Sheer Wall PDF

COMPUTER MODELING AND DESIGN PROVISIONS
OF SHEAR WALL BUILDING
A THESIS BY
MD. RAFIQUL ISLAM
(STUDENT NO.-9404316)
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
Master of Engineering in Civil Engineering (Structural)
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

BANGLADESH UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
11111111111111111 11111111111111111
#97069#
September, 2002
COMPUTER MODELING AND DESIGN PROVISIONS
OF SHEAR WALL BUILDING
A THESIS BY
MD. RAFIQUL ISLAM
Approved as to the style and content on -
Dr. Md. Shafiul Sari Chairman

Professor (Supervisor)
Department of Civil Engineering
SUET, Dhaka.
Dr. Ahsanul Kabir Member

Professor
SUET, Dhaka.
Dr. Md. Zakaria Ahmed Member

Professor
SUET, Dhaka.
•
DECLARATION
It is hereby declared that, except where specific references are made to other
investigators, the work embodied in this thesis is the result of investigation carried
out by the author under the supervision of Dr. Md. Shafiul Sari, Professor of Civil
Engineering, SUET.
Neither this thesis, nor any other part of it, has been or is being concurrently
submitted to other institution for any degree.
September, 2002 Md. Rafiqul Islam
.,
11
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The author expresses his sincere gratitude and profound indebtness to Dr. Md. Shafiul
Bari, Professor of Civil Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering and
Technology, Dhaka, under whose continuous supervision this thesis was carried out. His
affectionate guidance, valuable suggestions and inspirations at every stage made this
work possible. I would like to extend my gratitude to Dr. Ahsanul Kabir, Professor of Civil
Engineering, BUET, Dhaka, who helped to enrich this work making necessary
corrections.
The author also expresses his thanks and gratitude to Engr. Ahmed Ali Khan, Engr. K.
M. Mostafa Hasan and Engr. Md. Sohel Rahman of Public Works Department, for their
kind cooperation and Engr. Md. Abu Sadeque of PWD for his valuable suggestions to
complete the postgraduate program timely.
III
ABSTRACT
In recent years there has been a considerable increase in the number of tall building,
both residential and commercial purpose and the modern trend is towards taller and
more slender structures on a small piece of valuable land. In our country most of this tall
building is attributing shear wall to resist the effect of lateral load like wind load,
earthquake load, blast forces etc. As construction of tall building is relatively new
phenomenon in Bangladesh, most of the practicing civil engineers have little knowledge
about the analysis and design of shear wall building. During the analysis of a frame-wall
structure, most of the cases the designer faces problem in modeling of shear and core
wall. So the prime objective of this thesis is to carry out a comparative study among
different modeling techniques of shear wall to suggest a simple guideline within
reasonable accuracy of result. For this purpose various model has been prepared on an
idealized problem and the results obtained from two-dimensional model is compared with
those obtained from three-dimensional model. Analysis on two-dimensional model is
performed by MICROFEAPand three-dimensional analysis is performed by SAP90 and
STAAD-III. It is also studied that whether the results of the model vary significantly with
the increase of height of the building. Moreover, effect on moment carrying capacity of
shear wall due to change of its moment of inertia is checked.
Like the modeling and analysis of shear wall the design engineer also face trouble in
designing it, because the code provisions are not very much specific about shear wall.
Also the code requirements for shear wall are dispersed in various chapters. Code
provisions in Bangladesh National Building Code (BNBC), American Concrete Institute
(ACI) code, Uniform Building Code (UBC) and British Code of Practice (BS 8110) are
studied in this thesis and a straightforward guideline is suggested for the design of shear
wall.
IV
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Declaration
Acknowledgement ii
Abstract iii
Table of Contents iv
List of Figures ix
List of tables xi
Notations xii
CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 General 1
1.2 Behavior of Shear Wall 3
1.3 Background of the Study 3
1.4 Objective of the Study 4
1.5 Methodology of the Study 5
CHAPTER-2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 General 6
2.2 Different Types of Reinforced Walls 6
2.2.1 Bearing Wall 6
2.2.2 Panel Wall 8
2.2.3 Curtain Wall 8
2.2.4 Basement Wall 9
2.2.5 Shear Wall 9
2.3 Types and Behavior of Shear Wall 9
2.3.1 Planar Shear Wall 9
2.3.2 Coupled Shear Wall 11
2.3.3 Core Wall 13
24 Failure Moods of Shear Wall 15
24.1 High-rise Wall 15
24.2 Low-rise Wall 16
2.5 Analysis of Shear Wall 16
2.6 Design Considerations of Shear Wall Building 18
2.7 Summary 19
CHAPTER-3 CODE PROVISIONS FOR SHEAR WALL
3.1 General 20
3.2 Bangladesh National Building Code 20
32.1 Notation 21
32.2 Scope of the Code 21
3.2.3 Minimum Thickness 22
3.2.4 Minimum Reinforcement and Spacing 22
3.2.5 Shear Provision 23
3.2.6 Design Method 24
3.3 ACI Building Code 24
331 Notation 24
3.3.3 Minimum Thickness 25
3.34 Concrete Cover 25 .
3.3.6 Shear Provision 27
34 Uniform Building Code 29
34.1 Notation 29
34.3 Minimum Thickness 30
344 Concrete Cover 30
34.5 Minimum Reinforcement and Spacing 30
34.6 Shear Provision 31
34.7 Design Method 32
VI
3.5 British Code of Practice 33

3.5.1 Notation 33
3.5.2 Scope of the Code 33
3.5.3 Slenderness and Minimum Thickness 34
3.6 Comparison of Design Criteria among Various Codes 36
3.7 Suggested Design Procedure of Shear Wall 38
CHAPTER-4 MODELING TECHNIQUES
4.1 General 43
4.2 Equivalent Wide Column Frame Method 43
4.2.1 Limitation of Equivalent Wide Column Frame 45
4.3 Analogous Frame Analysis 46
4.3.1 Application of the Analogous Frame 49
4.3.2 Conversion of Analogous Frame Forces to the Wall 50
Stresses
4.4 . Two-Column Analogy 51
4.5 Single Warping-Column Model 56
46 Finite Element Method 58
4.7 Modeling Techniques Suggested in Software's 59
4.7.1 Modeling by STAAD-1I1 59
4.7.1.1 Introduction 59
4.7.1.2 Geometry Modeling Consideration 59
4.71.3. General Format 61
4.7.2 Modeling by SAP90 62
4.7.2.1 Introduction 62
4.7.2.2 The Shell Element 62
4.7.2.3 General Format 63
4.7.3 Modeling by MICROFEAP-II 65
4.7.3.1 General Format 65
4.8 Summary 66
vii
CHAPTER.5 ANALYSIS SCHEME FOR SHEAR WALL
5.1 General 68
5.2 Problem Idealization 69
5.3 Two.Dimensional Idealization of the Problem 70
5.3.1 Core Column at e.g with Rigid Zone 71
5.3.2 Core Column at e.g. without Rigid Zone 71
5.3.3 Core Column at Shear Centre with Rigid Zone 72
5.3.4 Core Column at Shear Centre without Rigid Zone 72
5.3.5 Wide Column method 74
5.4 Three.Dimensional Idealization of the Problem 75
5.4.1 Prototype Model 75
5.4.2 Non-prototype Model 76
5.4.2.1 Two.column Analogy 76
5.4.2.2 Single Column Model 77
CHAPTER-6 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
6.1 General 78
6.2 Comparison of Forces among Different Model 78
6.2.1 Comparison of Momentof Shear Wall 78
6.2.2 Comparison of Moment of Interior Beam 79
6.2.3 Comparison of Axial Forces of Exterior Column 80
6.2.4 Comparison of Deflection of the Structure 82
6.3 Comparison of Forces of 2D Model and 3D Model with the 86
Increase of Height
6.4 Effect of Moment of Inertia on Shear Wall Moment and Top 91
Deflection
CHAPTER-? CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
7.1 Conclusions 94
7.2 Recommendations for Future Research 96
REFERENCES 97
VIII
Appendix-A Calculation of Wind Load

Appendix- B Calculation of Shear Center of Lift Core and
Calculation of Shear Wall Moment for Prototype
Model and Wide Column Model
Appendix-C Sample of Computer Output
IX
LIST OF FIGURES
Fig. 1.1 Building with shear walls subject to horizontal loads.
Fig. 2.1 Various types of shear and core wall.

Fig. 2.2 Coupled shear wall.
Fig. 2.3 Typical coupled with shallow coupling beams.
Fig. 2.4 Typical coupled wall with deep coupling beam.
Fig. 2.5 Different plan configuration of shear and core wall.
Fig. 2.6 Failure mode: high-rise wall.
Fig. 2.7 Failure mode: low-rise wall.
Fig. 28 A typical shear wall with openings.
Fig. 2.9 Shear wall with continuous connections of laminae.
Fig. 3.1 Concrete protection for reinforcement.

Fig. 3.2 Minimum wall reinforcement and spacing.
Fig. 4.1 Modeling technique for symmetric I-shaped shear wall.
Fig. 4.2 Two I-section as an example of continuously connected shear wall.

Fig. 4.3(a) Elevation of flange-F showing wide column analogy model.
Fig. 4.3(b) Vertical shear forces resulting from wide column analogy.
Fig. 4.3(c) Distribution of vertical shear in the prototype.
Fig. 4.4(a) Analogous frame: original symmetrical module.
Fig. 4.4(b) Analogous frame: improved module.
Fig. 4.5 Wall segment & Analogous frame: flexure.
Fig. 4.6 Wall segment & Analogous frame: shear.
Fig. 4.7 Wall segment & Analogous frame: axial deformation.
Fig. 4.8 Analogous frame model for elevator core.
Fig. 4.9 Multi-section core and its two-column analogy.
Fig. 410(a) Column warping displacements at transition level
Fig. 4.10(b) Mechanism to represent at transition level.
Fig. 4.11 Single warping-column element.
Fig. 4.12 Single-column model of core.
x
Fig. 4.13 Nonrectangular shear wall with transition, represented by

quadrilateral element.
Fig. 4.14 Central node of a plate or element.
Fig. 4.15 Correct and incorrect numbering of an element.
Fig. 4.16 Beam-column element with end zone.
Fig. 5.1 Plan of example problem.

Fig. 5.2 Selected area for modeling and analysis.
Fig. 5.3 Model by core column at c. g. with rigid zone effect.
Fig. 5.4 Model by core column at c. g. without rigid zone effect.
Fig. 5.5 Model by core column at shear center with rigid zone effect.
Fig. 5.6 Model by core column at shear center without rigid zone effect.
Fig. 5.7 Model by wide column method.
Fig. 5.8 Prototype model by STAAD-1I1.
Fig. 5.9 Model by two-column analogy.

Fig. 5.10 Model by single column at cg. of lift core.
Fig. 6.1 Comparison of shear wall moment among various model.

Fig. 6.2 Comparison of moment of interior beam among various model.
Fig. 63 Comparison of axial force of exterior column among various model.
Fig. 6.4 Comparison of deflection among various model.
Fig. 6.5 Comparison of moment at base of shear wall with increase of
number of story.
Fig. 66 Comparison of exterior column axial force with increase of number
of story.
Fig. 6.7. Comparison moment of interior beam with increase of number of
story.
Fig. 6.8 Comparison of top deflection with increase of number of story.
Fig. 6.9 Effect on moment at base of shear wall with change of moment of
inertia.
Fig. 6.10 Effect on top deflection of structure with change of moment of
inertia.
XI
LIST OF TABLES
Table 3.1 Effective height factor for wall.
Table 3.2 Maximum slenderness ratios for reinforced wall as per 8S811 O.
Table 3.3 Fire resistance requirement for RC walls.
Table 3.4 Durability requirements for RC walls.
Table 6.1 Comparison of shear wall moment.
Table 6.2 Comparison of moment of interior beam.
Table 6.3 Comparison of exterior column axial force.

Table 6.4 Comparison of deflection.
Table 6.5 Member and element property for various height of prototype
structure.
Table 66 Summery of results of 2D & prototype model for various height.
Table. 6.7 Effect of moment of inertia of shear wall on shear wall moment &
top deflection
XII
NOTATIONS
Symbols used in this text are defined where they appear. For convenience, a summery
of those symbols is presented below chapter wise:
CHAPTER - TWO
Characteristics concrete cube strength

Characteristics strength of reinforcement
Effective height
q Shear force per unit length

N Ultimate axial load
T Axial force
Vertical reinforcement ratio
CHAPTER - THREE
Gross area of concrete at a cross section
Gross area of section

Area of compression reinforcement per unit length of wall length
A, Area of shear reinforcement
d Distance from extreme compression fiber to centroid of tension
reinforcement
Specified compressive strength of concrete
Characteristics concrete cube strength
Extreme fiber stress in tension
Specified yield strength of reinforcement, Characteristics strength of
reinforcement
h Overall thickness of member
Total height of wall from base to top

k Effective length factor
L Length of wall
Vertical distance between supports
Length of the wall where tension occurs
Horizontal length of wall
Ultimate in-plane moment
Factored moment at section

XlIl
N Ultimate axial load

N, Factored axial load normal to cross-section occurring simultaneously
with V,
Nominal axial load strength of wall
Spacing of vertical reinforcement in wall
Spacing of horizontal reinforcement in wall

Nominal shear strength provided by concrete
Nominal shear strength

Shear strength provided by shear reinforcement
Factored shear force
Ratio of horizontal shear reinforcement area to gross concrete area of
vertical section
Pv , Pn Ratio of vertical shear reinforcement area to gross concrete area of
horizontal section
Strength reduction factor
CHAPTER - FOUR
Ac Area of column
Ad Area of diagonal brace
b Breadth of wall segment
E Modulus of elasticity
G Shear modulus of elasticity
h Height of wall segment
Moment of inertia of column

Moment of inertia about X-axis of lower region of the core
Moment of inertia about Y-axis of lower region of the core

SI. Venant torsional constant of lower region of the core
Warping moment of inertia of lower region of the core
I Length of diagonal brace
t Thickness of wall segment
Poisson's ratio
ex Distance of two column on one of the principle bending axes on opposite
sides of the shear center
e Angle of link with rigid beam

INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL
Recent years have seen a rapid increase in the number of tall buildings for both residential
and commercial purposes. Shear wall systems are now widely accepted as a rational and
economical part of multistory construction. Wall around elevators, stairs and utility shafts
offer an excellent means of resisting both lateral and gravity loads. Closed and partially
closed section shear walls are efficient in resisting torsion, bending moment and shear
forces in all directions, specially when sufficient strength and stiffness are provided
around door openings and other penetrations through these core walls.
The very high in-plane stiffness and strength makes the shear wall ideally suited for
bracing tall buildings. Fig.-l.l shows a building with wind or seismic force represented
by arrows acting on the edge of each floor or roof. The horizontal surface acts as deep
beams to transmit loads to vertical resisting elements A and B. These shear wall, in turn,
act as cantilever beams fixed at their base to carry loads down to the foundation. They are
subjected to
1) a variable shear, which reaches a maximum at the base,
2) a bending moment, which tends to cause vertical tension near the loaded edge and
compression at far edge, and
3) a vertical compression due to ordinary gravity loading from the structure.
For the building shown, additional shear walls C and D are provided to resist load acting
in the long direction of the structure.
2
c
u
1
B
1
0 0 0
-,
D
(a)
=================
==================
==================
OIl
U
(b)
Fig.-I.l Building with shear walls subject to horizontal loads: (a) typical floor;
(b) end elevation
If, in low to medium-rise buildings shear walls are combined with frames, it is reasonable
to assume that shear wall attract all the lateral loading so that the frame may be designed
for only gravity loading. It is especially important in the shear wall structures to try to
plan the wall layout so that lateral load tensile stresses are suppressed by the gravity load
stresses. This allows them to design to have only the minimum reinforcement. Shear wall
structures have been shown to perform well in the earthquakes, for which case ductility
becomes an important consideration in their design.
In contrast to rigid frames, the shear walls solid form tends to restrict planning where
open internal spaces are required. They are well suited, however, to hotels and residential
buildings where the floor-by-floor repetitive planning allows the walls to be vertically
continuous and where they serve simultaneously as excellent acoustic and fire insulators
3
between rooms and apartments. Proper and effective use of shear walls in a tall building
has resulted in their optimum use both as a column element as well as the wind bracing.
However, the structural engineers must locate shear walls so that they will be the least
detrimental to the use and aesthetics of the buildings.
1.2 BEHA VIOR OF SHEAR WALL SUBJECTED TO LATERAL LOAD
In designing tall buildings, special considerations must be given to provide sufficient

stiffness in all directions against lateral loads. The lateral loads may arise due to wind,
earthquake or perhaps even blast effect. When subjected to lateral forces, the shear wall is
dominated by its flexural behavior and shearing effects are insignificant. The shear walls
resist lateral loads on the structure by rigid frame action, with floor slabs acting as girders
and shear walls acting as columns. Apart from stress considerations, attention has to be
given to vibrations and lateral sway of the building to ensure to comfort of the occupants.
1.3 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
With the increase in the number of tall buildings in Bangladesh and the advent of new and
varied forms of construction, a clear understanding of the structural behavior of complex
shear-type building has become necessary. The first step in the analysis is to idealize the
structure into a three-dimensional assemblage of vertical columns and horizontal beams is
a straightforward procedure, but particular care is needed in modeling of shear walls and
lift core.
During the last four decades much research and development of methods on modeling of
shear wall have been carried out, both in the universities and by practicing engineers. The
methods of analysis developed so far are continuous medium method, wide column
method, equivalent analogous frame method, two-column analogy method, single
warping-column model method, membrane finite element method etc. At present a
number of commercial computer programs have been developed for structural analysis.
Out of the above methods continuous medium method and wide column method are used
specially for coupled shear wall. The stresses from shear wall analysis using analogous
frame have shown to compare close, which is within I%, with results from finite element
analysis having a similar sized mesh [Ref. I]. This method is approximately as efficient in
I
computer use as a membrane element analysis but, in the absence of specially written
subroutines, it takes additional time in initially calculating the members size and finally
transforming the frame forces into the stresses results. A relatively simple two-column
model can be used for the computer analysis of either a separate core subjected to lateral
loading or a core that is part of, and interact horizontally with, a larger surrounding
structure. Comparisons of results from two-column analogy models with those from more
detailed and accurate shell element models have shown the deflections to be generally
within 10% and the stresses within 20% [Ref. 2]. A single column model, with an extra,
seventh degree of freedom per node to represent warping, has been developed to include
all the modes of behavior of a core. But the available package program does not count
this seventh degree of freedom. The membrane finite element technique gives most
accurate result and suitable for research work, but it is cumbersome for practicing
engineers. Also the computer software e.g. STAAD-lII, ETABS, SAP90 etc. which use
membrane finite element technique for analysis of shear wall are expensive and not
available to all. On the other hand software like MICROFEAP, GRASP is quite easy,
time saving and available. So the techniques of modeling for shear wall and lift core by
the packages available in Bangladesh are studied.
Also provisions for the design of shear and core walls are scattered in various chapters of
Bangladesh National Building Code (BNBC), ACI (American Concrete Institute) Code,
British Code of Practice (BS 8110) and Uniform Building Code (UBC). These are studied
to prepare a simple and a straightforward guideline for the design of shear and core walls
for the practicing engineers.
1.4 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
When a shear wall building is analyzed by computer package program the proportion of
the load carried by the shear wall depends on the idealization of shear wall itself. The
shear wall can be idealized by membrane finite element, which gives almost accurate
results. Otherwise it can be modeled as a column or a group of columns. From practical
considerations the design engineers prefers to model the shear wall as column rather than
membrane finite element. So, the prime objective of the present work is to suggest
appropriate modeling technique of shear wall, which provide fairly close output to that of
membrane finite element model. The objects of the work, reported in this thesis are:
5
a) To acquire basic knowledge about the different types of shear wall that occur in high-
rise structures.
b) To study the idealized techniques of planner and coupled shear wall and lift core for
the computer analysis.
c) To compare the results obtained from two-dimensional analysis program like

MICROFEAP-Pl with those obtained from three-dimensional analysis program like
STAAD-III, SAP90 etc.
d) To study the various code provisions for the design of the shear wall and lift core and
to compare the code provisions in terms of serviceability and strength requirements.
e) To propose a general guideline for selecting the thickness and reinforcement of shear
wall and Iift core.
1.5 METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY
In the following chapters, different aspects of modeling of the shear wall for analysis and
the various code provisions for its design are discussed. For the better understanding of
the shear wall, details of reinforced concrete wall are discussed first in Chapter-2. Code
provisions of BNBC (Bangladesh National Building Code), ACI (American Concrete
Institute) code, BS8 110 (British Code of Practice) and UBC (Uniform Building Code)
are illustrated in Chapter-3. Modeling of shear wall has been studied from two aspects in
Chapter-4. The first aspect is the various techniques that are described in textbooks. And
the other aspect is the techniques that are described in various software modules. The
package programs used for analysis are MICROFEAP, STAAD-IJI and SAP90. In
Chapter-5, a shear wall problem has been idealized to analyze with various model, which
have been discussed in the previous chapters. Results of analysis are compared and
discussed in Chapter-6. Finally, concluding remarks and recommendations for future
research are presented in Chapter-7.
6
CHAPTER
";
2 .'
..
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 GENERAL
The structural analysis, computer modeling and design of shear and core wall is reviewed
in this chapter for the better understanding of shear wall building. So, in this chapter, a
brief description of the following fields is given:
a) Different types of reinforced walls
b) Types and behavior of shear wall
c) Failure modes of shear wall
d) Analysis of shear wall
e) Design considerations of shear wall building
2.2 DIFFERENT TYPES OF REINFORCED WALLS
Concrete walls are defined as elements, usually vertical, used to enclose or separate
spaces. This reinforced wall can also be used to retain earth pressure or to resist lateral
load from earthquake or wind.
2.2.1 Bearing Wall
A bearing wall may be defined as one that carries any vertical load in addition to its own
weight. Such walls may be constructed of stone masonry, brick, concrete block or
reinforced concrete. In small commercial building bearing walls may be used with
economy and expediency. Bearing walls may be either single or double thickness, that the
advantage of the latter type being the air space between the walls renders the interior of
7
the building less liable to temperature variation and makes the wall itself more nearly
moisture proof. The thickness of bearing walls varies with the height. A reinforced load
bearing wall should be considered as either short or slender and either braced or
un braced.
(a) Short and slender walls

In a similar manner to columns, a wall may be considered as short wall where the ratio of
its effective height to its thickness does note exceeds 12. It should otherwise be
considered as slender.
(b) Braced and unbraced wall

A wall may be considered as braced if, at right angles to the plane of wall, lateral stability
to the structure as a whole is provided by shear wall or diagonal bracing (at right angles to
the braced wall suitable bracing design to resist all lateral forces in that direction). It
should otherwise be considered as unbraced.
(c) Short bracedR. C. wall

In this case the appropriate design formula correspond to those for columns. If the wall is
loaded axially by concentrated force, the ultimate load, N supported by a unit length of
wall is given by the expression
N = [O.4f,,(1- PI) + 0.67 fypdh
Where PI is the proportion of reinforcement provided (i.e. PI =As'/bh, where As' is the
area of the vertical steel), f" is the characteristics concrete cube strength, fy is the
characteristics strength of reinforcement and h is wall thickness.
If the wall supports an approximately symmetrical arrangement of loading i.e. uniformly

distributed loading, the ultimate load, N supported by a unit length of wall is
N = [0.35f,,,(1- PI) + 0.6 fyPI]h

Above two expressions assume that a deduction is made for the area of concrete displaced
by the reinforcement, if this not so the term (1- PI) should be omitted.
Where a wall is subjected to a combined axial load and bending moment it is necessary to
design the section as a column of unit breadth.
8
If the eccentricity. of the resultant vertical load is significant in both directions, the wall
will be subjected to combined axial load and biaxial bending.
(d) Slender braced R. C. wall

If As' is not greater than 0.01 bh, the effective height Ie of the wall is restricted to forty
times the thickness h; for larger areas of reinforcement this limiting ratio of Ielh is
increased to 45. The section must be designed in the same manner as the slender column,
using the moment magnification method and trial-and-adjustment procedure.
(e) Short unbraced R. C. wall

In the case of unbraced wall, the section must be designed to withstand the combination
of an axial load and a moment. If no applied moment is present, a minimum moment
corresponding to an eccentricity ofh/20 must be considered.
(f) Slender unbraced R. C. wall

With a slender un braced wall, the maximum height of the wall must not exceed 30 times
the wall thickness. The design procedure is identical to that for a slender braced
reinforced concrete wall.
2.2.2 Panel Wall
The exterior walls of a reinforced concrete building are supported at each floor by the
skeleton framework, their only function being to enclose the building. Such walls are
called panel walls. They may be made of concrete (often precast), cinder concrete block,
brick, title block or insulated metal panels. The pressure of the wind is usually the only
load that is considered in determining the structural thickness of a wall panel, although in
some cases exterior walls are used as diaphragms to transmit forces caused by horizontal
loads down to the building foundations.
2.2.3 Curtain Wall
Curtain walls are similar to panel walls except that they are not supported at each story by
the frame of the building, but are self-supporting. However, they are often anchored to
the building frame at each floor to provide lateral support.
9
2.2.4 Basement Wall
Basement walls or retaining walls that normally carry some vertical load and which, in
addition, have to resist the pressure exerted by retained ground.
2.2.5 Shear Wall
Shear walls are defined as reinforced wall designed to resist lateral forces parallel to the
plane of the wall (sometimes referred to as a vertical diaphragm or structural wall). As the
wall can take care of most of the lateral shear coming to the structure, that's why it is
called shear wall. Shear wall offers a structurally efficient means of enclosing and
utilizing space. Their stiffness is such that sway movement under wind load can be
minimized.
Shear wall act as vertical cantilevers, supporting gravity and lateral loads. Shear walls can
have many different cross-sections: rectangular, L-shaped, channel shaped (elevator
shafts), and even circular [Fig. 2.1]. Walls may be coupled by thin flexural elements or
deep shear elements, resulting in considerable variation in the behavior of the coupled
wall system.
Shear wall buildings are commonly of 10 to 30 storied and their behavior is influenced by
the shape ofthe wall and their plan position.
2.3. TYPES AND BEHAVIOR OF SHEAR WALL
From structural point of view the most commonly used type of shear walls are planar
shear wall, coupled shear wall and core wall. Their behavior is greatly influenced by their
position in the plan.
2.3.1 Planar Shear Wall
When shear wall acts as a single unit, it is known as planner shear wall. The most
elementary shape in which a shear wall is employed in a tall building is a planner shear'
wall without openings. The layout of such shapes may vary from a simple orthogonal
orientation, requiring only hand calculation for determining the distribution of wind
10
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....
.. ......
:::0 ....
...
:0::: . . 0..0 ....
... .
. .
..
,.
....
.. 0: .'
..0 0 :..
,
. .
::.::0::: . . ... ,.. . ....•..•
0<
::<0 . ..0 0 .
.. .. . .:0<
Single row Two rows Staggered
(iii) Forms of opening in shear wall
Fig. 2.1 Various types of shear and core wall

11
shears, to a random distribution necessitating a three-dimensional analysis. In either case

the behavior of the shear wall is essentially similar to a deep, slender cantilever beam.
The calculation of stresses and deflection in a single shear wall without opening involves
simple bending theory only [Ref. 3].
2.3.2 Coupled Shear Wall
Frequently, vertical rows of doors and windows occur within the shear wall, dividing it
into two walls coupled by beams at each floor. This is usually referred to as a coupled
shear wall. The shear walls are either staggered in plan or placed in line with each other,
as shown in Fig. 2.2(a) and 2.2(b) respectively.
(a) Staggered shear wall
, ,
"
. -.
, .
(b) Wall in line with each other
Fig.-2.2 Coupled shear wall.

12
Two approaches are possible for the analysis of shear walls with regular series of
openings. The tirst, commonly known as the continuous medium technique, uses an
analogous structure in which the discrete beams are replaced by a continuous medium of
the same stiffness. Other approach, known as wide column analogy, states that a shear
wall is a column whose characteristic dimension is large compared to the overall
dimension of the frame. The wide column analogy is very popular in designing office
buildings because the analysis can take into account such items as non-uniform floor
heights, varying beam or slab thickness, varying wall geometry, loading condition, elastic
support as bases etc. [Ref. 3].
(aj Coupled Walls with Shallow Coupling Beams

In high-rise concrete buildings with flat slab floor system, such as apartment buildings
and hotels, cross walls are commonly used as divider between residential units, and are
coupled by the slab at the interior corridor [Fig. 2.3].
Fig.-2.3 Typical coupled with shallow coupling beams,

13
(b) Coupled Walls with Deep Coupling Beums

When the central elevator/service core of a high-rise building is pierced by small
openings for doors or mechanical ducts, the result is a series of walls connected by deep,
short span link beam [Fig. 2.4]. Due to their stiffness and strength, this deep link beams
cannot be ignored in the analysis of the shear wall. High axial forces can be developed in
the coupled walls, and should be considered to avoid brittle failure of the walls [Ref. 4].
r-.....
•• '-- -..,
•• I 0 [) I
••
/
0 )1
/ Or)1
•• 1 1
••• 1
Dr )1
•• I 0 1
•• J 0 I
I
•• 0
-- •••
0
0
I
Fig.-2.4 Typical coupled wall with deep coupling beam.
2,3.3 Core Wall
Shear walls are often formed in the rectangular or box shaped around elevator and stair
openings. These types of shear walls are known as core walls. Different shapes of core
wall are presented in Fig. 2.5 [Ref. 5]. The design of core wall is a complex one. The
adjacent vertical element interconnected through the slab may be a wide column or
14
0 0 0
I
II 0 0 0
I
II
(a) Wall resist bending in one plane.
Frame action in other plane. Good
I I
torsional stiffness.
0 0 0
0 0 0
I
,, I.,
,,
(b) Wall resist bending in both planes.
,"
,, 0 0 0
:', , Good torsional stiffness.
I 0 0 0 I
c o o
(c) Core resist bending in both planes.
Poor torsional behaviour due to
eccentricity.
(d) Core resist bending in both planes.

o o o Good torsional stiffness.
movement joint
o
n (e) Core resist bending on each section of
the building independently. Relative
u shear displacement at movement joint.
Fig. 2.5 Different plan configuration of shear and core wall.

IS
perhaps even another box section. It is therefore impossible to cover all practical cases in
terms of design charts. The Engineers have no choice but to study each problem on an
individual basis and arrive at their own values for effective width. In Bangladesh, this
type of shear wall is mostly used in high-rise buildings.
2.4 FAILURE MODES OF SHEAR WALL

Like as other structural member the failure of a shear wall can be either by steel yielding,
concrete crushing or shear crack. The failure pattern of the wall is greatly influenced by
its tallness relative to its width.
2.4.1 High Rise Wall
Fig. 2.6 shows several possible failure modes of shear walls with large height to length
ratio. Fig. 2.6(a) shows a wall with a very low vertical reinforcement ratio. Fig. 2.6(b)
shows wall that fails in shear after a large number of flexural cracks formed. Fig. 2.6(c)
shows the most common failure mode, that is, one in which considerable yielding of the
flexural reinforcement eventually leads to crushing of the concrete at the base [Ref. 6].
Crushing
(a) (b) (c)
Fig. 2.6 Failure mode; high rise wall, (a) Fracture of steel, (b) Flexure-shear failure,
(c) Failure by concrete crushing.
16
.,.
2.4.2 Low Rise Wall
In wall with small height to width ratio failure generally involves development of inclined
shear crack as shown in Fig. 2.7.
-----
Compression
.Tension
in vertical
steel
(a) (b)
Fig. 2.7 Failure mode; low rise wall, (a) Shear crack pattern, (b) Compression between cracks.
2.5 ANALYSIS OF SHEAR WALL
The analysis of uniform walls pierced with regular sets of similar openings i.e. coupled
shear walls, has attracted several investigators. A simplified analysis has been produced
by assuming that the discrete system of connections, firmed by lintel beams or floor slabs
as shown in Fig. 2.8, may be replaced by an equivalent continuous medium, as shown in
Fig. 2.9. By assuming that the axially rigid lintel beams have a point of contra-flexure at
mid span, the behavior of the system can be defined by a single second order differential
equation. A general closed form solution of the problem can be obtained.
Using the above simplified approach, Rosman [Ref. 7] first derived solutions for a wall
with one or two symmetric bands of openings, with various conditions of support at lower
end (piers on rigid basement, in separate foundations, and in various forms of column
supports). Deformations due to bending moment and normal forces in the walls and
flexural and shear deformations in the connecting beam were also taken into account. The
[7
axial force, T in the wa[ls was chosen as the statically redundant function. So, if q is the
shear force related to the unit length, the axial force in the wall is
,
T = Jq.dt (2.1)
o
where x is the abscissa, measured from the top of the wall as shown in Fig. 2.9. Making
use of certain simplifYing assumptions, the governing differential equation takes the form
d2T ,
--, -a-T=-yx (2.2)
dx-
A mathematical solution of above equation can be obtained for any loading case.
Equations (2.3) and (2.4) show the general solutions of above differential equation for the
case of concentrated lateral load at the top and uniformly distributed lateral load
respectively.
(2.3)
T = C1 sinhax - (2I31a4)(coshax - I) + (l3Ia')x' (2.4)
D
1I D 12
D
AI A2
D
Fig-2.8 A typical shear wall with openings.
18
[I [2
T x
Al A2
Fig-2.9 Shear wall with continuous connections oflaminae.
The co-efficient a, f3 and y depend on the load and the geometrical properties of the shear
wall. Once the value of T is known, the shear force and bending moment in the
connecting beams can be easily calculated using equilibrium considerations and details
are given in [Ref. 8].
2.6 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS OF SHEAR WALL BUILDING
Shear wall act as cantilever beam fixed at the base to transfer load to the foundation. The
forces that must be considered in the design of the wall include-
a) Varying shear that is maximum at the base.
b) Varying flexure that is maximum at the base and produce compression on one end
of the wall and tension on the opposite end.
c) Gravity loads that produce compression on the wall.
19
The lateral forces that are considered in calculating maximum base shear and moment in
shear wall are-
Wind loading
A building struck by wind is subjected to fluctuating pressure. The net wind load on
structural elements depends on the difference between the internal pressure, which is
usually assumed as constant, and the fluctuating external pressure. The net wind load in
an entire building is independent of constant internal pressure. Building response consists
of static response to the mean wind, plus dynamic response to the wind gust For a
building flexible, dynamic response to the gust can be significant As a result of dynamic
amplification, a flexible building can experience significant oscillation in both the along-
wind and cross-wind direction. If the gust frequency is close to one of the building's
natural frequencies of vibration, a condition of resonance can occur, in which the
dynamic response increases to very large values.
Seismic loading
Earthquake loads are produced by ground motions that excite the structure dynamically.
In many parts of the world, ground accelerations from seismic activity can be the
principal design condition. This is usually expressed in terms of in equivalent lateral
loading. The equivalent forces may be determined from Bangladesh National Building
Code-93 [Ref. 9].
The other considerations of shear wall such as minimum thickness, slenderness effect, fire
resistance, minimum reinforcement are discussed in chapter-3 elaborately.
2.7 SUMMARY
The legal definitions emphasize that a column is "used primarily to support axial
compression loads" and that a wall is "used to enclose or separate spaces". There are
different types of reinforced wall used in a building, but all the reinforced walls are not
shear wall. The basic purpose of shear wall is to resist lateral load from earthquake or
wind force. The principal types of shear walls are planar shear wall, coupled shear wall
and core wall. The behavior of this wall depends upon over all structural system of the
building, shape of the wall and their plan position. Their failure modes of shear wall are
also depend on shape, size and height of the wall.

20
CHAPTER
CODE PROVISIONS FOR SHEAR WALL
3.1 GENERAL
The design provisions for the design of shear and core walls are scattered in various
chapters of Bangladesh National Building Code (BNBC), ACI (American Concrete
Institute) code, UBC (Uniform Building Code) and British Code of Practice (BS8110).
And there is no straightforward design procedure in these codes. In this chapter these
code provisions have been studied, compared and tried to suggest a straightforward
guideline for the design of shear and core wall for practicing engineers.
3.2 BANGLADESH NATIONAL BUILDING CODE
In this section, provision for the design of the shear wall in the BNBC (1993) has been
explained [Ref. 9].
BNBC has been prepared in the light of internationally recognized standards of safety and
serviceability achievable by application of state-of-the-art technology with in the socio-
economic context of Bangladesh. Through adherence to the various requirements of the

code, private and public builders and individual owners will be able to ensure a minimum
and uniform standard of buildings in the country.
Requirements governing structural design that ensure safety and serviceability of building
are specified in Part-6 of BNBC and in Chapter-6 of this Part, various provisions' of
reinforced concrete wall (shear wall) are described.
21
3.2.1 Notation
Ag = gross area of section

Av = area of shear reinforcement
d = distance from extreme compression fiber to centroid of tension reinforcement
fe' = specified compressive strength of concrete
fy = specified yield strength of reinforcement

h = overall thickness of member
hw = total height of wall from base to top
k = effective length factor
Ie = vertical distance between supports
Iw = horizontal length of wall
Mu = factored moment at section

Nu = factored axial load normal to cross section occurring simultaneously with V u
Pnw = nominal axial load strength of wall
s, = spacing of vertical reinforcement in wall
S2 = spacing of horizontal reinforcement in wall
Vs = shear strength provided by shear reinforcement
Vn = nominal shear strength
Vu = factored shear force
Ve = nom inal shear strength provided by concrete
Ph = ratio of horizontal shear reinforcement area to gross concrete area of vertical

section
Pv = ratio of vertical shear reinforcement area to gross concrete area of horizontal

section
~ = strength reduction factor
3.2.2 Scope of the Code
Wall shall be designed for eccentric loads and any lateral load or other loads to which
they may be subjected.
Wall subjected to axial load shall be designed in accordance with Section 6.9.2, 6.9.7 and
either 6.9.3 or 6.9.4.
22
Unless otherwise justified by a detailed analysis, horizontal length of wall to be

considered effective for each concentrated load shall not exceed centre to centre distance
between the loads, nor the width of bearing plus four times the wall thickness.
3.2.3 Minimum Thickness
There is no specific provision for minimum thickness. However, in case of load bearing
walls thickness shall not be less than 1/25 of the supported height or length, which ever is
shorter, nor less than 125 mm.
3.2.4 Minimum Reinforcement and Spacing
I) Minimum ratio of vertical reinforcement area to gross concrete area shall be:
a) 0.0012 for deformed bars not larger than 16mm~ with a specified yield strength
not less than 410 N/mm2, or
b) 0.0015 for other bars.
2) Minimum ratio of horizontal reinforcement area to gross concrete area shall be:
a) 0.0020 for deformed bars not larger than 16mm~ with a specified yield strength
b) 0.0025 for other deformed bars.
In addition to the minimum reinforcement, at least two 16mm~ bars shall be provided
around all windows and doors opening. Such bars extended to develop the bar beyond the
corners of the openings by at least 600 mm.
Spacing:
Walls more than 250mm thick shall have reinforcement for each direction placed in two
layers parallel with faces of wall.
Vertical and horizontal reinforcement shall not be spaced further apart than three times
the wall thickness, nor 450 mm.
Vertical reinforcement need not be enclosed by lateral ties if vertical reinforcement area
is not greater than 0.01 times gross concrete area, or where vertical reinforcement is not
required as compression reinforcement.
23
3.2.5 Shear Provision
Design of the horizontal section for shear in the plane of wall shall be in accordance with
Vu,,<j> V,
Vu~V,+Vs
An upper limit on Vu is based on test of walls
V u " O.83..,ff,' hd (Sl unit)
V n" lO..,ff,'hd (fps unit)
Where, effective depth, d ~ O.81w(a large value of d may be used if determined by a strain
compatibility analysis of the wall). Unless a more detail calculation is made, the shear
strength provided by the concrete for wall subjected to a net axial compression is,
V, " O.17..,ff,'hd (SI unit)
V, " 2..,ff,' hd (fps unit)
For wall subjected to a net axial tension
Vc ~ 0.17(1 + O.3Nu IAgJ..,ffc' hd (SI unit)

Vc ~ 2(1 + Nu I(SOOAg))..,ffc' hd (fps unit)
Where Nu is the factored axial tension force taken as negative for tension.
Alternately, the value of Vc may be based on as the lesser of
V c ~ O.27..,fr, hd + Nud/4 lw (Sl unit)
Vc ~ [O.OS..,ff,' + Iw(O.l..,ffc'+ O.2Nullw h)/(MuN u- lw12)] hd (Sl unit)
Vc ~ 3.3..,fr, hd + Nud/4 Iw (fps unit)
Vc ~ [O.6..,frc+ lw(I .2s..,fr c +0.2Nullw h)/(MuiVu - lw12)] hd (fps unit)
The critical section of shear is taken at a distance equal to half the horizontal length of
wall, Iw12 or half the height of wall, hw 12 whichever is less.
24
Shear reinforcement and spacing:

Where factored shear force V" exceeds shear strength ~V c, horizontal shear
reinforcement shall be provided, where shear strength V s shall be computed
Vs = Av fy dl S2
Where Av is area of horizontal shear reinforcement within a distance S2.
Ratio Ph of horizontal shear reinforcement area to gross concrete area of vertical section
shall not be less than 0.0025 and spacing of horizontal share reinforcement S2 shall not
exceed 'w 15, 3h nor 450 mm.
Ratio P, of vertical shear reinforcement area to gross concrete area of horizontal section
shall not be less than
Pv = 0.0025 + 0.5(2.5 - hw/lw) (Ph - 0.0025)
nor 0.0025, but need not be greater than the required horizontal shear reinforcement and
spacing of vertical shear reinforcement SI shall not exceed Iw/5, 3h nor 450 mm.
3.2.6 Design Method
Load bearing wall of solid rectangular cross-section may be designed by empirical

method if resultant of all factored loads is located within the middle third of overall
thickness of wall and should be in accordance with Art. 6.9.2, 6.9.3 and 6.9.7 ofBNBC.
Walls subjected to flexure or both flexure and axial compression shall be designed as
compression member in accordance with Art. 6.3, 6.9.2 and 6.9.7 ofBNBC.
3.3 ACt BUILDING CODE
In this section, provision for the design of the shear wall in the AC! (American Concrete
Institute) 1999 building code (AC! 3l8R-99) has been explained [Ref. 1OJ. ACI building
code expresses the latest knowledge of reinforced concrete in legal language for safe
design application.
3.3.1 Notation
Ag = gross area of section

25
fe' = specified compressive strength of concrete

h = overall thickness of member
Ie = vertical distance between support
Mu = factored moment at section
Nu = factored axial load normal to cross section occurring simultaneously with V u
Pnw = nominal axial load strength of wall
sI = spacing of vertical reinforcement in wall
S2 = spacing of horizontal reinforcement in wall
Vu = factored shear force
Vn = nominal shear strength
Ve = nominal shear strength provided by concrete
Vs = nominal shear strength provided by shear reinforcement
<I> = strength reduction factor
Wall which principally resists horizontal shear forces (shear walls in low-rise building) in
the plane of the wall and parallel to the length of the wall should be designed in
accordance with Chapter 14 and Section 11.10 of ACI code. Shear walls, which resist
forces from seismic acceleration, must conform to the seismic requirement (Section 21.6).
Special requirements for walls designed as grade beam are provided in Section 14.7. In
addition to the general provision (Section 14.2), precast concrete wall panels must
conform to requirements for precast concrete wall panel (Section 16.3).
In ACI code, there is specification for minimum thickness of wall. It depends on the
design method and other factors. For example, in case of wall designed by empirical
design method, thickness of bearing wall shall not be less than 1/25 the supported height
or length, which ever is shorter, nor less than IOOmm (4 in).
3.3.4 Concrete Cover
Minimum concrete cover requires for the protection of reinforcement for purpose other
than fire resistance is shown in Fig. 3.1 and Fig. 3.2 [Ref. 11].
26
CAST -IN-PLACE (nonprestressed)

Concrete cast against earth and
permanently exposed to earth.
3" - all bar sizes
Concrete exposed to earth or weather.

[ 1/2" - #5 bars and smaller
2" - #6 bars through #18 bars
Concrete not exposed to earth or weather.

3/4" - #1 [ bars and smaller
11/2" -#14and#18bars
PRECAST WALL PANELS (plant control condition)

Concrete exposed to earth or weather.
3/4" ~ #}1 bars and smaller
11/4".#14and#18bars
Concrete not exposed to earth or weather.

5/SIt
#! I bars and smaller
-
.'
I [/2" - #14 and #18 bars
Fig, 3.1 Concrete protection for reinforcement.
Vertical reinforcement
p ~O,OOI2
- spaced not further
than 3h nor IS"
(Section 7.6.5 and 14.3.5)
Horizoncal reinforcement
p ~O,0020
- spaced not further
apart than 3h nor' 8"
(Section 14.3.5)
One layer Two layer'"
"'Required for walls except

basement walls when h
IS greater than 10 inches.
Fig. 3.2 Minimum wall reinforcement and spacing.

27
I) Minimum ratio of vertical reinforcement area to gross concrete area shall be:
a) 0.00 12 for deformed bars not larger than l6mm~ (#5) with a specified yield
strength not less than 410 N/mm2 (60000 psi), or
b) 0.00 15 for other deformed bars, or
c) 0.00 12 for welded wire fabric (plain or deformed) not larger than W31 or 031
a) 0.0020 for deformed bars not larger than 16mm~ (#5) with a specified yield
strength not less than 410 N/mm2 (60000 psi), or
b) 0.0025 for other deformed bars, or
c) 0.0020 for welded wire fabric (plain or deformed) not larger than W31 or 031.
In addition to the minimum reinforcement, not less than two 16mm~ (#5) bars shall be
provided around all windows and doors opening. Such bars extended to develop the bar
beyond the corners of the openings but not less than 600mm (24").
Spacing:
Walls more than 250mm (10") thick shall have reinforcement for each direction placed in
two layers parallel with faces of wall.
V ertical and horizontal reinforcement shall not be spaced further apart than three times
the wall thickness, nor 450mm (18").
Vu';~Vn
Vn=V,+Vs
An upper limit on Vo is based on test of walls
Vn ,; 0.83,1fo' hd
28
Where, effective depth, d = 0.8Iw. A large value of d, equal to the distance from extreme
compression fibre to center of force of all reinforcement in tension, shall be permitted to
be used when determined by a strain compatibility analysis. The shear strength provided
by the concrete for wall subjected to a net axial compression is,
Yc <:, 0.17~fc' hd
For wall subjected to a significant axial tension
Yc = 0.17(1 + O.3Nu IAg)~fc' hd
Alternately, the value of Y c may be based on as the lesser of
Yc = 0.27~fc' hd + Nud/4 lw
Yo = [0.05~fc' + lw(0.1 ~fc' + O.2Nu/lw h)/(MuN u -Iw 12)] hd

wall, Iw12 or half the height of wall, hw 12 whichever is less.
Where factored shear force Y u exceeds shear strength ~Y c, horizontal shear

reinforcement shall be provided, where shear strength Y, shall be computed
Y, = Av fy dl S2
Where Av is area of horizontal shear reinforcement within a distance S2.
shall not be less than 0.0025 and spacing of horizontal shear reinforcement S2 shall not
exceed lw 15, 3h nor 450mm (18").
Ratio Pv of vertical shear reinforcement area to gross concrete area of horizontal section
Pv = 0.0025 + 0.5(2.5 - hw/lw) (Ph - 0.0025)

spacing of vertical shear reinforcement SI shall not exceed Iw/5, 3h nor 450mm (18").
29
3.3.7 Design Method
The design of shear walls must be based on lateral forces or any other loads to which
they may be subjected (Section 14.2.1, AC1 code). A rational method of design for walls
subjected to flexure or both flexure and axial compression is also provided in the code
(Section 14.4).
An empirical method of design for bearing walls with small moment (resultant
compressive force within the middle third of wall thickness) is permitted (Section
14.5.1).
3.4 UNIFORM BUILDING CODE
In this section, provisions for the design of the shear wall illustrated in the Uniform
Building Code [Ref. 12] has been described.
The Uniform Building Code was first enacted by the lnteniational Conference of Building
Official at the sixth annual business meeting held in Phoenix, Arizona, October 1927.
Revised editions of this code have been published since that time at approximate three-
year intervals. The code is founded on broad-based performance principles that make
possible the use of new materials and new construction system.
3.4.1 Notation
Ag ~ gross area of section
fe' ~ specified compressive strength of concrete

h ~ overall thickness of member
k ~ effective length factor
Ie ~ vertical distance between support
Pnw ~ nominal axial load strength of wall
Vu ~ factored shear force
Vn ~ nom ina I shear strength
Ve ~ nominal shear strength provided by concrete
Vs ~ nominal shear strength provided by shear reinforcement
p ~ ratio of non-prestressed tension reinforcement

30
Ph = reinforcement ratio producing balanced strain condition
Pn = ratio of vertical shear reinforcement area to gross concrete area of horizontal

section
<I> = strength reduction factor
Walls shall be designed for eccentric loads and any other lateral loads to which they are
subjected. Unless demonstrated by a detail analysis, horizontal length of wall to be
~onsidered as effective for each concentrated load shall not exceed center-to-center
distance between loads, or width of bearing plus four times the wall thickness.
Walls shall be anchored to intersecting elements such as floors or roofs or to columns,

pilasters, buttresses and footings. Quantity of reinforcement and limits of thickness
required may be waived where structural analysis shows adequate strength and stability.
Minimum thickness of the wall depends on the type of wall, reinforcement required and
design method. In case of Empirical design method, thickness of bearing walls shall not
be less than 1/25 the unsupported height or length, whichever is shorter, nor less than
102mm.
3.4.4 Concrete Cover
There is nothing special about concrete cover in this code.
1) Minimum ratio of vertical reinforcement area to gross concrete area shall be:
a) 0.0012 for deformed bars not larger than 16mm<l>with a specified yield strength
not less than 413.7 N/mm2, or
c) 0.0012 for welded wire fabric (plain or deformed) not larger than W3 I or D31
31
a) 0.0020 for deformed bars not larger than 16mmcj>with a specified yield strength
not less than 413.7 N/mm2, or
c) 0.0020 for welded wire fabric (plain or deformed) not larger than W31 or D31.
In addition to the minimum reinforcement, not less than two 16mmcj> bars shall be
beyond the corners of the openings but not less than 600mm.
Spacing:
the wall thickness, nor 457mm.
Vertical reinforcement need nbt be enclosed by lateral ties if vertical reinforcement area
VO Scj>Vn
Vn=V,+Vs
An upper limit on V n is based on test of walls

V n S 0.83-,1fo'hd
Where, effective depth = 0.81w (a large value of d may be used if determined by a strain
compatibility analysis of the wall) unless a more detail calculation is made, the shear
V, s O.I7-,1f,' hd
32
y c = 0.17( I + 0.3N" IAgl'!fc' hd
Where N, is the factored axial tension force taken as negative for tension.
Alternately, the value of Y c may be based on as the lesser of
Yc = 0.27--1fc' hd + N"d/4 Iw
Yc = [0.05--1fc' + Iw (O.l--lfc +0.2N,/lw h)/(M"N" - Iw 12)] hd
wall, Iw 12 or half the height of wall, hw 12 whichever is less.
Where factored shear force Y" exceeds shear strength <j> Y c, horizontal shear
reinforcement shall be provided, where shear strength Y, shall be computed
Y,~Avfyd/s2
Where A, is area of horizontal shear reinforcement within a distance S2'
exceed Iw 15, 3h nor 457mm.
Ratio Pn of vertical shear reinforcement area to gross concrete area of horizontal section
Pn = 0.0025 + 0.5(2.5 - hw/lw) (Ph - 0.0025)
spacing of vertical shear reinforcement S1 shall not exceed Iw/5, 3h nor 457mm.
3.4.7 Design Method
Walls subjected to axial load or combined flexure and axial load shall be designed as
compression members in accordance with provisions of Section 1910.2, 1910.3, 1910.10,
1910.11,1910.12,1910.13,1910.14,1910.17, 1914.2and 1914.3.
33
An empirical method of design for bearing walls with small moment (resultant
compressive force within the middle third of wall thickness force within the middle third
of wall thickness) is permitted (Section 1914.5).
An alternative design of slender wall is provided in Section 1914.8 when flexural tension
controls design of walls.
3.5 BRITISH CODE OF PRACTICE
In this section various provisions and methods for designing shear wall described In
BS8110, CP I 10 and manual published by Institute of Structural Engineer has been
studied [Ref. 13].
3.5.1 Notation
A, = gross area of concrete at a cross section

As, = area of compression reinforcement per unit length of wall length
f," = characteristics concrete cube strength
f, = extreme fiber stress in tension
fy = characteristics strength of reinforcement
h = thickness of wall
L = length of wall
L, = length of the wall where tension occurs

M = ultimate in-plane moment
N = ultimate axial load
In British Code of Practice a reinforced wall defined as a vertical load bearing concrete
member whose greatest lateral dimension is more than four times its least lateral
dimension, and in which the reinforcement is taken into account when considering its
strength. In the code the design provisions are described in Section 3.9. Also Section 3.4,
3.8 and 3.12 is referred for design aid.
34
3.5.3 Slenderness and Minimum Thickness
The thickness should not be less than 150 mm (6"), but to facilitate concreting 180 mm
(7") is preferable. The ratio of the effective height of stocky walls to their thickness
should be 15 or less. The effective height should be obtained by multiplying the clear
height between floors by the factor obtained from Table 3.1 [Ref. 14].
Table 3.1 Effective height factor for wall.

End condition at End condition at bottom
top 1 2 3
I 0.75 0.80 0.90
2 0.80 0.85 0.95
3 0.90 0.95 1.00
Condition 1: Wall connected monolithically to slab on either side that is at least as the overall thickness
of the wall. Where the wall is connected to a foundation this should be
l
designed to carry
to satisfY this condition.
Condition 2: Wall connected monolithically to slabs on either side that arc shallower than the overall
thickness of wall, but not less than half the wall thickness.
Condition 3: Wall connected to members that do not provide more than nominal restraint to rotation.
The minimum area of vertical reinforcement in the wall should be 0.4% of the gross
cross-sectional area of the concrete on any unit length, and should be equally divided
between the two faces of the wall.
The maximum area of vertical reinforcement should not exceed 4% of the gross cross-
sectional area of the concrete in a meter length.
When the vertical reinforcement dose not exceed 2% of the gross cross-sectional area, the
area of horizontal reinforcement should not be less than 0.3% for steel of fy =250N/mm2
and 0.25% for fy =460N/mm2•
The vertical bars should be less than size 10, and the horizontal bars should not be less
size 6 or one-quarter of the size of the vertical bars, whichever is the greater.
35
Spacing:
The maximum spacing of vertical bars should not exceed 250mm (10") for steel of fy=250
N/mm' and 200mm(8") for fy =460 N/mm'.
The maximum spacing of horizontal bars should not exceed 300mm (12").
3.5.5 Design Method
BS 8110 defines a wall as a vertical load-bearing member whose length exceeds four
times its thickness. If the ratio of length to thickness of the section does not exceed four,
the member is designed as a column. The stresses on the wall from the loads and
moments should be obtained from the following expression:
Extreme fibre stress, ft = N/Lh + M/(hL'/6) N/mm'
The ultimate compressive load per unit length equals ht; N/mm. This should be equal to
or less than the ultimate load capacity
0.35f,u Ac + 0.67fyAsc
The area of tension reinforcement if required should be obtained by calculation the total
tensile force from the following expression:
Total tension = 0.5 t;Lth
The area of tension reinforcement should be placed within 0.5Lt from the end of the wall
where the maximum tensile stress occurs. The section should generally be designed on
the assumption and should be provided if necessary.
The section should then be checked for the transverse moments, treating each unit length,
as a column and additional reinforcement should be provided if necessary.
Where two walls intersect to forms core that interface shear need to be checked [Ref. 14].
36
3.6 COMPARISON OF DESIGN CRITERIA AMONG VARIOUS CODES
From the study of the previous articles it can be easily understood that the provisions for
the design of shear wall in BNBC, ACI code and UBC are almost identical. And the basic
approach in British Code is almost similar to the other codes.
In BNBC, ACI code and UBC there are no specification for minimum thickness of wall.
It depends on design method and other parameters. If a shear wall is designed by
empirical method of ACI code or UBC, then the minimum thickness shall be 1/25 of the
supported height or length, whichever is shorter or 100mm. In BNBC, in case of load
bearing walls, thickness shall not be less than 1/25 of the supported height or length,
whichever is shorter nor 125mm. As per British Code of Practice the minimum thickness
should not be less than 150mm, but to facilitate concreting 180mm is preferable. In all the
codes thickness and load carrying capacity of wall is also related to slenderness of the
wall. The slenderness effect of wall in BNBC, ACI code and UBC is similar to that of
other compression member. In BS811 0 code slenderness for wall is given specifically. In
the manual of CIRIA [Ref. 14] it is given that the ratio of the effective height of stocky
walls to their thickness should be 15 or less. In BS811 0 code the slenderness ratio Ielh
should not exceed that given in Table-3.2.
Table-3.2 Maximum slenderness ratios for reinforced walls as per BS8110.
Wall condition Reinforcement Maximum value of

Ielh
Braced <1% 40
Braced ~1% . 45
Unbraced All values 30
Minimum thickness can also be considered from fire resisting rating+ of R.C. walls
provided in the BNBC and BS811 0 given in Table 3.3
Regarding concrete cover there is nothing special about wall in BNBC, ACI code, UBC
and BS8 I 10. In other words, it has been guided in these codes to follow the general
criteria of cover for RCC member. Other than this there are special provisions for
concrete cover from exposure condition or durability point of view in BNBC. In the
manual of CIRIA (for British Code) it has been said that minimum dimensions and cover
37
of wall should be obtained from fire resistance and durability considerations. The nominal
concrete cover to all reinforcement, maximum free water-cement ratio and cement
content required for various minimum concrete strengths used in different exposure
conditions are given in BNBC and provided in Table-3.4 for comparison with those of
British Code.
Table-3.3 Fire resistance requirement for RC walls.
FIRE RESISTANCE MINIMUM THICKNESS

RATING (mm)
(hours) BNBC BS8110
p<O.4% 0.4%< P <1% p>l%
1.0 - 150
1.5 - 175 150
2.0 - 160
3.0 150 200 150
4.0 200 240 180
5.0 250
6.0 300
NOTE: I. P is the steel ratio of wall.
2. In case ofBS8110 cover to vertical reinforcement is 25mm.
+Fire Resisting Rating: It denotes the property of a building construction material and/or construction
itself and is expressed as a period of time during which the material/construction are (a) resistance to
collapse due to fire (b) resistance to flame penetration and (c) resistance to excessive temperature rise on the
unexposed surface.
Table-3.4 Durability requirements for RC walls.
MINIMUM fo' , (N/mm2)

ENVIRONMENT BNBC BS8110
(20) (25) (30) (40) (45) (30) (35) (40)
Mild 30 25 20 20 20 25 20 20
~
._~
-g EE
E •..
Moderate
Severe
40
-
35
45
25
30
20
25
20
25
-
-
35
-
30
40
o "
;z: i5 Very Severe - - 40 30 30 - - 50
U
Extreme - - 60 50 50 - - -
Maximum Ratio Of
0.65 0.65 0.60 0.55 0.50 0.65 0.60 0.55
Water/Cement
Minimum Cement
315 325 350 375 400 275 300 325
Content (Kg/m3)
NOTE: 1. The cover to all reinforcement should not be less than the nominal maximum size of the
aggregate.
2. The cover in mm to the main reinforcement should not be less than the bar size.
38
EXPOSURE CONDITION:
Mild : Concrete surface protected against weather or aggressive condition.
Moderate : Concrete surface away from severe rain.
Concrete subjected to condensation.
Concrete surfaces continuously under water.
Concrete in contact with non-aggressive soil.
Severe : Concrete surfaces exposed to severe rain, alternate wetting and drying or severe
condition.
Very severe: Concrete surface exposed to sea water spray, corrosive fumes.
Extreme : Concrete surface exposed to abrasive action.
The criteria for minimum reinforcement and spacing are same in BNBC, ACI code and
UBC. The minimum area of vertical reinforcement in the wall should be 0.4% of the
gross cross-sectional area of the concrete; suggested by British Code. Where as in BNBC,
ACI code and UBC it is given as O.I2% to 0.15%. Again in compared to 0.25% to 0.30%
minimum horizontal reinforcement by British Code; BNBC, ACI code and UBC suggest
it as 0.20% to 0.25%. Though the maximum spacing of both vertical and horizontal
reinforcement in ACI code is minimum of 3h (h= wall thickness) and 450mm; it defers in
BS code. In British Code maximum spacing for vertical bar is 250mm for steel of
2 2
fy =250N/mm and 200mm for fy =460N/mm and maximum spacing for horizontal bar is
300mm.
There are no differences about shear provisions of shear wall in BNBC, ACI code and
UBC. And there is nothing special about shear provisions in BS8 I 10.
The design method of shear wall in BNBC, ACI code and UBC is almost identical. In
these codes there is an empirical design method other than the usual design method. The
usual design method is referred in different section of code. In these codes the shear wall
is considered as a usual flexural and axially loaded member. Rather design of reinforced
wall is more or less separately stated in British Code of Practice.
3.7 SUGGESTED DESIGN PROCEDURE OF SHEAR WALL
It is found from the previous articles that there is no straightforward procedure for the
design of shear wall in the codes already discussed. Here in this section it has been tried
to suggest a simplified guideline for the design of shear wall for the practicing engineers.
For this purpose design provisions of BNBC has been given priority. Structural design
guide for shear and core wall suggested in Ref. 15 can also be followed.
39
Thickness: The thickness of shear wall should be calculated from the following points--
a) As stated about load bearing wall in BNBC, minimum thickness of shear wall
should not be less than 1/25th of the unsupported height or length, whichever is
shorter, nor less than 1251010.
b) To consider the fire resistance of shear wall minimum thickness should also
follow fire resistance requirement given in Table-3.3.
c) For the durability of the structure minimum thickness of shear wall should also
consider the minimum concrete cover requirement as per Table-3.4.
d) Finally thickness should be fixed from the design requirements.
Slenderness: For preliminary calculation the criteria for minimum thickness i.e. the ratio
of unsupported height or length to their thickness should not be more than 25, covers the
slenderness effect. For more detail analysis slenderness criteria for column can be
considered for shear wall.
Design of Shear Wall (For moment and axial load): Usually walls are designed as
compression element under the combined action of in-plane bending and axial forces. The
selection of reinforcement in shear wall subjected to bending and axial loads can be
approached in three ways [Ref. 3]
One method is to obtain an elastic stress distribution in the assuming that the total
length of wall contributes in resisting the bending stresses. The distributions of
axial stresses (tension and compression) are obtained by superposition of wind
and gravity loads for the three ultimate load combinations as specified in BNBC
or ACI code. The next step is to divide the shear wall into small segments and
design each segment as a column, if the controlling stress is compression, or as a
tie member if tension controls. The procedure yields an even distribution of
reinforcement for the full length of wall, but may require placement of confining
ties around the vertical reinforcement in a large portion of wall.
Another method is to assume that the overturning moment is resisted by finite

lengths of wall located at the extremities and to design reinforcement in these
zones to carry the axial forces. This procedure yields somewhat heavy
40
reinforcement at the ends, which may require the use of bundle bars and
mechanical splices. Because the intermediate section of wall between these zones
is minimally reinforced requiring no confining ties, this approach is sometimes
preferred from detail ing point of view.
The third approach is to obtain the reinforcement directly for a given set of
ultimate axial load and moment capacities, as is normally done in the design of
columns. A direct solution of vertical reinforcement for given values of moment
and axial loads is too cumbersome to attempt manually because of the
considerable complexity of behavior of eccentrically loaded shear walls.
Design for shear force: Design of the horizontal section for shear in the plane of wall
shall be in accordance with
Yu~~Yo
Yo=Yc+Ys
An upper limit on Yn is based on test of walls
Yn ~ 0.83-Yfc' hd
Where, effective depth, d= 0.81w (a large value of d may be used if determined by a strain
compatibility analysis of the wall) unless a more detail calculation is made, the shear
Yc ~ 0.17-Yfc' hd
Y c = 2(1 + O.3Nll 1Ag)-Yfc'hd
Alternately, the value of Yc may be based on as the lesser of
Yc = 0.27-Yfc'hd + Nud/(4Iw)
Yc = [O.OS-Yfc+' Iw (O.l-Yfc'+0.2NJ Iw h)/(MuN u - Iw 12)] hd

41
wall, lw 12 or half the height of wall, hw 12 whichever is less.
Where factored shear force V" exceeds shear strength <I>

V" horizontal shear
reinforcement shall be provided, where shear strength Vs shall be computed
Vs = Av fy dl S2
exceed lw 15, 3h nor 450mm.
Ratio pv of vertical shear reinforcement area to gross concrete area of horizontal section
Pv = 0.0025 + 0.5(2.5 - hw/lw) (Ph - 0.0025)
spacing of vertical shear reinforcement Sl shall not exceed Iw/5, 3h nor 450mm.
Minimum reinforcement and maximum spacing:

]) Minimum ratio of vertical reinforcement area to gross concrete area shall be:
a) 0.0012 for deformed bars not larger than 16mm<l>with a specified yield strength
c) 0.00]2 for welded wire fabric (plain or deformed) not larger than W31 or D3]
a) 0.0020 for deformed bars not larger than l6mm<l>with a specified yield strength
c) 0.0020 for welded wire fabric (plain or deformed) not larger than W31 or D31.
42
In addition to the minimum reinforcement, not less than two 16mm~ bars shall be
beyond the corners of the openings but not less than 600mm.
the wall thickness, nor 450mm.
According to British code maximum area of vertical reinforcement should not exceed
4% of the gross cross-sectional area of the concrete in a meter length.
43
CHAPTER
4
MODELING TECHNIQUES
4.1 GENERAL
Since the beginning of the use of shear wall and lift core as a structural element the
engineers are trying to develop modeling techniques for them to simplify the analysis.
The researches on these modeling techniques are found in journals [Ref. I and Ref. 16]
and books [Ref. 2 and Ref. 3]. Researches have also been done during the development of
package program for structural analysis. So discussion on modeling of shear wall and lift
core has been performed in two ways. One, modeling that is available in books and
journals. Other, modeling that is available in module of package program.
4.2 EQUIVALENT WIDE COLUMN FRAME METHOD
To simulate the shear wall system as equivalent frame it is necessary to assume the
following characteristics:
i) Line elements of the equivalent frame extend through the center of gravity of the
wall panels and coupling beams;
ii) The cross-sectional properties of the column are identical to those of the wall panel;
iii) In representing the beams in the frame the portions of the beam falling within the
wall panels are considered as haunches with large areas and moments of inertia. The
purpose of stiff haunches is to provide for deflection and the rotation of the beam-
ends without bending within the witll panel;
iv) The properties of the beam between the adjacent wall panels are made the same as
those of the corresponding coupling beam.
44
The I-shaped shear wall shown in Fig-4.1 can be idealized by using three vertical
elements to represent the bending stiffness in two directions.
Yl
I
Flange I
Web
_._._.-X
Fig-4.I Modeling technique for symmetric I-shaped shear wall.
Area ofC] ~ Area of shear wall web.

Ix ofC] ~ Ix of shear wall including flange
IyofC] ~O
Area ofC2 ~ Half the area of flanges (area of corresponding flange)

Ix ofC2 ~ 0
Iy of C2 ~ Half the Iy of shear wall (inertia of corresponding flange)
Particular care is required in modeling elevator and stair cores with closed and partially
closed profiles. The modeling of a core have been illustrated in the Fig-4.2
I I
yi C'] yi C.6
! -~- i -~-
I !
! I
! i
x !
._._._.+-._._._. x X
_._._.- C2!
~:_._._.~._._.- Cs X.
~:_._._
! I
y,! FI ange- F
(a) (b)
Fig-4.2 Two I-section as an example of continuously connected shear wall.

(a) prototype; (b) model.
45
4.2.1 Limitation of Equivalent Wide Column Frame
The use of the wide column analogy for analysis of such walls leads to poor results when
subjected to torsion. For example, if a wide column model is used to represent two
[-section continuously connected at one face shown in Fig. 4.2, there exist a discrepancy
Column C3 with
1/2 and A/2 of flange-F
Rigid beam
Column C4 with
II2 and A/2 of flange-F
(a) (b)
Continuously
distributed shear
(c)
Fig- 4.3(a) Elevation offlange-F showing wide column analogy model.

4.3(b) Vertical shear forces resulting from wide column analogy.
4.3(c) Distribution of vertical shear in the prototype.
46
between the behavior of the actual structure and the wide column model because of the
difference in the distribution of vertical shear forces. In the actual structure the vertical
shear is distributed along their common edge (Fig. 4.3b) when subjected to bending about
the Y-axis, where in the discrete wide-column model, the shear are lumped into
concentrated vertical shear forces at each floor acting at the intersection of two rigid arms
(Fig. 4.3c). However this effect is usually negligible in planner and non-planner shear
walls and open section cores.
4.3 ANALOGOUS FRAME ANALYSIS
When only a frame analysis program is available and the shape of shear wall can be
divided into a mesh of rectangular segments, an analogous frame [Ref. 1] may be used for
analysis. The analogy was conceived originally with a symmetric module (Fig. 4.4a). It
consists of two columns joined by rigid beams at the top and bottom and diagonal braces.
This was satisfactory as a full-width unit plane wall and for orthogonal shear wall
assemblies with not more than two walls joining at any comer. In general cases of shear
walls with fractional width meshes, or assemblies with more than two walls at a comer,
the symmetric module is inadequate because the adjacent columns of intersecting module
cannot be arranged to bend independently, as they must. Consequently, the module was
modified to be asymmetric (Fig. 4.4b), with a column on the left-hand side connecting to
the rigid beams, a hinged-end link on the right-hand side, and diagonal braces. The left-
hand ends of the beams and the end of the column rotate with the nodes, while the right-
hand ends of the beams and the link are rotationally released from the nodes. Although
physical asymmetric about it's vertical centerline, the module behaves in the same way as
the symmetric module.
Braces Braces Ad
Columns Columns AcIe Link Ac

connected connected rigidly
rigidly 10 to beams
beams
Fig- 4.4(a) Analogous frame: Fig- 4.4(b) Analogous frame:
original symmetric module. improved module.

47
The requirement of the frame module is that it should simulate the bending. shear and
vertical axial stiffness of the corresponding wall segment. The properties of the module
members are divided as follows.
Bending stiffness:
The bending stiffness of the wall segment (Fig- 4.5a) must be matched by the bending
stiffness of the wall module (Fig- 4.5b). The latter is given by the sum of flexural stiffness
of the column, and the bending resistance of the column and link sectional areas acting
about the centerline of the module. Assuming the' wall and module to have the same
elastic module E.
EI + 2EA
,
(~)2
, 2
= E tb
12
3
(4.1)
Wall
thickness
t
Fig- 4.5(a) Wall segment: flexure Fig- 4.5(b) Analogous frame: tlexure
Shear stiffness
The shear stiffness of the wall segment (Fig-4.6a) and the frame module (Fig-4.6b)
should be equal. This is provided in the module by the sum of the transverse stiffness of
the column is double curvature bending and the horizontal components of the axial
stiffness of diagonals.
12EI, + 2EA" cos' 13 = Cbt Ebt

3 (4.2)
h I h 2(1 + p)h
in which G is the shear modulus,.l is Poisson's ratio and G = E/2(1 +11)

48
- -
Fig- 4.6(a) Wall segment: shear Fig- 4.6(b) Analogous frame: shear
Axial stiffness
The axial stiffness of the wall segment (Fig- 4.7a) and the frame modulus (Fig-4.7b)
should be the same. The axial stiffness of the module comprises the sum of the axial
stiffness of the column and link and the vertical components of the axial stiffness of the
diagonals.
2EA, 2EAd sin 2 (J Ebt

--+----= (4.3)
h I h
Fig- 4.7(a) Wall segment: Fig- 4.7(b) Analogous frame:

axial deformation axial deformation
49
Solving equations (4.1), (4.2) and (4.3) simultaneously gives the properties of the frame
members:
column properties:
Moment of inertia Ie = tb\6B - 0.5)/12 (4.4)
Sectional area Ae = tb(O.25 - B) (4.5)
link property:
Sectional area Ae = tb(0.25 - B) (4.6)
diagonal braces property:
Sectional area Ad = tb(O.25 + B)/sin3 e (4.7)
in which
h3
B=--- (4.8)
16b'{1+Jl)
The other properties of the braced frame members are assigned to be rigid. Equation (4.4)
can be used to show that Ie is negative for segment height-to-width ratios less than
2[(J+f.l)/3]V" and equation (4.5) can be used to show that Ae is negative for height-to-
width ratios greater than 2(J+f.l)V,. Although negative property members are a fictitious
concept, frame analysis programs will usually accept and process them provided the
resulting direct stiffness co-efficient of the structure are all positive.
4.3.1 Application of the Analogous Frame
An approximate analysis of a shear wall structure can be model by dividing each wall into
a coarse mesh of wall-width story height module (Fig- 4.8). For a more detailed and
accurate solution, a refined mesh of fractional wall-width and story-height modules can
be used. The components of each module are assigned properties according to the
dimensions of the corresponding wall segment. The two rigid beams between each pair of
vertically adjacent modules are replaced by a single rigid beam. Beams connecting to the
50
wall from other parts of the building are rigidly joined to the ends of the rigid beams. The
resulting analogous Irame may be analyzed by any standard frame analysis program.
Fig- 4.8 Analogous frame model for elevator core.
4.3.2 Conversion of Analogous Frame Forces to Wall Stresses
The stresses in a wall segment are obtained by applying the resultant moment. axial force
and shear in the corresponding frame module as evaluated from the results of the analysis.
to the horizontal section of the segment.
Moment: The resultant bending moment in a module is obtained by summmg

algebraically the average of the moments at the top and bottom of the column and the
couples given by multiplying the axial forces in the column and link by the half-width of
the module.
Axial Force: The resultant axial force is the algebraic sum of the axial force m the
column and link, and the vertical components of the axial forces in the diagonals.
51
Shear Force: The resultant shear force is the algebraic sum of the shear in the column
and the horizontal components of the axial forces in the diagonals.
The resulting moment and axial force is applied to the segment section to obtain the wall
axial stresses, and the resulting shear is applied to obtain the wall shear stresses.
The wall stresses are referred to the mid-height of the segment. The vertical stresses vary
linearly over the width of the segment and are constant over its height. The shear stresses
are uniform over the whole segment. Horizontal direct stresses are not evaluated because
the axial rigidity of the arms causes the values of the resulting internal horizontal forces
to be meaningless.
The stresses from shear wall analyses using this analogous frame have shown to compare
closely, that is within 1%, with results from finite element analyses having a similar sized
mesh [Ref 1].
Though the result from analogous frame method is quite close to that from the finite
element method, its main disadvantage is its inherent complexity. Even in the planer
shear wall the conversion to analogous frame and afterward the analogous frame forces to
wall stresses seems to be cumbersome for routine work. For the modeling of lift core to
the three-dimensional analogous frame the problem is much more complex. So for the
practicing engineer modeling by analogous frame method is not suitable.
4.4 TWO-COLUMN ANALOGY
A relatively simple two-column model can be used for the computer analysis of either a
separate core subjected to lateral loading or a core that is part of, and interact horizontally
with, a larger surrounding structure [Ref. 16]. The analogous model represents the
warping and St. Venant torsional modes of behavior in addition to the bending modes. It
is, therefore, well suited for open or partially closed-section cores. It can represent cores
that change section within the height, including changes in the direction of the principal
bending axes and in the locations of the shear centers.
52
To simplify the explanation, a multisectional core, whose sections are mono-symmetric

about the X-axis, will be considered. Using the same technique, models can be formed for
multisectional cores differently asymmetric sections and different principal axes of
bending. The example core shown in Fig. 4.9(a) has a lower region L and an upper region
U, having different sections, both sections being mono-symmetric about the X-axis, but
with differently located shear center.
If the principal moments of inertia, the 51. Yen ant torsion constant, and the warping
moment of inertia of the lower region of the core are denoted by !LX, h y, A and hw, the
core in that region can be represented by two columns located on one of the principal
bending axes at distances ex from, and on opposite sides of, the shear center. The
properties of the core are shared between the columns so that, for each column
hcx= Y,hx (4.9)
hey = YJLy (4.10)
Acx= Y,JLZ (4.11 )
z z
I 1- Shear centre
I ax;,
I
Column
Region U elements
Connecting
beams
Region L
Shear centre
axis
---....---...y
---...y
(a) (b)
Fig- 4.9 (a) Multisection core; (b) two-column analogy.

53
while the warping moment of .inertia is developed by locating the columns at distances
from the shear center, such that for opposite directions of bending in parallel planes (Fig.
4.9b).
(4.12)
to give
(XL= -Y( lew/2lecy) or, substituting from Equation 4.10
(XL = -Y( lew/ley)
The upper region U can also be represented by two columns with properties determined
from the properties of the upper core section, with the column located on one of the upper
core's principal bending axes at distances (Xufrom the shear center.
The remaining problem in forming the two-sectional model is to connect the upper
columns to the lower columns in such a way as to represent properly the behavior of the
core at a transition level. The pairs of columns in the two regions are located with respect
to different shear centers, at different distances apart along different principal axes. Their
connections must establish compatibility at the transition level with respect to all the
modes of behavior. These requirements are, for bending
(dx/dz)L = (dx/dz)u
and
(dy/dz)L = (dy/dz)u
for St. Venant torsion
OLz= OUz
and for warping torsion
(dO/dz)L = (dO/dz)u
The compatibility requirements for bending and St. venant torsion could be achieved
simply by using a direct constraint option to make the vertical plane and horizontal plane
rotation of the upper and lower column confirm. This, however, would not satisfY
warping compatibility, which requires that dO/dz for the upper and lower column confirm
at the transition level. For this, it is shown in Fig.- 4.1 O(a) that the vertical plane angles of
rotation due to warping must be related as follows:
54
l3u = au (d8fdz) and 131. ~ al (d8fdz)
I3l = l3u (al fau) (4.13)
where I3l, l3u, al, au and e are as shown in Fig. 4.1 D(a)
(a)
Transition
diaphragm
Auxiliary
diaphragm Rigid
'stub'
columns
(b)
Fig- 4.1 D (a) Column warping displacements at transition level; (b) mechanism to
represent at transition level.
55
A mechanism to connect the upper and lower columns, which satisfies all the
compatibility conditions simultaneously, and which is suitable for computer analysis, is
shown in Fig- 4.1 O(b). Using the rigid floor option, which is available in the more
comprehensive structural analysis programs, a horizontally rigid diaphragm is placed at
the transition level, and a second 'auxiliary' diaphragm is located a small distance, say
one-tenth of a story height, below the transition level, by rigid stub column extensions
down to the auxiliary diaphragm level. Nodes are assigned on the upper column lines at
the two diaphragm levels. Similarly, the lower columns are extended upwards from the
auxiliary diaphragm level, by rigid stub columns, to the transition diaphragm level, with
nodes assigned on the lower column lines at the two levels.
The horizontal plane relative rotations of the transition level and the auxiliary diaphragm
apply inclinations through the rigid stub columns to the upper and lower columns, which
confirm with Equation 4.13. These cause the upper pair of the columns to have the same
de/dz as the lower pair. If, simultaneously, the auxiliary diaphragm and the transition
plane translate relatively in the X or Y directions, corresponding to bending in these
directions, the proposed mechanism applies the same change of inclination to the upper
and lower columns. The model is, therefore capable of simultaneously achieving
compatibility at the transition level of the X and Y inclinations for bending, the rotation e
for the St. Venant action, and de/dz for warping action.
Comparisons of results from the two-column analogy models with those from the more
detailed and accurate shell element models have shown the deflections to be generally
within 10% and the stresses within 20% [Ref. 2]; this can be considered as reasonable for
such a simple model of a complex structure. Although the two-column model has the
great advantage of simplicity, its main disadvantage is in requiring a knowledge of
warping theory, and in having to first calculate the sectional and sectorial properties of
the core. The ultimate value of the model will be achieved, therefore, only when used in
combination with a computer program to determine the sectional and sectorial properties
of thin-walled member sections. Therefore, this method of modeling is not practical for
practicing engineer.
56
4.5 SINGLE WARPING-COLUMN MODEL
In the stiffness matrix analysis of a structure, a core could be represented in all its aspects
of behavior, expect warping, by a stack of simple column elements, with six degrees of
freedom per node, located on the shear center axis. Its assigned properties would include
inertias Ix and Iy, to represent its resistance to bending about its principal axes, and J to
represent 51. Venant resistance to torsion. If the section were completely closed, so that
warping was negligible, or if the structure were not likely to twist, such a column model
would allow an acceptably accurate analysis. If, however, the section were open or only
partially closed, and the structure was subjected to significant torque, then warping
torsional resistance of the core would be a factor in the behavior of the structure and the
simple column modef would not be an adequate representation of the core.
A single column model, with an extra, seventh, degree of freedom per node to represent
warping, has been developed to include all the modes of behavior of a core [Ref. 17]. It is
particularly suitable for cores that are uniform over the height, but can also be used for
cores that change properties with height provided the shear center axes of the different
regions lie on approximately the same vertical line.
The seventh, warping, degree of freedom is taken to be d8/dz which, as used for the two-
column model in the previous section, expresses the magnitude of warping and may be
used as warping degree offreedom, while B, the bimoment, is the corresponding action.
With the seven degree of freedom per node, the warping column element (Fig. 4.11) has a
14x 14 stiffness matrix. The warping column element is located on the shear center axis of
the core with its stiffness coefficients referred to that axis. A complete core would be
represented by a vertical stack of story-height elements with nodes in the floor levels
(Fig. 4.12).
The principal advantage of the single warping-column model is its extremely concise
form of representing warping. Its disadvantages, however, are that it cannot be used to
represent the multi-sectional core with shifts in the shear center, that it requires a
knowledge of warping theory to evaluate the sectorial properties of the core and to
57
interpret the results, and that it requires a specially written subroutine to form the l4x 14
matrix in the structural analysis program.
Centroidal
hear
axis
centre
h axis
y
Xo Yw
Fig-4.ll Single warping-column element.
!_ Shear
centre axis
Warping column
elements
(7 degrees of freedom
per node)
Fig-4.12 Single-column model of core.

58
4.6 FINITE ELEMENT METHOD
The most accurate method developed so far for the analysis of shear wall and lift core is
the finite element technique. Fig. 4.13 shows the finite element idealization for a shear
wall. The triangular, rectangular and quadrilateral regions of the shear wall are called
finite elements, while the discrete points where the elements are connected are called the
nodes. A mesh defines an arrangement of nodes and elements. This mesh may be fine or
coarse.
Coarse
mesh
Transition
mesh
Finer
mesh
Fig.-4.13 Nonrectangular shear wall with transition, represented by quadrilateral

element.
Contrary to the wish of structural engineers, shear walls come in all shapes and sizes with
opening arranged in a rather random fashion like the previous figure. And it becomes
very difficult to model the shear wall in any other method other than the finite element
method. Here lies the superiority of finite element method. Another significant advantage
of finite element model analysis of a core is that it does not require any knowledge of
warping theory, nor does it require the calculation of the warping sectorial properties.
59
In spite of its versatility and accuracy of analysis there remains some hindrance in using
finite element method. To analyze the shear wall and lift core by finite element method
powerful software is required which is still too expensive to achieve easily. Beside this it
takes lot of effort and time to analyze a problem. So a full-scale representation of finite
elements of shear wall building gets too cumbersome and is not cost effective for routine
analysis.
4.7 MODELING TECHNIQUES SUGGESTED IN SOFfWARES
At present a number of commercially available package such as STAAD-lII, SAP90,

MICROFEAP-II etc. have been developed for structural analysis by various institutions
and software companies. In these packages there are options for the analysis of shear wall
and lift core. The approaches of idealization of shear wall and lift core have been focused
hereafter of this chapter.
4.7.1 Modeling by STAAD-III
4.7.1.1 Introduction
The method suggested by STAAD-lll [Ref. 18] to model shear wall is the plate/shell
finite element based on the hybrid element formulation. The element can be 3-noded
(triangular) or 4-noded (quadrilateral). If all four nodes of a quadrilateral element do not
lie on one plane, it is advisable to model them as triangular elements. The thickness of the
element may be different from one node to another. For convenience in generation of a
finer mesh of plate/shell element within a large area, a MESH GENERATION facility is
available.
4.7.1.2 Geometry modeling consideration
The following geometry related modeling rules should be remembered while using the
plate/shell element;
i) The program automatically generates a fifth node "0" (center node-see Fig. 4.14)
at the element center.
60
K
General Node
(Center Node)
I J J
Fig. - 4.14 Central node of a plate or element.
ii) While assigning nodes to an element in the input data, it is essential that the nodes
be specified either clockwise or counter clockwise (Fig. 4.15). For better
efficiency, similar elements should be numbered sequentially.
J K L K
L J
Correct numbering
J L
J K
Incorrect numbering
Fig.- 4.15 Correct and Incorrect numbering of an element.
iii) Element aspect ratio should not be excessive. They should be on the order of 1: 1
and preferably less than 4: 1.
61
iv) Individual elements should not be distorted. Angles between two adjacent element
sides should not be much larger than 90 degree and never larger than 180 degree.
4.7.1.3 Genera/format
DEFINE MESH
[{:;~J
(OUADRILATERAL) }
GENERAL ELEMENT
{ TRIANGULAR
MESH
MESH
Where
Ai, Aj = Alphabets A-Z or alphabets a-z. That is maximum 52.

Xi Yi Zi = Co-ordinates for boundary point Ai.
If CYL or RCYL is defined above co-ordinates will be in cylindrical or reverse

cylindrical co-ordinates system. Optional co-ordinates Xo , Yoand Zo will be the Cartesian
co-ordinates for the origin of the cylind~ical co-ordinates. Defaults to 0, 0, 0 if not
provided.
Ai , Aj ,Ak - - - - = A rectangular super-element defined by four or eight boundary

points.
n, = Number of elements along the side Ai Aj of the super element. (Should not
exceed 20)
n2 = Number of elements along the side Aj Ak of the super element. (Should not
exceed 20)
If n2 is omitted, that is only n, is provided, then n, will indicate the total number of
elements within the super-element. In this case n, must be square of an integer.
62
4.7.2 Modeling by SAP90
4.7.2.1 1ntroduction
In the manual of the package SAP90 [Ref. 19] there is nothing separately stated about
shear wall and lift core. In the chapter 'Modeling Options' there are basically four types
of element; (i) the FRAME element, (ii) the SHELL element, (iii) the ASOLlD element
and (iv) the SOLID element. The usual practice is to model the shear wall by shell
element.
4.7.2.1 The SHELL element
This element is for modeling

(a) Three-dimensional plate and shell structures.
(b) Two and three-dimensional membrane systems.
(c) Two and three-dimensional plate bending system.
The 4-node element formulation is a combination of membrane and plate bending

behavior. The membrane is an isoparametric formulation including translational in-plane
stiffness components and a rotational stiffness component in the direction normal to the
plane of the element.
The plate-bending behavior includes two-way out-of-plane plate rotational stiffness

components and a translational stiffness component in the direction normal to the plane of
the element. The plate-bending behavior does not include any effect of the shear
deformation.
Element loading in the form of normal pressure loading, thermal and gravity loads are
allowed. Element generation options are available.
An eight-point numerical integration formulation is used for the elements. Element

forces, in the element local coordinate system, are evaluated at the integration points and
extrapolated to the joints of the element. An approximate error in the element forces can
be estimated form the difference in element forces calculated form different elements
attached to a common joint. This will give an indication of the accuracy of the finite
63
element approximation and can then be used as the basis for the selection of a new and
more accurate finite element mesh.
A triangular element option is available, but is recommended for transitions only. The
stiffness formulation of the 3-node element is reasonable; however, stress recovery is
poor.
4.7.2.3 General format
i) Shell control information
Provide one data line for the shell control information in the following form:
NM = nmat X= XI, X2, ..... ,Xnld y = Y], y2, ..... 'ynld Z= ZJ, Zz, ..... 'znld
T = tl, tz, ..... ,tnld P = PI, P2,..... 'pnld
Variable Default
nmat [I] Number of element material types
[0] X-direction gravitational multipliers
YI, yl, ..... [0] Y -direction gravitational multipliers
Z], Zz, ..... [0] Z-direction gravitational multipliers
[0] Temperature multipliers
PI, P2,..... [0] pressure multipliers
ii) Material property data
Provide nmat data lines in this section to define the nmat material types in the following
form:
nm E=e U=u W=w M=m TA = alpha

64
Variable DetGult Entry
nm Material identification number
e [pv] Modulus of elasticity
u [pv] Poisson's ration
w [0] Weight per unit volume
m [0] Mass per unit volume
alpha [0] Co-efficient of thermal expansion
iii) Shell element location data
In this data section provide as many data lines as needed to define all the shell elements in
the model.
nel ETYPE = et M = mat
Variable DetGult
nel Element identification number
Element joint number
et Element type
mat [pv] Element material type
tz [0] Zero stress reference temperature

65
[pv] Element membrane thickness
[pv] Element bending thickness
n [0] Element local axis direction flag
Element generation parameters
4.7.3 Modeling by MICROFEAP-II
Unlike STAAD-Ill and SAP90, MICROFEAP-JI [Ref. 20] is a two-dimensional software

for structural analysis. Though it is a two-dimensional structural analysis program it has
the provision for the analysis of planner shear wall. The modeling technique of a shear
wall by MFEAP-II is same as 'equivalent wide column' method that has been discussed
in Art. 4.2 of Chapter-4. PI-MODULE of MICROFEAP-II has an option to include
beams with rigid zone reduction at both ends as shown in Fig. 4.16. Here dJ, d2 are rigid
end zone at node- I and node-2 respectively. This rigid zone option is used to model
frame-wall structure where the wall is considered as a column.
y•.
I
I
I
I ~-_-._-._-._-._-._-._-._-._-._-.-_~.? __ . ~x
~ ~
dl d2
Fig.-4. I 6 Beam-column element with end zone.
4.7.3.1 Genera/format
For the analysis of wall-frame by PI-MODULE of MFEAP-II, 2D-

TRUSS/FRAME/WALL should be selected from standard library of typical structural of
'Data Mode' of 'Activity Menu'.
66
i) Material property data for wall elements
SET = Material set no.

E-MODULUS = Modulus of elasticity of the material
AXIAL AREA = Axial area of the element
INERTIA = Inertia of the element
G-MODULUS = Shear modulus of elasticity of the material
ii) Material property data for connecting beam elements
SET = Material set no.

E-MODULUS = Modulus of elasticity ofthe material
AXIAL AREA = Axial area of the element
INERTIA = Inertia of the element
G-MODULUS = Shear modulus of elasticity of the material
I-LRZ = Length of rigid zone at I" node of the beam
2-LRZ = Length of rigid zone at 2nd node of the beam
4.8 SUMMARY
A suitable modeling technique for a particular structure can reduce the analysis time
ensuring sufficient accuracy of results. Modeling techniques are available in different text
and manual of computer package.
Horizontally loaded shear walls connected by beams can be modeled by equivalent wide
columns that consists of a column on the centroidal axis of the wall, with rigid arms at
beam levels to represent the effects of the walls' widths. The cross-sectional properties of
the column are identical to those of the wall panel. The use of shear wall leads to poor
results when subjected to torsion. Alternatively, an analogous frame model can be used
with negligible loss of accuracy. It is approximately as efficient in computer use as a
membrane finite element analysis, but in absence of specially written subroutines, it takes
additional time in initially calculating the member sizes and finally transforming the
frame forces into the stress results.
67
A simple model for the approximate computer analysis of a core consists of two columns
placed on one of the core's principle bending axes and located in opposite sides of the
shear center. By the use of a transitional mechanism, multi section cores with changing
locations of shear center can be analyzed. The model is useful for representating simply a
complex core that is part of a larger structure.
The most concise model for the computer analysis of a core is the single warping column
model. This consists of a vertical stack of column elements, each of whose usual six
degree of freedom per node has been augmented by a seventh, warping, degree of
freedom. The warping column model, however, cannot be analyzed by a standard frame
analysis program unless a special subroutine, to introduce the additional warping degree
of freedom, is incorporated. Also, the warping column model cannot be used to represent
multisectional cores because there is no mechanism to represent the changes of section, as
is available for the two-column model.
The membrane finite element analysis using a standard structural analysis program is the
most appropriate. A significant advantage of a membrane finite element analysis of a core
is that it does not require any knowledge of warping theory.
The modeling techniques that are found in the available software manual, describes how
the finite elements can be modeled or assembled for significantly accurate analysis.
68
CHAPTER
5
ANALYSIS OF A SHEAR WALL BUILDING
5.1 GENERAL
In this chapter a shear wall building is taken as an example to carry out analysis on some
idealized model of shear wall of that building. All the models have been analyzed for
wind load only. The wind load is calculated according to BNBC and details are given in
Appendix-B. Analyses on two-dimensional model have been carried out by
MICROFEAP-II and that on three-dimensional model have been carried out by SAP90
and STAAD-ili. Bending moment of shear wall, bending moment of beam, axial force
of column and deflections of the structure have been compared between two-dimensional
1. Wide column method
Non-Prototype modeling 2. Core column at e.g. with rigid zone

3. Core column at e.g. without rigid zone
4. Core column at s.c. with rigid zone
5. Core column at s.c. without rigid zone
Single Column at e.g.

69
model and three-dimensional model. The extent of difference of these internal forces and
deflections between two-dimensional model and three-dimensional model has been
studied. Also how far the differences of forces vary with the increase of height of the
building has been checked. The modeling scheme has been shown by a chart in the
previous page.
5.2 PROBLEM IDEALIZATION
Firstly a 10-storied shear wall building having a lift core has been selected to carry out the
comparative study. Story height of the building is 3.0m. Fig. 5.1 shows the plan of the
building. The structure is 1O.Omby 12.5m in plan dimension. But to make the comparison
more accurate the portion of the structure within the dotted line of Fig. 5.1 has been taken
for analysis. Plan area selected for modeling and analysis has been shown in Fig. 5.2. The
wall is 250mm in thickness, beams are 250mmx375mm and the columns are
300mmx450mm in dimension in the problem.
,
r-------------------,
,
(
5000 i, ) ( 2500 ) ( i, 5000 )
,, ,,
, ,
20p wall thickness250
, ,,
,, ,,
500 50 1000 75 , Beam 250x375
~
Structure within : ,Column 300x450
,
this dotted line i ,,
,,
will be taken for :
.
modelmg and
': ,,,
,
,,
analysis i, ,,
,, ,
, ,
L J
ttttttttttttttttt
wind force
Fig. - 5.1 Plan of example problem (all dimensions shown in the figure are in mm).
70
In the second part of the study building height has been increased from la-story to 15-
story, 20-story and 25-story to compare the variation of forces and deflections between
2-dimensional and 3-dimensional model with the increment of height of the building. For
this analysis the dimension of wall, beam and column has been taken accordingly which
will be shown later on.
2500
>
5000 a 1000 75
5000
Fig. -5.2. Selected area for modeling and analysis.
5.3 TWO-DIMENSIONAL IDEALIZATION OF THE PROBLEM
In case of two-dimensional modeling, the lift core has been idealized as a column
(hereafter called as 'core column'). But the question that arises consequently is 'at what
location the core column will give the best result?' i.e. the result will be closest to the
result of three-dimensional analysis. To find out the best location of this column, in some
modeling it have been placed at center of gravity (c. g.) of lift core and in some modeling
it have been located at shear center (s. c.) of lift core. The sectional properties of beam
and column of the prototype have been doubled to make it single frame model. In the
idealization of shear wall as a column the rigid zone effect of the beam within the shear
wall has been considered to check whether the inclusion of this rigid zone give better
71
result or not. So the name of the two-dimensional modeling have been given mainly from
two aspect: one from the location of the core column and another is whether the rigid
zone has been considered or not.
5.3.1 Core Column at c. g. with Rigid Zone
In this type of modeling the location of column that have the similar properties of the core
has been considered at c. g. of the lift core. And the rigid zone effect of the beam has also
been considered. The model has been shown in Fig. 5.3. The distance of c. g. is 1.125m
from the opening of lift core (calculation is shown in Appendix-B).
~
-~ Lift core idealized as
Column
A and I oflift core
Wind force ---.
10 story@3m
=30m
1.125m long Rigid zone

/
/'"
.
k:.
//7 //7 //7

»( »
5m 4.125m
Fig.- 5.3 Model by core column at c. g. with rigid zone effect.
5.3.2 Core Column at c. g without Rigid Zone
Here the technique of modeling is same as the previous one, but the main difference is
that no rigid zone effect for the connecting beam is considered. The model is shown in
Fig. 5.4.
72
Lift core idealized as

./ Column
i/ A and I oflift core
Wind force
10 story@3m
=30 m
./ Flexible beam
/
k"
,
//7 //7 //.7
( )( )
5m 4.l25m
Fig.- 5.4 Model by core column at c. g. without rigid zone effect.
5.3.3 Column at Shear Center with Rigid Zone
In this modeling column having the similar properties of shear wall has been placed at
shear center of the lift core and rigid zone at the end of connecting beam is considered as
nd
2.0m in length. It can be clarified that though the length of flexible beam in the 2 span is
3.0m actually, here it is taken as 4. 15m. Because analysis shows that consideration of
2.0m rigid zone give better result than ifit is considered as 3.l5m. The model is presented
in Fig. 5.5. Calculation for shear center oflift core is shown in Appendix-B.
5.3.4 Column at Shear Center without Rigid Zone
Like the previous one location of column having similar properties of shear wall have
been considered at shear center, but no rigid zone for beam is considered. The model is
shown in Fig. 5.6.
73
I'
I- Lift core idealized as
~ column
A and I oflift core
10 story @ 3m. =30m
V- 2m long rigid zone
I/
/
II
/7 7 5m //7 6.15m /7 ?
( )( )
Fig.-5.5 Model by core column at shear center with rigid zone effect.
----.
----. Lift core idealized
----. as column
A and I oflift core
----.
----.
----. 10 story @ 3m =30m
----. Flexible beam

----.
----.
----.
/ /
( )(
5m 6.15m
Fig.-5.6 Model by core column at shear center without rigid zone effect.
74
5.3.5 Wide Column Method
This method has close similarity with that described in art. 5.31, but instead of modeling
the lift core by a single column, three column has been taken into consideration for the
idealization of lift core - two column for two flange of the core and another column for
web of the core. The columns, which represent the flange, have area equal to that of
flange but no moment of inertia. On the other hand the column that represent the web,
posses the area of web in addition to the moment of inertia of entire lift core. These
columns are connected by rigid beams. The model has been shown in Fig-5.7.
So it should be clear that idealization described in art. 5.3.1 is a simplification of wide

column method; hence there will be no difference between these two methods for planar
shear wall.
I
A = Area of flange
~
7' I = a
('
------
A = Area of web
~ I ~ Inertia of entire
lift core.
1 a sto ry@3m =3am
/"Ri gid beam

/"
/
.
"
/77 /77 /. /! /
( )( )( )(~
5m 3m I.l25m a.875m
Fig.- 5.7 Model by wide column method.

75
5.4 THREE-DIMENSIONAL IDEALIZATION OF THE PROBLEM
5.4.1 Prototype Model
In the prototype model lift wall has been idealized by plate or shell finite element. The
prototype models of the structure have been analyzed by SAP90 and STAAD-III. The
methods suggested by these two software to model a lift core is plate/shell finite element
and these methods have been described elaborately in art. 4.8.1 and art. 4.8.2. The result
of these model have been considered as quite accurate for comparison of the result of
other model. Fig. 5.8 shows the prototype model by STAAD-Ill.
------
41.~_~...--
41 .
.~-
39.'0'J'Ik
39.
--------
38.~
38.
Fig- 5.8 Prototype model by STAAD-Ill.

76
5.4.2 Non-prototype Model
In non-prototype 3D model, section properties of beam and column are provided as that
of original structure, but the lift core has been idealized as column.
5.4.2.1 Two-column analogy
The idealization technique of two-column analogy has been described in art 4.4, where
sectional property of lift core is devided by two column equally and they are connected
with each other by rigid beam.. These two columns are located at one of the principle
bending axes and on opposite sides of shear centre of the lift core. The distance. of each
of these column is ,tOw/Iy) =1.5m from the shear center, where Iw is warping moment of
inertia and Iy is the moment of inertia about Y-axis of lift cote (for detail calculation see
Appendix -B). A rigid zone effect of 2m is considered for the connecting beam. This
model shown in Fig. 5.9 is analyzed by SAP90.
y
"
z \1.....bX
rthe2ca
UN DEFORMED
SHAPE
OPTIONS
JOINT IDS
RESTRAINTS
WIRE FRAME
These two columns
are located at
opposite sides of
shear center
I SAP90 -]
Fig.- 5.9 Model by two-column analogy.

77
5.4.2.2 Single column model
One should not be confused this model with single warping column model described in
art. 4.5, where there are seven degree of freedom in each node. The single column model
is very much similar to core column at c. g. with rigid zone effect of art. 5.3.1. Here in a
three-dimensional plan the lift core is replaced by a column with the same area and inertia
of the lift core. The column is placed at the c. g. of the lift core. The connecting beam is
modeled considering 1. 125m long rigid zone effect for core wall. This model is analyzed
to check whether the 3D model provide far better result than 2D model if the lift core is
replaced by a column. Fig. 5.10 shows the idealized model. This model has also been
analyzed by SAP90.
rthe1 c
UNDEFORMED
SHAPE
OPTIONS
JOINT IDS
RESTRAINTS
WIRE FRAME
SAP90
Fig.-5.1O Model by single column at c. g. oflift core.

78
CHAPTER
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
6.1 GENERAL
The results from the analysis of different model that have been idealized in the previous
chapter are discussed in this chapter. Moment of shear wall, moment at beam-shear wall
joint, axial force of exterior column, deflection of the structure have been studied for
comparison among different model. Besides these, it has also been studied that how these
forces/deflections of 20 model with core column at c. g vary from actual result with the
increase of height of the shear wall building. Finally it have been investigated how the
moment of inertia of shear wall influence on moment carrying capacity of shear wall and
deflection of the structure.
6.2 COMPARISON OF FORCES AMONG DIFFERENT MODEL
6.2.1 Comparison of Moment of Shear Wall
From Table 6.1 and Fig. 6.1 it is easily understood that out of 9 models, results of
prototype model by SAP90 (Calculation of shear wall moment is shown in Appendix- B)
and single column 3D model almost coincide each other. Moreover the results of
prototype model by STAAO-II1, model by two-column analogy, model by core column at
c. g. with rigid zone and core column at shear center with rigid zone are also very close to
that of SAP90. Interestingly, results of widely known wide column analogy give almost
16.7% higher value than the result of SAP90. Also the model by core column at c. g. and
core column at shear center without rigid zone effect give much higher value than the
actual result. So, in the case of moment carried by shear wall it is quite interesting to see
that position of core column matters little when effect of rigid zone is considered.
79
6.2.2 Comparison of Moment oflnterior Beam
In this article moment at beam wall joint of interior beam is considered for comparison
among different model. It is seen from Table 6.2 and Fig. 6.2 that the results of two
prototype model by SAP90 and STAAD-1Il differ significantly. So it becomes difficult to
compare the results of other model. However the results of single column 3D model, two-
column analogy, core column at c. g. with rigid zone and core column at shear center with
rigid zone have very good similarity up to 27m from bottom of the structure with the
result of prototype model by STAAD-III. The results of wide column method and core
column without rigid zone are much lower than the actual result. It can be mentioned here
that beam moment received from analysis is negative in all the beams. But for
convenience of graphical presentation it is taken as positive.
Table 6.1 Comparison of shear wall moment

3D Analysis 20 Analysis
Height Prototype Non-prototype Wide Column Column Column Column
of Analysis Modeling column at c.g. at c.g. at s.c. at s.c.
story STAAD- SAP90 Two- Single method with rigid without with rigid without
level III column column zone rigid zone rigid
analogy at c.g. zone zone
(m) (kN-m) (kN-m) (kN-m) (kN-m) (kN-m) (kN-m) (kN.m) (kN-m) (kN-m)
30 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

27 -264.3 -219.2 -316.5 -302.0 -200.5 -313.3 -271.8 -330.6 -237.3
24 -292.0 -295.5 -361.6 -324.0 -377.4 -344.8 -223.8 -385.8 -157.7
21 -116.6 -112.1 -196.5 -137.5 287.2 -175.8 38.2 -237.2 142.1
18 256.8 270.0 170.1 251.1 660.3 190.4 514.6 109.7 658.7
15 829.2 854.2 738.9 841.9 1369.5 753.4 1204.5 655.3 1390.9
12 1606.1 1645.4 1515.8 1660.0 2288.9 1519.2 2109.8 1406.2 2339.1
9 2598.8 2650.4 2512.4 2681.1 3422.9 2500.6 3235.6 2375.6 3507.0
6 3823.2 39829 3753.9 3936.4 4778.4 3716.6 4589.4 3582.7 4898.3
3 5308.0 5445.9 5254.5 5452.8 6371.4 5199.1 6187.0 5060.0 6525.7
0 7054.6 7177.8 7029.2 7241.1 8186.0 6964.4 8018.4 6818.8 8367.9
80
-.- STAAD-1I1
-O-SAP90
-4- Two-column Analogy
-v- Single column at c.g.
2
~- Wide column method
-+- Column at c.g. with rigid zone
-X- Column at c.g. without rigid zone
-*- Column at s.c. with rigid zone
--- Column at s.c. without rigid zone
E
~
I- 15
J:
(!J
~ 12
I
2000 4000 6000 10000
-3
MOMENT (kN-m)
Fig.- 6.1 Comparison of shear wall moment among various model.
6.2.3 Comparison of Axial Forces of Exterior Column
Table 6.3 and Fig. 6.3 show the comparison of axial force of exterior column among
different model. From Fig. 6.3 it is seen that core column at c. g. with rigid zone in 2D
model and single column at c. g. of 3D model give very close result to that of prototype
model. In this case core column at s. c. with rigid zone does not provide so good result
like to the case of comparison of moment of shear wall. The result of two-column analogy
81
is also somewhat lower than the result of prototype model. The result of other model
(wide column method, core column at c. g. without rigid zone and core column at shear
center without rigid zone) is far beyond the accurate result.
Table 6.2 Comparison of moment of interior beam.
30 Analysis 20 Analysis
Prototype Non-prototype Wide Column Column Column Column

Height
Analysis Modeling column at e.g. at e.g. at s.c. at s.c.
of
method with rigid without f-yith rigid without
story STAAD- SAP90 Two- Single
zone rigid zone rigid
level III column column
zone zone
analogy at e.g.
(m) (kN-m) (kN-m) (kN-m) (kN-m) (kN-m) (kN-m) (kN-m) (kN-m) (kN-m)
30 47.40 46.30 59.70 60.40 50.80 59.30 57.10 60.80 47.80
27 65.20 60.00 67.40 69.80 58.80 69.20 64.80 69.00 53.00
24 68.30 63.00 69.20 71.90 59.70 71.60 65.10 71.10 52.90
21 71.90 66.20 71.80 75.00 61.40 75.50 66.10 74.10 53.10
18 74.20 68.10 73.10 76.90 62.10 78.30 65.80 75.90 52.30
15 74.40 68.00 72.40 76.60 61.00 78.80 63.80 75.60 50.10
12 71.50 65.10 68.70 73.00 57.50 75.80 59.20 72.00 45.90
9 64.30 58.40 60.70 6500 50.50 68.10 51.30 64.40 39.30
6 51.70 46.60 47.50 51.80 39.40 54.00 39.80 50.40 30.00
3 32.20 28.60 27.90 30.10 23.30 32.20 22.80 29.80 17.10
0 - - - - - - - - -
82
-.- STAAD-1I1
-O-SAP90
-A- Two-column Analogy
33 -'Y- Single column at c.g.
-'-+- Wide column method
-+- Column at e.g. with rigid zone
30 ~'-X- Column at C.g. without rigid zone
--*- Column at s,c. with rigid zone
--- Column at s,c. without rigid zone
27
24
21
18
:[
l-
I
C> 15
iii
I
12
o
40 50 60 70 80 90 100
10 20 30
MOMENT (kN-m)
Fig.-6.2 Comparison of moment of interior beam among various modeL
6.2.4 Comparison of Deflection ofthe Structure
Deflection is one of the most important criteria in the design and analysis of tall building.
So comparison of deflection has been depicted in Table 6.4 and Fig. 6.4. It is seen from
Fig. 6.4 that single column 3D model give.best result in compare to the result of prototype
modeL Both the model by core column at c. g. and core column at shear center including
rigid zone also provide sufficiently good result in 2D modeL Also the model by two-
column analogy gives very good result. The results of all other model widely vary from
83
the actual result. It is seen that if the rigid zone effect is not encountered than top
deflection becomes higher. On the other hand, result from wide column method is
significantly low.
Table 6.3 Comparison of exterior column axial force.

Height
Analysis Modeling column at e.g. at e.g. at s.c. at s.c.
of
method with rigid without with rigid without
story STAAD- SAP90 Two- Single zone rigid zone rigid
level III column column zone zone
analogy at e.g.
(m) (kN) (kN) (kN) (kN) (kN) (kN) (kN) (kN) (kN)
30 - - - - - - - - -
27 12.10 12.40 10.30 12.30 9.80 12.10 14.50 10.60 15.00
24 28.90 29.70 25.50 29.50 2.60 29.00 35.00 26.30 35.90
21 45.80 46.90 40.70 46.70 37.10 45.70 55.00 42.00 56.60
18 63.00 64.30 56.30 64.10 50.70 62.70 75.00 58.20 77.60
15 80.10 81.90 71.90 81.40 64.00 79.60 95.20 74.60 98.40
12 96.90 98.90 87.30 98.10 76.60 96.10 114.50 90.70 118.50
9 112.50 114.80 101.60 113.70 88.30 111.50 132.50 105.00 137.10
6 126.10 128.60 114.20 127.20 98.30 124.80 148.00 119.10 153.20
3 136.80 139.40 123.80 137.50 105.90 135.10 159.90 129.50 165.50
0 143.50 146.20 129.70 143.60 110.70 141.30 167.10 135.90 172.90

84
30
-.-STAAD-III
-o-SAP90
27 -.6.- Two-column Analogy
-'9'- Single column at c.g.
-o-Wide column method
24 -+- Column at c.g. with rigid zone
-X- Column at c.g. without rigid zone
21
-*-
---
Column at s.c. with rigid zone
Column at s.c. without rigid zone
18
~ 15
E
~
l-
I
t9 12
W
I
-3
o 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
AXIAL FORCE (kN)
Fig.-6.3 Comparison of axial force of exterior column among various model.

85
Table 6.4 Comparison of deflection.

Height
Analysis Modeling column at c.g. at c.g. at s.c. at s.c.
of
method with rigid without with rigid without
story STAAD- SAP90 Two- Single
zone rigid zone rigid
level III column column zone zone
analogy atc.g.
(m) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
30 44.9 43.7 40.1 42.2 31.3 40.1 50.0 39.8 54.8
27 40.1 38.8 35.7 37.4 27.7 35.7 45.0 35.5 48.4
24 34.8 33.7 30.9 32.4 23.8 30.9 38.7 30.8 41.5
21 29.4 28.3 26.1 27.2 19.9 26.1 32.4 26.0 34.5
18 23.9 22.9 21.1 22.0 16.1 21.2 26.0 21.1 27.7
15 18.4 17.6 16.2 16.8 12.3 16.3 19.8 16.2 21.0
12 13.1 12.5 11.5 11.9 8.7 11.5 13.9 11.5 14.7
9 8.3 7.9 7.2 7.4 5.4 7.2 8.6 7.2 9.1
6 4.2 4.0 3.6 3.7 2.8 3.6 4.3 3.6 4.5
3 1.3 1.3 1.1 1.1 0.9 1.1 1.3 1.1 1.3
0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

86
33
30
/. j/»d:'- /
27 ./ )I('~ .X..,/
/ ~~
24
/.",~'~:
21
18
.//./ t£f5:-
I ./ ~~
f-
I
(9
15
12 •
./ '7"-7
/~...:'
-.-STAAD.III
-e-- SAP90
iii
I
9
/
.'
~~'
1h-
~"-T'WO-columnAnalogy
-9- Single column at c.g.
/~ --.---Widecolumnmethod
6 C _ -+- Column at e.g. with rigid zone
/J;/' X Column at e.g. without rigid zone
3 , -*.-- Column at s.c. with rigid zone
0
ri --- Column at s.c. without rigid zone
-3
-5 o 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
DEFLECTION (mm)
Fig-64 Comparison of deflection among various model.
6.3 COMPARISON OF FORCES BETWEEN 2D MODEL & 3D MODEL

WITH THE INCREASE OF HEIGHT
From the results and discussions of the previous articles it can be easily understood that
among 2D models core column at c. g. with rigid zone provide closest result to that of 3D
prototype analysis.Now it needs to study how far the results of this 2D model differ from
results of prototype model with the increase of height of the structure. Here prototype
model is analyzed by SAP90 and 2D model is analyzed by MICROFEAP. Calculated
wind load on the structure for different height is shown in Appendix- A Member and
element size of prototype structure considered for analysis is given in Table 6.5. The
results of the analysis have been summarized in Table 6.6. In case of comparison of
interior beam moment, maximum moment at beam-wall joint is considered. The story
level of maximummoment is shown in Table 6.6 and Fig. 6.6.
87
Table 6.5 Member and element property for various height of prototype structnre.
No. of Total Height Beam size Column size Wall thickness

story (m) (mm) (mm) (mm)
10 30 250 x 375 300 x 450 250
15 45 250 x 375 375 x 500 250
20 60 250 x 450 500 x 500 300
25 75 250 x 450 500 x 625 350
Table 6.6 Summery of results of2D & prototype model for varying height.
No. of Wall Moment Beam Moment Col. Axial Force Deflection

story (kN-m) (kN-m) (kN) (mm)
30 20 Story 30 20 30 20 30 20
Analysis Model level Analysis Model Analysis Model Analysis Model
6th
IO 7177.8 6964.4 68.1 78.3 147.0 141.3 43.7 40.1
Floor
7'"
15 14225.9 13841.0 158.4 182.2 564.4 544.3 154.1 143.1
Floor
7th
20 20656.3 20258.0 307.3 356.6 1500.90 1460.0 263.5 245.7
Floor
8th
25 30897.7 30380.0 465.4 510.0 2795.8 2755.7 474.5 448.4
Floor
*30 Analysis is performed by SAP90.
*20 Analysis is performed by MICROFEAP.
From Fig. 6.5, 6.6, 6.7 and 6.8 it is seen that the base moment of shear wall, moment of
beam, axial force of exterior column and top deflection increase in same pace in both the
model with the increase of height of the structure Le. the result of 20 model by core
column at c. g. with rigid zone effect provide sufficiently good result even if the number
of story of the building is increased. In case of base moment of shear wall (Fig. 6.5) and
axial force of exterior column (Fig. 6.7) the results of20 model and 30 model are almost
equal. It is interesting to observe that the percentage of difference of forces decreases
88
with the increases of height of the building. In case of moment carried by shear wall
result of 2D model is 2.5% lower than that of prototype model for 10 storied building,
where as the differences reduces to 1.68% for 25 storied building. Similarly in case of top
deflection result of2D model is 7.25% lower for 10 storied building, where as it is 5.51%
lower for 25 storied building. It can be noticed that except the result of beam moment all
other result of 2D model is lower than the result of prototype model.
35000
-.-MFEAP
-e-SAP90
30000
...J
...J
<{
s:
a:: 25000
<{
w
I
(/J
u.
a
w
(/J
<{ 20000
lD
!;(
E,
z
~ 15000
t-
z
w
:2
a
:2
10000
5000
5 10 15 20 25 30
NUMBER OF STORY
Fig.-6.5 Comparison of moment at base of shear wall with increase of number of story.
89
600
-.-MFEAP
550 -o-SAP90
o
500 8TH STORY LEVEL
25 STORIED BLDG.
:;;; 450
«
w
aJ
a:: 400
0
ii:
w
I- 350
z 7TH STORY LEVEL
20 STORIED BLDG.
lL
0
~ 300
E,
z
~
I-
250
z
w
:;;;
0 200
:;;; o 7TH STORY LEVEL
• 15 STORIED BLDG.
150
100
50
5
.L~~"
•
10
10 STORIED BLDG.
15 20 25 30
NUMBER OF STORY
Fig.-6.6 Comparison of moment of interior beam with increase of number of story.

90
-.-MFEAP
3000 -o-SAP90
2500
2000
Z
6
w
0
~ 1500
a
LL
-'
«
~
1000
500
5 10 15 20 25 30
NUMBER OF STORY
Fig.-6.7 Comparison of exterior column axial force with increase of number of story.
91
-.-MFEAP
500 -0- SAP90
o
400
E
E
~
z 300
0
I-
()
LJ.J
-'
LL
LJ.J
0
a. 200
0
I-
0
•
100
o
5 10 15 20 25 30
NUMBER OF STORY
Fig.-6.8 Comparison of top deflection with increase of height.
6.4 EFFECT OF MOMENT OF INERTIA ON SHEAR WALL MOMENT AND

TOP DEFLECTION.
Since in a shear wall building shear wall acts as a lateral load resisting system by taking
the major part of total moment and reducing top deflection with the interaction of frame
so in this article it is studied how moment carrying capacity of shear wall and top
deflection of the structure vary with the change of moment of inertia of shear wall. For
this purpose initial model (Fig. 5.2) of 10 storied shear wall building have been
92
considered where column size is 300mm x 450mm and beam size is 250mm x 375mm.
The analysis is performed by MICROFEAP. The moment of inertia and corresponding
result are shown in Table 6.7. The results are graphically shown in Fig. 6.9 and Fig. 6.10.
It is found from the result that if moment of inertia is increased by 50% successively than
the moment taken by shear wall does not increase by 50%. The actual moment of inertia
of shear wall is 1.3229 m4. So it can be summarized that, when the provided moment of
inertia of shear wall is much higher than it is needed actually to resist the lateral load,
then the percent change in moment taken by shear wall is low. Reversibly, when the
provided moment of inertia of shear wall is much higher than it is needed actually to
resist the lateral load, then the percent change in top deflection is high. From the given
Table and Figure it can be said that moment of inertia of shear wall has less effect on
moment taken by shear wall than on deflection of the building.
Table 6.7 Effect of moment of inertia of shear wall on shear wall moment & top
deflection.
Moment of Moment at base of % change in Deflection at top % change in top

Inertia Shear wall base moment of the structure deflection
(m4) (kN-m) (mm)
0.25 3738.0 66.1
32.4% 14.5%
0.5 4949.8 56.4
28.5% 20.2%
I 6358.5 45.0
23.7% 26.9%
2 7862.4 32.9
17.6% 34.3%
4 9245.0 21.6.
11.5% 39.8%
8 10305.0 13.0.
• Analysis is performed by MICROFEAP.
93
12000 I
I I
...J
...J I ,
~
II:: 10000
it] -!
I
I
t-. I
I
I
I
I
:r: I
Ul I I
u.. I
0 8000
UJ
Ul
I
I
«
lD
!;( 6000
E,
z
6
f- 4000
/i
.!
z I
UJ
::;: I
I
0
::;: 2000 I
0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
MOMENT OF INERTIA (m')
Fig 6.9 Effect on moment at base of shear wall with change of moment of inertia.
80
...J II
...J
I
~ 70
II::
« I
UJ
:r:
60 I
I
Ul
u..
I I
0
a.
50
I I
0 I I
f-
40 I I
f-
« I
E
.s 30 II I
I
z
0
f=
()
20 -l I
I
UJ
...J
u..
UJ
0
10
I
1-•
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
MOMENT OF INERTIA (m')
Fig 6.10 Effect on top deflection of structure with change of moment of inertia.
94
CHAPTER
7
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
7.1 CONCLUSIONS
From the limited study of various 20 and 3D models of the shear wall building frames the
following conclusions can be drawn tentatively:
i) Analysis by package programs SAP90 and STAAO-Ill using prototype model of

shear wall yields equally good results and may be considered as accurate to
compare the results of other models.
ii) Of all the models, the 3D model with single column at c. g. of lift core provides
fairly close result to the 3D prototype model.
iii) Among 20 models, core column considered at the c. g. of the lift core with rigid
zone provides the best result.
iv) Consideration of rigid zone effect for shear wall improves the performance of 2D
model significantly no matter whether the core column is considered at c. g. or
shear center of the lift core (Fig 6.1 and Fig 6.4). On the contrary, it is seen that if
rigid zone effect is not considered than result becomes higher (about 15% to 20%)
than the actual result. So when a shear wall/ lift core is modeled by a single
column, rigid zone effed should be taken into consideration in the connecting
beam.
95
v) Though the rigid zone effect improves the performance of model in general, the
core column location at c. g. represents a better model of lift core compared to the
core column location at shear center or elsewhere (Fig. 6.1 through 6.4).
vi) The two-column analogy model provides excellent result for the shear wall
moments. Beam moments and top deflections are also very near to the prototype
model. However, axial force of exterior column in two-column analogy is
somewhat lower than the actual force. Despite this minor discrepancy, two-
column analogy model may be used for analysis of shear wall frame structures.
vii) The result of popularly known wide column method yields lower values than the
actual for all members except in the case of moment of shear wall itself. Wide
column model method gives higher value (about 15%) of moment at the base of
the shear wall. Top deflection of the structure by wide column method is
significantly less than the 3D prototype model.
viii) The 2D model of a shear wall considering core column at c. g. with rigid zone is
found to give good results for all heights of the buildings considered (1O, 15, 20
and 25 storied). The difference of result with 3D prototype analysis does not show
any significant variation with the increase of the number of story.
ix) Influence of moment of inertia of shear wall on the moment carrying capacity of
shear wall and deflection is not linearly dependent on the moment of inertia itself.
The frame stiffness has its contribution on them too. However, the change of top
deflection with the change of moment of inertia of shear wall is more sensitive
compared to the change of moment carrying capacity of shear wall.
x) British code provisions are slightly different from ACI building code and Uniform
Building Code. Bangladesh National Building Code provisions are close to ACI or
Uniform Building Code. So, in Bangladesh, BNBC provisions can be followed for
design of shear wall structures.
.t~.•.
t.
96
. 7.2 RECOMMENDA nONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH
i) For simplicity and to avoid torsional effect the analysis has been performed on a
uniaxially symmetrical structure. To consider the torsional effect, detail study on
asymmetric structure is recommended for future study.
ii) Detail study is required if there are more than one shear wall/ lift core in a tall
building and determine a suitable 2D model for such cases.
iii) In a tall building sectional property of member or element may not remam
uniform throughout the height. So it is recommended to study for varying
sectional property over the height of a tall building.
iv) The analysis on various model have been carried out for wind load only. The
effect of earthquake load and vertical load on this model can be checked in the
future research.
v) Now-a-days there is a trend of flat plate slab construction in case of apartment

building. So it is recommended to check the effect of flat plate slab on modeling
of shear wall building.
97
REFERENCES
1. Stafford Smith B. and Girgis A., "Simple Analogous Frames for Shear Wall
Analysis", ASCE Journal of Structural Engineering, Vol. lID, No. 11, November
1984, 2655-266.
2. Stafford Smith B. and Coull A., "Tall Building Structures: Analysis and Design ",
John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1991.
Taranath, B. S. "Structural Analysis and Design of Tall Building ", McGraw-Hill,

1988.
4. ACI Committee Reports, "Response of Concrete Buildings to Lateral Forces ",

ACI442R-88.
5. Irwin, A. W., "Design of Shear Wall Buildings",@CIRIA 1984.
6. Ferguson P. H., Breen J. E. and Jirsa J. 0., "Reinforced Concrete Fundamentals ",
Fifth Edition, John Wiley & Sons, ] 988.
7. Rosman, R., "Approximate Analysis of Shear Walls Subjected to Lateral Loads",

Journal of the American. Concrete Institute, Proceedings, Vo1.61, June 1964, PP.
717-734.
8. Coull, A. and Wong, Y. c., "Bending stiflhess of Floor Slabs in Cross-wall

Structures ", Proceedings, Institute of Civil Engineers, Part 2, March 198 I, PP. 17-
35.
9. HBRI and BSTI, "Bangladesh National Building Code ", 1993.
10. ACI Committee 318, "Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI
318-99) and Commentary (ACI318R-99) ", Detroit, 1999.
98
II. Rice P.F., Hoffman E.S., Gustafson D.P. and Gouwens A. J., "Structural Design
Guide to the ACI Building Code ", 3'd edition, 1979.
12. ICBO, "Uniform Building Code'., International Conference of Building Officials,

Whittier, California, 1997.
13. British Standard Institution, "Structural Use of Concrete ", Unified British Code
for the Structural Use of Concrete in Building, BS811 0, London, 1985.
14. The Institute of Structural Engineers, "Manual for the Design of Reinforced
Concrete Building Structures ", Oct. 1985, UK.
15. Bari, M. S., "Structural Design Guide of Shear and Core Wall", Proceedings of
41 st Annual Convention of the Institute of Engineers, Bangladesh held at Dhaka,
January, 1997.
16. Stafford Smith, B. and Jesien, W. "Two-Column Model for Static Analysis of
Mono-Symmetrical Thin Walled Beams ", Structural Engineering Report No 88-3,
Department of Civil Engineering and Applied Mechanics, McGill University,
May 1988.
17. Stafford Smith, B. and Taranath, B. S. "Analysis of Tall Core-supported

Structures Subjected to torsion ", Proc. Inst. Civil Engineers, 53, September 1972,
173-187.
18. Users Manual, "STAAD-III", Research Engineers Inc., California, November

1996.
19. Users Manual, "SAP90 ", A series of Computer Programs for the Finite Element
Analysis of Structures, Computers & Structures Inc., California, May 1992.
20. Users Manual, "MICROFEAP-II", A Microcomputer Software Series for Finite

Element Analysis, School of Civil Engineering, Asian Institute of Technology, .
Sept 1993.
APPENDIX - A
(CALCULATION OF WIND LOAD)
CALCULATION OF WIND LOAD FOR 10 STORIED BUILDING (According to BNBC)
L = 10m
B = 12.5m 10m
Height of the building, h = 31.5m
I
(Including 1.5m for parapet)
LIB = 10/12.5 = 0.8 B 12.5rr
hlB = 31.5/12.5 =2.52
therefore, pressure coefficient, Cp = 1.58
Exposure condition is A
Conversion coefficient, Co = 47.2x10'6 L
Structural importance coefficient = 1.0
Basic wind speed, Vb = 210 kmlh (for Dhaka)
Sustained wind pressure, q, = CoC, C,Vb2
Design wind pressure p, = C C q,
G p
= CoC, C,CG C Vb2p
= 47.2 X 10'6x 1.0 x C, X CG x 1.58 x 2102

= 3.289 C, x CG kN/m2
Load F, = p, x A,
where A, = 7.5m x 3m = 22.5m2 for each fioor
Story Height above Combined Gust C, x CG Pressure Load
level
ground level height and coefficient p, F,
z exposure
coefficient
(meters) C, CG kN/m2 kN
1 0-4.5 0.368 1.654 0.609 2.003 45.0
2 6.0 0.415 1.592 0.661 2.174 49.0
3 9.0 0.497 1.511 0.751 2.470 55.6 '
4 12.0 0.565 1.457 0.823 2.707 61.0
5 15.0 0.624 1.418 0.885 2.911 65.6
6 18.0 0.677 1.388 0.940 3.092 69.6
7 21.0 0.725 1.368 0.988 3.250 73.2
8 24.0 0.769 1.342 1.032 3,394 76.4
9 27.0 0.810 1.324 1.073 3.529 79.4
10 30.0 0.849 1.309 1.112 3.657 82.4

WIND LOAD FOR 15, 20 AND 25 STORIED BUILDING (According to BNBC)
As shown in the previous page wind force for 15-story, 20-story and 25-storied building
can be calculated. The calculated force is given below-
Wind Force for 15-Storied Wind Force for 20-Storied Wind Force for 25-Storied
Building Building Building
Story Total Force Story Total Force Story Total Force
Level (kN) Level (kN) Level (kN)
15 50.0 20 55.9 25 62.0
14 48.6 19 55.0 24 61.1
13 47.2 18 54.0 23 60.1
12 45.8 17 53.1 22 59.2
11 44.4 16 52.2 21 58.3
10 43.0 15 51.0 20 57.3
9 41.6 14 49.6 19 56.4
8 39.9 13 48.4 18 55.2
7 38.1 12 47.2 17 54.3
6 36.2 11 45.8 16 53.3
5 34.3 10 44.4 15 52.4
4 31.7 9 42.8 14 51.2
3 28.9 8 41.1 13 50.0
2 25.6 7 39.2 12 48.6
1 23.5 6 37.4 11 47.0
5 35.2 10 45.6
..
A
62.7 9 44.2
3 29.8 8 42.3
2 26.3 7 40.4
1 24.2 6 38.5
5 36.2
4 33.6
3 30.8
2 27.0
1 24.9
APPENDIX - B
(CALCULATION OF SHEAR CENTER OF LIFT CORE
AND CALCULATION OF SHEAR WALL MOMENT FOR
PROTOTYPE MODEL AND WIDE COLUMN MODEL)
CALCULATION OF SHEAR CENTER OF LIFT CORE
Necessary dimensions of the lift core are given below in millimeter.
2500
(
._.-._._._._._._._._._.-
>
C E
I I
I D I
I I
I I
2000 I
250 I
I I
S
I
L._._.
( ) A
oCX G
._._.J
I
F
750
Fig. (a) Core section
A, S, C, D, E, F, G and 0 are located on centerline of core wall.
c. g. of lift core about X -axis y = (2.75 x 2.25 x 1 - 2.25 x 1.75 x 1 - 1 0.25 x 2)/ 8
= 0.875m inside form the point D.

3
~ = 2.25 x 2.75 /12 - 1.25 x 2.253/12 - 0.25 x 1'/12
= 2.2175 m4
3
~ = 2.75 x 2.25 /12 + 2.25 x 2.75 x (1 - 0.875f - 2.25 x 1.753/12 _ 1.75 x 2.25 x
(1 - 0.875f -1 x 0.253/12 - 1 x 0.25 x (2 _ 0.875)'
= 1.3229 m4
+1.25 m
+2.5 m'
2.5 m'. -1.25 m.
I I
I
_.-
+5m
2 L -0.5m r-.-I-
-1.25 m +0.5 m ~1.25 m
Fig. (b) (0' diagram

Fig. (c) x - diagram
Product of inertia of the ro' diagram about the Y-axis, 100, = f ro'x dA
= 6.9792 m 4
The distance of shear center from the pole a is, u, = 1 00

" / ~
= 6.9792 /2.2175
= 3.15 m
. -1.434
-3.426
-1.066 +1.066
+3.426
Fig. (d) Principal sectorial ro - diagram (ro = ro' - u,x)
Now sectorial moment of inertia, 100 = fA ro2 dA = fA ro2 t ds

= 2.9938 m6
So the distance of each idealized column on opposite sides, and from shear center
= "1/( 1 00 / J:)
= "1/( 2.9938 / 1.3229)
= 1.5m
SAMPLE CALCULATION OF SHEAR WALL MOMENT FOR PROTOTYPE MODEL
In a prototype model lift core has been idealized by membrane finite element and the
computer analysis of that model provide element stresses from which it is difficult to
calculate the total shear wall moment at any level. To overcome this problem a different
approach has been adopted. In this case at any level unbalanced moment of external
and internal forces around c. g. of lift core has been taken as shear wall moment at that
level. Sample calculation for prototype model by SAP90 is shown below.
At base level-
Total external moment due to wind force = 11884.8 kN-m
Axial force in each of two exterior column = 146.17 kN
Axial force in each of two interior column = 235.78 kN
Moment in each of two exterior column = 21.79 kN-m
Moment in each of two interior column = 25.32 kN
Distance of exterior column from c. g. of lift core = 9.125m
Distance of interior column from c. g. of lift core = 4.125m
Therefore, moment at base of shear wall = 11884.8 - 2 (146.17 x 9.125 + 21.79

+ 235.78 x 4.125 + 25.32)
= 11884.8 -4707.0
= 7177.8 kN-m
SAMPLE CALCULATION OF SHEAR WALL MOMENT FOR WIDE COLUMN MODEL
In wide column method lift core has been idealized by three columns. Out of them two
column for two flanges of the core and another column for web of the core. The columns,
which represent the flange, have area equal to that of flange but no moment of inertia.
On the other hand the column that represent the web, posses the area of web in addition
to the moment of inertia of entire lift core. So moment taken by shear wall has been
calculated on the basis of forces of theses three columns. Sample calculation is shown
below.
At base level-
Axial force in interior column= 1290.3 kN
Axial force in exterior column = 1818.0 kN
Distance of interior column from c. g. of lift core= 1.125m
Distance of exterior column from c. g. of lift core = 0.875m
Therefore, moment at base of shear wall = 5143.7 + (1290.3 x 1.125 + 1818.0 x 0.875)
= 8186.0 kN-m
APPENDIX - C
(SAMPLE OF COMPUTER OUTPUT)
STAAD SPACE
START JOB INFORMATION
JOB NAME 3D WALL-FRAME ANALYSIS
ENGINEER NAME Rafiq
ENGINEER DATE 06-Jul-02
END JOB INFORMATION
INPUT WIDTH 79
UNIT METER KN
JOINT COORDINATES
1 -8.00002 0 0; 2 -3.00001 0 0; 3 -8.00002 0 2.50001; 4 -3.00001 0 2.50001;
5 -8.00002 3.00001 0; 6 -3.00001 3.00001 0; 7 0 3.00001 0;
8 -8.00002 3.00001 2.50001; 9 -3.00001 3.00001 2.50001; 10 0 3.00001 2.50001;
11 -8.00002 6.00001 0; 12 -3.00001 6.00001 0; 13 0 6.00001 0;
14 -8.00002 6.00001 2.50001; 15 -3.00001 6.00001 2.50001; 16 0 6.00001 2.50001;
17 -8.00002 9.00002 0; 18 -3.00001 9.00002 0; 19 0 9.00002 0;
20 -8.00002 9.00002 2.50001; 21 ~3.00001 9.00002 2.50001; 22 0 9.00002 2.50001;
23 -8.00002 12 0; 24 -3.00001 12 0; 25 0 12 0; 26 -8.00002 12 2.50001;
27 -3.00001 12 2.50001; 28 0 12 2.50001; 29 -8.00002 15 0; 30 -3.00001 15 0;
31 0 15 0; 32 -8.00002 15 2.50001; 33 -3.00001 15 2.50001; 34 0 15 2.50001;
35 -8.00002 18 0; 36 -3.00001 18 0; 37 0 18 0; 38 -8.00002 18 2.50001;
39 -3.00001 18 2.50001; 40 0 18 2.50001; 41 -8.00002 21 0; 42 -3.00001 21 0;
43 0 21 0; 44 -8.00002 21 2.50001; 45 -3.00001 21 2.50001; 46 0 21 2.50001;
47 -8.00002 24 0; 48 -3.00001 24 0; 49 0 24 0; 50 -8.00002 24 2.50001;
51 -3.00001 24 2.50001; 52 0 24 2.50001; 53 -8.00002 27.0001 0;
54 -3.00001 27.0001 0; 55 0 27.0001 0; 56 -8.00002 27.0001 2.50001;
57 -3.00001 27.0001 2.50001; 58 0 27.0001 2.50001; 59 -8.00002 30.0001 0;
60 -3.00001 30.0001 0; 61 0 30.0001 0; 62 -8.00002 30.0001 2.50001;
63 -3.00001 30.0001 2.50001; 64 0 30.0001 2.50001; 65 0 0 0; 66 0 0 2.50001;
67 0 0 0.750002; 68 0 1.5 0.750002; 69 0 1.5 0; 70 0 3.00001 0.750002;
71 0 4.50001 0.750002; 72 0 4.50001 0; 73 0 6.00001 0.750002;
74 0 7.50002 0.750002; 75 0 7.50002 0; 76 0 9.00002 0.750002;
77 0 10.5 0.750002; 78 0 10.5 0; 79 0 12 0.750002; 80 0 13.5 0.750002;
81 0 13.5 0; 82 0 15 0.750002; 83 0 16.5 0.750002; 84 0 16.5 0;
85 0 18 0.750002; 86 0 19.5 0.750002; 87 0 19.5 0; 88 0 21 0.750002;
89 0 22.5 0.750002; 90 0 22.5 0;91 0 24 0.750002; 92 0 25.5001 0.750002;
93 0 25.5001 0; 94 0 27.0001 0.750002; 95 0 28.5001 0.750002; 96 0 28.5001 0;
97 0 30.0001 0.750002; 98 1 0 0; 99 1 1.5 0; 100 2 0 0; 101 2 1.5 0;
102 1 3.00001 0; 103 2 3.00001 0; 104 1 4.50001 0; 105 2 4.50001 0;
106 1 6.00001 0; 107 2 6.00001 0; 108 1 7.50002 0; 109 2 7.50002 0;
110 1 9.00002 0; III 2 9.00002 0; 112 1 10.5 0; 113 2 10.5 0; 114 1 12 0;
115 2 12 0; 116 1 13.5 0; 117 2 13.5 0; 118 1 15 0; 119 2 15 0; 120 1 16.5 0;
121 2 16.5 0; 122 1 18 0; 123 2 18 0; 124 1 19.5 0; 125 2 19.5 0; 126 1 21 0;
127 2 21 0; 128 1 22.5 0; 129 2 22.5 0; 130 1 24.0001 0; 131 2 24.0001 0;
132 1 25.5001 0; 133 2 25.5001 0; 134 1 27.0001 0; 135 2 27.0001 0;
136 1 28.5001 0; 137 2 28.5001 0; 138 1 30.0001 0; 139 2 30.0001 0;
140 2 0 1.25; 141 2 1.5 1.25; 142 2 0 2.5; 143 2 1.5 2.5; 144 2 3.00001 1.25;
145 2 3.00001 2.5; 146 2 4.50001 1.25; 147 2 4.50001 2.5; 148 2 6.00001 1.25;
149 2 6.00001 2.5; 150 2 7.50002 1.25; 151 2 7.50002 2.5; 152 2 9.00002 1.25;
153 2 9.00002 2.5; 154 2 10.5 1.25; 155 2 10.5 2.5; 156 2 12 1.25;
157 2 12 2.5; 158 2 13.5 1.25; 159 2 13.5 2.5; 160 2 15 1.25; 161 2 15 2.5;
162 2 16.5 1.25; 163 2 16.5 2.5; 164 2 18 1.25;165 2 18 2.5; 166 2 19.5 1.25;
167 2 19.5 2.5; 168 2 21 1.25; 169 2 21 2.5; 170 2 22.5 1.25; 171 2 22.5 2.5;
172 2 24.0001 1.25; 173 2 24.0001 2.5; 174 2 25.5001 1.25; 175 2 25.5001 2.5;
176 2 27.0001 1.25; 177 2 27.0001 2.5; 178 2 28.5001 1.25; 179 2 28.5001 2.5;
180 2 30.0001 1.25; 181 2 30.0001 2.5; 182 0 3.00001 1.75; 183 0 6.00001 1.75;
184 0 9.00002 1.75; 185 0 12 1.75; 186 0 15 1.75; 187 0 18 1.75; 188 0 21 1.75;
189 0 24 1.75; 190 0 27.0001 1.75; 191 0 30.0001 1.75; 192 0 0 1.75;
193 0 1.5 2.50001; 194 0 1.5 1.75; 195 0 4.50001 2.50001; 196 0 4.50001 1.75;
197 0 7.50002 2.50001; 198 0 7.50002 1.75; 199 0 10.5 2.50001; 200 0 10.5 1.75;
201 0 13.5 2.50001; 202 0 13.5 1.75; 203 0 16.5 2.50001; 204 0 16.5 1.75;
205 0 19.5 2.50001; 206 0 19.5 1.75; 207 0 22.5 2.50001; 208 0 22.5 1.75;
209 0 25.5001 2.50001; 210 0 25.5001 1.75; 211 0 28.5001 2.50001;
212 0 28.5001 1.75; 213 1 0 2.50001; 214 1 1.5 2.50001; 215 1 3.00001 2.50001;
216 1 4.50001 2.50001; 217 1 6.00001 2.50001; 218 1 7.50002 2.50001;
219 1 9.00002 2.50001; 220 1 10.5 2.50001; 221 1 12 2.50001;
222 1 13.5 2.50001; 223 1 15 2.50001; 224 1 16.5 2.50001; 225 1 18 2.50001;
226 1 19.5 2.50001; 227 1 21 2.50001; 228 1 22.5 2.50001;
229 1 24.0001 2.50001; 230 1 25.5001 2.50001; 231 1 27.0001 2.50001;
232 1 28.5001 2.50001; 233 1 30.0001 2.50001;
MEMBER INCIDENCES
1 1 5; 2 2 6; 3 3 8; 4 4 9; 5 56;667;75 8; 8 6 9; 9 8 9; 10 9 10;
11 5 11; 12 6 12; 13 8 14; 14 9 15; 15 11 12; 16 12 13; 17 11 14;
18 12 15;
19 14 15; 20 15 16; 21 11 17; 22 12 18; 23 14 20; 24 15 21; 25 17
18; 26 18 19 ;
27 17 20; 28 18 21; 29 20 21; 30 21 22; 31 17 23; 32 18
24; 33 20 26; 34 21 27;
35 23 24; 36 24 25; 37 23 26; 38 24 27; 39 26 27; 40 27 28; 41 23
29; 42 24 30;
43 26 32; 44 27 33; 45 29 30; 46 30 31; 47 29 32; 48 30
33; 49 32 33; 50 33 34;
51 29 35; 52 30 36; 53 32 38; 54 33 39; 55 35 36; 56 36 37; 57 35
38; 58 36 39;
59 38 39; 60 39 40; 61 35 41; 62 36 42; 63 38 44; 64 39 45; 65 41
42; 66 42 43;
67 41 44; 68 42 45; 69 44 45; 70 45 46; 7l 41 47; 72 42
48; 73 44 50; 74 45 51;
75 47 48; 76 48 49; 77 47 50; 78 48 51; 79 50 51; 80 51
52; 81 47 53; 82 48 54;
83 50 56; 84 51 57; 85 53 54; 86 54 55; 87 53 56; 88 54
57; 89 56 57; 90 57 58;
91 53 59; 92 54 60; 93 56 62; 94 57 63; 95 59 60; 96 60
61; 97 59 62; 98 60 63;
99 62 63; 100 63 64;
ELEMENT INCIDENCES SHELL
101 65 67 68 69; 102 69 68 70 7; 103 7 70 7l 72; 104 72 7l 73 13;
105 13 73 74 75; 106 75 74 76 19; 107 19 76 77 78; 108 78 77 79 25;
109 25 79 80 81; 110 81 80 82 31; 111 31 82 83 84; 112 84 83 85 37;
113 37 85 86 87; 114 87 86 88 43; 115 43 88 89 90; 116 90 89 91 49;
117 49 91 92 93; 118 93 92 94 55; 119 55 94 95 96; 120 96 95 97 61;
121 65 98 99 69; 122 98 100 101 99; 123 69 99 102 7; 124 99 101 103 102;
125 7 102 104 72; 126 102 103 105 104; 127 72 104 106 13; 128 104 105 107 106;
129 13 106 108 75; 130 106 107 109 108; 131 75 108 110 19; 132 108 109 III 110;
133 19 110 112 78; 134 110 III 113 112; 135 78 112 114 25; 136 112 113 115 114;
137 25 114 116 81; 138 114 115 117 116; 139 81 116 118 31; 140 116 117 119 118;
141 31 118 120 84; 142 118 119 121 120; 143 84 120 122 37; 144 120 121 123 122;
145 37 122 124 87; 146 122 123 125 124; 147 87 124 126 43; 148 124 125 127 126;
149 43 126 128 90; 150 126 127 129 128; 151 90 128 130 49; 152 128 129 131 130;
153 49 130 132 93; 154 130 131 133 132; 155 93 132 134 55; 156 132 133 135 134;
157 55 134 136 96; 158 134 135 137 136; 159 96 136 138 61; 160 136 137 139 138;
161 100 140 141 101; 162 140 142 143 141; 163 101 141 144 103;
164 141 143 145 144; 165 103 144 146 105; 166 144 145 147 146;
167 105 146 148 107; 168 146 147 149 148; 169 107 148 150 109;
170 148 149 151 150; 171 109 150 152 Ill; 172 150 151 153 152;
173 III 152 154 113; 174 152 153 155 154; 175 113 154 156 115;
176 154 155 157 156; 177 115 156 158 117; 178 156 157 159 158;
179 117 158 160 119; 180 158 159 161 160; 181 119 160 162 121;
182 160 161 163 162; 183 121 162 164 123; 184 162 163 165 164;
185 123 164 166 125; 186 164 165 167 166; 187 125 166 168 127;
188 166 167 169 168; 189 127 168 170 129; 190 168 169 171 170;
191 129 170 172 131; 192 170 171 173 172; 193 131 172 174 133;
194 172 173 175 174; 195 133 174 176 135; 196 174 175 177 176;
197 135 176 178 137; 198 176 177 179 178; 199 137 178 180 139;
200 178 179 181 180; 201 192 66 193 194; 202 194 193 10 182;
203 182 10 195 196; 204 196 195 16 183; 205 183 16 197 198; 206 198 197 22 184;
207 184 22 199 200; 208 200 199 28 185; 209 185 28 201 202; 210 202 201 34 186;
211 186 34 203 204; 212 204 203 40 187; 213 187 40 205 206; 214 206 205 46 188;
215 188 46 207 208; 216 208 207 52 189; 217 189 52 209 210; 218 210 209 58 190;
219 190 58 211 212; 220 212 211 64 191; 221 66 213 214 193;
222 213 142 143 214; 223 193 214 215 10; 224 214 143 145 215;
225 10 215 216 195; 226 215 145 147 216; 227 195 216 217 16;
228 216 147 149 217; 229 16 217 218 197; 230 217 149 151 218;
231 197 218 219 22; 232 218 151 153 219; 233 22 219 220 199;
234 219 153 155 220; 235 199 220 221 28; 236 220 155 157 221;
237 28 221 222 201; 238 221 157 159 222; 239 201 222 223 34;
240 222 159 161 223; 241 34 223 224 203; 242 223,161 163 224;
243 203 224 225 40; 244 224 163 165 225; 245 40 225 226 205;
246 225 165 167 226; 247 205 226 227 46; 248 226 167 169 227;
249 46 227 228 207; 250 227 169 171 228; 251 207 228 229 52;
252 228 171 173 229; 253 52 229 230 209; 254 229 173 175 230;
255 209 230 231 58; 256 230 175 177 231; 257 58 231 232 211;
258 231 177 179 232; 259 211 232 233 64; 260 232 179 181 233,
MEMBER PROPERTY AMERICAN
1 TO 4 11 TO 14 21 TO 24 31 TO 34 41 TO 44 51 TO 54 61 TO 64 71 TO 74 81 _
82 TO 84 91 TO 94 PRIS YO 0.45 ZD 0.3
5 TO 10 15 TO 20 25 TO 30 35 TO 40 45 TO 50 55 TO 60 65 TO 70 75 TO 80 85 _
86 TO 90 95 TO 100 PRIS YO 0.375 ZD 0.25
ELEMENT PROPERTY
101 TO 260 THICKNESS 0.25
UNIT INCHES KIP
CONSTANTS
E 3150 MEMB 1 TO 260
POISSON 0.17 MEMB 1 TO 260
DENSITY 8.68e-005 MEMB 1 TO 260
ALPHA 6.5e-006 MEMB 1 TO 260
UNIT METER KN
SUPPORTS
1 TO 4 65 TO 67 98 100 140 142 192 213 FIXED
LOAD 1 WIND LOAD
JOINT LOAD
58FX22.5
11 14 FX 24.5
17 20 FX 27.8
23 26 FX 30.5
29 32 FX 32.8
35 38 FX 34.8
41 44 FX 36.6
47 50 FX 38.2
53 56 FX 39.7
59 62 FX 41.2
PERFORM ANALYSIS
PRINT MEMBER FORCES ALL
PRINT JOINT DISPLACMENTS ALL
fINISH
STAAD SPACE -- PAGE NO. 5
MEMBER END FORCES STRUCTURE TYPE SPACE

-----------------
ALL UNITS ARE -- KN METE
MEMBER LOAD JT AXIAL SHEAR-Y SHEAR-Z TORSION MOM-Y MOM-Z
1 1 1 -143.44 7.21 0.00 -0.06 0.00 21.73

5 143.44 -7.21 0.00 0.06 0.00 -0.11
2 1 2 -256.72 11.73 0.02 0.25 -0.02 25.49

6 256.72 -11.73 -0.02 -0.25 -0.05 9.69
3 1 3 -143.44 7.21 0.00 0.06 0.00 21. 73

8 143.44 -7.21 0.00 -0.06 0.00 -0.11
4 1 4 -256.72 11.73 -0.02 -0.25 0.02 25.49

9 256.72 -11. 73 0.02 0.25 0.05 9.69
5 1 5 23.14 -6.70 0.06 0.00 -0.07 -17.61

6 -23.14 6.70 -0.06 0.00 -0.25 -15.87
6 1 6 32.45 -20.82 -0.60 -0.14 0.57 -30.24

7 -32.45 20.82 0.60 0.14 1. 24 -32.23
7 1 5 -0.06 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.07 0.00

8 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.07 0.00
8 1 6 0.66 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.28 -0.04

9 -0.66 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.28 0.04
9 1 8 23.14 -6.70 -0.06 0.00 0.07 -17 .61

9 -23.14 6.70 0.06 0.00 0.25 -15.87
10 1 9 32.45 -20.82 0.60 0.14 -0.57 -30.24

10 -32.45 20.82 -0.60 -0.14 -1.24 -32.23
11 1 5 -136.74 7.85 0.00 -0.05 0.00 17.72

11 136.74 -7.85 0.00 0.05 0.00 5.82
12 1 6 -242.60 21.04 0.03 0.21 -0.05 36.42

12 242.60 -21.04 -0.03 -0.21 -0.03 26.71
13 1 8 -136.74 7.85 0.00 0.05 0.00 17.72

14 136.74 -7.85 0.00 -0.05 0.00 5.82
14 1 9 -242.60 21.04 -0.03 -0.21 0.05 36.42

15 242.60 -21. 04 0.03 0.21 0.03 26.71
15 1 11 28.20 -10.63 0.12 0.00 -0.14 -27.78

12 -28.20 10.63 -0.12 0.00 -0.47 -25.39
-- PAGE NO. 6
STAAD SPACE
STRUCTURE TYPE SPACE

MEMBER END ,ORCES
-----------------
TORSION MOM-Y MOM-Z
MEMBER LOAD JT AXIAL SHEAR-Y SHEAR-Z
-1.14 -0.04 1. 12 -48.37

16 1 12 36.14 -33.36
1. 14 0.04 2.29 -51.70
13 -36.14 33.36
'0.00 0.00 0.12 0.00

17 1 11 -0.12 0.00
0.00 0.00 -0.12 0.00
14 0.12 0.00
0.00 0.00 -0.53 -0.01

18 1 12 1.29 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.53 0.01
15 -1.29 0.00
-0.12 0.00 0.14 -27.78

19 1 14 28.20 -10.63
0.12 0.00 0.47 -25.39
15 -28.20 10.63
1.14 0.04 -1. 12 -48.37

20 1 15 36.14 -33.36
-1. 14 -0.04 -2.29 -51.70
16 -36.14 33.36
0.00 -0.02 0.00 21.95

21 1 11 -126.11 11.55
0.00 0.02 0.00 12.68
17 126.11 -11.55
0.00 0.09 0.00 47.05

22 1 12 -219.87 28.98
0.00 -0.09 0.01 39.90
18 219.87 -28.98
0.02 0.00 ,21.95

1 14 -126.11 11.55 0.00
23 0.00 12.68
126.11 -11.55 0.00 -0.02
20
0.00 -0.09 0.00 47.05

24 1 15 -219.87 28.98
0.00 0.09 -0.01 39.90
21 219.87 -28.98
0.15 0.00 -0.17 -35.64

25 1 17 29.67 -13.66
-0.15 0.00 -O.SG -32.65
18 -29.67 13.66
-1. 31 0.05 1.29 -60.29

26 1 18 34.51 -41.54
1. 31 -0.05 2.64 -64.31
19 -34.51 41.54
0.00 0.00 0.15 0.00

27 1 17 -0.14 0.00
0.00 0.00 -0.15 0.00
20 0.14 0.00
0.00 0.00 -0.64 0.01

28 1 18 1.47 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.64 -0.01
21 -1. 47 0.00
-0.15 0.00 0.17 -35.64

29 1 20 29.67 -13.66
0.15 0.00 0.56 -32.65
21 -29.67 13.66
1. 31 -0.05 -1. 29 -60.29

30 1 21 34.51 -41.54
-1.31 0.05 -2.64 -64.31
22 -34.51 41.54
31 1 17 -112.45 13.41 0.00 0.00 0.00 22.96
23 112.45 -13.41 0.00 0.00 0.00 17.28
i
STAAD SPACE -- PAGE NO. 7
MEMBER END FORCES STRUCTURE TYPE SPACE

-----------------
MEMBER LOAD JT AXIAL SHEAR-Y SHEAR-Z TORSION MOM-Y MOM-Z
32 1 18 -192.00 33.82 -0.02 -0.01 0.02 53.04

24 192.00 -33.82 0.02 0.01 0.03 48.43
33 1 20 -112.45 13.41 0.00 0.00 0.00 22.96

26 112.45 -13.41 0.00 0.00 0.00 17.28
34 1 21 -192.00 33.82 0.02 0.01 -0.02 53.04

27 192.00 -33.82 -0.02 -0.01 -0.03 48.43
35 1 23 31.67 -15.60 0.14 0.00 -0.16 -40.66

24 -31. 67 15.60 -0.14 0.00 -0.55 -37.35
36 1 24 34.26 -46.15 -1.24 0.07 1.22 -67.00

25 -34.26 46.15 1. 24 -0.07 2.50 -71.46
37 1 23 -0.14 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.15 0.00

26 0.14 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.15 0.00
38 1 24 1.38 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.63 0.01

27 -1.38 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.63 -0.01
39 1 26 31.67 -15.60 -0.14 0.00 0.16 -40.66

27 -31. 67 15.60 0.14 0.00 0.55 -37.35
40 1 27 34.26 -46.15 1. 24 -0.07 -1.22 -67.00

28 -34.26 46.15 -1.24 0.07 -2.50 -71.46
41 1 23 -96.85 14.58 0.00 0.01 0.00 23.38

29 96.85 -14.58 0.00 -0.01 0.00 20.35
42 1 24 -161. 45 36.42 -0.02 -0.04 0.03 55.93
30 161. 45 -36.42 0.02 0.04 0.03 53.32
43 1 26 -96.85 14.58 0.00 -0.01 0.00 23.38

32 96.85 -14.58 0.00 0.01 0.00 20.35
44 1 27 -161. 45 36.42 0.02 0.04 -0.03 55.93

33 161.45 -36.42 -0.02 -0.04 -0.03 53.32
45 1 29 33.32 -16.72 0.13 0.00 -0.15 -43.50

30 -33.32 16.72 -0.13 0.00 -0.51 -40.08
46 1 30 34.20 -48.04 -1.12 0.07 1.09 -69.71

31 -34.20 48.04 1. 12 -0.07 2.26 -74.40
C 3D FRAME-WALL ANALYSIS OF A 10 STORIED BUILDING
C UNITS ARE IN KN METER
SYSTEM
L~l
JOINTS
1 X~O Y~O Z~0.75
2 X~O Y~O Z~O
3 X~l Y~O Z~O
4 X~2 Y~O Z~O
5 X~2 Y~O Z~1.25
6 X~2 Y~O Z~2.5
7 X~l Y~O Z~2.5
8 X~O Y~O Z~2.5
9 X~O Y~O Z~l. 75
190 X~-8 Y~O Z~O
191 X~-3 Y~O Z~O
192 X~-3 Y~O Z~2.5
193 X~-8 Y~O Z~2.5
181 X~O Y~30 Z~0.75 G~l,181,9
182 X~O Y~30 Z~O G~2,182,9
183 X~l Y~30 Z~O G~3,183,9
184 X~2 Y~30 Z~O G~4,184,9
185 X~2 Y~30 Z~1.25 G~5,185,9
186 X~2 Y~30 Z~2.5 G~6,186,9
187 X~l Y~30 Z~2.5 G~7,187,9
188 X~O Y~30 Z~2.5 G~8,188,9
189 X~O Y~30 Z~l. 75 G~9,189,9
230 X~-8 Y~30 Z~O G~190,230,4
231 X~-3 Y~30 Z~O G~l91,231,4
232 X~-3 Y~30 Z~2.5 G~192,232,4
233 X~-8 Y~30 Z~2.5 G~193,233,4
RESTRAINTS
10 233 1 R~O,O,O,O,O,O
1 9 1 R=l,!,l !,!,l
t
190 193 1 R~l,l,l,l,l,l
FRAME
NM~2
1 SH~R T~0.45,O.30 E~23000000 G~9800000 COLUMN PROPERTIES
2 SH~R T~0.375,O.25 E~23000000 G~9800000 9E.1lJ1
PROPERTIES
C COLUMNS
161 190 194 G=9,!,4,4 M~l LP~l,0
171 191.195 G~9,l,4,4 M~l LP~l,O
181 192 196 G=9,l,4,4 M~l LP~l,O
191 193 197 G=9,1,4,4 M~l LP~l,O
C BEAMS
201 194 195 G=9,!,4,4 M~2 LP~l,O
211 196 195 G=9,1,4,4 M~2 LP~3,O
221 197 196 G=9,!,4,4 M~2 LP~l,O
231 197 194 G=9,!,4,4 M~2 LP~3,O
241 195 20 G=9,1,4,18 M~2 LP~l,O
251 196 26 G=9,1,4 lB M~2 LP~l,O
t
SHELL
NM~l
1 E~23000000 U~0.17
1 JQ~l,10,2,11 ETYPE~O TH~0.25 G~20,1
21 JQ~2,11,3,12 ETYPE~O TH~0.25 G~20,2
61 JQ~4,13,5,14 ETYPE~O TH~0.25 G~20,2
101 JQ~6,15,7,16 ETYPE~O TH~0.25 G~20,2
141 JQ~8,17,9,18 ETYPE~O TH~0.25 G~20,1
LOADS
194 L~l F~22.5
198 L~l F~24.5
202 L~l F~27.8
206 L~l F~30.5
210 L~l F~32.8
214 L~l F~34.8
218 L~l F~36.6
222 L~l F~38.2
226 L~l F~39.7
230 L~l F~41.2
197 L~l F~22.5
201 L~l F~24.5
205 L~l F~27.8
209 L~l F~30.5
213 L~l F~32.8
217 L~l F~34.8
221 L~l F~36.6
225 L~l F~38.2
229 L~l F~39.7
233 L~l F~41.2
PAGE 1
PROGRAM:SAP90/FILE:rthe10.F3F
FRAME E L E MEN T FORCES
ELT LOAD DIST 1-2 PLANE AXIAL 1-3 PLANE AXIAL

ID COND ENDl SHEAR MOMENT FORCE SHEAR MOMENT TORQ
161
1 .00 146.17 .05
.00 7.16 -21. 79 .00 .00
3.00 7.16 -.30 .00 .00
3.00 146.17 .05
162 --------------------------------------------
1 .00 139.41 .04
.00 7.94 -18.05 .00 -.00
3.00 7.94 5.76 .00 .00
3.00 139.41 .04
163 --------------------------------------------
1 .00 128.63 .02
.00 11.70 -22.35 .00 .00
3.00 11.70 12.74 .00 .00
3.00 128.63 .02
164 --------------------------------------------
1 .00 114.75 .01
.00 13.62 -23.41 .00 .00
3.00 13.62 17.45 .00 .00
3.00 114.75 .01
165 --------------------------------------------
1 .00 98.89 -.00
.00 14.82 -23.85 .00 .00
3.00 14.82 20.61 .00 .00
3.00 98.89 -.00
166 --------------------------------------------
1 .00 81.87 -.01
.00 15.36 -23.62 .00 .00
3.00 15.36 22.46 .00 .00
3.00 81.87 -.01
167 --------------------------------------------
1 .00 64.38 -.01
.00 15.45 -22.98 .00 .00
3.00 15.45 23.36 .00 .00
3.00 64.38 -.01
168 --------------------------------------------
1 .00 46.87 -.03
.00 15.06 -22.04 .00 .00
3.00 15.06 23.13 .00 .00
3.00 46.87 -.03
169 --------------------------------------------
1 .00 29.66 -.06
PAGE 2
F RAM E E L E MEN T FORCES
ELT LOAD OIST 1-2 PLANE AXIAL 1-3 PLANE AXIAL

ID CONO ENOl SHEAR MOMENT FORCE SHEAR MOMENT TORQ
.00 14.65 -21. 50 .00 .00
3.00 14.65 22.46 .00 .00
3.00 29.66 -.06
170 --------------------------------------------
1 .00 12.41 -.07
.00 18.40 -21.99 -.00 .00
3.00 18.40 33.21 -.00 -.01
3.00 12.41 -.07
171 --------------------------------------------
1 .00 235.78 -.19
.00 11.45 -25.32 .02 -.02
3.00 11. 45 9.05 .02 .04
3.00 235.78 -.19
172 --------------------------------------------
1 .00 223.31 - .19
.00 20.70 -36.09 .03 -.05
3.00 20.70 26.01 .03 .04
3.00 223.31 - .19
173 --------------------------------------------
1 .00 202.88 -.10
.00 28.72 -46.82 .01 -.02
3.00 28.72 39.33 .01 .01
3.00 202.88 -.10
174 --------------------------------------------
1 .00 177 .62 -.02
.00 33.65 -52.90 .00 -.00
3.00 33.65 48.04 .00 .00
3.00 177.62 -.02
175 --------------------------------------------
1 .00 149.82 .01
.00 36.35 -55.91 -.00 .00
3.00 36.35 53.14 -.00 -.00
3.00 149.82 .01
176 --------------------------------------------
1 .00 121.19 .02
.00 37.34 -56.59 -.00 .00
3.00 37.34 55.43 -.00 -.00
3.00 121.19 .02
177 --------------------------------------------
1 .00 93.01 .03
.00 37.05 -55.60 -.00 .00
3.00 37.05 55.56 -.00 -.00
3.00 93.01 .03
PAGE 3
F RAM E E L E MEN T FOR C E S

10 COND ENOl SHEAR MOMENT FORCE SHEAR MOMENT TORQ
178
1 .00 66.06 .10
.00 36.12 -53.72 -.01 .01
3.00 36.12 54.66 -.01 -.02
3.00 66.06 .10
179 --------------------------------------------
1 .00 40.94 .27
.00 33.43 -50.70 -.02 .03
3.00 33.43 49.60 -.02 -.04
3.00 40.94 .27
180 --------------------------------------------
1 .00 17.36 .44
.00 42.19 -54.69 -.12 .13
3.00 42.19 71.87 -.12 -.22
3.00 17.36 .44
181 --------------------------------------------
1 .00 235.78 .19
.00 11.45 -25.32 -.02 .02
3.00 11.45 9.05 -.02 -.04
3.00 235.78 .19
182 --------------------------------------------
1 .00 223.31 .19
.00 20.70 -36.09 -.03 .05
3.00 20.70 26.01 -.03 -.04
3.00 223.31 .19
183 --------------------------------------------
1 .00 202.88 .10
.00 28.72 -46.82 -.01 .02
3.00 28.72 39.33 -.01 -.01
3.00 202.88 .10
184 --------------------------------------------
1 .00 177.62 .02
.00 33.65 -52.90 -.00 .00
3.00 33.65 48.04 -.00 -.00
3.00 177 .62 .02
185 --------------------------------------------
1 .00 149.82 -.01
.00 36.35 -55.91 .00 -.00
3.00 36.35 53.14 .00 .00
3.00 149.82 -.01
186 --------------------------------------------
1 .00 121.19 -.02
PAGE 4
PROGRAM:SAP90/FILE:rthel0.F3F
F RAM E E L E MEN T FORCES

ID COND ENOl SHEAR MOMENT FORCE SHEAR MOMENT TORQ
.00 37.34 -56.59 .00 -.00
3.00 37.34 55.43 .00 .00
3.00 121.19 -.02
187 --------------------------------------------
1 .00 93.01 -.03
.00 37.05 -55.60 .00 -.00
3.00 37.05 55.56 .00 .00
3.00 93.01 -.03
188 --------------------------------------------
1 .00 66.06 -.10
.00 36.12 -53.72 .01 -.01
3.00 36.12 54.66 .81 .02
3.00 66.06 -.10
189 --------------------------------------------
1 .00 40.94 -.27
.00 33.43 -50.70 .02 -.03
3.00 33.43 49.60 .02 .04
3.00 40.94 -.27
190 --------------------------------------------
1 .00 17.36 -.44
.00 42.19 -54.69 .12 - .13
3.00 42.19 71.87 .12 .22
3.00 17.36 -.44
191 --------------------------------------------
1 .00 146.17 -.05
.00 7.16 -21. 79 .00 .00
3.00 7.16 -.30 .00 -.00
3.00 146.17 -.05
192 --------------------------------------------
1 .00 139.41 -.04
.00 7.94 -18.05 .00 .00
3.00 7.94 5.76 .00 -.00
3.00 139.41 -.04
193 --------------------------------------------
1 .00 128.63 -.02
.00 11.70 -22.35 .00 .00
3.00 11.70 12.74 .00 .00
3.00 128.63 -.02
194 --------------------------------------------
1 .00 114.75 -.01
.00 13.62 -23.41 .00 .00
3.00 13.62 17.45 .00 .00
3.00 114.75 -.01
C MODELING BY TWO-COLUMN ANALOGY OF 10 STORIED BUILDING
SYSTEM
L~l
JOINTS
1 X~O Y~O z~o
11 X~O Y~30 z~o G=l, 11, 1
12 X~O Y~O Z~2.5
22 X~O Y~30 Z~2.5
23 X~5 Y~O Z~O
33 X~5 Y~30 Z~O G~23,33,1
34 X~5 Y~O Z~2.5
44 X~5 Y~30 Z~2.5
45 X~I1.15 Y~O Z~-0.25
55 X~I1.15 Y~30 Z~-0.25
56 X~I1.15 Y~O Z~2.75
66 X~11.15 Y~30 Z~2.75
RESTRAINTS
1 56 11 R~l,l,l,l,l,l
FRAME
NM~4
1 SH~R T~0.45,0.30 E~23E6 G~9.8E6 : COLUMN PROPERTIES
2 A~l I~0.6615,1.1088 J~3.472 AS~O,O E~23E6 G~9.8E6 :SHEAR WALL
PROPERTIES
3 SH~R T~0.375,0.25 E~23E6 G~9.8E6 : BEAM PROPERTIES
4 A~1000 I~1000,1000 J~1000 AS~O,O E~23E6 G~9.8E6 :RIGID BEAM PROPERTIES
C COLUMNS
1 1 2 G~9,1,1,1 M~l LP~l,O
11 12 13 G=9,l,l,l M~l LP~l,O
21 23 24 G""9,1,l,l M~l LP~l,O
31 34 35 G=9,l,l,1 M~l LP~l,O
41 45 46 G=9,1,1,1 M~2 LP~l,0
51 56 57 G=9,1,1,1 M~2 LP~l,0
C BEAMS
61 2 13 G=9/1,l,l M~3 LP~-3,0
71 24 35 G=9,1,1,1 M~3 LP~-3,0
81 46 57 G=9,l,1,1 M~4 LP~-3,0
91 2 24 G=9,l,l,1 M~3 LP~l,O
101 13 35 G=9,l,1,1 M~3 LP~l,O
111 24 46 G=9,l,1,1 M~3 LP~l,O
121 35 57 G=9,l,1,1 M~3 LP~l,O
LOADS
2 13 11 L~l F~22.5
3 14 11 L~l F~24.5
4 15 11 L~l F~27.8
5 16 11 L~l F~30.5
6 17 11 L~l F~32.8
7 18 11 L~l F~34.8
8 19 11 L~l F~36.6
9 20 11 L~l F~38.2
10 21 11 L~l F~39.7
11 22 11 L~l F~41.2
PAGE 1
PROGRAM:SAP90/FILE:rthe2ca.F3F
C MODELING BY TWO-COLUMN ANALOGY Of 10 STORIED BUILDING
fRAME E L E MEN T fORCES

10 COND ENOl SHEAR MOMENT fORCE SHEAR MOMENT TORQ
1 --------------------------------------------
1 .00 129.13 -.00
.00 5.69 -18.28 .00 -.00
3.00 5.69 -1. 22 .00 .01
3.00 129.13_
2 ------------ -.00
1 .00 123.28 .00
.00 7.06 -16.58 .01 -.01
3.00 7.06 4.58 .01 .01
3.00 123.28_
3 ------------ .00
1 .00 113.66 .00
.00 10.58 -20.53 .01 -.02
3.00 10.58 11. 22 .01 .02
3.00 113.66_
4 ------------- .00
1 .00 101.18 .00
.00 12.35 -21.37 .01 -.02
3.00 12.35 15.67 .01 .02
3.00 101.18_
5 ------------- .00
1 .00 86.90 .00
.00 13.38 -21.57 .01 -.02
3.00 13.38 18.57 .01 .02
3.00 86.90_
6 ------------ .00
1 .00 71.65 .00
.00 13.79 -21. 17 .01 -.02
3.00 13.79 20.19 .01 .02
3.00 71.65_
7 ------- .00
1 .00 56.06 .00
.00 13.79 -20.42 .01 -.02
3.00 13.79 20.93 .01 .02
3.00 56.06_
8 ----------- .00
1 .00
40.57 .00
.00 13.22 -19.40 .01 -.02
3.00 13.22 20.26 .01 .02
3.00 40.57_
9 ------------- .00
1 .00
25.36 .00
i •
"e---.
'.\.. .. )
.
PAGE 2
PROGRAM:SAP90/FILE:rthe2ca.F3F
C MODELING BY TWO-COLUMN ANALOGY OF 10 STORIED BUILDING
F RAM E E L E MEN T FOR C E S

.00 13.41 -19.36 .01 -.02
3.00 13.41 20.86 .01 .01
3.00 25.36_
10 ------------ .00
1 .00 10.21 .00
.00 15.45 -18.26 .02 -.03
3.00 15.45 28.10 .02 .04
3.00 10.21_
11 ---------- .00
1 .00 129.13 .00
.00 5.69 -18.28 -.00 .00
3.00 5.69 -1.22 -.00 -.01
3.00 129.13_
12 ------------ .00
1 .00 123.28 .00
.00 7.06 -16.58 -.01 .01
3.00 7.06 4.58 -.01 -.01
3.00 123.28_
13 ------------ .00
1 .00 113.66 .00
.00 10.58 -20.53 -.01 .02
3.00 10.58 11.22 -.01 -.02
3.00
14 ---------- 113.66_ .00
1 .00 101.18 .00
.00 12.35 -21. 37 -.01 .02
3.00 12.35 15.67 -.01 -.02
3.00
15 ---------- 101.18_ .00
1 .00 86.90 .00
.00 13.38 -21. 57 -.01 .02
3.00 13.38 18.57 -.01 -.02
3.00
16 ---------- 86.90_ .00
1 .00
71.65 .00
.00 13.79 -21.17 -.01 .02
3.00 13.79 20.19 -.01 -.02
3.00
17 -------- 71. 65
_ .00
1 .00
56.06 .00
.00 13.79 -20.42 -.01 .02
3.00 13.79 20.93 -.01 -.02
3.00
56.06 .00
C 3D 10 STORIED BUILDING WITH SINGLE COLUMN AT C. G. OF SHEAR WALL
SYSTEM
L~l
JOINTS
1 X~O Y~O Z~O
11 X~O Y~30 Z~O G~l, 11, 1
12 X~O Y~O Z~2.5
22 X~O Y~30 Z~2.5 G~12,22,1
23 X~5 Y~O Z~O
33 X~5 Y~30 Z~O G~23,33,1
34 X~5 Y~O Z~2.5
44 X~5 Y~30 Z~2.5 G~34,44,1
45 X~9.125 Y~O Z~l. 25
55 X~9.125 Y~30 Z~1.25 G~45, 55, 1
RESTRAINTS
1 45 11 R=l,l,l,l/l,l
FRAME
NM~3
1 SH~R T~0.45,0.30 E~23E6 G~9.8E6 : COLUMN PROPERTIES
2 A~2 I~1.3229,2.2175 J~6.944 AS~O,O E~23E6 G~9.8E6 SHEAR WALL PROPERTIES
3 SH~R T~0.375,0.25 E~23E6 G~9.8E6 : BEAM PROPERTIES
C COLUMNS
1 1 2 G=9,l,1,1 M~l LP~l,O
11 12 13 'p':=9,1/1,1 M~l LP~l, 0
21 23 24 G=9,1,1,1 M~l LP~l, 0
31 34 35 G=9,l,l/1 M~l LP~l, 0
41 45 46 G=9,1/1/1 M~2 LP=l/O
C BEAMS
51 2 13 G=9,1,l,l M~3 LP~-3,0
61 24 35 G=9,l,l,1 M~3 LP~-3,0
71 2 24 G=9/1,1,1 M~3 LP~l,O
81 13 35 G=9,1,1,1 M~3 LP~l,O
91 24 46 G=9/1,1,1 M~3 LP~l, 0 RE~0,1.125
101 35 46 G=9,l,l,l M~3 LP~l, 0 RE~0,1.125
LOADS
2 13 11 L=l F~22.5
3 14 11 L~l F~24.5
4 15 11 L~l F~27. 8
5 16 11 L~l F~30.5
6 17 11 L~l F~32.8
7 18 11 L~l F~34.8
8 19 11 L~l F~36.6
9 20 11 L~l F~38.2
10 21 11 L~l F~39.7
11 22 11 L~l F~41.2
PAGE 1
PROGRAM:SAP90/FILE:RTHE1C.F3F
3D 10 STORIED BUILDING WITH SINGLE COLUMN AT C. G. OF SHEAR WALL
RAM E E L E MEN T FORCES

ID COND ENDI SHEAR MOMENT FORCE SHEAR MOMENT TORQ
1 --------------------------------------------
1 .00 143.63 .01
.00 5.60 -18.36 -.02 .02
3.00 5.60 -1.55 -.02 -.05
3.00 14 3.63_
2 -------------- .01
1 .00 137.48 .00
.00 7.55 -17 .67 -.06 .08
3.00 7.55 4.97 -.06 -.09
3.00 137.48_
3 ------------ .00
1 .00 127.16 .00
.00 11.31 -21.87 -.08 .12
3.00 11.31 12.05 -.08 - .13
3.00 127 .16
4 ------------- _ .00
1 .00 113.67 .00
.00 13.30 -23.03 -.09 .14
3.00 13.30 16.88 -.09 - .14
3.00 113.67_
5 ------------ .00
1 .00 98.12 .00
.00 14.55 -23.53 -.10 .15
3.00 14.55 20.13 -.10 -.15
3.00 98.12_
6 ------------ .00
1 .00 81. 35 .00
.00 15.14 -23.36 -.10 .16
3.00 15.14 22.06 -.10 - .16
3.00 81. 35
7 ------- _ .00
1 .00 64.05 .00
.00 15.27 -22.79 -.10 .15
3.00 15.27 23.03 -.10 -.15
3.00 64.05_
8 ------------- .00
1 .00 46.68 .00
.00 14.87 -21.91 -.10 .15
3.00 14.87 22.68 -.10 -.15
3.00 46.68_
9 ------------- .00
1 .00 29.53 -.00
PAGE 2
3D 10 STORIED BUILDING WITH SINGLE COLUMN AT C. G. OF SHEAR WALL
RAM E E L E MEN T FORCES

ID COND ENDI SHEAR MOMENT FORCE SHEAR MOMENT TORQ
.00 14.78 -21.74 -.08 .13
3.00 14.78 22.61 -.08 - .11
3.00 29.53_
10 -------------- -.00
1 .00 12.27 -.01
.00 18.22 -21.76 - .15 .18
3.00 18.22 32.91 -.15 -.28
3.00 12.27_
11 ------------- -.01
1 .00 143.63 -.01
.00 5.60 -18.36 .02 -.02
3.00 5.60 -1.55 .G2 .05
3.00 14 3.63_
12 -------------- -.01
1 .00 137.48 -.00
.00 7.55 -17.67 .06 -.08
3.00 7.55 4.97 .06 .09
3.00 137.48_
13 ------------- -.00
1 .00 127.16 -.00
.00 11.31 -21.87 .08 -.12
3.00 11.31 12.05 .08 .13
3.00 127.16_
14 ------------- -.00
1 .00 113.67 .00
.00 13.30 -23.03 .09 -.14
3.00 13.30 16.88 .09 .14
3.00 113.67_
15 -------------- .00
1 .00 98.12
.00 .00
14.55 -23.53 .10 -.15
3.00 14.55 20.13 .10 .15
3.00 98.12_
16 -------------- .uu
1 .00 81.35
.00 .00
15.14 -23.36 .10 -.16
3.00 15.14 22.06 .10 .16
3.00 81.35_
17 ----------- .00
1 .00 64.05 .00
.00 15.27 -22.79 .10 - .15
3.00 15.27 23.03 .10 .15
3.00 64.05 .00
PAGE 3
C 3D 10 STORIED BUILDING WITH SINGLE COLUMN AT C. G. OF SHEAR WALL
F RAM E ELEMENT FOR C E S

18 --------------------------------------------
1 .00 46.68 .00
.00 14.87 -21.91 .10 -.15
3.00 14.87 22.68 .10 .15
3.00 46.68 .00
19 -------------------------- _
1
.00 29.53 .00
.00 14.78 -21.74 .08 -.13
3.00 14.78 22.61 .08 .11
3.00 29.53 .00
20 ----------------------- _
1 .00 12.27 .01
.00 18.22 -21.76 .15 -.18
3.00 18.22 32.91 .15 .28
3.00 12.27 .01
21 -------------------- _
1 .00 235.57 -.03
.00 9.12 -21.11 -1. 04 1. 00
3.00 9.12 6.26 -1.04 -2.11
3.00 235.57 -.03
22 ---------------------- _
1 .00 224.09 -.01
.00 18.98 -33.70 -2.83 3.91
3.00 18.98 23.24 -2.83 -4.59
3.00 224.09
23 -------------------- _ -.01
1 .00 204.52 .00
.00 26.91 -44.23 -3.98 5.73
3.00 26.91 36.49 -3.98 -6.21
3.00 204.52
24 --------------------- _ .00
1 .00 179.96 .00
.00 31.86 -50.32 -4.72 6.94
3.00 31. 86 45.26 -4.72 -7.22
3.00 179.96
25 ---------------------- _ .00
1 .00 152.71 .00
.00 34.60 -53.36 -5.11 7.60
3.00 34.60 50.44 -5.11 -7.72
3.00 152.71 .00
26 -------------------- _
1 .00 124.54 .00

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COMPUTER MODELING AND DESIGN PROVISIONS

OF SHEAR WALL BUILDING

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

Master of Engineering in Civil Engineering (Structural)

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Approved as to the style and content on -

Dr. Md. Shafiul Sari Chairman

Dr. Ahsanul Kabir Member

Dr. Md. Zakaria Ahmed Member

September, 2002 Md. Rafiqul Islam

CHAPTER-2 LITERATURE REVIEW

CHAPTER-3 CODE PROVISIONS FOR SHEAR WALL

3.5 British Code of Practice 33

CHAPTER-4 MODELING TECHNIQUES

CHAPTER.5 ANALYSIS SCHEME FOR SHEAR WALL

CHAPTER-6 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

CHAPTER-? CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Appendix-A Calculation of Wind Load

Fig. 1.1 Building with shear walls subject to horizontal loads.

Fig. 2.1 Various types of shear and core wall.

Fig. 3.1 Concrete protection for reinforcement.

Fig. 4.1 Modeling technique for symmetric I-shaped shear wall.

Fig. 4.2 Two I-section as an example of continuously connected shear wall.

Fig. 4.13 Nonrectangular shear wall with transition, represented by

Fig. 5.1 Plan of example problem.

Fig. 5.9 Model by two-column analogy.

Fig. 6.1 Comparison of shear wall moment among various model.

Table 3.1 Effective height factor for wall.

Table 6.1 Comparison of shear wall moment.

Table 6.2 Comparison of moment of interior beam.

Table 6.3 Comparison of exterior column axial force.

Table 66 Summery of results of 2D & prototype model for various height.

of those symbols is presented below chapter wise:

Characteristics concrete cube strength

q Shear force per unit length

Vertical reinforcement ratio

Gross area of concrete at a cross section

Gross area of section

d Distance from extreme compression fiber to centroid of tension

Specified compressive strength of concrete

Characteristics concrete cube strength

Extreme fiber stress in tension

Specified yield strength of reinforcement, Characteristics strength of

Total height of wall from base to top

Vertical distance between supports

Length of the wall where tension occurs

Horizontal length of wall

Ultimate in-plane moment

Factored moment at section

N Ultimate axial load

Spacing of horizontal reinforcement in wall

Nominal shear strength

Factored shear force

Ratio of horizontal shear reinforcement area to gross concrete area of

Pv , Pn Ratio of vertical shear reinforcement area to gross concrete area of

Strength reduction factor

Ad Area of diagonal brace

b Breadth of wall segment

G Shear modulus of elasticity

h Height of wall segment

Moment of inertia of column

Moment of inertia about Y-axis of lower region of the core