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Crane Example Eurocodes
Crane Example Eurocodes
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Aachen, October19th, 2003
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Page
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1.1 GENERAL ............................................................................................................................................ 6
1.2 GEOMETRIC PROPERTIES ..................................................................................................................... 6
1.3 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES .................................................................................................................. 6
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2.1 GENERAL ............................................................................................................................................ 6
2.2 DYNAMIC MAGNIFICATION FACTOR 1 ................................................................................................ 6
2.3 DYNAMIC MAGNIFICATION FACTOR 2 ................................................................................................ 7
2.4 DYNAMIC MAGNIFICATION FACTOR 3 ................................................................................................ 7
2.5 DYNAMIC MAGNIFICATION FACTOR 4 ................................................................................................ 7
2.6 DYNAMIC MAGNIFICATION FACTOR 5 ................................................................................................ 7
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3.1 GENERAL ............................................................................................................................................ 8
3.2 UNLOADED CRANE .............................................................................................................................. 9
3.3 LOADED CRANE .................................................................................................................................. 9
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1.1 SYSTEM............................................................................................................................................. 18
1.2 CROSS-SECTION PROPERTIES ............................................................................................................. 18
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2.1 GENERAL .......................................................................................................................................... 18
2.2 INTERNAL FORCES AND MOMENTS AT POINT 2.875 ........................................................................... 19
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2.3 INTERNAL FORCES AND MOMENTS AT SUPPORT................................................................................. 22
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This report demonstrates the application of Eurocode 1 - Part 3: Actions induced by
cranes and machinery and the application of Eurocode 3 - Part 6: Crane supporting
structures for a top mounted crane.
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The geometric properties which are assumed in the design example are summarized in
section 1.2 and the mechanical details of the crane are defined in section 1.3. Further
assumptions for the crane are given where they are necessary.
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The following geometric properties are assumed in the design example for the crane:
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'\QDPLFPDJQLILFDWLRQIDFWRUVMM
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The dynamic effects of a crane structure are taken into account by magnification factors
which are defined in Eurocode 1 - Part 3.
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The magnification factor 1 takes into account vibrational excitation of the crane
structure due to lifting the hoist load off the ground and is to be applied to the selfweight of the crane.
-7-
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The magnification factor 2 is only to be applied to the hoistload and takes into account
the dynamical effects when the hoistload is transferred from the ground to the crane.
The magnification factor depends on the hoisting class of the crane. It is assumed that
the crane is classified as HC 3. Recommendations about the classification of cranes are
given in Annex B of Eurocode 1 - Part 3.
Assumption:
Hoisting class of the crane: HC 3
vh = 6 m/min
6
2 = 2,min + 2 v h = 1,15 + 0,51
= 1,20
60
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(EC 1- P 3: Table 2.4)
The parameters 2,min and 2 were obtained from table 2.5 of EC 1- Part 3.
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The magnification factor 3 considers the dynamical effects when a payload is sudden
released. These dynamic effects occur at cranes which use magnets as hoist tools. In the
design example it is assumed that no part of the payload is able to sudden release.
Assumption:
No sudden release or dropped part of the load.
3 = 1,00
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This magnification factor is to be applied to the self-weight of the crane and to the
payload, if the rail track observes not the tolerances specified in ENV 1993 - 6.
Assumption:
The tolerances for rail tracks are observed as specified in ENV 1993 - 6.
4 = 1,00
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The magnification factor 5 takes into account the dynamic effects caused by drive
forces and depends on the characteristic of the drive forces.
Assumption:
The drive force change smoothly.
5 = 1,50
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In this section the minimum and the maximum vertical wheel loads of the crane are calculated according to table 3.1 which was obtained from Eurocode 1 - Part 3 (Table 2.2).
Table 3.1 defines the groups of loads which are to be considered as one characteristic
crane load, when additional actions apply at the structure (for example: self-weight,
wind action, snow). With the definition of the groups of loads the relevant combinations
of the magnification factors are given.
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Groups of loads
Symbol
Section
ULS
SLS
Acci-
dental
10
2.6
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q1
Qh
2.6
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
HL, HT
2.7
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q5
HS
2.7
5 Acceleration or braking of
crab or hoist block
HT3
2.7
6 In service wind
FW*
Annex A
7 Test load
QT
2.10
Q6
8 Buffer force
HB
2.11
Q7
9 Tilting force
HTA
2.11
1 Self-weight of crane
2 Hoist load
3 Acceleration of crane
bridge
Qc
is the part of the hoist load that remains when the payload is removed, but is not included in the selfweight of the crane.
1)
-9-
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The minimum vertical wheel load apply at a crane runway girder when the crane is
unloaded.
Qr,min
Qr,min
Qr,min
Qr; (min)
Qr,(min)
Qr,(min)
"
)LJXUH/RDGDUUDQJHPHQWRIWKHXQORDGHGFUDQHWRREWDLQWKHPLQLPXP
ORDGLQJRQWKHUXQZD\EHDP
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= 1,1:
r ,(min)
r , min
1
66,0 + 11,0 = 44,0 kN Q r ,(min) = 22,0 kN
2
1
66,0 = 33,0 kN
2
Q r , min = 16,5 kN
= 1,0:
Q
Q
r ,(min)
r , min
1
60,0 + 10,0 = 40,0 kN Q r ,(min) = 20,0 kN
2
1
60,0 = 30,0 kN
2
Q r ,min = 15,0 kN
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The maximum vertical wheel loads apply at a crane runway girder when the crane is
loaded.
Qr,max
Qr,max
Qr,max
Crab
Qr ,(max)
Qr, (max)
Qr, (max)
"
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ORDGLQJRQWKHUXQZD\EHDP
a) Load group 1
= 1,1:
- 10 -
= 1,2:
Q
Q
r ,(max)
r , max
1
66,0 = 33,0 kN
2
Q r ,(max) = 16,5 kN
1
66,0 + 11,0 + 120,0 = 164,0 kN Q r ,max = 82,0 kN
2
b) Load group 2
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= 1,1:
= 1,0:
Q
Q
r ,(max)
r , max
1
66,0 = 33,0 kN
2
Q r ,(max)
= 16,5 kN
1
66,0 + 11,0 + 100,0 = 144,0 kN Q r ,max = 72,0 kN
2
= 1,0:
= 1,0:
Q
Q
r ,(max)
r , max
1
60,0 = 30,0 kN
2
Q r ,(max) = 15,0 kN
1
60,0 + 10,0 + 100,0 = 140,0 kN Q r ,max = 70,0 kN
2
- 11 -
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In this section the following horizontal loads are calculated:
-horizontal loads caused by acceleration and deceleration of the crane bridge, see 4.2;
-horizontal loads caused by skewing of the crane bridge, see 4.3;
-horizontal loads caused by acceleration or braking of the crab, see 4.4;
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Rail i = 1
Rail i = 2
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K
K2
Friction factor:
*
r , min
= 0,2
(EC 1- P 3: 2.7.3(4))
mw = 2
(EC 1- P 3: 2.7.3(3))
(EC 1- P 3: 2.7.3(3))
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Rail i = 1
Rail i = 2
H L ,2
H L ,1
)LJXUH/RQJLWXGLQDOKRUL]RQWDOORDGV+
/L
K
nr
= 1,5
nR = 2
6,0
= 4,5 kN
2
(EC 1- P 3: 2.7.2(2))
- 12 -
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Rail i = 1
Rail i = 2
H T ,2
H T ,1
M
HT ,1
H T ,2
O
K1
K = K 1+
K2
K2
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Qr,max
Q = Q
r
(EC 1- P 3: 2.7.2(3))
Qr
r , max
(EC 1- P 3: 2.7.2(3))
140,0
= 0,82
170,0
(EC 1- P 3: 2.7.2(3))
= 1 1 = 0,18
(EC 1- P 3: 2.7.2(3))
lS
(EC 1- P 3: 2.7.2(3))
(EC 1- P 3: 2.7.2(3))
M
29,7
= 1,5 0,18
= 3,2 kN
a
2,5
M
29,7
= 5 1 = 1,5 0,82
= 14,6 kN
a
2,5
H T ,1 = 5 2
(EC 1- P 3: 2.7.2(3))
H T,2
(EC 1- P 3: 2.7.2(3))
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6NHZLQJDQJOH
0,75 x
10
=
= 0,004 rad
a
2500
y
0,1 50
V =
=
= 0,002 rad
a
2500
0 =
= 0,001 rad
------------- = F + V + 0 = 0,007 rad
F =
- 13 -
1RQSRVLWLYHIDFWRU
(EC 1- P 3: 2.7.4(2))
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(c) Distance h:
h=
m1 2 l 2 + e 2j
0 + 2,50 2
= 2,50 m
2,50
n=2
S = 1
nh
= 1
2,50
= 0,5
2 2,50
S,1,L = S, 2,L = 0
e1
1 =
h
e
= 1 1 1 =
n
h
0,18
(1 0) = 0,09
2
0,82
(1 0) = 0,41
2
S,1, 2,T =
0,18 2,50
1
=0
2 2,50
S, 2 , 2 , T
0,82 2,50
1
=0
2 2,50
S,1,1,T =
S, 2,1,T
2 e2
1 =
n
h
e
= 1 1 2 =
n
h
- 14 -
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Rail i = 1
Rail i = 2
H L ,2
H L ,1
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/L
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H S,1,L = f S,1,L Q r = 0
(EC 1- P 3: 2.7.4(1))
H S, 2,L = f S, 2,L Q r = 0
(EC 1- P 3: 2.7.4(1))
7UDQVYHUVHIRUFHV
Rail i = 1
Directon of motion
Rail i = 2
Wheel pair j = 1
HS ,2,1,T
67
Wheel pair j = 2
)LJXUH/RQJLWXGLQDOKRUL]RQWDOORDGV+
/L
Guide force S:
(EC 1- P 3: 2.7.4(1))
(EC 1- P 3: 2.7.4(1))
(EC 1- P 3: 2.7.4(1))
= 17,3 kN
(EC 1- P 3: 2.7.4(1))
(EC 1- P 3: 2.7.4(1))
- 15 -
&DXVHGE\DFFHOHUDWLRQRUEUDNLQJRIWKHFUDE
H T ,3 = 0,1 (10,0 + 100,0 ) = 11,0 kN
(EC 1- P 3: 2.7.5)
(EC 1- P 3: 2.11.2)
(FFHQWULFLW\RIYHUWLFDOZKHHOORDGV
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e=
1
1
b r = 55 = 13,75 mm
4
4
(EC 1- P 3: 2.5.3(2))
)DWLJXHORDGV
Q e ,i = fat i Q max,i
1 + 1 1 + 1,1
=
= 1,05
2
2
1 + 2 1 + 1,2
=
=
= 1,10
2
2
(EC 1- P 3: 2.12.1(4))
fat ,1 =
(EC 1- P 3: 2.12.1(7))
fat , 2
(EC 1- P 3: 2.12.1(7))
i = 0,794
i = 0,871
(EC 1- P 3: 2.12.1(4))
(EC 1- P 3: 2.12.1(4))
- 16 -
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For the XOWLPDWHOLPLWVWDWH the results are summarised in the following table according
to the groups of loads.
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Groups of loads
Magnification factor which are
considered for the group of load
Q = 1,10
Q = 1,10
Q = 1,00
Q = 1,00
Q = 1,00
Q = 1,00
Q = 1,20
Q = 1,00
Q = 1,50
Q = 1,50
Q = 1,50
Q = 1,50
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Vertical
loads
Self-weight of the
crane
Qr,(min)
22,0 kN
22,0 kN
20,0 kN
20,0 kN
20,0 kN
20,0 kN
Qr,min
16,5 kN
16,5 kN
15,0 kN
15,0 kN
15,0 kN
15,0 kN
Self-weight of the
crane and hoistload
Qr,(max)
16,5 kN
16,5 kN
15,0 kN
15,0 kN
15,0 kN
Qr,max
82,0 kN
72,0 kN
70,0 kN
70,0 kN
70,0 kN
HL,1
4,5 kN
4,5 kN
4,5 kN
4,5 kN
HL,2
4,5 kN
4,5 kN
4,5 kN
4,5 kN
HT,1
3,2 kN
3,2 kN
3,2 kN
3,2 kN
HT,2
14,6 kN
14,6 kN
14,6 kN
14,6 kN
HS1,L
HS2,L
HS1,T
17,3 kN
HS2,T
17,3 kN
HT,3
11,0 kN
Skewing of the
crane
Acceleration of the
crab
- 17 -
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- 18 -
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6\VWHP
Single-span girder with fork-support, length: l = 7,00 m
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In the design example it is assumed that the rail is rigid fixed with clamps on the crane
runway girder.
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The benefit effects of the rigid fixed rail on the design resistance are not taken into
account in the design example (see 5.3.3 (2) of EC 3 - Part 6)
Cross-section properties of the crane runway girder (without rail) HE-B 500:
2
A [cm ]
239,0
Iy [cm ]
107200
Iz [cm ]
12620
Wel,y [cm ]
4290
Wel,z [cm ]
842
Iy [cm4]
178
Iz [cm4]
337
Material S235
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For the verification of the crane runway girder the internal forces and moments are
calculated with influence lines for the following points:
Point 2.875: Maximum bending moment of the crane runway girder (in field)
Support:
The design example is carried out for load group 1, see table 7.1.
- 19 -
,QWHUQDOIRUFHVDQGPRPHQWVDWSRLQW
Load position for the maximum bending moment:
Qr,max
2,50
Qr,max
7,00
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A=
11,5 2 x
7,0
11,5 x 2 x 2
M( x) = A x =
7,0
11,5 4 x
M ( x ) =
= 0 for max M x = 2,875
7,0
6HOIZHLJKWRIWKHFUDQHUXQZD\JLUGHU
gk = 1,873 + 0,318 = 2,2 kN
2,2 7,0
A (g k ) =
= 7,7 kN
2
2,875 2 2,2
M y, k = 7,7 2,875
= 13,0 kNm
2
Vz , k = 7,7 2,875 2,2 = 1,4 kN
9HUWLFDOZKHHOORDGVRIWKHFUDQH
a) Bending moment
Qr,max
2,50
Qr,max
0,095
0,242
- 20 -
b) Shear force
Qr,max
2,50
Qr,max
0,411
0,232
0,589
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Qr,max
2,50
Qr,max
0,411
0,054
$FFHOHUDWLRQDQGGHFHOHUDWLRQ
a) Bending moment
HT,2
2,50
HT,2
0,095
0,242
2,50
HT,2
0,032
0,242
- 21 -
b) Shear force
HT,2
2,50
HT,2
0,411
0,232
0,589
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HT,2
2,50
HT,2
0,411
0,054
N k = 4,5 kN
7RUVLRQGXHWRYHUWLFDODQGKRUL]RQWDOORDGV
Rail A 55:
br =55 mm
h1 =65 mm
Mt1
0,411
0,054
0,589
- 22 -
,QWHUQDOIRUFHVDQGPRPHQWVDWVXSSRUW
There are no bending moments at the support (Single-span girder)
6HOIZHLJKWRIWKHFUDQHUXQZD\JLUGHU
Vz , k = 7,7 kN
9HUWLFDOZKHHOORDGVRIWKHFUDQH
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2,50
0,643
Qr,max
1,0
$FFHOHUDWLRQDQGGHFHOHUDWLRQ
HT,2
2,50
HT,2
1,0
HT,2
2,50
0,357
N k = 4,5 kN
- 23 -
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Rail A 55:
br =55 mm
h1 =65 mm
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E
2
e
l
0
c
1
y
0
C 2
2,50
Mt2
Mt1
1,0
0,643
- 24 -
&URVVVHFWLRQUHVLVWDQFHRIWKHFUDQHUXQZD\JLUGHU
3RLQW
6KHDUUHVLVWDQFHRIWKHZHE]D[LV
d/tw = 390/14,5 = 26,9 < 60 Verification for shear buckling is not necessary
(EC 3- P 1: 5.1)
max Vz ,Sd = G G k + Q Q k = 1,35 1,4 + 1,35 67,3 = 92,75 kN
A V = 390 14,5 = 56,55 cm 2
s
e
I
d
B
o
c
A
F uro 11
0
E
2
e
l
0
c
1
y
0
C 2
Vz , Rd = A V
fy / 3
= 56,55
235 / 3
= 697,5 kN > 92,75 kN
1,1
(EC 3- P 1: 6.2.6)
6KHDUUHVLVWDQFHRIWKHWRSIODQJH\D[LV
It is assumed that the horizontal loads are resisted by the top flange of the girder.
max Vy ,Sd = Q Q k = 1,35 9,4 = 12,7 kN
A V = A TV = 300 28 = 84,0 cm 2
Vy ,Rd = A V
fy / 3
= 84,0
235 / 3
= 1036,1 kN > 12,7 kN
1,1
(EC 3- P 1: 6.2.6)
6KHDUUHVLVWDQFHGXHWRWRUVLRQ
max M t ,Sd = 1,35 3,5 = 4,7 kN
V ,Ed =
M t ,Sd t
It
kN f y / 3
kN
4,7 2,8 100
= 2,45 2 <
= 12,3 2
538
M
cm
cm
(EC 3- P 1: 6.2.6)
,QWHUDFWLRQEHWZHHQQRUPDODQGVKHDUIRUFHV
Vpl,Rd =
Av fy / 3
M
Vpl,T ,Rd = 1
) = 697,5 kN
t ,Ed
1,25 f y / 3 / M 0
Vpl,Rd = 1
2,45
697,5 = 639,5 kN
1,25 12,3
(EC 3- P 1: 6.2.7)
(EC 3- P 1: 6.2.8)
- 25 -
%HQGLQJDQGD[LDOIRUFHV
It is assumed that the horizontal loads are resisted by the top flange.
s
e
I
d
B
o
c
A
F uro 11
0
E
2
e
l
0
c
1
y
0
C 2
ATF
Wel,y
Wel,z
=
=
=
84
4290
842
cm2
cm3
cm3
M y ,Sd
M z ,Sd
N Sd
+
+
1,0
A TF f y,d Wel, y f y ,d Wel,z f y ,d
(EC 3- P 1: 6.2.1)
6,1
279,0 100
20,3 100
+
+
= 0,42 1,0
84 23,5 / 1,1 4290 23,5 / 1,1 842 23,5 / 1,1
M y ,Sd
M z ,Sd
N Sd
+
+
1,0
A TF f y,d Wel, y f y ,d Wel,z f y ,d
(EC 3- P 1: 6.2.1)
6,1
229,5 100
29,03 100
+
+
= 0,42 1,0
84 23,5 / 1,1 4290 23,5 / 1,1 842 23,5 / 1,1
1RWH
The cross-section properties of the rail are not taken into account though the
rail is rigid fixed.
- 26 -
6XSSRUW
6KHDUUHVLVWDQFHRIWKHZHE]D[LV
d/tw = 390/14,5 = 26,9 < 60 Verification for shear buckling is not necessary
(EC 3- P 1: 5.1)
max Vz ,Sd = G G k + Q Q k = 1,35 7,7 + 1,35 134,7 = 192,2 kN
A V = 390 14,5 = 56,55 cm 2
Vz , Rd = A V
fy / 3
= 56,55
235 / 3
= 697,5 kN > 192,2 kN
1,1
(EC 3- P 1: 6.2.6)
s
e
I
d
B
o
c
A
F uro 11
0
E
2
e
l
0
c
1
y
0
C 2
6KHDUUHVLVWDQFHRIWKHWRSIODQJH\D[LV
It is assumed that the horizontal loads are resisted by the top flange of the girder.
max Vy ,Sd = Q Q k = 1,35 14,6 = 19,7 kN
A V = A TV = 300 28 = 84,0 cm 2
Vy ,Rd = A V
fy / 3
= 84,0
235 / 3
= 1036,1 kN > 19,7 kN
1,1
(EC 3- P 1: 6.2.6)
6KHDUUHVLVWDQFHGXHWRWRUVLRQ$QQH[*RI(XURFRGH3DUW
max M t ,Sd = 1,35 3,4 = 4,6 kN
V ,Ed =
M t ,Sd t
It
kN f y / 3
kN
4,6 2,8 100
= 2,39
<
= 12,3 2
2
538
M
cm
cm
(EC 3- P 1: 6.2.6)
,QWHUDFWLRQEHWZHHQQRUPDODQGVKHDUIRUFHV
Vpl,Rd =
Av fy / 3
M
Vpl,T ,Rd = 1
) = 697,5 kN
t ,Ed
1,25 f y / 3 / M 0
Vpl,Rd = 1
2,39
697,5 = 641,0 kN
1,25 12,3
(EC 3- P 1: 6.2.7)
VEd = 192,2 kN 321,0 = 0,5 Vpl,T ,Rd
(EC 3- P 1: 6.2.8)
- 27 -
$[LDOIRUFHV
1RWH
It is assumed that the horizontal loads are resisted by the top flange. The rail is
rigid fixed with clamps on the top flange. Therefore the net section properties
of the crane runway girder are considered. The cross-section properties of the
rail are not taken into account though the rail is rigid fixed.
s
e
I
d
B
o
c
A
F uro 11
0
E
2
e
l
0
c
1
y
0
C 2
N Sd
1,0
A TF,net f y,d
6,1
= 0,004 1,0
72,2 23,5 / 1,1
(EC 3- P 1: 6.2.4)
- 28 -
5HVLVWDQFHRIWKHZHEWRWUDQVYHUVHIRUFHV
The resistance of the web to transverse forces is determined according to section 4.4 of
the draft of Eurocode 3 - Part 1.5: Supplementary rules for planar plated structures
without transverse loading.
s s = 2 h + 50 = 2 (0,75 65) + 50 = 14,75 cm
h w = 500 2 28 = 444 mm
k f = 6,0 + 2,0 (h w / a ) 2 = 6,0 + 2 (44,4 / 700) 2 = 6,0
s
e
I
d
B
o
c
A
F uro 11
0
E
2
e
l
0
c
1
y
0
C 2
3
0,9 k f E t 3w 0,9 6,0 21000 1,45
Fcr =
=
= 7786,4 kN
hw
44,4
m1 =
f yf b f
f yw t w
235 300
= 20,7
235 14,5
2
h
444
m 2 = 0,02 w = 0,02
= 5,0
28
t
f
2
F =
l y t w f yw
Fcr
(EC 3- P 5: 6.2)
(EC 3- P 5: 6.2)
- 29 -
)DWLJXH
*HQHUDO
According to 9.1.4 of Eurocode 3 - Part 6 no fatigue assessment is necessary, if the
number of load cycles with more than 50 % of the full payload is smaller than 10000
cycles.
In the design example this condition is not fulfilled, so that a fatigue check is necessary.
The fatigue assessment is carried out for the crane runway girder on the basis of
nominal stress ranges.
s
e
I
d
B
o
c
A
F uro 11
0
E
2
e
l
0
c
1
y
0
C 2
c
Mf
E 2 = fat P
Ff = 1,0
Mf = 1,15
Ff E 2
(EC 3- P 9: 8 (2))
Provided that the crane is classified into loading class S6 the following values are
obtained from Eurocode 1 Part 3:
= 0,794 for normal stresses
= 0,871 for shear stresses
fat = 1,1
In the design example the stresses E 2 are direct calculated with the following fatigue
loads:
for normal stresses:
Q e ,i = fat Q max,i = 0,794 1,1 70,0 = 61,1 kN
- 30 -
'HWDLOFDWHJRULHV
The runway beam is checked for the following detail categories which were obtained
from Eurocode 3 - Part 9 (Tab. 8.1, 8.2, 8.10).
Detail category
125
Constructional detail
Amendments
Verification of normal
stresses in the runway
beam.
s
e
I
d
B
o
c
A
F uro 11
0
E
2
e
l
0
c
1
y
0
C 2
80
Verification of normal
stresses in the runway
beam.
80
Verification of shear
stresses in the web.
160
Verification of vertical
stresses in the web due
to wheel loads.
(Eurocode 3 - Part 6)
- 31 -
3RLQW
9HULILFDWLRQRIWKHFURVVVHFWLRQ
a) Selfweight
M y = 13,0 kNm
b) Wheel loads
max M y = Q e ,i (1 + 2 ) l = 61,1 (0,242 + 0,0952) 7,0 = 144,2 kNm
min M y = 0,0 kNm
s
e
I
d
B
o
c
A
F uro 11
0
E
2
e
l
0
c
1
y
0
C 2
E 2 < c
144,2 + 13,0
kN
= 3,7
4290,0
cm 2
0,0 + 13,0
kN
min x =
= 0,3 2
4290,0
cm
kN
E 2 = 3,7 0,3 = 3,4
cm 2
12,5
kN
c =
= 10,9
1,15
cm 2
max x =
E 2 < c
- 32 -
9HULILFDWLRQRIWKHZHE
6KHDUVWUHVVHV
a) Selfweight
Vz = 1,4 kN
kN
xz 0
cm 2
b) Wheel loads
s
e
I
d
B
o
c
A
F uro 11
0
E
2
e
l
0
c
1
y
0
C 2
55,1
kN
= 0,9 2
44,4 1,45
cm
31,2
kN
=
= 0,5 2
44,4 1,45
cm
max xz =
min xz
3
t 3f b eff 2,8 25,4
I f ,eff =
=
= 46,5 cm 4
12
12
I r = 136 cm 4 (25 % wear, see Petersen Stahlbau, page 1360)
Fz
67,1
kN
=
= 2,8
l eff t w 16,3 1,45
cm 2
kN
|| = 0,2 = 0,2 2,8 = 0,6
cm 2
kN
max || = 0,9 + 0,6 = 1,5
cm 2
kN
min || = 0,5 0,6 = 1,1
cm 2
kN
E 2 = 1,5 + 1,1 = 2,6
cm 2
8,0
kN
c =
= 6,4
1,25
cm 2
E 2 < c
- 33 -
'LUHFWVWUHVVHV
a) Local stresses in the web due to wheel loads
l eff = 16,3 cm
Fz
61,1
kN
=
= 2,6
l eff t w 16,3 1,45
cm 2
s
e
I
d
B
o
c
A
F uro 11
0
E
2
e
l
0
c
1
y
0
C 2
a = 700,0 cm
d w = 50,0 2 2,8 = 44,4 cm
t w = 1,45 cm
1
I t 30,0 2,8 3 = 220 cm 4
3
0,75 a t 3w
sinh 2 ( d w / a )
=
sinh(2 d w / a ) 2 d w / a
It
0,5
220
sinh(2 44,4 / 700) 2 44,4 / 700
6 TSd
tanh ()
a t 2w
kN
6 0,84 100
5,247 tanh (5,247) = 1,8
=
2
700 1,45
cm 2
T ,Ed =
kN
cm 2
kN
= 1,8 1,8 = 0
cm 2
max E = 3,6
c =
kN
cm 2
16,0
kN
= 12,8
1,25
cm 2
E < c
0, 5
= 5,247
- 34 -
,QWHUDFWLRQEHWZHHQGLUHFWDQGVKHDUVWUHVVHVLQWKHZHE
3
E2
E2
Ff
+ Ff
1,0
c c
Mf
Mf
(EC 3- P 9: 8 (3))
+
= 0,033 1,0
16,0 8,0
1,25 1,25
s
e
I
d
B
o
c
A
F uro 11
0
E
2
e
l
0
c
1
y
0
C 2
- 35 -
6XSSRUW
9HULILFDWLRQRIWKHZHE
6KHDUVWUHVVHV
a) Selfweight
Vz = 7,7 kN
7,7
kN
xz =
= 0,1 2
44,4 1,45
cm
s
e
I
d
B
o
c
A
F uro 11
0
E
2
e
l
0
c
1
y
0
C 2
b) Wheel loads
0,0
kN
max xz =
= 0,0
44,4 1,45
cm 2
kN
110,2
min xz =
= 1,7
44,4 1,45
cm 2
1
3
Fz
67,1
kN
=
= 2,8
l eff t w 16,3 1,45
cm 2
kN
xz = 0,2 = 0,2 2,8 = 0,6
cm 2
kN
max xz = 0,0 + 0,6 = 0,6
cm 2
kN
min xz = 1,7 0,6 = 2,3
cm 2
kN
E 2 = 0,6 + 2,3 = 2,9
cm 2
8,0
kN
c =
= 6,4
1,25
cm 2
E 2 < c
- 36 -
'LUHFWVWUHVVHV
a) Local stresses in the web due to wheel loads
l eff = 16,3 cm
kN
, see 6.3.2.2 (a)
= 2,6
cm 2
T ,Ed = 1,8
s
e
I
d
B
o
c
A
F uro 11
0
E
2
e
l
0
c
1
y
0
C 2
T ,Ed
kN
cm 2
kN
= 1,8 1,8 = 0
cm 2
max E = 3,6
c =
kN
cm 2
kN
16,0
= 12,8
1,25
cm 2
E < c
,QWHUDFWLRQEHWZHHQGLUHFWDQGVKHDUVWUHVVHVLQWKHZHE
3
E2
E2
Ff
+ Ff
1,0
c
c
Mf
Mf
+
= 0,041 1,0
16,0 8,0
1,25 1,25
(EC 3- P 9: 8 (3))