frame element. For columns that are designed by this program, the item with
the largest required amount of longitudinal reinforcing is initially highlighted. For columns
that are checked by this program, the item with the largest capacity ratio is initially highlighted. For beams, the item with the largest required amount of bottom steel is initially
highlighted. Following are the possible headings in the table:
Combo ID
Station location
Longitudinal
reinforcement
This item applies to columns only. It also only applies to columns for which the program designs the longitudinal reinforcing. It is the total required area of longitudinal reinforcing steel.
Capacity ratio
This item applies to columns only. It also only applies to columns for which you have specified the location and size of reinforcing bars and thus the program checks the design. This
item is the capacity ratio.
Technical Note 3 - 2
DESCRIPTION
The capacity ratio is determined by first extending a line from
the origin of the PMM interaction surface to the point representing the P, M2 and M3 values for the designated load combination. Assume the length of this first line is designated L1.
Next, a second line is extended from the origin of the PMM interaction surface through the point representing the P, M2 and
M3 values for the designated load combination until it intersects
the interaction surface. Assume the length of this line from the
origin to the interaction surface is designated L2. The capacity
ratio is equal to L1/L2.
Major shear
reinforcement
Minor shear
reinforcement
Top steel
Bottom steel
Shear steel
Overwrites Button
Technical Note 3 - 3
DESCRIPTION
Details Button
Clicking this button displays design details for the frame element. Print this information by selecting Print from the File
menu that appears at the top of the window displaying the design details.
Interaction Button
Clicking this button displays the biaxial interaction curve for the
concrete section at the location in the element that is highlighted in the table.
Technical Note 3 - 4
Technical Note 4
Output Data Plotted Directly on the Model
This Technical Note describes the input and output data that can be plotted
directly on the model.
Overview
Use the Design menu > Concrete Frame Design > Display Design Info
command to display on-screen output plotted directly on the program model.
If desired, the screen graphics can then be printed using the File menu >
Print Graphics command. The on-screen display data presents input and
output data.
Overview
Technical Note 4 - 1
button to locate another file, and when the Open File for Printing Tables caution box appears, click Yes to replace the existing file.
If you select a specific concrete frame element(s) before using the File menu
> Print Tables > concrete Frame Design command, the Selection Only
check box will be checked. The print will be for the selected steel frame element(s) only.
Design Input
The following types of data can be displayed directly on the model by selecting the data type (shown in bold type) from the drop-down list on the Display
Design Results form. Display this form by selecting he Design menu > Concrete Frame Design > Display Design Info command.
Design Sections
Design Type
Unbraced L_Ratios
Cm Factors
DNS Factors
DS Factors
Design Output
The following types of data can be displayed directly on the model by selecting the data type (shown in bold type) from the drop-down list on the Display
Design Results form. Display this form by selecting he Design menu > Concrete Frame Design > Display Design Info command.
Technical Note 4 - 2
Design Input
Longitudinal Reinforcing
Shear Reinforcing
Design Output
Technical Note 4 - 3
Technical Note 5
Zone 0
Zone 1
Zone 2
Zone 3
Zone 4
By default the Seismic Zone is taken as Zone 4 in the program. However, the
Seismic Zone can be overwritten in the Preference form to change the default. See Concrete Frame Design UBC97 Technical Note 6 Preferences for
more information.
When using the UBC 97 option, the following Framing Systems are recognized
and designed according to the UBC design provisions (UBC 1627, 1921):
Technical Note 5 - 1
The Ordinary Moment-Resisting Frame (OMF) is appropriate in minimal seismic risk areas, especially in Seismic Zones 0 and 1. The Intermediate Moment-Resisting Frame (IMRF) is appropriate in moderate seismic risk areas,
specially in Seismic Zone 2. The Special Moment-Resisting Frame (SMRF) is
appropriate in high seismic risk areas, specially in Seismic Zones 3 and 4. The
UBC seismic design provisions are considered in the program. The details of
the design criteria used for the different framing systems are described in
Concrete Frame Design UBC97 Technical Note 9 Strength Reduction Factors,
Concrete Frame Design UBC97 Technical Note 10 Column Design, Concrete
Frame Design UBC97 Technical Note 11 Beam Design, and Concrete Frame
Design UBC97 Technical Note 12 Joint Design.
By default the frame type is taken in the program as OMRF in Seismic Zone 0
and 1, as IMRF in Seismic Zone 2, and as SMRF in Seismic Zone 3 and 4.
However, the frame type can be overwritten in the Overwrites form on a
member-by-member basis. See Concrete Frame Design UBC97 Technical Note
7 Overwrites for more information. If any member is assigned with a frame
type, the change of the Seismic Zone in the Preferences will not modify the
frame type of an individual member that has been assigned a frame type.
The program also provides input and output data summaries, which are described in Concrete Frame Design UBC97 Technical Note 13 Input Data and
Concrete Frame Design UBC97 Technical Note 14 Output Details.
English as well as SI and MKS metric units can be used for input. The code is
based on Inch-Pound-Second units. For simplicity, all equations and descriptions presented in this Technical Note correspond to Inch-Pound-Second
units unless otherwise noted.
Notation
Acv
Ag
As
Technical Note 5 - 2
As'
As(required)
Ast
Av
Cm
D'
Diameter of hoop, in
Ec
Es
Ig
Ise
Moment of inertia of reinforcement about centroidal axis of member cross section, in4
M1
M2
Mc
Mns
Ms
Mu
Mux
Muy
Pb
Technical Note 5 - 3
Pc
Pmax
P0
Pu
Vc
VE
VD+L
Vu
Vp
ab
Width of member, in
bf
bw
cb
d'
ds
f c'
fy
Technical Note 5 - 4
fys
Dimension of column, in
ns
Strain in concrete
Technical Note 5 - 5
Technical Note 6
Preferences
This Technical Note describes the items in the Preferences form.
General
The concrete frame design preferences in this program are basic assignments
that apply to all concrete frame elements. Use the Options menu > Preferences > Concrete Frame Design command to access the Preferences form
where you can view and revise the concrete frame design preferences.
Default values are provided for all concrete frame design preference items.
Thus, it is not required that you specify or change any of the preferences. You
should, however, at least review the default values for the preference items
to make sure they are acceptable to you.
General
Technical Note 6 - 1
Preferences
the form, any changes made to the preferences are ignored and the form is
closed.
Preferences
For purposes of explanation in this Technical Note, the preference items are
presented in Table 1. The column headings in the table are described as follows:
Item: The name of the preference item as it appears in the cells at the
left side of the Preferences form.
Possible Values: The possible values that the associated preference item
can have.
Default Value: The built-in default value that the program assumes for
the associated preference item.
Default
Value
Design Code
Any code in
the program
UBC97
Phi Bending
Tension
>0
0.9
>0
0.7
>0
0.75
Phi Shear
>0
0.85
4.0
24
Item
Technical Note 6 - 2
Description
Design code used for design of
concrete frame elements.
Preferences
Preferences
Possible
Values
Time History
Design
Preferences
Envelopes or
Step-by-Step
Default
Value
Description
11
Envelopes
Technical Note 6 - 3
Technical Note 7
Overwrites
General
The concrete frame design overwrites are basic assignments that apply only
to those elements to which they are assigned. This Technical Note describes
concrete frame design overwrites for UBC97. To access the overwrites, select
an element and click the Design menu > Concrete Frame Design >
View/Revise Overwrites command.
Default values are provided for all overwrite items. Thus, you do not need to
specify or change any of the overwrites. However, at least review the default
values for the overwrite items to make sure they are acceptable. When
changes are made to overwrite items, the program applies the changes only
to the elements to which they are specifically assigned; that is, to the elements that are selected when the overwrites are changed.
Overwrites
For explanation purposes in this Technical Note, the overwrites are presented
in Table 1. The column headings in the table are described as follows.
Possible Values: The possible values that the associated overwrite item
can have.
Default Value: The default value that the program assumes for the associated overwrite item.
Overwrites
Technical Note 7 - 1
Overwrites
Possible
Values
Default
Value
Description
Element
Section
Element
Type
Live Load
Reduction
Factor
Horizontal
Earthquake
Factor
Unbraced
Length Ratio
(Major)
Unbraced
Length Ratio
(Minor)
Effective
Length Factor
(K Major)
Effective
Length Factor
(K Minor)
Moment
Coefficient
(Cm Major)
Moment
Coefficient
(Cm Minor)
NonSway
Moment Factor
(Dns Major)
Technical Note 7 - 2
1.
1.0
>0
1.
1.0
>0
1.0
1.0
>0
1.0
1.0
>0
1.0
>0
1.0
>0
1.0
>0
1.0
>0
1.0
Overwrites
Overwrites
Possible
Values
Default
Value
Description
NonSway
Moment Factor
(Dns Minor)
Sway Moment
Factor
(Ds Major)
Sway Moment
Factor
(Ds Minor)
Overwrites
Technical Note 7 - 3
Overwrites
the box. If the cell contents is highlighted, type in the desired value. The
overwrite will reflect the change. You cannot change the values of the dropdown boxes.
When changes to the overwrites have been completed, click the OK button to
close the form. The program then changes all of the overwrite items whose
associated check boxes are checked for the selected members. You must click
the OK button for the changes to be accepted by the program. If you click the
Cancel button to exit the form, any changes made to the overwrites are ignored and the form is closed.
Technical Note 7 - 4
Overwrites
Technical Note 8
(UBC 1909.2.1)
(UBC 1909.2.1)
0.9 DL 1.3 WL
0.75 (1.4 DL + 1.7 LL 1.7 WL)
(UBC 1909.2.2)
(UBC 1909.2.2)
0.9 DL 1.0 EL
1.2 DL + 0.5 LL 1.0 EL)
These are also the default design load combinations in the program whenever
the UBC97 code is used.
Live load reduction factors can be applied to the member forces of the live
load condition on an element-by-element basis to reduce the contribution of
the live load to the factored loading. See Concrete Frame Design UBC97
Technical Note 7 Overwrites for more information.
Technical Note 8 - 1
Technical Note 9
(UBC 1909.3.2.1)
(UBC 1909.3.2.2)
(UBC 1909.3.2.2)
(UBC 1909.3.2.3)
(UBC 1909.3.2.3)
Technical Note 9 - 1
Technical Note 10
Column Design
This Technical Note describes how the program checks column capacity or designs reinforced concrete columns when the UBC97 code is selected.
Overview
The program can be used to check column capacity or to design columns. If
you define the geometry of the reinforcing bar configuration of each concrete
column section, the program will check the column capacity. Alternatively, the
program can calculate the amount of reinforcing required to design the column. The design procedure for the reinforced concrete columns of the structure involves the following steps:
Generate axial force/biaxial moment interaction surfaces for all of the different concrete section types of the model. A typical biaxial interaction
surface is shown in Figure 1. When the steel is undefined, the program
generates the interaction surfaces for the range of allowable reinforcement1 to 8 percent for Ordinary and Intermediate moment resisting
frames (UBC 1910.9.1) and 1 to 6 percent for Special moment resisting
frames (UBC 1921.4.3.1).
Calculate the capacity ratio or the required reinforcing area for the factored axial force and biaxial (or uniaxial) bending moments obtained from
each loading combination at each station of the column. The target capacity ratio is taken as 1 when calculating the required reinforcing area.
Overview
Technical Note 10 - 1
Column Design
Technical Note 10 - 2
Column Design
(UBC 1910.3.5.1)
(UBC 1910.3.5.2)
(UBC 1909.3.2.2)
(UBC 1909.3.2.2)
The value of used in the interaction diagram varies from min to 0.9 based
on the axial load. For low values of axial load, is increased linearly from min
to 0.9 as the nominal capacity Pn decreases from the smaller of Pb or
0.1 f c' Ag to zero, where Pb is the axial force at the balanced condition. In
cases involving axial tension, is always 0.9 (UBC 1909.3.2.2).
Technical Note 10 - 3
Column Design
Technical Note 10 - 4
Column Design
Determine the factored moments and forces from the analysis load cases
and the specified load combination factors to give Pu, Mux, and Muy.
Apply the moment magnification factors to the factored moments. Determine whether the point, defined by the resulting axial load and biaxial
moment set, lies within the interaction volume.
Technical Note 10 - 5
Column Design
The following three sections describe in detail the algorithms associated with
this process.
Technical Note 10 - 6
Column Design
The computed moments are further amplified for individual column stability
effect (UBC 1910.12.3, 1910.13.5) by the nonsway moment magnification
factor, ns, as follows:
Mc = nsM2 , where
(UBC 1910.12.3)
Pc =
Cm
1.0,
Pu
1
0.75Pc
2 EI
(kl u )2
where
(UBC 1910.12.3)
(UBC 1910.12.3)
0.4E c I g
1 + d
Ma
0.4.
Mb
(UBC 1910.12.3)
and
(UBC 1910.12.3)
(UBC 1910.12.3.1)
Ma and Mb are the moments at the ends of the column, and Mb is numerically
larger than Ma. Ma / Mb is positive for single curvature bending and negative
for double curvature bending. The above expression of Cm is valid if there is
no transverse load applied between the supports. If transverse load is present
on the span, or the length is overwritten, Cm = 1. Cm can be overwritten by
the user on an element-by-element basis.
Technical Note 10 - 7
Column Design
The magnification factor, ns, must be a positive number and greater than 1.
Therefore, Pu must be less than 0.75Pc. If Pu is found to be greater than or
equal to 0.75Pc, a failure condition is declared.
The above calculations use the unsupported length of the column. The two
unsupported lengths are l22 and l33, corresponding to instability in the minor
and major directions of the element, respectively. See Figure 4. These are the
lengths between the support points of the element in the corresponding directions.
Technical Note 10 - 8
Column Design
of the stress condition of the column with respect to the capacity of the column.
Before entering the interaction diagram to check the column capacity, the
moment magnification factors are applied to the factored loads to obtain Pu,
Mux, and Muy. The point (Pu, Mux, Muy.) is then placed in the interaction space
shown as point L in Figure 5. If the point lies within the interaction volume,
the column capacity is adequate; however, if the point lies outside the interaction volume, the column is overstressed.
Technical Note 10 - 9
Column Design
failure surface. See Figure 5. The capacity ratio, CR, is given by the ratio
OL
.
OC
If OL = OC (or CR=1), the point lies on the interaction surface and the
column is stressed to capacity.
If OL < OC (or CR<1), the point lies within the interaction volume and the
column capacity is adequate.
If OL > OC (or CR>1), the point lies outside the interaction volume and the
column is overstressed.
The maximum of all the values of CR calculated from each load combination is
reported for each check station of the column, along with the controlling Pu,
Mux, and Muy set and associated load combination number.
Determine the factored forces acting on the section, Pu and Vu. Note that
Pu is needed for the calculation of Vc.
Determine the shear force, Vc, that can be resisted by concrete alone.
For Special and Intermediate moment resisting frames (Ductile frames), the
shear design of the columns is also based on the probable and nominal moment capacities of the members, respectively, in addition to the factored
Technical Note 10 - 10
Column Design
moments. Effects of the axial forces on the column moment capacities are
included in the formulation.
The following three sections describe in detail the algorithms associated with
this process.
(UBC 1921.4.5.1)
VP1 =
M I + M J+
, and
L
VP2 =
M I+ + M J
, where
L
Technical Note 10 - 11
Column Design
Pu
Vc = 2 f c' 1 +
2,000 Ag
Acv ,
(UBC 1911.3.1.2)
where,
f c' 100 psi, and
Technical Note 10 - 12
(UBC 1911.1.2)
Vc 3.5 f c'
The term
1 + Pu
500 Ag
Column Design
Acv .
(UBC 1911.3.2.2)
Pu
must have psi units. Acv is the effective shear area which is
Ag
Technical Note 10 - 13
Column Design
Pu
Vc = 2 f c' 1 +
500
Ag
Acv 0
(UBC 1911.3.2.3)
Av =
(Vu / Vc )s
, for rectangular columns
f ys d
2 (Vu / Vc )s
, for circular columns
f ys D'
f c' Acv
(UBC 1911.5.6.8)
Technical Note 10 - 14
Column Design
Reference
White. D. W., and J.F., Hajjar. 1991. Application of Second-Order Elastic
Analysis in LRFD: Research in Practice. Engineering Journal. American
Institute of Steel Construction, Inc. Vol. 28, No. 4.
Reference
Technical Note 10 - 15
Technical Note 11
Beam Design
This Technical Note describes how this program completes beam design when
the UBC97 code is selected. The program calculates and reports the required
areas of steel for flexure and shear based on the beam moments, shears, load
combination factors and other criteria described herein.
Overview
In the design of concrete beams, the program calculates and reports the required areas of steel for flexure and shear based upon the beam moments,
shears, load combination factors, and other criteria described below. The reinforcement requirements are calculated at a user-defined number of
check/design stations along the beam span.
All beams are designed for major direction flexure and shear only.
Effects caused by axial forces, minor direction bending, and torsion
that may exist in the beams must be investigated independently by
the user.
The beam design procedure involves the following steps:
Overview
Technical Note 11 - 1
Beam Design
Technical Note 11 - 2
Beam Design
d2
2 Mu
0.85f c' b
where the value of is 0.90 (UBC 1909.3.2.1) in the above and the following
equations. Also 1 and cb are calculated as follows:
f ' 4,000
,
1 = 0.85 - 0.05 c
1,000
cb =
c E s
87,000
d.
d =
c E s + fy
87,000 + f y
0.65 1 0.85,
(UBC 1910.2.7.3)
Technical Note 11 - 3
Beam Design
Mu
a
f y d
2
(UBC 1910.2.7.1)
Muc = C d max
2
M us
f s' (d
d' )
, where
c d'
f s' = 0.003Es
.
c
(UBC 1910.2.4)
Technical Note 11 - 4
As1 =
Muc
a
f y d max
2
Beam Design
, and
M us
.
f y (d d' )
Therefore, the total tensile reinforcement, As = As1 + As2, and total compression reinforcement is As' . As is to be placed at bottom and As' is to
be placed at top if Mu is positive, and vice versa if Mu is negative.
2M u
0.85f c' bf
(UBC 1910.2.7.1)
If a ds, the subsequent calculations for As are exactly the same as previously
defined for the rectangular section design. However, in this case, the width of
the compression flange is taken as the width of the beam for analysis. Compression reinforcement is required if a > amax.
If a > ds, calculation for As is performed in two parts. The first part is for balancing the compressive force from the flange, Cf, and the second part is for
balancing the compressive force from the web, Cw, as shown in Figure 2. Cf is
given by
Cf = 0.85 f c' (bf - bw) ds.
Technical Note 11 - 5
Beam Design
Cf
fy
given by
d
Muf = Cf d s
2
Again, the value for is 0.90. Therefore, the balance of the moment, Mu to be
carried by the web is given by
Muw = Mu - Muf.
The web is a rectangular section of dimensions bw and d, for which the design
depth of the compression block is recalculated as
a1 = d -
d2
2M uw
0.85f c' bw
Technical Note 11 - 6
As2 =
Beam Design
M uw
a
f y d 1
2
, and
As = As1 + As2.
This steel is to be placed at the bottom of the T-beam.
(UBC 1910.2.7.1)
Muc = C d max
2
, and
M us
f s' (d
d' )
, where
c d'
f s' = 0.003Es
.
c
(UBC 1910.2.4)
M uc
a
f y d max
2
, and
Technical Note 11 - 7
Beam Design
As3 =
Mus
.
f y (d d')
The total tensile reinforcement, As = As1 + As2 + As3, and total compression reinforcement is As' . As is to be placed at bottom and As' is to be
placed at top.
200
c
As max
bw d and
bw d or
fy
f y
As
(UBC 1910.5.1)
4
As(required)
3
(UBC 1910.5.3)
200
c
As(min) max
bw d and
bw d or
fy
f y
As(min)
4
As(required).
3
Technical Note 11 - 8
(UBC 1921.3.2.1)
Beam Design
Ordinary Moment
Resisting Frames
(Seismic Zones 0&1)
Column
Check
(interaction)
NLDa Combinations
NLDa Combinations
NLDa Combinations
NLDa Combinations
NLDa Combinations
1% < < 8%
NLDa Combinations
= 1.0
1% < < 6%
Column
Design
(interaction)
Column
Shears
Beam
Design
Flexure
Beam Min.
Moment
Override
Check
1% < < 8%
NLDa
Combinations
NLDa Combinations
Intermediate Moment
Resisting Frames
(Seismic Zone 2)
NLDa Combinations
0.025
NLDa Combinations
1
M uEND
3
1
max M u+ , M u
5
M uEND
No Requirement
+
M uSPAN
M uSPAN
Special Moment
Resisting Frames
(Seismic Zones 3 & 4)
3 f c'
fy
END
MuSPAN
MuSPAN
END
200
fy
1
MuEND
2
MuEND
1
max M u+ , M u
5
{
{
1
max Mu+ , Mu
4
1
max Mu , Mu
4
Beam
Design
Shear
NLDa Combinations
Joint
Design
No Requirement
No Requirement
Beam/
Column
Capacity
Ratio
No Requirement
No Requirement
}
}
END
END
NLDa Combinations
Beam Capacity Shear (Vp)
with = 1.25 and = 1.0
plus VD+L
Vc = 0
Technical Note 11 - 9
Beam Design
At any end (support) of the beam, the beam positive moment capacity
(i.e., associated with the bottom steel) would not be less than 1/2 of the
beam negative moment capacity (i.e., associated with the top steel) at
that end (UBC 1921.3.2.2).
Neither the negative moment capacity nor the positive moment capacity
at any of the sections within the beam would be less than 1/4 of the
maximum of positive or negative moment capacities of any of the beam
end (support) stations (UBC 1921.3.2.2).
For Intermediate moment resisting concrete frames (i.e., seismic design), the
beam design would satisfy the following conditions:
At any support of the beam, the beam positive moment capacity would
not be less than 1/3 of the beam negative moment capacity at that end
(UBC 1921.8.4.1).
Neither the negative moment capacity nor the positive moment capacity
at any of the sections within the beam would be less than 1/5 of the
maximum of positive or negative moment capacities of any of the beam
end (support) stations (UBC 1921.8.4.1).
Determine the shear force, Vc, that can be resisted by the concrete.
For Special and Intermediate moment resisting frames (Ductile frames), the
shear design of the beams is also based on the probable and nominal moment
capacities of the members, respectively, in addition to the factored load design.
Technical Note 11 - 10
Beam Design
The following three sections describe in detail the algorithms associated with
this process.
(UBC 1921.3.4.1)
VP1 =
M I + M J+
, and
L
VP2 =
M I+ + M J
, where
L
M I
Technical Note 11 - 11
Beam Design
M J+
M I+
M J
(UBC 1911.3.1.1)
For Special moment resisting frame concrete design, Vc is set to zero if both
the factored axial compressive force, including the earthquake effect Pu, is
less than f c' Ag/20 and the shear force contribution from earthquake VE is
Technical Note 11 - 12
Beam Design
more than half of the total maximum shear force over the length of the member Vu (i.e., VE 0.5Vu) (UBC 1921.3.4.2).
(Vu / Vc )s
.
f ys d
(UBC 1911.5.6.8)
Technical Note 11 - 13
Technical Note 12
Joint Design
This Technical Note explains how the program performs a rational analysis of
the beam-column panel zone to determine the shear forces that are generated in a joint. The program then checks this against design shear strength.
Overview
To ensure that the beam-column joint of special moment resisting frames
possesses adequate shear strength, the program performs a rational analysis
of the beam-column panel zone to determine the shear forces that are generated in the joint. The program then checks this against design shear strength.
Only joints having a column below the joint are designed. The material properties of the joint are assumed to be the same as those of the
column below the joint.
The joint analysis is completed in the major and the minor directions of the
column. The joint design procedure involves the following steps:
The algorithms associated with these three steps are described in detail in the
following three sections.
Overview
Technical Note 12 - 1
Joint Design
Technical Note 12 - 2
Joint Design
The force Vuh is the horizontal panel zone shear force that is to be calculated.
The forces that act on the joint are Pu, Vu, MuL and MuR. The forces Pu and Vu
are axial force and shear force, respectively, from the column framing into the
top of the joint. The moments MuL and MuR are obtained from the beams
framing into the joint. The program calculates the joint shear force Vuh by resolving the moments into C and T forces. Noting that TL = CL and TR = CR,
Vuh = TL + TR - Vu
The location of C or T forces is determined by the direction of the moment.
The magnitude of C or T forces is conservatively determined using basic principles of ultimate strength theory, ignoring compression reinforcement as follows. The program first calculates the maximum compression, Cmax, and the
maximum moment, Mmax, that can be carried by the beam.
C max = 0.85f c' bd
Mmax = C max
d
2
abs( M )
C = T = C max 1 1
M max
The program resolves the moments and the C and T forces from beams that
frame into the joint in a direction that is not parallel to the major or minor
directions of the column along the direction that is being investigated, thereby
contributing force components to the analysis. Also, the program calculates
the C and T for the positive and negative moments, considering the fact that
the concrete cover may be different for the direction of moment.
In the design of special moment resisting concrete frames, the evaluation of
the design shear force is based on the moment capacities (with reinforcing
steel overstrength factor, , and no factors) of the beams framing into the
joint (UBC 1921.5.1.1). The C and T forces are based on these moment capacities. The program calculates the column shear force Vu from the beam
moment capacities, as follows:
Technical Note 12 - 3
Joint Design
Vu =
Mu + Mu
H
See Figure 2. It should be noted that the points of inflection shown on Figure
2 are taken as midway between actual lateral support points for the columns.
If there is no column at the top of the joint, the shear force from the top of
the column is taken as zero.
Technical Note 12 - 4
Joint Design
v =
20
f 'c
15
f 'c
12
f 'c
(UBC 1909.3.2.3,1909.3.4.1)
A beam that frames into a face of a column at the joint is considered in this
program to provide confinement to the joint if at least three-quarters of the
face of the joint is covered by the framing member (UBC 1921.5.3.1).
Technical Note 12 - 5
Joint Design
For light-weight aggregate concrete, the design shear strength of the joint is
reduced in the program to at least three-quarters of that of the normal weight
concrete by replacing the
f c' with
(UBC 1921.5.3.2)
For joint design, the program reports the joint shear, the joint shear stress,
the allowable joint shear stress and a capacity ratio.
6
Mg
5
(UBC 1921.4.2.2)
Technical Note 12 - 6
Joint Design
The beam/column flexural capacity ratios are only reported for Special Moment-Resisting Frames involving seismic design load combinations. If this ratio is greater than 5/6, a warning message is printed in the output file.
Technical Note 12 - 7
Technical Note 13
Input Data
This Technical Note describes the concrete frame design input data for
UBC97. The input can be printed to a printer or to a text file when you click
the File menu > Print Tables > Concrete Frame Design command. A
printout of the input data provides the user with the opportunity to carefully
review the parameters that have been input into the program and upon which
program design is based. Further information about using the Print Design
Tables form is presented at the end of this Technical Note.
Input Data
The program provides the printout of the input data in a series of tables. The
column headings for input data and a description of what is included in the
columns of the tables are provided in Table 1 of this Technical Note.
DESCRIPTION
Type
Case
Factor
Code Preferences
Phi_bending
Phi_tension
Phi_compression
(Tied)
Phi_compression (Spiral)
Phi_shear
Input Data
Technical Note 13 - 1
Input Data
DESCRIPTION
Material Type
Isotropic or orthotropic.
Design Type
Modulus of Elasticity
Poisson's Ratio
Thermal Coeff
Shear Modulus
Lightweight Concrete
Concrete FC
Rebar FY
Rebar FYS
Mat Label
Material label.
Column Depth
Column Width
Rebar Pattern
Concrete Cover
Bar Area
Technical Note 13 - 2
Input Data
DESCRIPTION
Column Line
Grid line.
Section ID
Framing Type
Lateral or gravity.
RLLF Factor
L_Ratio Major
L_Ratio Minor
K Major
K Minor
Bay ID
Section ID
Framing type
Lateral or gravity.
RLLF Factor
L_Ratio Major
L_Ratio Minor
Technical Note 13 - 3
Input Data
path or filename. Use the appropriate file extension for the desired format
(e.g., .txt, .xls, .doc). Click the OK buttons on the Open File for Printing Tables form and the Print Design Tables form to complete the request.
Note:
The File menu > Display Input/Output Text Files command is useful for displaying output that is printed to a text file.
The Append check box allows you to add data to an existing file. The path and
filename of the current file is displayed in the box near the bottom of the Print
Design Tables form. Data will be added to this file. Or use the Filename>>
button to locate another file, and when the Open File for Printing Tables caution box appears, click Yes to replace the existing file.
If you select a specific frame element(s) before using the File menu > Print
Tables > Concrete Frame Design command, the Selection Only check box
will be checked. The print will be for the selected beam(s) only.
Technical Note 13 - 4
Technical Note 14
Output Details
This Technical Note describes the concrete frame design output for UBC97
that can be printed to a printer or to a text file. The design output is printed
when you click the File menu > Print Tables > Concrete Frame Design
command and select Output Summary of the Print Design Tables dialog box.
Further information about using the Print Design Tables dialog box is presented at the end of this Technical Note.
The program provides the output data in a series of tables. The column
headings for output data and a description of what is included in the columns
of the tables are provided in Table 1 of this Technical Note.
DESCRIPTION
Column Line
Grid lines.
Section ID
Station ID
Required Reinforcing
Longitudinal
Combo
Shear22
Combo
Shear33
Technical Note 14 - 1
Output Details
DESCRIPTION
Combo
DESCRIPTION
Column Line
Grid line.
Section ID
Combo
Load combination upon which the ratio of beam moment capacity to column capacity is based.
Minor
Combo
Load combination upon which the ratio of beam moment capacity to column capacity is based.
Combo
Minor
Combo
Technical Note 14 - 2
Output Details
Technical Note 14 - 3
Technical Note 15
Technical Note 15 - 1
Notation
Acv
Ag
As
As'
As(required)
Ast
Av
Cm
Ec
Es
Ig
Ise
M1
M2
Mc
Mns
Ms
Technical Note 15 - 2
Notation
Mu
Mux
Muy
Pb
Pc
Pmax
P0
Pu
Vc
VE
VD+L
Vu
Vp
ab
Width of member, in
bf
bw
cb
d'
Notation
Technical Note 15 - 3
ds
f c'
fy
fys
Dimension of column, in
ns
Strain in concrete
Technical Note 15 - 4
Notation
Technical Note 16
Preferences
This Technical Note describes the items in the Preferences form.
General
The concrete frame design preferences in this program are basic assignments
that apply to all concrete frame elements. Use the Options menu > Preferences > Concrete Frame Design command to access the Preferences form
where you can view and revise the concrete frame design preferences.
Default values are provided for all concrete frame design preference items.
Thus, it is not required that you specify or change any of the preferences. You
should, however, at least review the default values for the preference items
to make sure they are acceptable to you.
General
Technical Note 16 - 1
Preferences
the form, any changes made to the preferences are ignored and the form is
closed.
Preferences
For purposes of explanation in this Technical Note, the preference items are
presented in Table. The column headings in the table are described as follows:
Item: The name of the preference item as it appears in the cells at the
left side of the Preferences form.
Possible Values: The possible values that the associated preference item
can have.
Default Value: The built-in default value that the program assumes for
the associated preference item.
Default
Value
Design Code
Any code in
the program
ACI 318-99
Phi Bending
Tension
>0
0.9
>0
0.7
>0
0.75
Phi Shear
>0
0.85
4.0
24
Item
Technical Note 16 - 2
Description
Design code used for design of
concrete frame elements.
Preferences
Preferences
Possible
Values
Preferences
Envelopes or
Step-by-Step
Default
Value
Description
11
Envelopes
Technical Note 16 - 3
Technical Note 17
Overwrites
General
The concrete frame design overwrites are basic assignments that apply only
to those elements to which they are assigned. This Technical Note describes
concrete frame design overwrites for ACI318-99. To access the overwrites,
select an element and click the Design menu > Concrete Frame Design >
View/Revise Overwrites command.
Default values are provided for all overwrite items. Thus, you do not need to
specify or change any of the overwrites. However, at least review the default
values for the overwrite items to make sure they are acceptable. When
changes are made to overwrite items, the program applies the changes only
to the elements to which they are specifically assigned; that is, to the elements that are selected when the overwrites are changed.
Overwrites
For explanation purposes in this Technical Note, the overwrites are presented
in Table 1. The column headings in the table are described as follows.
Possible Values: The possible values that the associated overwrite item
can have.
Default Value: The default value that the program assumes for the associated overwrite item.
Overwrites
Technical Note 17 - 1
Overwrites
Item
Default
Value
Description
Element
Section
Element
Type
Sway Special, Sway Special Frame type per moment frame definition given in ACI 21.1.
Sway Intermediate,
Sway
Ordinary
NonSway
Live Load
Reduction
Factor
Horizontal
Earthquake
Factor
Unbraced
Length Ratio
(Major)
Unbraced
Length Ratio
(Minor)
Effective
Length Factor
(K Major)
Effective
Length Factor
(K Minor)
Moment
Coefficient
(Cm Major)
Moment
Coefficient
(Cm Minor)
NonSway
Moment Factor
(Dns Major)
Technical Note 17 - 2
>0
1.
1.0
>0
1.0
>0
1.0
1.0
>0
1.0
1.0
>0
1.0
>0
1.0
>0
1.0
>0
1.0
>0
1.0
Overwrites
Overwrites
Possible
Values
Default
Value
Description
NonSway
Moment Factor
(Dns Minor)
Sway Moment
Factor
(Ds Major)
Sway Moment
Factor
(Ds Minor)
Overwrites
Technical Note 17 - 3
Overwrites
the box. If the cell contents is highlighted, type in the desired value. The
overwrite will reflect the change. You cannot change the values of the dropdown boxes.
When changes to the overwrites have been completed, click the OK button to
close the form. The program then changes all of the overwrite items whose
associated check boxes are checked for the selected members. You must click
the OK button for the changes to be accepted by the program. If you click the
Cancel button to exit the form, any changes made to the overwrites are ignored and the form is closed.
Technical Note 17 - 4
Overwrites
Technical Note 18
(ACI 9.2.1)
0.9 DL 1.3 WL
0.75 (1.4 DL + 1.7 LL 1.7 WL)
(ACI 9.2.2)
(ACI 9.2.3)
These are also the default design load combinations in the program whenever
the ACI 318-99 code is used. The user is warned that the above load combinations involving seismic loads consider service-level seismic forces. Different
load factors may apply with strength-level seismic forces (ACI R9.2.3).
Live load reduction factors can be applied to the member forces of the live
load condition on an element-by-element basis to reduce the contribution of
the live load to the factored loading. See Concrete Frame Design ACI 318-99
Technical Note 17 Overwrites for more information.
Technical Note 18 - 1
Technical Note 19
(ACI 9.3.2.1)
(ACI 9.3.2.2)
(ACI 9.3.2.2)
(ACI 9.3.2.3)
Technical Note 19 - 1
Technical Note 20
Column Design
This Technical Note describes how the program checks column capacity or designs reinforced concrete columns when the ACI-318-99 code is selected.
Overview
The program can be used to check column capacity or to design columns. If
you define the geometry of the reinforcing bar configuration of each concrete
column section, the program will check the column capacity. Alternatively, the
program can calculate the amount of reinforcing required to design the column. The design procedure for the reinforced concrete columns of the structure involves the following steps:
Generate axial force/biaxial moment interaction surfaces for all of the different concrete section types of the model. A typical biaxial interaction
surface is shown in Figure 1. When the steel is undefined, the program
generates the interaction surfaces for the range of allowable reinforcement 1 to 8 percent for Ordinary and Intermediate moment resisting
frames (ACI 10.9.1) and 1 to 6 percent for Special moment resisting
frames (ACI 21.4.3.1).
Calculate the capacity ratio or the required reinforcing area for the factored axial force and biaxial (or uniaxial) bending moments obtained from
each loading combination at each station of the column. The target capacity ratio is taken as one when calculating the required reinforcing area.
The following four sections describe in detail the algorithms associated with
this process.
Overview
Technical Note 20 - 1
Column Design
Technical Note 20 - 2
Column Design
linear strain diagram limits the maximum concrete strain, c, at the extremity
of the section, to 0.003 (ACI 10.2.3).
The formulation is based consistently upon the general principles of ultimate
strength design (ACI 10.3), and allows for any doubly symmetric rectangular,
square, or circular column section.
The stress in the steel is given by the product of the steel strain and the steel
modulus of elasticity, sEs, and is limited to the yield stress of the steel, fy
(ACI 10.2.4). The area associated with each reinforcing bar is assumed to be
placed at the actual location of the center of the bar and the algorithm does
not assume any further simplifications with respect to distributing the area of
steel over the cross section of the column, such as an equivalent steel tube or
cylinder. See Figure 3.
The concrete compression stress block is assumed to be rectangular, with a
stress value of 0.85 f c' (ACI 10.2.7.1). See Figure 3. The interaction algorithm
provides correction to account for the concrete area that is displaced by the
reinforcement in the compression zone.
The effects of the strength reduction factor, , are included in the generation
of the interaction surfaces. The maximum compressive axial load is limited to
Pn(max), where
Pn(max) = 0.85[0.85 f c' (Ag-Ast)+fyAst] spiral column,
(ACI 10.3.5.1)
(ACI 10.3.5.2)
(ACI 9.3.2.2)
(ACI 9.3.2.2)
Technical Note 20 - 3
Column Design
Technical Note 20 - 4
Column Design
Determine the factored moments and forces from the analysis load cases
and the specified load combination factors to give Pu, Mux, and Muy.
Apply the moment magnification factors to the factored moments. Determine whether the point, defined by the resulting axial load and biaxial
moment set, lies within the interaction volume.
Technical Note 20 - 5
Column Design
(ACI 10.13.3)
The factor s is the moment magnification factor for moments causing side
sway. The moment magnification factors for sway moments, s, is taken as 1
because the component moments Ms and Mns are obtained from a second order elastic (P-delta) analysis (ACI R10.10, 10.10.1, R10.13, 10.13.4.1).
The program assumes that it performs a P-delta analysis and, therefore, moment magnification factor s for moments causing side-sway is taken as unity
(ACI 10.10.2). For the P-delta analysis, the load should correspond to a load
combination of 1.4 dead load + 1.7 live load (ACI 10.13.6). See also White
and Hajjar (1991). The user should use reduction factors for the moment of
inertias in the program as specified in ACI 10.11. The moment of inertia reduction for sustained lateral load involves a factor d (ACI 10.11). This d for
sway frame in second-order analysis is different from the one that is defined
later for non-sway moment magnification (ACI 10.0, R10.12.3, R10.13.4.1).
The default moment of inertia factor in this program is 1.
Technical Note 20 - 6
Column Design
The computed moments are further amplified for individual column stability
effect (ACI 10.12.3, 10.13.5) by the nonsway moment magnification factor,
ns, as follows:
Mc
= nsM, where
(ACI 10.12.3)
Cm
Cm
1.0, where
Pu
1
0.75Pc
= 0.6 +0.4
Ma
0.4,
Mb
(ACI 10.12.3)
(ACI 10.12.3.1)
2 EI
(kl u )2
, where
(ACI 10.12.3)
Technical Note 20 - 7
Column Design
0.4E c I g
1 + d
, where
(ACI 10.12.3)
(ACI 10.0,R10.12.3)
The magnification factor, ns, must be a positive number and greater than
one. Therefore, Pu must be less than 0.75Pc. If Pu is found to be greater than
or equal to 0.75Pc, a failure condition is declared.
Technical Note 20 - 8
Column Design
The above calculations are performed for major and minor directions separately. That means that s, ns, Cm, k, lu, EI, and Pc assume different values for
major and minor directions of bending.
If the program assumptions are not satisfactory for a particular member, the
user can explicitly specify values of s and ns.
If OL = OC (or CR=1), the point lies on the interaction surface and the
column is stressed to capacity.
If OL < OC (or CR<1), the point lies within the interaction volume and the
column capacity is adequate.
If OL > OC (or CR>1), the point lies outside the interaction volume and
the column is overstressed.
The maximum of all the values of CR calculated from each load combination is
reported for each check station of the column along with the controlling Pu,
Mux, and Muy set and associated load combination number.
Technical Note 20 - 9
Column Design
Technical Note 20 - 10
Column Design
Determine the factored forces acting on the section, Pu and Vu. Note that
Pu is needed for the calculation of Vc.
Determine the shear force, Vc, that can be resisted by concrete alone.
For Special and Intermediate moment resisting frames (Ductile frames), the
shear design of the columns is also based on the Probable moment and nominal moment capacities of the members, respectively, in addition to the factored moments. Effects of the axial forces on the column moment capacities
are included in the formulation.
The following three sections describe in detail the algorithms associated with
this process.
(ACI 21.4.5.1)
Technical Note 20 - 11
Column Design
VP1 =
M I + M J+
, and
L
VP2 =
M I+ + M J
, where
L
M I+ , M I ,
M J+ , M J ,
Technical Note 20 - 12
Column Design
Pu
Vc = 2 f c' 1 +
2,000 Ag
Acv, where
(ACI 11.3.1.2)
(ACI 11.1.2)
1 + Pu
500 Ag
Acv.
(ACI 11.3.2.2)
The term Pu / Ag must have psi units. Acv is the effective shear area, which
is shown shaded in Figure 6. For circular columns, Acv is taken to be equal
to the gross area of the section (ACI 11.3.3, R11.3.3).
1 + Pu
500 Ag
Acv 0
(ACI 11.3.2.3)
(Vu / Vc )s
, for rectangular columns and
f ys d
Av =
(Vu / Vc )s
, for circular columns.
f ys (0.8D)
f c' Acv
(ACI 11.5.6.9)
Technical Note 20 - 13
Column Design
Technical Note 20 - 14
Column Design
Reference
White, D.W. and J.F. Hajjar. 1991. Application of Second-Order Elastic Analysis in LRFD: Research to Practice. Engineering Journal. American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc. Vol. 28. No. 4.
Reference
Technical Note 20 - 15
Technical Note 21
Beam Design
This Technical Note describes how this program completes beam design when
the ACI 318-99 code is selected. The program calculates and reports the required areas of steel for flexure and shear based on the beam moments,
shears, load combination factors and other criteria described herein.
Overview
In the design of concrete beams, the program calculates and reports the required areas of steel for flexure and shear based on the beam moments,
shears, load combination factors, and other criteria described below. The reinforcement requirements are calculated at a user-defined number of
check/design stations along the beam span.
All beams are designed for major direction flexure and shear only.
Effects resulting from any axial forces, minor direction bending, and
torsion that may exist in the beams must be investigated independently by the user.
The beam design procedure involves the following steps:
Overview
Technical Note 21 - 1
Beam Design
Technical Note 21 - 2
Beam Design
d2
2 Mu
0.85f c1 b
(ACI 10.2.7.1)
where, the value of is 0.90 (ACI 9.3.2.1) in the above and the following
equations. Also 1 and cb are calculated as follows:
f ' 4,000
, 0.65 1 0.85,
1 = 0.85-0.05 c
1,000
cb =
c Es
87,000
d =
d.
87,000 + f y
c E s + fy
(ACI 10.2.7.3)
Technical Note 21 - 3
Beam Design
Mu
a
f y d
2
If a > amax, compression reinforcement is required (ACI 10.3.3) and is calculated as follows:
(ACI 10.2.7.1)
Muc = C d max
2
M us
f s' (d
d' )
, where
c d'
f s' = 0.003Es
.
c
(ACI 10.2.4)
Technical Note 21 - 4
As1 =
M uc
a
f y d max
2
Beam Design
, and
M us
.
f y (d d' )
d2
2Mu
0.85f c' bf
If a ds, the subsequent calculations for As are exactly the same as previously defined for the rectangular section design. However, in this case the
width of the compression flange is taken as the width of the beam for
analysis. Compression reinforcement is required if a > amax.
If a > ds, calculation for As is performed in two parts. The first part is for
balancing the compressive force from the flange, Cf, and the second part
is for balancing the compressive force from the web, Cw, as shown in Figure 2. Cf is given by
Cf = 0.85 f c' (bf - bw)ds.
Technical Note 21 - 5
Beam Design
Cf
fy
given by
d
Muf = Cf d s .
2
d2
2Muw
0.85f ci bw
Muw
a
f y d 1
2
Technical Note 21 - 6
, and
Beam Design
As = As1 + As2.
This steel is to be placed at the bottom of the T-beam.
(ACI 10.2.7.1)
Mus
f s' (d
d' )
, where
c d'
f s' = 0.003Es
.
c
(ACI 10.2.4)
Muc
, and
amax
)
f y (d
2
Mus
.
f y (d d' )
Technical Note 21 - 7
Beam Design
3 f '
200
c
As max
bw d and
bw d or
f
f
y
y
As (4/3)As(required).
(ACI 10.5.1)
(ACI 10.5.3)
200
c
As(min) max
bw d and
bw d or
f
f
y
y
As(min)
(ACI 10.5.1)
4
As(required).
3
(ACI 10.5.3)
(ACI 21.3.2.1)
At any end (support) of the beam, the beam positive moment capacity
(i.e., associated with the bottom steel) would not be less than 1/2 of the
beam negative moment capacity (i.e., associated with the top steel) at
that end (ACI 21.3.2.2).
Neither the negative moment capacity nor the positive moment capacity
at any of the sections within the beam would be less than 1/4 of the
Technical Note 21 - 8
Beam Design
At any support of the beam, the beam positive moment capacity would
not be less than 1/3 of the beam negative moment capacity at that end
(ACI 21.10.4.1).
Neither the negative moment capacity nor the positive moment capacity
at any of the sections within the beam would be less than 1/5 of the
maximum of positive or negative moment capacities of any of the beam
end (support) stations (ACI 21.10.4.1).
Determine the shear force, Vc, that can be resisted by the concrete.
For Special and Intermediate moment resisting frames (ductile frames), the
shear design of the beams is also based upon the probable and nominal moment capacities of the members, respectively, in addition to the factored load
design.
The following three sections describe in detail the algorithms associated with
this process.
Technical Note 21 - 9
Beam Design
Ordinary Moment
Resisting Frames
(non-Seismic)
Intermediate Moment
Resisting Frames
(Seismic)
Special Moment
Resisting Frames
(Seismic)
Column
Check
(interaction)
NLDa Combinations
NLDa Combinations
NLDa Combinations
Column
Design
(interaction)
NLDa Combinations
1% < < 8%
NLDa Combinations
1% < < 8%
NLDa Combinations
= 1.0
1% < < 6%
NLDa Combinations
Column
Shears
Beam
Design
Flexure
Beam Min.
Moment
Override
Check
NLDa Combinations
NLDa Combinations
0.025
NLDa Combinations
1
M u END
3
1
max M u+ , M u
5
M uEND
No Requirement
+
MuSPAN
M uSPAN
{
1
max{M
5
NLDa Combinations
Column shear capacity
= 1.0 and = 1.25
3 f c'
fy
, 200
fy
1
M u END
2
1
max Mu+ , Mu
4
M uEND
}
}
END
+
MuSPAN
u , M u END
MuSPAN
{
}
1
max{M , M }
4
Beam
Design
Shear
NLDa Combinations
Joint Design
No Requirement
No Requirement
Beam/Column
Capacity
Ratio
No Requirement
No Requirement
END
u END
NLDa Combinations
Beam Capacity Shear (Vp)
with = 1.25 and = 1.0
plus VD+L
Vc = 0
Technical Note 21 - 10
Beam Design
(ACI 21.3.4.1)
VP1
M I + M J+
, and
L
VP2
M I+ + M J
, where
L
M I
M J+
Technical Note 21 - 11
Beam Design
M I+
M J
(ACI 11.3.1.1)
For Special moment resisting frame concrete design, Vc is set to zero if both
the factored axial compressive force, including the earthquake effect Pu, is
less than f c' Ag/20 and the shear force contribution from earthquake VE is
more than half of the total maximum shear force over the length of the member Vu (i.e., VE 0.5Vu) (ACI 21.3.4.2).
Technical Note 21 - 12
Beam Design
(Vu / Vc )s
.
f ys d
(ACI 11.5.6.9)
Technical Note 21 - 13
Technical Note 22
Joint Design
This Technical Note explains how the program performs a rational analysis of
the beam-column panel zone to determine the shear forces that are generated in a joint. The program then checks this against design shear strength.
Overview
To ensure that the beam-column joint of special moment resisting frames
possesses adequate shear strength, the program performs a rational analysis
of the beam-column panel zone to determine the shear forces that are generated in the joint. The program then checks this against design shear strength.
Only joints having a column below the joint are designed. The material properties of the joint are assumed to be the same as those of the column below
the joint.
The joint analysis is completed in the major and the minor directions of the
column. The joint design procedure involves the following steps:
The algorithms associated with these three steps are described in detail in the
following three sections.
Overview
Technical Note 22 - 1
Joint Design
Technical Note 22 - 2
Joint Design
The force Vuh is the horizontal panel zone shear force that is to be calculated.
The forces that act on the joint are Pu, Vu, MuL and MuR. The forces Pu and Vu
are axial force and shear force, respectively, from the column framing into the
top of the joint. The moments MuL and MuR are obtained from the beams
framing into the joint. The program calculates the joint shear force Vuh by resolving the moments into C and T forces. Noting that TL = CL and TR = CR,
Vuh = TL + TR - Vu
The location of C or T forces is determined by the direction of the moment.
The magnitude of C or T forces is conservatively determined using basic principles of ultimate strength theory, ignoring compression reinforcement as follows. The program first calculates the maximum compression, Cmax, and the
maximum moment, Mmax, that can be carried by the beam.
C max = 0.85f ' c bd
Mmax = C max
d
2
abs( M )
C = T = C max 1 1
M max
The program resolves the moments and the C and T forces from beams that
frame into the joint in a direction that is not parallel to the major or minor
directions of the column along the direction that is being investigated, thereby
contributing force components to the analysis. Also, the program calculates
the C and T for the positive and negative moments, considering the fact that
the concrete cover may be different for the direction of moment.
In the design of special moment resisting concrete frames, the evaluation of
the design shear force is based on the moment capacities (with reinforcing
steel overstrength factor, , and no factors) of the beams framing into the
joint (ACI 21.5.1.1, UBC 1921.5.1.1). The C and T force are based on these
moment capacities. The program calculates the column shear force Vu from
the beam moment capacities, as follows:
Technical Note 22 - 3
Joint Design
Vu =
Mu + Mu
H
See Figure 2. It should be noted that the points of inflection shown on Figure
2 are taken as midway between actual lateral support points for the columns.
If there is no column at the top of the joint, the shear force from the top of
the column is taken as zero.
The effects of load reversals, as illustrated in Case 1 and Case 2 of Figure 1,
are investigated and the design is based on the maximum of the joint shears
obtained from the two cases.
v =
Technical Note 22 - 4
20
f 'c
15
f 'c
12
f 'c
Joint Design
A beam that frames into a face of a column at the joint is considered in this
program to provide confinement to the joint if at least three-quarters of the
face of the joint is covered by the framing member (ACI 21.5.3.1, UBC
1921.5.3.1).
Technical Note 22 - 5
Joint Design
For light-weight aggregate concrete, the design shear strength of the joint is
reduced in the program to at least three-quarters of that of the normal weight
concrete by replacing the
f c' with
For joint design, the program reports the joint shear, the joint shear stress,
the allowable joint shear stress and a capacity ratio.
6
Mg
5
(ACI 21.4.2.2)
Technical Note 22 - 6
Joint Design
The beam/column flexural capacity ratios are only reported for Special Moment-Resisting Frames involving seismic design load combinations. If this ratio is greater than 5/6, a warning message is printed in the output file.
Technical Note 22 - 7
Technical Note 23
Input Data
This Technical Note describes the concrete frame design input data for
ACI318-99. The input can be printed to a printer or to a text file when you
click the File menu > Print Tables > Concrete Frame Design command. A
printout of the input data provides the user with the opportunity to carefully
review the parameters that have been input into the program and upon which
program design is based. Further information about using the Print Design
Tables form is presented at the end of this Technical Note.
Input Data
The program provides the printout of the input data in a series of tables. The
column headings for input data and a description of what is included in the
columns of the tables are provided in Table 1 of this Technical Note.
DESCRIPTION
Type
Case
Factor
Code Preferences
Phi_bending
Phi_tension
Phi_compression
(Tied)
Phi_compression (Spiral)
Phi_shear
Input Data
Technical Note 23 - 1
Input Data
DESCRIPTION
Material Type
Isotropic or orthotropic.
Design Type
Modulus of Elasticity
Poisson's Ratio
Thermal Coeff
Shear Modulus
Lightweight Concrete
Concrete FC
Rebar FY
Rebar FYS
Mat Label
Material label.
Column Depth
Column Width
Rebar Pattern
Concrete Cover
Bar Area
Technical Note 23 - 2
Input Data
DESCRIPTION
Column Line
Grid line.
Section ID
Framing Type
Lateral or gravity.
RLLF Factor
L_Ratio Major
L_Ratio Minor
K Major
K Minor
Bay ID
Section ID
Framing type
Lateral or gravity.
RLLF Factor
L_Ratio Major
L_Ratio Minor
Technical Note 23 - 3
Input Data
the path or filename. Use the appropriate file extension for the desired format
(e.g., .txt, .xls, .doc). Click the OK buttons on the Open File for Printing Tables form and the Print Design Tables form to complete the request.
Note:
The File menu > Display Input/Output Text Files command is useful for displaying output that is printed to a text file.
The Append check box allows you to add data to an existing file. The path and
filename of the current file is displayed in the box near the bottom of the Print
Design Tables form. Data will be added to this file. Or use the Filename>>
button to locate another file, and when the Open File for Printing Tables caution box appears, click Yes to replace the existing file.
If you select a specific frame element(s) before using the File menu > Print
Tables > Concrete Frame Design command, the Selection Only check box
will be checked. The print will be for the selected beam(s) only.
Technical Note 23 - 4
Technical Note 24
Output Details
This Technical Note describes the concrete frame design output for ACI318-99
that can be printed to a printer or to a text file. The design output is printed
when you click the File menu > Print Tables > Concrete Frame Design
command and select Output Summary on the Print Design Tables form. Further information about using the Print Design Tables form is presented at the
end of this Technical Note.
The program provides the output data in a series of tables. The column
headings for output data and a description of what is included in the columns
of the tables are provided in Table 1 of this Technical Note.
DESCRIPTION
Column Line
Grid lines.
Section ID
Station ID
Required Reinforcing
Longitudinal
Combo
Shear22
Combo
Shear33
Technical Note 24 - 1
Output Details
DESCRIPTION
Combo
DESCRIPTION
Column Line
Grid line.
Section ID
Combo
Load combination upon which the ratio of beam moment capacity to column capacity is based.
Minor
Combo
Load combination upon which the ratio of beam moment capacity to column capacity is based.
Combo
Minor
Combo
Technical Note 24 - 2
Output Details
Technical Note 24 - 3