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Mass Balance Examples4
Mass Balance Examples4
consumption or accumulation.
Example:
An aqueous potassium nitrate (KNO3)
solution containing 60wt% KNO3 at 80oC
is fed to a crystalliser where the
t
temperature
t
is
i reduced
d d to
t 40oC.
C Wh
Whatt % off
the KNO3 in the feed forms crystals ?
Data: solubility of KNO3 in H2O at 40oC =
63 kg KNO3 /100kg H2O.
IN
= OUT
(kg)
H 2O : 0.40 100 = W
(kg)
3 equations and
3 unknowns
other relations :
solubility
Draw a diagram:
63 P
=
100 W
Solving equations:
W = 40 kg
Feed
BASIS:
Crystalliser
Satd
solution
100 kg feed
crystals
Example:
Strawberries contain about 15 wt% solids and 85
wt% water. To make jam, strawberries and sugar
are mixed in the ratio 45:55 by mass, and the
mixture is heated to evaporate water until the
residue (jam) contains 1/3 of water by mass.
What amount of strawberries produces 1 kg of
jam?
= 58%
Solution:
i)
(St)
Water
( )
(W)
Sugar
(Su)
Draw a diagram:
Sugar
Water
4
3
Strawberries
2
Crusher
Jam
5
Evaporator
Define a BASIS:
TOTAL : Su + St = W + 1
1
H 2O : 0.85 St = W + 1
3
Solids : 0.15 St = xsolids 1
iv) Write your equations with simplifying
assumptions:
Assumptions: No components are generated,
consumed or accumulate in any unit operation:
(kg)
(kg)
(kg)
other relations :
strawberries 45 St
=
=
sugar
55 Su
Generation = accumulation
= consumption = 0
Another Example
Wet air containing 4.0 mole % water vapor is
passed through a column of calcium chloride
pellets. The pellets absorb 97.0% of the water
and none of the other constituents of air. The
column packing was initially dry and had a
mass of 3.40 kg. Following 5.0 hours of
operation, the pellets are reweighed and found
to have a mass of 3.54 kg.
Solution:
i)
Dried Air:
stream 2
Dryer
(mole) . Eq.1
(mole). Eq.2
From equation 2
Other relations:
nw,1
nw,1 + nBDA,1
= 0.04
....Eq. 3
(mole)
1000
18
....Eq. 4
(mole) ....Eq.5
= 7.78 mol
From a basis of 5 hours
Now to the solution
(5 equations and 5 unknowns)
subbing into 4 :
7.78
0.97
= 8.02 mol
nw,1 =
DEGREES OF FREEDOM
To date -
I reall industries
In
i d t i andd the
th environment
i
t
-
2x + y = 5
______ 1
x - y =1
______ 2
Another example:
Another example:
z + 3x + y = 9
________ 1
z +3x+y= 9
________ 1
2z + 4x - y = 11
z
= 2
________ 2
2z + 4x y = 11
________ 2
3z + 7x
________ 3
3 variables (x, y, z)
2 independent equations ( 1 , 2 )
= 20
Three variables
Th
i bl (x,
( y, z)) only
l two
independent equations
(equation 3 = 2 + 1 )
In summary:
Another Example:
2x + y = 5
______ 1
x - y =1
______ 2
DOF = Nv Ne
Nv = Number of unknown variables
x=1
From 1 , x = 1 y = 3
2 ,x=1 y=0
Not possible this problem is over specified.
Need either:
If DOF > 0
We need to find either:
extra equations or
x not specified
extra variables
or
One less equation
DOF = -1
_____ 1
Wet Air
Dryer Air
Dryer
iii) Variables:
n BDA, i
n w, i
n acc,w
nw,1
= 0.04 ____ 3
nw,1 + nBDA,1
n acc = 0.97 n w,1
n acc = 0.14
____ 4
(kg)
____ 5
Therefore: DOF = 5 - 5 = 0
Another Example:
Flow Diagram
Fuel Gas
1
4.03% C3H8
Mixer
2.05% C3H8
2
Other relations:
____ 4
____ 5
____ 6
Dilution Air
Material Balance Equations (mole):
nC3H8 , 1 = nC3H8 , 3
nair, 1
____ 1
+ nair, 2 = nair, 3
Number of variables is
2(stream 1) + 1(stream 2) + 2(stream 3) = 5 = Nv
Number of independent
p
equations
q
____ 2
Ne = Eqns 1 , 3 , 4 , 5, 6 = 5
____ 3
DoF = 5-5 = 0
Solution
from
150 + 0 = n C3H8 , 3
The bottoms
Th
b tt
product
d t contains
t i 98.0
98 0 mole%
l %
X and no B.
150
= 3720 mol/s
n Tot, 1 =
0.0403
from 5
150
= 7320 mol/s
0.0205
from 3
n Tot, 2 = 7317 - 3722
n Tot,
T 3 =
Flow Diagram
Tower
2
3
0.30 B
0.25 T
0.45 X
1
Tower
1
B, T, X
2
0.98 X
0.02 T
Total
flow1
xB,1
Total
flow2
xB,2
Total
flow3
xB,3
Total
flow4
xB,4
Total
flow5
xB,5
xT,1
xT,2
xT,3
xT,4
xT,5
xx,1
xx,2
xx,3
xx,4
xx,5
Unknown variables = 20 - 9 = 11
Tower 1
3 equations
Tower 2
3 equations
xi ,3 = 1
i =1
xi ,5 = 1
i =1
2 more equations
2 more equations
Total no.
no Equations = 6+2+2 = 10
Total no. unknown Variables = 11
DoF = 1 we must specify one more variable