Chapter 18, Solution 1.

f ' ( t ) = δ( t + 2) − δ( t + 1) − δ( t − 1) + δ( t − 2)
jωF(ω) = e j2 ω − e jω − e − jω + e − jω2
= 2 cos 2ω − 2 cos ω

2[cos 2ω − cos ω]
F(ω) =
jω

Chapter 18, Solution 2.

t, 0 < t <1

f (t) = 
0, otherwise

f ‘(t) f ”(t)
1
δ(t)

t t
0 1
–δ’(t-1)
-δ(t-1)
-δ(t-1)

f"(t) = δ(t) - δ(t - 1) - δ'(t - 1)

Taking the Fourier transform gives

-ω2F(ω) = 1 - e-jω - jωe-jω

(1 + jω)e jω − 1
F(ω) =
ω2

1
or F(ω) = ∫ t e − jωt dt
0

eax
But ∫ x e dx = 2 (ax − 1) + c
ax

F(ω) =
e − jω
(− jωt − 1) 10 =
1
[ ]
(1 + jω)e − jω − 1
(− jω) 2
ω 2
Chapter 18, Solution 3.

1 1
f (t) = t , − 2 < t < 2, f ' (t) = , − 2 < t < 2
2 2

2 1 jωt e − jωt
F(ω) = ∫ t e dt = (− jωt − 1) 2− 2
−2 2 2(− jω) 2

=−
1
2ω 2
[
e − jω2 (− jω2 − 1) − e jω2 ( jω2 − 1) ]

=−
1
2ω 2
[
− jω2(e jω2 + e jω2 ) + e jω2 − e − jω2 ]
1
=− (− jω4 cos 2ω + j2 sin 2ω)
2ω 2

j
F(ω) = (sin 2ω − 2ω cos 2ω)
ω2

Chapter 18, Solution 4.

2δ(t+1)
g’
2
–1
1 t
0
–2
–2δ(t–1)

4δ(t)
2δ’(t+1)
g”

–1
1 t
0
–2δ(t+1) –2
–2δ(t–1)
–2δ’(t–1)
 g ′′ = −2δ( t + 1) + 2δ′( t + 1) + 4δ( t ) − 2δ( t − 1) − 2δ′( t − 1)

( jω) 2 G (ω) = −2e jω + 2 jωe jω + 4 − 2e − jω − 2 jωe − jω

= −4 cos ω − 4ω sin ω + 4

4
G (ω) = (cos ω + ω sin ω − 1)
ω2

Chapter 18, Solution 5.

h’(t)

0 t
–1 1

–2δ(t)

h”(t)

δ(t+1) 1

1
0 t
–1

–δ(t–1)
–2δ’(t)

h ′′( t ) = δ( t + 1) − δ( t − 1) − 2δ′( t )

( jω) 2 H(ω) = e jω − e − jω − 2 jω = 2 j sin ω − 2 jω

2j 2j
H(ω) = − sin ω
ω ω2
Chapter 18, Solution 6.

0 1
− jωt
F(ω) = ∫ (−1)e dt + ∫ te − jωt dt
−1 0

0 1
Re F(ω) = − ∫ cos ωtdt + ∫ t cos ωtdt
−1 0
1 0  1 t  1 1
=− sin ωt −1 +  cos ωt + sin ωt  0 = (cos ω − 1)
ω ω 2 ω  ω2

Chapter 18, Solution 7.

(a) f1 is similar to the function f(t) in Fig. 17.6.

f 1 ( t ) = f ( t − 1)

2(cos ω − 1)
Since F(ω) =
jω

2e − jω (cos ω − 1)
jω
F1 (ω) = e F(ω) =
jω

Alternatively,
f 1' ( t ) = δ( t ) − 2δ( t − 1) + δ( t − 2)
jωF1 (ω) = 1 − 2e − jω + e − j2 ω = e − jω (e jω − 2 + e jω )

= e − jω (2 cos ω − 2)

2e − jω (cos ω − 1)
F1(ω) =
jω

(b) f2 is similar to f(t) in Fig. 17.14.

f2(t) = 2f(t)

4(1 − cos ω)
F2(ω) =
ω2
Chapter 18, Solution 8.

1 2
− jωt
F(ω) = ∫ 2e dt + ∫ (4 − 2 t )e − jωt dt
(a) 0 1
2 − jωt 1 4 − jωt 2 2 − jωt 2
= e 0
+ e 1
− e (− jωt − 1) 1
− jω − jω −ω 2

2 2 − jω 2 4 − j2ω 2
F(ω) = + e + − e − (1 + j2ω)e − j2ω
ω 2 jω jω jω ω 2

(b) g(t) = 2[ u(t+2) – u(t-2) ] - [ u(t+1) – u(t-1) ]

4 sin 2ω 2 sin ω
G (ω) = −
ω ω

Chapter 18, Solution 9.

(a) y(t) = u(t+2) – u(t-2) + 2[ u(t+1) – u(t-1) ]

2 4
Y(ω) = sin 2ω + sin ω
ω ω

1
− 2e − jωt 2 2e − j ω
(b) Z(ω) = ∫ (−2 t )e − jωt dt =
1
(− jωt − 1) 0 = − (1 + jω)
0 − ω2 ω 2 2
ω

Chapter 18, Solution 10.

(a) x(t) = e2tu(t)

X(ω) = 1/(2 + jω)

e − t , t > 0
(b) e −( t ) =  t
e , t < 0

1 0 1
Y(ω) = ∫ y( t )e jωt dt = ∫ e t e jωt dt + ∫ e − t e − jωt dt
−1 −1 0
 e (1− jω) t e − (1+ jω) t
= 0
−1 + 1
0
1 − jω − (1 + jω)

2  cos ω + jsin ω cos ω − jsin ω 

= − e −1  + 
1+ ω2
 1 − jω 1 + jω 

Y(ω) =
2
1+ ω 2
[
1 − e −1 (cos ω − ω sin ω) ]

Chapter 18, Solution 11.

f(t) = sin π t [u(t) - u(t - 2)]

0
2
F(ω) = ∫ sin πt e − jωt dt =
1 2 j πt
2j ∫0
( )
e − e − j πt e − jωt dt

1  2 + j( − ω + π ) t
+ e − j( ω + π ) t )dt 
2 j  ∫0
= (e


1  1 e − j( ω+ π ) t 2 
=  e − j( ω− π ) t 02 + 0
2 j  − j(ω − π) − j(ω + π) 

1  1 − e − j2 ω 1 − e − j2 ω 
=  + 
2  π − ω π + ω 

=
1
2π + 2πe − j2 ω ( )
2(π − ω )
2 2

F(ω) =
π
(
e − jω 2 − 1 )
ω −π22

Chapter 18, Solution 12.

∞ 2
(a) F(ω) = ∫ e t e − jωt dt = ∫ e (1− jω) t dt
0 0

1 e 2− jω 2 − 1
= e (1− jω) t 2
0 =
1 − jω 1 − jω
 0 1
(b) H(ω) = ∫ e − jωt dt + ∫ (−1)e − jωt dt
−1 0

=−
1
jω
( )
1 − e jω +
1 − jω
jω
e −1 = (1
jω
)
(−2 + 2 cos ω)

2
− 4 sin 2 ω / 2  sin ω / 2 
= = jω 
jω  ω/ 2 

Chapter 18, Solution 13.

(a) We know that F[cos at ] = π[δ(ω − a ) + δ(ω + a )] .

Using the time shifting property,

F[cos a ( t − π / 3a )] = πe − jωπ / 3a [δ(ω − a ) + δ(ω + a )] = πe − jπ / 3δ(ω − a ) + πe jπ / 3δ(ω + a )

(b) sin π( t + 1) = sin πt cos π + cos πt sin π = − sin πt

g(t) = -u(t+1) sin (t+1)

1 1
Let x(t) = u(t)sin t, then X(ω) = =
( jω) 2 + 1 1 − ω2

Using the time shifting property,

1 e jω
G (ω) = − e jω =
1 − ω2 ω2 − 1

(c ) Let y(t) = 1 + Asin at, then Y(ω) = 2πδ(ω) + jπA[δ(ω + a ) − δ(ω − a )]

h(t) = y(t) cos bt

Using the modulation property,

1
H(ω) = [Y(ω + b) + Y(ω − b)]
2

jπA
H(ω) = π[δ(ω + b) + δ(ω − b)] + [δ(ω + a + b) − δ(ω − a + b) + δ(ω + a − b) − δ(ω − a − b)]
2
 4
e − j ωt e − j ωt 1 e − j4ω e − j4ω
(d) I(ω) = ∫ (1 − t )e − jωt dt =
4
− (− jωt − 1) 0 = − − ( j4ω + 1)
− jω − ω 2 ω2 jω ω2
0

Chapter 18, Solution 14.

(a) cos(3t + π) = cos 3t cos π − sin 3t sin π = cos 3t (−1) − sin 3t (0) = − cos(3t )
f ( t ) = −e − t cos 3t u ( t )

− (1 + jω )
F(ω) =
(1 + jω)2 + 9
(b)
g(t)
1

-1
1 t

-1

g’(t)
π
-1 1

t
-π

g ' ( t ) = π cos πt[u ( t − 1) − u ( t − 1)]

g" ( t ) = −π 2 g( t ) − πδ( t + 1) + πδ( t − 1)
− ω 2 G (ω) = − π 2 G (ω) − πe jω + πe − jω
(π 2 − ω2 )G(ω) = −π(e jω − e − jω ) = −2 jπ sin ω
2 jπ sin ω
G(ω) =
ω2 − π 2

Alternatively, we compare this with Prob. 17.7

f(t) = g(t - 1)
F(ω) = G(ω)e-jω
 π
G (ω) = F(ω)e jω = (e − jω − e jω )
ω −π
2 2

− j2π sin ω
=
ω2 − π 2

2 jπ sin ω
G(ω) =
π 2 − ω2

(c) cos π( t − 1) = cos πt cos π + sin πt sin π = cos πt (−1) + sin πt (0) = − cos πt
Let x ( t ) = e −2( t −1) cos π( t − 1)u ( t − 1) = −e 2 h ( t )
and y( t ) = e −2 t cos(πt )u ( t )

2 + jω
Y(ω) =
(2 + jω) 2 + π 2

y( t ) = x ( t − 1)
Y(ω) = X(ω)e − jω

X(ω) =
(2 + jω)e jω
(2 + jω)2 + π 2

X(ω) = −e 2 H(ω)

H(ω) = −e −2 X(ω)

− (2 + jω)e jω− 2
=
(2 + jω)2 + π 2

(d) Let x ( t ) = e −2 t sin( −4t )u (− t ) = y(− t )

p( t ) = − x ( t )
where y( t ) = e 2 t sin 4t u ( t )

2 + jω
Y (ω) =
(2 + jω)2 + 4 2
2 − jω
X(ω) = Y(−ω) =
(2 − jω)2 + 16
 jω − 2
p(ω) = −X(ω) =
(jω − 2 )2 + 16

8 − jω 2  1 
(e) Q(ω) = e + 3 − 2 πδ(ω) + e − jω2
jω  jω 

6 jω 2
Q(ω) = e + 3 − 2πδ(ω)e − jω 2
jω

Chapter 18, Solution 15.

(a) F(ω) = e j3ω − e − jω3 = 2 j sin 3ω

(b) Let g( t ) = 2δ( t − 1), G (ω) = 2e − jω

F(ω) = F  ∫ g ( t ) dt 
t

 −∞ 

G (ω)
= + πF(0)δ(ω)
jω

2e − j ω
= + 2πδ(−1)δ(ω)
jω

2e − jω
=
jω

1
(c) F [δ(2t )] = ⋅1
2

1 1 1 jω
F(ω) = ⋅ 1 − jω = −
3 2 3 2
Chapter 18, Solution 16.

(a) Using duality properly

−2
t →
ω2

−2
→ 2π ω
t2

4
or → − 4π ω
t2

4
F(ω) = F  2  = − 4π ω
t 

−at 2a
(b) e
a + ω2
2

2a −a ω
2π e
a + t2
2

8 −2 ω
4π e
a + t2
2

 8  −2 ω
G(ω) = F  2 
= 4π e
4+t 

Chapter 18, Solution 17.

1
(a) Since H(ω) = F (cos ω0 t f ( t ) ) = [F(ω + ω0 ) + F(ω − ω0 )]
2

1
where F(ω) = F [u (t )] = πδ(ω) + , ω0 = 2
jω

1 1 1 
H(ω) = πδ (ω + 2) + ( + πδ(ω − 2) + 
2 j ω + 2) j (ω − 2) 
 =
π
[δ(ω + 2) + δ(ω − 2)] − j  ω + 2 + ω − 2 
2 2  (ω + 2)(ω − 2) 

π
H(ω) = [δ(ω + 2) + δ(ω − 2 )] − 2jω
2 ω −4

j
(b) G(ω) = F [sin ω0 t f ( t )] = [F(ω + ω0 ) − F(ω − ω0 )]
2

1
where F(ω) = F [u (t )] = πδ (ω) +
jω

j 1 1 
G (ω) =  πδ(ω + 10) + − πδ(ω − 10) −
2 j(ω + 10) j(ω − 10 ) 

jπ
= [δ(ω + 10) − δ (ω − 10)] + j  j − j 
2 2  ω − 10 ω + 10 

jπ
= [δ(ω + 10) − δ(ω − 10 )] − 2 10
2 ω − 100

Chapter 18, Solution 18.

1
Let f (t ) = e − t u (t ) F(ω) =
j + jω

1
f (t ) cos t [F(ω − 1) + F(ω + 1)]
2

1 1 1 
Hence Y(ω) =  + 
2 1 + j (ω − 1) 1 + j (ω + 1) 

1  1 + jω + j + 1 + jω − j 
=  
2  [1 + j(ω − 1)][1 + j (ω + 1)]

1 + jω
=
1 + jω + j + jω − j − ω 2 + 1

1 + jω
=
2 jω − ω 2 + 2
Chapter 18, Solution 19.

∞
F(ω) = ∫ f ( t )e jωt dt =
−∞ 2 ∫0
(e + e − j2 πt )e − jωt dt
1 1 j2 πt

F(ω) =
2 ∫0
e [
1 1 − j( ω + 2 π ) t
]
+ e − j(ω− 2 π )t dt

1
1 1 1 
=  e − j( ω + 2 π ) t + e − j( ω − 2 π ) t 
2  − j (ω + 2π ) − j(ω − 2π ) 0

1  e − j( ω+ 2 π ) − 1 e − j( ω− 2 π ) − 1 
=−  + 
2  j (ω + 2π) j(ω − 2π ) 

But e j2 π = cos 2π + j sin 2π = 1 = e − j2 π

1  e − jω − 1  1 1 
F(ω) = −   + 
2 j  ω + 2π ω − 2π 

=
jω
(
e − jω − 1 )
ω − 4π
2 2

Chapter 18, Solution 20.

(a) F (cn) = cnδ(ω)

( )
F c n e jnωo t = c n δ(ω − nωo )

 ∞  ∞
F  ∑ c n e jnωo t  =
 n = −∞ 
∑ c δ(ω − nω )
n = −∞
n o

2π
(b) T = 2π ωo = =1
T

1 T 1  π
∫ f (t ) e − jnωo t dt =  ∫0 1⋅ e dt + 0 
− jnt
cn =
T 0 2π  
 1  1 jnt 
= − e
2π  jn
π
0  =
j
(e − jnπ − 1)
 2πn

But e − jnπ = cos nπ + j sin nπ = cos nπ = (−1) n

cn =
j
2nπ
[ 
(− 1)n − 1 =  0−,j ,] n = even
n = odd , n ≠ 0
 nπ

for n = 0
1 π 1
cn =
2π ∫0
1 dt =
2

Hence
∞
1 j jnt
f (t) = − ∑ e
2 n = −∞ nπ
n ≠0
n = odd

∞
1 j
F(ω) = δω − ∑ δ(ω − n )
2 n = −∞ nπ
n≠0
n = odd

Chapter 18, Solution 21.

Using Parseval’s theorem,

∞ 2 1 ∞
∫− ∞ f ( t )dt = ∫ | F(ω) | 2 dω
2π − ∞

If f(t) = u(t+a) – u(t+a), then

2
∞ a 1 ∞  sin aω 
∫−∞ f 2 ( t )dt = ∫ (1) 2 dt = 2a = ∫ 4a 2   dω
−a 2 π −∞  aω 
or
2
∞  sin aω  4πa π
∫− ∞  aω  dω = 4a 2 = a as required.
Chapter 18, Solution 22.

F [f ( t ) sin ωo t ] = ∫ f ( t )
∞ (e jω o t
)
− e − j ω o t − j ωt
e dt
−∞ 2j

1 ∞
f ( t )e − j(ω− ωo )t dt − ∫ e − j(ω+ ωo )t dt 
∞
=

2j  ∫− ∞ − ∞ 

1
= [F(ω − ω o ) − F(ω + ωo )]
2j

Chapter 18, Solution 23.

1 10 30
(a) f(3t) leads to ⋅ =
3 (2 + jω / 3)(5 + jω / 3) (6 + jω)(15 + jω)

30
F [f (− 3t )] =
(6 − jω)(15 − jω)

1 10 20
(b) f(2t) ⋅ =
2 (2 + jω / 2)(15 + jω / 2) (4 + jω)(10 + jω)

20e − jω / 2
f(2t-1) = f [2(t-1/2)]
(4 + jω)(10 + jω)

1 1
(c) f(t) cos 2t F(ω + 2) + F(ω + 2 )
2 2

5 5
= +
[2 + j(ω + 2)][5 + j(ω + 2)] [2 + j(ω − 2 )[5 + j(ω − 2)]]
jω10
(d) F [f ' (t )] = jω F(ω) =
(2 + jω)(5 + jω)
F(ω)
∫ f (t ) dt + πF(0 )δ(ω)
t
(e)
−∞ j(ω)
 10 x10
= + πδ(ω)
jω(2 + jω)(5 + jω) 2x5

10
= + πδ(ω)
jω(2 + jω)(5 + jω)

Chapter 18, Solution 24.

(a) X (ω) = F(ω) + F [3]

= 6πδ(ω) +
ω
(
j − jω
e −1 )

(b) y(t ) = f (t − 2 )

je − j2ω − jω
Y(ω) = e − jω2 F(ω) =
ω
e −1 ( )

(c) If h(t) = f '(t)

H(ω) = jωF(ω) = jω
ω
(
j − jω
)
e − 1 = 1 − e − jω

2  5  3 3  3 3 
(d) g(t ) = 4f  t  + 10f  t , G (ω) = 4 x F ω  + 10x F ω 
3  3  2 2  5 5 

= 6⋅
3
j
(e − j3ω / 2
−1 +) 3
(
6 j − j3ω / 5
e )
−1
ω ω
2 5

=
ω
e(
j4 − j3ω / 2
−1 +
ω
e )
j10 − j3ω / 5
−1 ( )
Chapter 18, Solution 25.

10 A B
(a) F(s ) = = + , s = jω
s(s + 2) s s + 2

10 10
A= = 5, B = = −5
2 −2

5 5
F(ω) = −
jω jω + 2

5
f(t) = sgn(t ) − 5e −2 t u(t )
2

jω − 4 A B
(b) F(ω) = = +
( jω + 1)( jω + 2) jω + 1 jω + 2
s−4 A B
F(s ) = = + , s = jω
(s + 1)(s + 2) s + 1 s + 2
A = 5, B = 6

−5 6
F(ω) = +
1 + jω 2 + jω

(
f(t) = − 5e − t + 6e −2 t u(t ) )

Chapter 18, Solution 26.

(a) f ( t ) = e −( t −2) u ( t )

(b) h ( t ) = te −4 t u ( t )

sin ω
(c) If x ( t ) = u ( t + 1) − u ( t − 1) 
→ X(ω) = 2
ω

By using duality property,

 2 sin t
G (ω) = 2u (ω + 1) − 2u (ω − 1) 
→ g( t ) =
πt

Chapter 18, Solution 27.

100 A B
(a) Let F(s ) = = + , s = jω
s (s + 10) s s + 10

100 100
A= = 10, B = = −10
10 − 10

10 10
F(ω) = −
jω jω + 10

f(t) = 5 sgn(t ) − 10e −10 t u(t )

10s A B
(b) G (s ) = = + , s = jω
(2 − s )(3 + s ) 2 − s s + 3
20 − 30
A= = 4, B = = −6
5 5

4 6
G (ω) = −
= − jω + 2 jω + 3

g(t) = 4e 2 t u(− t ) − 6e −3 t u(t )

60 60
(c) H (ω) = =
( j ω) 2
+ j40ω + 1300 ( jω + 20)2 + 900

h(t) = 2e −20 t sin( 30t ) u(t )

1 ∞ δ(ω)e jωt dω 1 1 1
y (t ) = ∫ = π⋅ = π
2π − ∞ (2 + jω)( jω + 1) 2 2 4
Chapter 18, Solution 28.

1 ∞ 1 ∞ πδ(ω) e jωt
2π ∫−∞ 2π ∫−∞ (5 + jω)(2 + jω)
j ωt
(a) f (t) = F( ω) e d ω = dω

1 1 1
= = = 0.05
2 (5)(2) 20

1 ∞ 10δ(ω + 2) jωt 10 e − j2 t
2π ∫−∞ jω( jω + 1)
(b) f (t) = e d ω =
2π (− j2)(− j2 + 1)

j5 e − j2 t ( −2 + j)e − j2 t
= =
2π 1 − j2 2π

1 ∞ 20δ(ω − 1)e jωt 20 e jt

2π ∫−∞ (2 + jω)(3 + 5ω)
(c) f (t) = dω =
2π (2 + j)(3 + j)

20e jt (1 − j)e jt
= =
2π(5 + 5 j) π

5πδ(ω) 5
(d) Let F(ω) = + = F1 (ω) + F2 (ω)
(5 + jω) jω(5 + jω)

1 ∞ 5πδ(ω) jωt 5π 1
f1 ( t ) =
2π ∫− ∞ 5 + jω
e dω = ⋅ = 0.5
2π 5

5 A B
F2 (s) = = + , A = 1, B = −1
s(5 + s) s s + 5

1 1
F2 (ω) = −
jω jω + 5

1 1
f 2 (t) = sgn( t ) − e −5 t = − + u ( t ) − e 5 t
2 2

f ( t ) = f 1 ( t ) + f 2 ( t ) = u( t ) − e − 5 t
Chapter 18, Solution 29.

(a) f(t) = F -1 [δ(ω)] + F -1 [4δ(ω + 3) + 4δ(ω − 3)]

1 4 cos 3t 1
= + = (1 + 8 cos 3t )
2π π 2π

(b) If h ( t ) = u ( t + 2) − u ( t − 2)

2 sin 2ω
H(ω) =
ω

1 8 sin 2 t
G (ω) = 4H(ω) g( t ) = ⋅
2π t

4 sin 2t
g(t) =
πt

(c) Since
cos(at) ↔πδ(ω + a ) + πδ(ω − a )
Using the reversal property,
2π cos 2ω ↔ πδ( t + 2) + πδ( t − 2)

or F -1 [6 cos 2ω] = 3δ(t + 2) + 3δ(t − 2)

Chapter 18, Solution 30.

2 1
(a) y( t ) = sgn( t ) 
→ Y(ω) = , X(ω) =
jω a + jω

Y(ω) 2(a + jω) 2a

H(ω) = = = 2+ 
→ h ( t ) = 2δ( t ) + a[u ( t ) − u (− t )]
X(ω) jω jω

1 1
(b) X(ω) = , Y(ω) =
1 + jω 2 + jω

1 + jω 1
H(ω) = = 1− 
→ h ( t ) = δ( t ) − e − 2 t u ( t )
2 + jω 2 + jω

(c ) In this case, by definition, h ( t ) = y( t ) = e −at sin bt u ( t )

Chapter 18, Solution 31.

1 1
(a) Y(ω) = , H(ω) =
(a + jω) 2 a + jω

Y(ω) 1
X(ω) = = 
→ x ( t ) = e − at u ( t )
H(ω) a + jω

(b) By definition, x ( t ) = y( t ) = u ( t + 1) − u ( t − 1)

1 2
(c ) Y(ω) = , H(ω) =
(a + jω) jω

Y(ω) jω 1 a 1 a
X(ω) = = = − 
→ x(t) = δ( t ) − e − at u ( t )
H(ω) 2(a + jω) 2 2(a + jω) 2 2

Chapter 18, Solution 32.

e − jω
(a) Since e − ( t −1) u ( t − 1)
jω + 1
and F(− ω) f(-t)

e jω
F1 (ω) = f 1 (t ) = e − (− t −1) u (− t − 1)
− jω + 1

f1(t) = e (t +1 )u(− t − 1)

(b) From Section 17.3,

2 −ω
2πe
t +1
2

If F2 (ω) = 2e
−ω
, then

2
f2(t) =
(
π t +1
2
)
 (b) By partial fractions
1 1 1 1
1
F3 (ω) = = 4 + 4 + 4 − 4
( jω + 1)2 ( jω − 1)2 ( jω + 1) ( jω + 1) ( jω − 1) jω − 1
2 2

Hence f 3 (t ) =
1 −t
4
( )
te + e − t + te t − e t u (t )

1
= (t + 1)e −t u(t ) + 1 (t − 1)e t u(t )
4 4

1 ∞ 1 ∞ δ(ω)e jωt 1
(d) f 4 (t ) = ∫ F1 (ω)e jωt
d ω = ∫ =
2π − ∞ 2π − ∞ 1 + j2ω 2π

Chapter 18, Solution 33.

(a) Let x (t ) = 2 sin πt[u (t + 1) − u (t − 1)]

From Problem 17.9(b),

4 jπ sin ω
X(ω) =
π 2 − ω2
Applying duality property,

1 2 j sin (− t )
f (t ) = X(− t ) = 2 2
2π π −t

2 j sin t
f(t) =
t 2 − π2

j
(b) F(ω) = (cos 2ω − j sin 2ω) − j (cos ω − j sin ω)
ω ω

e − jω e j 2 ω
= (e − e ) =
j j2 ω − jω
−
ω jω jω

1 1
f (t ) = sgn (t − 1) − sgn (t − 2)
2 2

But sgn( t ) = 2u ( t ) − 1
 1 1
f (t ) = u (t − 1) − − u (t − 2 ) +
2 2

= u(t − 1) − u(t − 2 )

Chapter 18, Solution 34.

First, we find G(ω) for g(t) shown below.

g (t ) = 10[u (t + 2 ) − u (t − 2 )] + 10[u (t + 1) − u (t − 1)]

g ' (t ) = 10[δ(t + 2 ) − δ(t − 2 )] + 10[δ(t + 1) − δ(t − 1)]

The Fourier transform of each term gives

g(t)

20

10

t
–2 –1 0 1 2

g ‘(t)

10δ(t+2) 10δ(t+1)

t
–2 –1 0 1 2

–10δ(t-1) –10δ(t-2)

jωG (ω) = 10(e jω2 − e − jω2 ) + 10(e jω − e − jω )

= 20 j sin 2ω + 20 j sin ω

20 sin 2ω 20 sin ω
G (ω) = + = 40 sinc(2ω) + 20 sinc(ω)
ω ω

Note that G(ω) = G(-ω).

 F(ω) = 2πG (− ω)

1
f (t ) = G (t )
2π

= (20/π)sinc(2t) + (10/π)sinc(t)

Chapter 18, Solution 35.

(a) x(t) = f[3(t-1/3)]. Using the scaling and time shifting properties,’’

1 1 e − jω / 3
X(ω) = e − jω / 3 =
3 2 + jω / 3 (6 + jω)

(b) Using the modulation property,

1 1 1 1  1 1 1 
Y(ω) = [F(ω + 5) + F(ω − 5)] =  + =  +
2 2  2 + j(ω + 5) 2 + j(ω − 5)  2  jω + 7 jω − 3 


jω
(c ) Z(ω) = jωF(ω) =
2 + jω

1
(d) H(ω) = F(ω)F(ω) =
(2 + jω) 2

d (0 − j) 1
(e) I(ω) = j F(ω) = j =
dω (2 + jω) 2 (2 + jω) 2

Chapter 18, Solution 36.

Vo (ω)
H(ω) =
Vi (ω)

10Vi (ω)
Vo (ω) = H(ω)Vi (ω) =
2 + jω
(a) vi = 4δ(t) Vi(ω) = 4

40
Vo (ω) =
2 + jω

v o ( t ) = 40e −2 t u (t )
vo(2) = 40e–4 = 0.7326 V

6
(b) v i = 6e − t u (t ) Vi (ω) =
1 + jω

60
Vo (ω) =
(2 + jω)(1 + jω)
60 A B
Vo (s ) = = + , s = jω
(s + 2)(s + 1) s + 1 s + 2
60 60
A= = 60, B = = −60
1 −1

60 60
Vo (ω) = −
1 + jω 2 + jω

[ ]
v o ( t ) = 60 e − t − e −2 t u ( t )
vo (2) = 60[e −2
− e −4 ] = 60 (0.13533 − 0.01831)
= 7.021 V

(c) vi(t) = 3 cos 2t

Vi(ω) = π[δ(ω + 2) + δ(ω- 2)]

10π[δ(ω + 2) + δ(ω − 2 )]
Vo =
2 + jω

1 ∞
Vo (ω)e jωt dω
2π ∫−∞
v o (t) =

∞ δ(ω + 2 ) jωt ∞ δ(ω − 2 )e

jωt
= 5∫ e dω + 5 ∫ dω
− ∞ 2 + jω −∞ 2 + jω
 =
5e − j2 t 5e + j2 t
+
2 − j2 2 + j2 2 2
=
5
[
e − j(2 t − 45° ) + e j(2 t − 45° ) ]
5
= cos(2 t − 45°)
2

5 5
v o (2 ) = cos(4 − 45°) = cos(229.18° − 45°)
2 2

vo(2) = –3.526 V

Chapter 18, Solution 37.

j2ω
2 jω =
2 + jω

By current division,

j2ω
I (ω) 2 + jω j2ω
H(ω) = o = =
I s (ω) j2ω j2ω + 8 + j4ω
4+
2 + jω

jω
H(ω) =
4 + j3ω

Chapter 18, Solution 38.

1
Vi (ω) = πδ(ω) +
jω

10 5  1 
Vo (ω) = Vi (ω) =  πδ (ω) + 
10 + jω2 5 + jω  jω 

5πδ(ω) 5
Let Vo (ω) = V1 (ω) + V2 (ω) = +
5 + jω jω(5 + jω)
 5 A B
V2 (ω) = = + A = 1, B = -1, s = jω
s(s + 5) s s + 5

1 1 1
V2 (ω) = − v 2 (t ) = sgn( t ) − e − 5 t
jω 5 + j ω 2

5πδ(ω) 1 ∞ 5πδ (ω) jωt

v 1 (t ) =
2π ∫−∞ 5 + jω
V1 = e dω
5 + jω

5π 1
v1(t) = ⋅ = 0.5
2π 5

v 0 (t ) = v1 (t ) + v 2 (t ) = 0.5 + 0.5 sgn (t ) − e −5 t

But sgn (t ) = −1 + 2u (t )

v o (t ) = +0.5 − 0.5 + u (t ) − e −5 t u (t ) = u(t ) − e −5t u(t )

Chapter 18, Solution 39.

∞
− jωt 1 1 1 − jω
Vs (ω) = ∫ (1 − t )e dt = +
jω ω 2
−
ω2
e
−∞

Vs (ω) 10 3  1 1 1 − jω 
I(ω) = =  + − e 
−3
3
10 + jωx10 10 + jω  jω ω
6 2
ω2 

Chapter 18, Solution 40.

v( t ) = δ( t ) − 2δ( t − 1) + δ( t − 2)
− ω 2 V(ω) = 1 − 2e − jω + e jω2

1 − 2e − jω + e − jω2
V(ω) =
− ω2

1 1 + j2ω
Now Z(ω) = 2 + =
jω jω
 V(ω) 2e jω − e jω2 − 1 jω
I= = ⋅
Z(ω) ω 2
1 + j2ω

=
1
jω(0.5 + jω)
(0.5 + 0.5e − jω2 −e − jω )

1 A B
But = + A = 2, B = -2
s(s + 0.5) s s + 0.5

I(ω) =
2
jω
(0.5 + 0.5e jω2 − e − jω ) −
2
0.5 + jω
(0.5 + 0.5e− jω2 − e− jω )

1 1
i(t) = sgn( t ) + sgn(t − 2) − sgn( t − 1) − e − 0.5t u(t ) − e − 0.5( t − 2 ) u(t − 2) − 2e − 0.5( t −1) u(t − 1)
2 2

Chapter 18, Solution 41.

+
1 +
− V 1/s 0.5s 2
2 + jω
−

1
V−
2 + jω 2V
+ jω V + −2=0
2 jω

( 2
)
jω − 2ω + 4 V = j4ω +
jω
2 + jω
=
− 4ω 2 + j9ω
2 + jω

2 jω(4.5 + j2ω)
V(ω) =
(2 + jω)(4 − 2ω 2 + jω)
Chapter 18, Solution 42.

2
By current division, I o = ⋅ I(ω)
2 + jω

(a) For i(t) = 5 sgn (t),

10
I(ω) =
jω
2 10 20
Io = ⋅ =
2 + jω jω jω(2 + jω)

20 A B
Let I o = = + , A = 10, B = −10
s(s + 2) s s + 2

10 10
I o (ω) = −
j ω 2 + jω

io(t) = 5 sgn( t ) − 10e −2 t u(t )A

(b) i(t) i’(t)

4 4δ(t)

1
1 t t

–4δ(t–1)
i' ( t ) = 4δ( t ) − 4δ( t − 1)
jω I(ω) = 4 − 4e − jω

I(ω) =
(
4 1 − e − jω )
jω

8(1 − e − jω )  1 1 
Io = = 4 − (1 − e − jω )
jω(2 + jω)  j ω 2 + j ω 

4 4 4e − j ω 4e − j ω
= − − +
jω 2 + jω jω 2 + jω
 io(t) = 2 sgn( t ) − 2 sgn( t − 1) − 4e −2 t u(t ) + 4e −2( t −1) u(t − 1)A

Chapter 18, Solution 43.

1 1 50 1
20 mF 
→ = = , i s = 5e − t 
→ Is =
−
jωC j20x10 ω jω
3 5 + jω

40 50 50
Vo = Is • = , s = jω
50 jω (s + 1.25)(s + 5)
40 +
jω

A B 40  1 1 
Vo = + = −

s + 1.25 s + 5 3  jω + 1.25 jω + 5 

40 −1.25t
v o (t) = (e − e −5 t ) u ( t )
3

Chapter 18, Solution 44.

1H jω

We transform the voltage source to a current source as shown in Fig. (a) and then
combine the two parallel 2Ω resistors, as shown in Fig. (b).

Io Io
Vs/2 + Vs/2 +
2 2 Vo jω 1 Vo jω
− −

(a) (b)

1 V
2 2 = 1Ω, I o = ⋅ s
1 + jω 2

jω Vs
Vo = jω I o =
2(1 + jω)
 v s ( t ) = 10δ(t ) − 10δ( t − 2)
jω Vs (ω) = 10 − 10e − j2 ω

Vs (ω) =
(
10 1 − e − j2ω )
jω

Hence Vo =
(
5 1 − e − j2 ω
=
5 )
−
5
e − j2 ω
1 + jω 1 + jω 1 + jω

v o ( t ) = 5e − t u ( t ) − 5e − ( t − 2) u ( t − 2)
v o (1) = 5e −1 − 1 − 0 = 1.839 V

Chapter 18, Solution 45.

1
jω 2
Vo = (2) = 
→ v o ( t ) = 2te − t u ( t )
1 ( jω + 1) 2
2 + jω +
jω

Chapter 18, Solution 46.

1 1 − j4
F =
4 1 ω
jω
4

2H jω2
3δ( t ) 3

1
e − t u(t)
1 + jω

The circuit in the frequency domain is shown below:

2Ω Vo

Io(ω)
–j4/ω
+
1/(1+jω) − j2ω
+
3 −
At node Vo, KCL gives

1
− Vo
1 + jω 3 − Vo V
+ = o
2 − j4 j2ω
ω

2 j2Vo
− 2Vo + jω3 − jωVo = −
1 + jω ω

2
+ jω3
1 + jω
Vo =
j2
2 + jω −
ω
2 + jω3 − 3ω 2
V 1 + jω
I o (ω) = o =
j2ω  j2 
j2ω 2 + jω − 
 ω

2 + jω 2 − 3ω 2
Io(ω) =
4 − 6ω 2 + j(8ω − 2ω 3 )

Chapter 18, Solution 47.

Transferring the current source to a voltage source gives the circuit below:
2Ω 1/(jω)

+ −
Vo

+
8V −
1Ω jω/2
 jω
jω 4 + j3ω
Let Z in = 2 + 1 = 2+ 2 =
2 jω 2 + jω
1+
2
By voltage division,
1
jω 8 8
Vo (ω) = ⋅8 = =
1 1 + jωZ in jω(4 + j3ω)
+ Z in 1+
jω 2 + jω

8(2 + jω)
=
2 + jω + jω4 − 3ω 2

8(2 + jω)
=
2 + jω5 − 3ω 2

Chapter 18, Solution 48.

1 j5
0.2F =−
jωC ω

As an integrator,

RC = 20 x 10 3 x 20 x 10 −6 = 0.4

1 t
RC ∫o
vo = − v i dt

1  Vi 
Vo = −  + πVi (0)δ(ω)
RC  jω 

1  2 
=−  ( + πδ (ω)
0 .4  j ω 2 + j ω ) 

Vo  2 
Io = mA = −0.125  + π δ (ω)
20  jω (2 + jω) 

0.125 0.125
=− + − 0.125πδ (ω)
jω 2 + jω
 0.125
i o ( t ) = −0.125 sgn( t ) + 0.125e − 2 t u (t ) − ∫ πδ (ω)e jωt dt
2π

0.125
= 0.125 + 0.25u ( t ) + 0.125e −2 t u ( t ) −
2

io(t) = 0.625 − 0.25u(t ) + 0.125e −2t u(t ) mA

Chapter 18, Solution 49.

Consider the circuit shown below:

jω

j2ω jω

+
+ i1 i2
VS −
1 Ω vo
2Ω −

Vs = π[δ (ω + 1) + δ (ω − 2)]

For mesh 1, − Vs + (2 + j2ω)I1 − 2I 2 − jωI 2 = 0

Vs = 2 (1 + jω) I1 − (2 + jω)I 2 (1)

For mesh 2, 0 = (3 + jω)I 2 − 2I1 − jωI1

(3 + ω)I 2
I1 = (2)
(2 + ω)
Substituting (2) into (1) gives

2 (1 + jω)(3 + jω)I 2
Vs = 2 − (2 + jω)I 2
2 + jω

[( ) (
Vs (2 + ω) = 2 3 + j4ω − ω 2 − 4 + j4ω − ω 2 I 2 )]
= I 2 (2 + j4ω − ω 2
)
 (s + 2)Vs
I2 = , s = jω
s 2 + 4s + 2

Vo = I 2 =
( jω + 2) π [δ (ω + 1) + δ (ω − 1)]
( jω)2 + jω4 + 2
1 ∞
v o (t) = ∫ v o (ω)e jωt dω
2π − ∞

1
∞
( jω + 2) e jωt δ (ω + 1)dω 1 ( jω + 2)e jωt δ(ω − 1)dω
=∫ 2 +2
−∞
( jω) + jω4 + 2
2
( jω)2 + jω4 + 2
1
(− j + 2)e jt 1 ( j + 2)e jt
= 2 + 2
− 1 − j4 + 2 − 1 + j4 + 2

1 1
(2 − j)(1 + j4) (2 − j)(1 − j4)e jt
v o (t) = 2 e jt + 2
17 17

1
= (6 + j7 )e jt + 1 (6 − j7 )e jt
34 34

= 0.271e − j ( t −13.64° ) + 0.271e j ( t −13.64° )

vo(t) = 0.542 cos(t − 13.64°)V

Chapter 18, Solution 50.

Consider the circuit shown below:

j0.5ω
1Ω

+
+ i1 i2
VS − jω 1Ω vo
jω
−
For loop 1,
− 2 + (1 + jω)I1 + j0.5ωI 2 = 0 (1)
For loop 2,
(1 + jω)I 2 + j0.5ωI1 = 0 (2)
From (2),
I1 =
(1 + jω)I 2 = −2
(1 + jω)I 2
− j0.5ω jω

Substituting this into (1),

− 2(1 + jω)I 2 jω
2= + I2
jω 2

 3 
2 jω = − 4 + j4ω − ω 2 I 2
 2 

2 jω
I2 =
4 + j4ω − 1.5ω 2

− 2 jω
Vo = I 2 =
4 + j4ω + 1.5( jω)
2

4
jω
Vo = 3
8 8ω
+ ( jω )
2
+j
3 3

4  16
− 4 + jω 
= 3  + 3
2 2
  8    8 
2 2
4 4
 + jω  +   + jω  + 
3   3  3   3 

 8   8 
Vo ( t ) = − 4e − 4t / 3 cos t  u(t ) + 5.657e − 4t / 3 sin t u(t ) V
 3   3 
Chapter 18, Solution 51.

1
1 jω 1
Z = 1 // = =
jω 1 + 1 1 + jω
jω

1
Z 1 + jω 2 1 2
Vo = Vo = ∗ =
Z+2 1 1 + jω 3 + 2 jω 1 + jω
2+
1 + jω
1
= , s = jω
(s + 1)(s + 1.5)

A B 2 2
Vo = + = − → v o ( t ) = 2(e − t − e −1.5t )u ( t )
s + 1 s + 1.5 s + 1 s + 1.5

∞ ∞
W= ∫ f 2 ( t )dt = 4 ∫ (e − t − e −1.5t ) 2 dt
−∞ 0
∞ ∞
− 2t − 2.5 t − 3t
 e − 2t e − 2.5t e − 3t 
= 4 ∫ (e − 2e +e )dt = 4 +2 −
 −2 2 . 5 3 
0  0

1 2 1
W = 4( − + ) = 0.1332 J
2 2.5 3

Chapter 18, Solution 52.

∞ 1 ∞
J = 2 ∫ f 2 ( t ) dt = ∫
2
F(ω) dω
0 π 0

∞
1 ∞ 1 1 1 π
= ∫
π 9 +ω
0 2 2
dω =
3π
tan −1 (ω / 3) =
0 3π 2
= (1/6)
Chapter 18, Solution 53.

∞ ∞
∫ F(ω) dω = 2π∫ f 2 ( t ) dt
2
J =
0 −∞

e 2t , t<0
f(t) =
e −2 t , t>0

 e 4t 0
e −4 t
∞

J = 2π  ∫ e 4 t dt + ∫ e − 4 t dt  = 2π
0 ∞
+  = 2π[(1/4) + (1/4)] = π
 −∞   4 −4 0 
0
−∞ 

Chapter 18, Solution 54.

∞ ∞ ∞
W1Ω = ∫
−∞
f 2 ( t ) dt = 16 ∫ e − 2 t dt = − 8e − 2 t
0 0
= 8J

Chapter 18, Solution 55.

f(t) = 5e2e–tu(t)

F(ω) = 5e2/(1 + jω), |F(ω)|2 = 25e4/(1 + ω2)

∞
1 ∞ 25e 4 ∞ 1 25e 4
π ∫0 ∫
2
W1Ω = F( ω) dω = dω = tan −1 (ω)
π 0 1+ ω 2
π 0

= 12.5e4 = 682.5 J

∞ ∞
or W1Ω = ∫−∞
f 2 ( t ) dt = 25e 4 ∫ e − 2 t dt = 12.5e4 = 682.5 J
0

Chapter 18, Solution 56.

∞ ∞
W1Ω = ∫
−∞
f 2 ( t ) dt = ∫ e − 2 t sin 2 (2 t ) dt
0

But, sin2(A) = 0.5(1 – cos(2A))

 ∞ ∞
∞ 1 e −2 t e −2 t
∫
−2 t
W1Ω = e 0.5[1 − cos(4 t )]dt = − [−2 cos(4 t ) + 4 sin(4t )]
0 2 −2 0
4 + 16 0

= (1/4) + (1/20)(–2) = 0.15 J

Chapter 18, Solution 57.

∞ 0 0
W1Ω = ∫
−∞
i 2 ( t ) dt = ∫ 4e 2 t dt = 2e 2 t
−∞ −∞
= 2J

or I(ω) = 2/(1 – jω), |I(ω)|2 = 4/(1 + ω2)

∞
1 ∞ 4 ∞ 1 4 4π
∫ ∫
2
W1Ω = I ( ω) d ω = dω = tan −1 (ω) = = 2J
2π − ∞ 2π − ∞ (1 + ω )
2
π 0 π 2

In the frequency range, –5 < ω < 5,

5
4 4 4
W = tan −1 ω = tan −1 (5) = (1.373) = 1.7487
π 0 π π

W/ W1Ω = 1.7487/2 = 0.8743 or 87.43%

Chapter 18, Solution 58.

ωm = 200π = 2πfm which leads to fm = 100 Hz

(a) ωc = πx104 = 2πfc which leads to fc = 104/2 = 5 kHz

(b) lsb = fc – fm = 5,000 – 100 = 4,900 Hz

(c) usb = fc + fm = 5,000 + 100 = 5,100 Hz

Chapter 18, Solution 59.

10 6
−
V (ω) 2 + jω 4 + jω 5 3
H(ω) = o = = −
Vi (ω) 2 2 + jω 4 + jω
  5 3  4
Vo (ω) = H(ω)Vi (ω) =  − 
 2 + jω 4 + jω  1 + jω
20 12
= − , s = jω
(s + 1)(s + 2) (s + 1)(s + 4)

Using partial fraction,

A B C D 16 20 4
Vo (ω) = + + + = − +
s + 1 s + 2 s + 1 s + 4 1 + jω 2 + jω 4 + jω
Thus,
( )
v o ( t ) = 16e − t − 20e −2 t + 4e −4 t u ( t ) V

Chapter 18, Solution 60.

+
Is 1/jω jω V
−

1
jω jωI s
V = jωI s =
1 1 − ω 2 + j2ω
+ 2 + jω
jω

Since the voltage appears across the inductor, there is no DC component.

2π∠90°8 50.27∠90°
V1 = = = 1.2418∠ − 71.92°
1 − 4π 2 + j4π − 38.48 + j12.566

4π∠90°5 62.83∠90°
V2 = = = 0.3954∠ − 80.9°
1 − 16π + j8π2 − 156.91 + j25.13

v( t ) = 1.2418 cos( 2πt − 41.92°) + 0.3954 cos( 4πt + 129.1°) mV

Chapter 18, Solution 61.

lsb = 8,000,000 – 5,000 = 7,995,000 Hz

usb = 8,000,000 + 5,000 = 8,005,000 Hz

Chapter 18, Solution 62.

For the lower sideband, the frequencies range from

10,000 – 3,500 Hz = 6,500 Hz to 10,000 – 400 Hz = 9,600 Hz

For the upper sideband, the frequencies range from

10,000 + 400 Hz = 10,400 Hz to 10,000 + 3,500 Hz = 13,500 Hz

Chapter 18, Solution 63.

Since fn = 5 kHz, 2fn = 10 kHz

i.e. the stations must be spaced 10 kHz apart to avoid interference.

∆f = 1600 – 540 = 1060 kHz

The number of stations = ∆f /10 kHz = 106 stations

Chapter 18, Solution 64.

∆f = 108 – 88 MHz = 20 MHz

The number of stations = 20 MHz/0.2 MHz = 100 stations

Chapter 18, Solution 65.

ω = 3.4 kHz

fs = 2ω = 6.8 kHz
Chapter 18, Solution 66.

ω = 4.5 MHz

fc = 2ω = 9 MHz

Ts = 1/fc = 1/(9x106) = 1.11x10–7 = 111 ns

Chapter 18, Solution 67.

We first find the Fourier transform of g(t). We use the results of Example 17.2 in
conjunction with the duality property. Let Arect(t) be a rectangular pulse of height A and
width T as shown below.
Arect(t) transforms to Atsinc(ω2/2)

f(t) F(ω)
A

t ω
–T/2 T/2
G(ω)

ω
–ωm/2 ωm/2
According to the duality property,

Aτsinc(τt/2) becomes 2πArect(τ)

g(t) = sinc(200πt) becomes 2πArect(τ)

where Aτ = 1 and τ/2 = 200π or T = 400π

i.e. the upper frequency ωu = 400π = 2πfu or fu = 200 Hz

The Nyquist rate = fs = 200 Hz

The Nyquist interval = 1/fs = 1/200 = 5 ms

Chapter 18, Solution 68.

The total energy is

∞
WT = ∫−∞
v 2 ( t ) dt

Since v(t) is an even function,

∞
∞ e −4 t
∫
−4 t
WT = 2500e dt = 5000 = 1250 J
0 −4 0

V(ω) = 50x4/(4 + ω2)

1 5 1 5 (200) 2
2π ∫1 2π ∫1 (4 + ω 2 ) 2
W = | V ( ω) | 2
dω = dω

1 1  x 1 
But ∫ (a 2
+x )
2 2
dx = 2  2
2a  x + a 2
+ tan −1 ( x / a ) + C
a 

5
2x10 4 1  ω 1 
W =  + tan −1 (ω / 2)
π 8 4 + ω 2
2 1

= (2500/π)[(5/29) + 0.5tan-1(5/2) – (1/5) – 0.5tan–1(1/2) = 267.19

W/WT = 267.19/1250 = 0.2137 or 21.37%

Chapter 18, Solution 69.

The total energy is

1 ∞ 1 ∞ 400
∫ 2π ∫−∞ 4 2 + ω 2
2
WT = F(ω) dω = dω
2π − ∞

=
400
π
[
(1 / 4) tan −1 (ω / 4) ] ∞

0
=
100 π
π 2
= 50

W =
1 2
2π ∫0
2
F(ω) dω =
400
2π
[
(1 / 4) tan −1 (ω / 4) ] 2

= [100/(2π)]tan–1(2) = (50/π)(1.107) = 17.6187

W/WT = 17.6187/50 = 0.3524 or 35.24%