XÂY DỰNG MÔ HÌNH BIỂU DIỄN TRI THỨC HÌNH HỌC PHẲNG ỨNG DỤNG GIẢI BÀI TOÁN VECTOR

I HC QUC GIA TP.
H CH MINH
TRNG I HC CNG NGH THNG TIN

KHOA KHOA HC MY TNH
BO CO N
LP TRNH SYMBOLIC TRONG TR TU NHN TO
XY DNG M HNH BIU DIN TRI THC

HNH HC PHNG
NG DNG GII BI TON VECTOR
Ging vin hng dn: THS. NGUYN NH HIN

Sinh vin thc hin:
NGUYN TR HI
11520094
NGUYN HONG NGHA
11520603
Lp:
Lp mn hc:
Kho:
KHTN2011
CS314.E21.KHTN
2011
TP. H Ch Minh, Ngy 10 thng 05 nm 2014
M U
Tr tu nhn to l mt lnh vc ln v quan trng trong cng
ngh thng tin hin nay. Vi nhiu hng nghin cu khc nhau cng
mc tiu xy dng, m phng li tr tu con ngi trn my tnh
x l vn mt cch thng minh. Trong , tri thc l mt phn
quan trng. ng vai tr chnh trong vic a ra quyt nh ca con
ngi. Dn n vic cn thit phi biu din tri thc con ngi trn
my tnh c th suy lun gii quyt vn . T cc m hnh
biu din tri thc c xy dng c th gii quyt vn n trn.
C rt nhiu cc m hnh biu din tri thc khc nhau, nhng
cha c m hnh no c th gii quyt vn biu din tri thc mt
cch tng qut nht. Hin nay m hnh COKB ang c s dng v
tip tc m rng ph hp c th m hnh ho c cc c trng ca
tri thc ton hc. Cng vi , ngi ta nghin cu cch biu din
tri thc ca con ngi v xy dng cc chin lc tm kim li gii
cho b suy din c th c c mt h thng thng minh c kh
nng gii bi ton thng minh tng t nh con ngi. ng dng
nhng tri thc trn, n s xy dng m hnh biu din tri thc cho
min tri thc hnh hc phng (c gii hn min tri thc) v p dng
suy lun c th xy dng chng trnh gii ton trn min tri thc
ny.
LI CM N
Li u tin chng em xin c by t lng bit n su sc nht
ti ThS. Nguyn nh Hin, Khoa Khoa hc My tnh, i hc Cng
ngh Thng tin HQG-HCM, tn tnh hng dn nhm em kin
thc cn bn v thit yu hon thnh n.
Tip n, xin cm n cc bn lp CS314.E21.KHTN cng
nhm trao i v b sung kin thc h tr cho vic hon thin n.
TP. H Ch Minh, Ngy 10 thng 05 nm 2014
Nguyn Tr Hi Nguyn Hong Ngha
Bo co n mn hc Lp trnh Symbolic
GVHD: Ths. Nguyn nh Hin
MC LC
TNG QUAN N ............................................................................................................. 1
I. M hnh tri thc hnh hc phng v h gii ton t ng ................................................ 2
1. M hnh tri thc hnh hc phng ................................................................................................. 2
2. H gii ton vector t ng .......................................................................................................... 2
II. Thu thp tri thc................................................................................................................. 2

1. Tri thc v vector .......................................................................................................................... 2
2. Cc vn cn gii quyt trong min tri thc vector ................................................................ 5
III. Biu din tri thc ............................................................................................................... 6

1. i tng tnh ton (C-object) ..................................................................................................... 6
2. M hnh COKB khyt ................................................................................................................... 7
2.1. Tp C cc khi nim v cc i tng tnh ton ................................................................. 8
2.2. Tp R cc quan h trn cc i tng.................................................................................. 8
2.3. Tp Rules cc lut trn cc i tng phn cp ................................................................. 9
3. M hnh bi ton ......................................................................................................................... 10
IV. Thut gii suy din .......................................................................................................... 11

1. Rt gn biu thc vector ............................................................................................................ 11
2. Chng minh ng thc vector ................................................................................................... 13
3. Ti u li gii .............................................................................................................................. 14
V. Xy dng ng dng........................................................................................................... 15
1. Cu trc lu tr .......................................................................................................................... 15
2. Cng c h tr, lp trnh ............................................................................................................ 16
2.1. Kt ni C# vi Maple ........................................................................................................... 17
2.2. Th hin k hiu, biu thc ton hc .................................................................................. 17
2.3. Nhp bi theo ngn ng t nhin .................................................................................. 18
3. Xy dng chng trnh .............................................................................................................. 20
3.1. Lp trnh tnh ton............................................................................................................... 20
3.2. Lp trnh giao din............................................................................................................... 21
VI. Kim tra kt qu .............................................................................................................. 25

VII. Tng kt .......................................................................................................................... 30
TI LIU THAM KHO ..................................................................................................... 32
TNG QUAN N
1. Tn ti
Xy dng m hnh biu din tri thc hnh hc phng ng dng gii bi ton
vector.
2. Ging vin hng dn
ThS. Nguyn nh Hin.
3. Sinh vin thc hin
Nguyn Tr Hi, Nguyn Hong Ngha.
4. Kho hc
Kho 2011 (Ngy nhp hc: Thng 09/2011).
5. Thng tin lin lc ca sinh vin
STT Tn
MSSV
Email
1
Nguyn Tr Hi
11520094 11520094@gm.uit.edu.vn
2
Nguyn Hong Ngha 11520603 11520603@gm.uit.edu.vn
6. Chng trnh, ng dng s dng
Chng trnh lp trnh, h tr: Maple 13.0, Microsoft Visual Studio 12.
Mi trng lp trnh: Windows Forms, Maple.
7. Phn cng thc hin
Phn cng
Thc hin
Tm kim, tng hp ti liu
C nhm
Ln ni dung cn lm cho ti, tm kim ti liu:
- Thi gian thc hin.
- Tng hp ti c liu lin quan.
- Tm hiu chng trnh, ng dng h tr.
Thc hin n
Nguyn Tr Hi
- Tm hiu, xy dng ni dung ng dng
Nguyn Hong Ngha - Tng hp, xy dng ni dung l thuyt.
C nhm
- Vit bo co, trnh by slide
- Sa li
I. M hnh tri thc hnh hc phng v h gii ton t ng

1. M hnh tri thc hnh hc phng
Tr tu nhn to (Artificial Intelligent) l khoa hc my tnh gii quyt vn
lm sao my tnh c th c tr tu ging nh con ngi. Trong tr tu con ngi, tri
thc ng gp quan trng. Vn biu din tri thc (Knowledge representation) trn
my tnh t c nghin cu v xut ra cc phng php, m hnh gii quyt vn
ny.
n s tm hiu m hnh tri thc hnh hc phng c gii hn min tri thc. Mc
d l kin thc ph thng nhng min tri thc hnh hc phng kh rng v nhiu vn
khc nhau cn gii quyt. Do , trong khun kh n mn hc s gii hn min
tri thc li v tm hiu m hnh biu din cho n.
2. H gii ton vector t ng
T cc m hnh biu din tri thc, chng ta s thit k cc thut gii suy din
gii quyt cc vn lin quan n min tri thc c biu din. Trong ta c th xy
dng c cc h c s tri thc (Knowledge Based Systems) s dng tri thc gii
quyt vn nh cc h chuyn gia gii quyt vn ca mt chuyn gia, cc h
gii ton h tr cng vic tnh v gii cc bi ton. c bit hn l cc h gii ton
t ng trong gio dc, ngoi cc yu cu ca h gii ton cn phi cung cp cho ngi
dng li gii chi tit cho bi ton. Mt h gii ton nh vy c cc yu cu c bn v
vic gii quyt cc dng ton tng qut trong min tri thc xc nh, trong 2 thnh
phn quan trng l c s tri thc v b suy din.
y, bo co s ng dng xy dng mt h gii ton ton gio dc v min tri
thc vector c biu din. ng dng s gii quyt cc bi ton c th trn vector v
cung cp li gii chi tit cho bi ton mt cch d hiu cho ngi dng.
II. Thu thp tri thc

Bc u tin d xy dng mt h c s tri thc cn phi thu thp tri thc. Da
trn s hiu bit, kh nng v mc tiu ca ngi thit k, ta s thu thp v la chn tri
thc ph hp. Nh cp ti phn I, min tri thc v bi ton cn gii quyt v
vector s c gii hn trong min tri thc ph hp.
1. Tri thc v vector
Cc khi nim (concepts) v lut (rules) l cc thnh phn c bn cu thnh nn
mt tri thc. Mt min tri thc xc nh c xy dng trn cc thnh phn c bn t
n gin n phc tp v cc mi lin h gia cc thnh phn . Ta s thu thp v tng
hp kin thc t cc thnh phn c bn n gin n phc tp. Phn thu thp tri thc
di y c tham kho v trch ra t [5]:
im: im l khi nim n gin nht ca hnh hc. N l mt cu trc rng, c

nh ngha thng qua hnh nh mt chm nh trn trang giy (mt phng). im c
k hiu thng qua cc ch ci in hoa A, B, C,
ng thng: ng thng cng l khi nim c bn vi hnh nh l mp bn, hay si
ch cng.
on thng:
on thng l ng thng b gii hn bi 2 im.
Trung im ca on thng l dim thuc on thng v chia on thng thnh
2 phn bng nhau.
Tam gic:
Tam gic l hnh gm 3 on thng ni gia 3 im khng thng hng vi nhau.
Tam gic c to thnh t 3 im A, B, C gi l tam gic ABC.
Trung tuyn ng vi 1 cnh ca tam gic l on thng ni t trung im ca
on n nh i din n. Mi tam gic c 3 ng trung tuyn.
3 ng trung tuyn ca tam gic ct nhau ti cng 1 im. Giao ca 3 ng
trung tuyn gi l trng tm ca tam gic.
Hnh bnh hnh: Hnh bnh hnh l t gic c cc cnh i song song vi nhau. Trong
hnh bnh hnh, 2 ng cho ct nhau ti trung im mi ng, hi l tm ca hnh
bnh hnh.
Vector:
Khi nim:
- Vector l mt on thng c hng. Ti ta xc nh 1 im l u, 1
im l cui.
- Vector c im u l A, im cui l B gi l vector AB. K hiu:
AB hoc
vector c th k hiu l a.
- ng thng i qua im u v cui ca vector c gi l gi ca vector
.
Phng v hng ca vector:
- Hng ca vector c xc nh l chiu t im u n im cui ca
vector.
- 2 vector c gi l cng phng nu gi ca chng song song vi nhau.
Vector bng nhau:
- di ca vector l khong cch gia 2 im u v cui ca vector . K
| = AB.
hiu: |AB
-
Vector c di bng 1 c gi l vector n v.

3
Hai vector c gi l bng nhau nu chng c cng hng v i bng

nhau.
Vector khng l vector c im u v im cui trng nhau. K hiu: 0.
Tng ca 2 vector:
nh ngha:
-
Cho 2 vector a v b. Ly mt im A tu , v
AB = a v
BC = b. Vector
AC c gi l tng ca hai vector a v b. K hiu:

AC = a + b.
Quy tc 3 im: Cho 3 im A, B, C tu ta lun c

AB +
BC =
AC.
Quy tc hnh bnh hnh: Nu ABCD l hnh bnh hnh th
AB +
AD =
AC

(AB
CD).
Tnh cht:
Vi 3 vector a, b, c tu :
Tnh giao hon: a + b = b + a;

) + c = a + (b
+ c);
Tnh kt hp: (a + b
Tnh cht ca vector khng: a + 0 = 0 + a = a.
Hiu 2 vector:
Vector i:
- Vector c cng di v ngc hng vi a gi l vector i ca a. K hiu:
a.
- Mi vector u c vector i.
l 0
.
- Vector i ca 0
nh ngha:
-
). K
Cho 2 vector a v b. Ta gi hiu ca 2 vector a v b l vector a + (b
hiu: a b.
Vi 3 im tu , ta c:
AB =
OA
OB.
I l trung im ca on thng AB khi v ch khi

IA +
IB = 0.
G l trng tm ca tam gic ABC khi v ch khi
GA +
GB +
GC = 0.
Tch ca vector vi 1 s:
nh ngha:
- Cho s k 0. Tch ca vector a vi s k l mt vector, k hiu l ka, cng
hng vi a v nu k > 0, ngc hng vi a nu k < 0 v c di bng
|k||a|.
= 0.
- 0. a = 0, k0
4
Tnh cht:
;
- k(a + b) = ka + kb
-
(h + k)a = ha + ka;
h(ka) = (hk)a;
1. a = a, 1. a = a.
= 2MI
.
Nu I l trung im ca AB, th ta c vi mi M:
MA + MB
+
Nu G l trng tm ca tam gic A, B, C th ta c vi mi M:
MA + MB
.
MC = 3MG
2. Cc vn cn gii quyt trong min tri thc vector
T min tri thc thu c ta s xc nh cc vn cn gii quyt (cc bi ton)
trn min tri thc . i vi min tri thc vector c 2 dng ton c bn thng gp
l rt gn biu thc vector v chng minh ng thc vector. Ta s x l 2 dng bi ton
ny:
Dng ton rt gn biu thc vector: bi tng qut cho mt biu thc vector
v yu cu ngi gii dng cc cng thc vector bit nhm rt gn nht cc
thnh phn (ti gin) c th.
V d 2.1: Rt gn biu thc vector:
AB +
MN
CB +
PQ +
CA +
NM
Dng ton chng minh ng thc vector rt a dng bao gm:
- Bi ton chng minh khng c iu kin: bi cung cp mt ng thc
v yu cu chng minh ng thc tn ti.
- Bi ton chng minh c iu kin l quan h: bi cung cp mt ng
thc v quan h gia cc thnh phn lin quan trong ng thc .Yu
cu chng minh ng thc tn ti.
- Bi ton chng minh c iu kin l phng trnh: bi cung cp mt
ng thc v quan h dng phng trnh gia cc thnh phn lin quan
trong ng thc . Yu cu chng minh ng thc tn ti.
- Bi ton chng minh tng qut: L dng tng hp cc dng trn. bi
cung cp mt ng thc v iu kin dng quan h hoc tnh ton. Yu
cu chng minh ng thc tn ti.
V d 2.2: Cho 4 im A, B, C, D, J. Trong J l trung im on AB. Chng
minh:
+ BC
+ DA
=
AB + CD
0
V d 2.3: Cho cc im A, B, C, D, E, F, K. Trong E l trung im on AB,
F l trung im on CD v K l trung im on EF. Chng minh rng :
=
AB +
AC +
AD + 4AK
0
5
III. Biu din tri thc

Nhim v ca tr tu nhn to l biu din tri thc v tm kim tri thc trong
min biu din. Trong , biu din tri thc ng vai tr quyt nh n kh nng v
hiu qu ca h thng tri thc. C nhiu phng php khc nhau biu din, m hnh
tri thc. Vn la chn, p dng cc phng php tri thc ph hp l iu quan trng.
Vic la chn v s dng m hnh tri thc phi m bo cc yu cu v mt biu din
cng nh lp trnh:
M hnh tri thc phi ph hp vi min tri thc. Cc m hnh n gin chc chn
khng th gii quyt c vic biu din tri thc xc nh. Cn cc m hnh
tri thc qu phc tp gy tn thi gian trong vic tm hiu, biu din cng nh
kh khn v mt lp trnh vi cc thnh phn khng s dng n.
S c lp ca m hnh tri thc v thut gii suy din l iu cn thit. Vic c
lp s gip tch ri hai khu trong qu trnh xy dng h tri thc gip ngi xy
dng s tp trung hn trong phn ca mnh. ng thi, vic m rng v ci tin
s dng hn v c th thc hin c lp.
Trong [1] cp cc m hnh biu din tri thc ph hp vi cc h gii ton. Trong ,
c m hnh i tng tnh ton (C Object) v m hnh tri thc cc i tng tnh ton
COKB. y ta s p dng cc m hnh trn vi vic rt gn m hnh COKB ph
hp vi min tri thc c.
1. i tng tnh ton (C-object)
T tng hng i tng (Object oriented) c p dng trong biu din tri
thc. Khi mi thnh phn ca tri thc c xem l cc i tng vi nhng thnh phn
thuc tnh (states) v hnh vi (behavious) ca n. Ta s s dng ph hp nh ngha ca
[1], [4]: Gi i tng tnh ton (C object) l mt i tng O c cu trc:
(1) Mt danh sch cc thuc tnh Attr(O) = {x1, x2, , xn} trong mi thuc
tnh ly gi tr trong mt min xc nh nht nh, v gia cc thuc tnh ta c
cc quan h th hin qua cc s kin, cc lut suy din hay cc cng thc tnh
ton.
(2) Cc hnh vi lin quan n s suy din v tnh ton trn cc thuc tnh ca i
tng hay trn cc s kin nh:
-
Tm bao ng ca A Attr(O) (Cc thuc tnh c th suy ra c t A).

Xc nh tnh gii c ca bi ton suy din c dng A B. Trong A
Attr(O), B Attr(O).
Cho bit qu trnh xc nh li gii cho bi ton trn (A B).
Cho bit gi tr cc thuc tnh ca n khi c yu cu.
V d 3.1: nh ngha TAMGIAC vi gc 3 nh A, B, C; 3 cnh a, b, c; cc ng

c bit trong tam gic; cng vi cc cng thc lin h gia chng (quan h) xc
6
nh mt cu trc biu din tam gic. Cu trc ny kt hp vi cc hnh vi ca n bao

gm gii cc bi ton tam gic, xc nh gi tr cc thuc tnh v x l lin quan n
ni b tam gic c xem l mt biu din ca i tng tam gic.
Mt C Object c m hnh ho bi 1 b:
(Attr, F, Facts, Rules)
Trong :
Attr l tp hp cc thuc tnh ca i tng;

F l tp hp cc quan h suy din tnh ton;
Facts l tp hp cc tnh cht, s kin vn c ca i tng;
Rules l tp hp cc lut suy din trn cc s kin lin quan n thuc tnh cng
nh bn thn i tng, Rules thng c biu din bng m hnh lut dn theo
dng {A} => {B}, vi A Attr(O), B Attr(O).
V d 3.2: i tng Tam gic c biu din nh sau:

-
Attr = {A, B, C, a, b, c, ha, hb, hc, S, }.

F = { A + B + C = Pi; S = a.ha/2; S = b.hb/2 S = c.hc/2, }.
Facts = { };
Rules = { {A = B} => {a = b}, {A + B = Pi/2} => {hc = 1/2.c}, }.
2. M hnh COKB khyt

M hnh COKB (Computational Objects Knowledge Base) bao gm cc khi
nim v cc i tng c cu trc vi cc loi quan h v cc tnh ton lin quan. Mt
m hnh COKB y gm cc thnh phn:
(C, H, R, Ops, Rules)
Trong :
C l tp hp cc khi nim v cc C object;

H l tp cc quan h phn cp gia cc loi i tng;
R l tp cc khi nim v cc loi quan h trn cc C Object;
Ops l tp cc ton t;
Rules l tp cc lut c phn lp.
i vi min tri thc xc nh c xt y (min tri thc v vector) ta thy

cc quan h phn cp kh n gin, cp thp v cc ton t cng ch s dng 2 ton t
thng dng l `+`, `-` v `*` vi 1 s thc. Do , ta c th xem xt ta khng cn phi
xy dng tp phn cp v ton t ring nhm lm n gin thao tc biu din v lp
trnh khi ng dng. T , ta xy dng mt m hnh COKB khuyt (rt gn) da trn
nhng rt gn trn. Mt m hnh COKB khuyt gm c cc thnh phn:
7
(C, R, Rules)
Trong :
C l tp cc khi nim v cc C Ojects;
R l tp cc quan h trn cc i tng;
Rules l tp cc lut c phn lp da trn cc s kin c dng
r: {f1, f2, , fn} => {f1, f2, , fm}. Trong , cc fi l cc s kin.
2.1. Tp C cc khi nim v cc i tng tnh ton
Mi khi nim l mt lp C Oject vi cu trc v phn cp theo thit lp ca i tng:
[1] i tng cp thp nht: Cc bin thc.
[2] Cc i tng c bn c cu trc rng hoc c cu trc t mt thuc tnh kiu
thc.
[3] Cc i tng C Object cp 1, c thuc tnh thc v c th c danh sch
nn cc i tng c bn.
[4] Cc i tng C Object cp 2, c thuc tnh thc v c th c danh sch
nn cc i tng cp 1.
Cu trc bn trong mi i tng gm:
-
Kiu i tng.
Danh sch cc thuc tnh.
Quan h trn cu trc thit lp.
Tp hp cc iu kin rng buc trn cc thuc tnh.
Tp hp cc tnh cht ni ti lin quan n cc thuc tnh ca i tng.
Tp hp cc quan h suy din tnh ton.
Tp hp cc lut suy din trn cc loi s kin khc nhau lin quan n cc
thuc tnh ca i tng hay bn thn i tng.
Trong min tri thc vector hin ti tp C biu din cc khi nim gm: im, on,
Vector, Tam gic, Hnh bnh hnh. Trong :
-
im l thanh phn i tng c bn, cu trc rng.

on, Vector l thnh phn i tng cp 1, c xy dng t danh sch
nn cc i tng c bn.
Tam gic, Hnh bnh hnh l thnh phn i tng cp 2, c xy dng
t danh sch nn cc i tng cp 1.
2.2. Tp R cc quan h trn cc i tng

Mt quan h c xc nh bi <tn quan h> v cc loi i tng lin quan. Trong
quan h, ta xc nh cc tnh cht c th c: tnh cht phn x, tnh cht i xng, tnh
cht phn xng v tnh cht bc cu.
8
Trong min tri thc vector hin ti tp R biu din cc quan h gm:
-
Trung im trn i tng im vi on.

Trung im trn i tng im vi Vector.
Trng tm trn i tng im vi Tam gic.
Tm trn i tng im vi Hnh bnh hnh.
Trung tuyn trn i tng on vi Tam gic.
2.3. Tp Rules cc lut trn cc i tng phn cp

Cc lut th hin tri thc ph qut trn cc khi nim v cc loi s kin khc nhau.
Mi lut cho qua mt quy lut c th suy ra c 1 s kin mi t mt s s kin
bit. Mt lut r c th c m hnh dng:
{f1, f2, , fn} => {f1, f2, , fm}.
Trong , cc fi l cc s kin.
Trong , cc s kin cn c m t mt cch chi tit v c th c th m hnh ho
v gii quyt bi ton da trn n. Ta nh ngha 5 loi s kin khc nhau cho m hnh
ny:
(1) S kin thng tin v loi ca i tng. Cu trc s kin:
[<object>, <loi object>].
(2) S kin v tnh xc nh ca mt i tng (thuc tnh bit) hay ca mt

thuc tnh. Cu trc s kin:
<object> | <object>.<thuc tnh>.
Trong trng hp i tng c cu thnh t cc i tng khc th

<thuc tnh> c th vit theo dng cu trc.
(3) S kin v s bng nhau gia mt i tng hay mt thuc tnh vi mt i
tng hay mt thuc tnh khc (thuc tnh tng ng ca chng bng nhau). Cu
trc s kin:
<object> | <object>.<thuc tnh> = <object> | <object>.<thuc tnh>.
(4) S kin v s ph thuc ca mt i tng hay mt thuc tnh theo nhng

i tng hay thuc tnh khc thng qua mt cng thc tnh ton. Cu trc s
kin:
<object> | <object>.<thuc tnh> = <biu thc theo cc object hay
thuc tnh khc>.
(5) S kin v mt quan h trn cc i tng hay trn cc thuc tnh ca cc

i tng. Cu trc s kin c dng danh sch:
[<tn quan h>,<object1>,<object2>,].
9
Ta thy, khng c s kin tnh xc nh ca mt thuc tnh thng qua biu thc hng
do ta khng tnh ton hng s trong min tri thc ang xt.
Trong min tri thc vector hin ti tp Rules biu din cc lut gm mt s lut nh:
-
{[A, im], [B, im], [C, im], [D, im],

Hnh bnh hnh[A,B,C,D]} =>
{Vector[A, B] + Vector[A, D] = Vector[A, C] ,
Vector[C, B] + Vector[C, D] = Vector[C, A] ,
Vector[B, A] + Vector[B, D] = Vector[B, D],
Vector[D, A] + Vector[D, C] = Vector[D, B],
Vector[B, C] = Vector[A, D],
Vector[A, B] = Vector[D, C]}.
{[A, im], [B, im], [M, im],
["Trung im", M, on[A,B]]} =>
{Vector[M, A] + Vector[M, B] = Vector[0],
Vecto[A, M] + Vecto[B, M] = Vecto[0],
Vecto[A, B] = 2*Vecto[A, M],
Vecto[A, B] = 2*Vecto[M, B],
Vecto[B, A] = 2*Vecto[B, M],
Vecto[B, A] = 2*Vecto[M, A]}.
3. M hnh bi ton
Ta s dng m hnh mng cc C object xy dng m hnh bi ton, m hnh
bi ton gii quyt vn c dng:
(O, Facts), Goal
Trong :
O l tp cc i tng tnh ton trong bi ton;
Facts l tp cc s kin thuc cc loi nh ngha trn;
Goal l mc tiu ca bi ton c dng mt biu thc hay phng trnh.
V d 3.3: M hnh bi ton:
O = {A,B,C,D,E,F};
Facts = {[A, im], [B, im], [C, im], [D, im], [E,
im], [F, im]};
Goal = {Rt gn, Vecto[A, D] + Vecto[B, E] + Vecto[C, F] = Vecto[A,
E] + Vecto[B, F] + Vecto[C, D]}.
10
IV. Thut gii suy din

Hin nay c 2 phng php suy din chnh c dng ph bin cho vic suy din
trn cc biu din tri thc l suy din tin (Forward chaining) v suy din li (Backward
chaining). Trong , suy din tin l qu trnh suy lun ti mi bc ta s tm c th t
tt c cc lut c th p dng s dng cho n khi c kt qu. y l mt qu trnh
suy din t nhin ging vi cch gii quyt vn ca con ngi. Ta s s dng phng
php ny thit k thut gii suy din.
1. Rt gn biu thc vector
Bi ton
Cho mt biu thc vector n gin. Yu cu rt gn biu thc vector .
Input
M hnh bi ton.
Output
Biu thc c rt gn (theo ngha ti gin nht c th) v cc thao tc rt gn.
Thut gii
i vi dng bi tp rt gn n gin ny, ta ch cn s dng quy tc ba im v quan
vector i nn ta khng cn p dng thao tc tm kim lut p dng nh thut gii
suy din tin m lm ngc li l tm cc thnh phn c th p dng c lut
x l.
Ni dung thut gii nh sau: Ti mi thao tc chnh, thut gii s gom nhm cc cp
vector c th rt gn c vi nhau x l. Thut gii kt thc khi khng gom nhm
c na. Ta cn lu tr li cch gom nhm v kt qu gom nhm.
Cc bin s dng:
exp: Dng biu thc, lu tr cc biu thc bi.
sol: Dng bng cc danh sch, lu danh sch cc nhm c gom ti mi
bc.
solVal: Dng bng (mng) lu tr, kt qu gom nhm ti mi bc.
count: Dng s t nhin, m s thao tc thc hin.
flag: Dng logic, c hiu: true cn c th rt gn c, false khng th rt
gn c na.
Bc 1: X l bi.
exp = Biu thc vector bi;
sol = [ ];
solVal = [ ];
count = 0;
11
<Trong exp, chuyn tt c cc php tr vector thnh php cng vi vector

i>;
Bc 2: Gii ton.
flag = true;
While flag = true do
flag = false; //Ban u nhm cha c gom.
count = count + 1;
solValcount = [ ]; //Kt qu ca thao tc th count.
for i from 1 to <S lng cc vector trong exp> do //Ly tng thnh
phn vector trong exp
if <expi p dng trc > then
next;
end if;
for j form i + 1 to <S lng cc vector trong exp> do //Ly
cc thnh phn sau i
if <expj p dng trc > then
next;
end if;
if <expi c th cng vi expj> then
<Gom nhm expi v expj>;
solcount = solcount + (expi, expj); //Lu cch gom nhm
solValcount = solValcount + (expi + expj); //Lu kt
qu gom nhm
<nh du i v j xt>;
//Ta c th ch cn nh du j thi do ch xt vi
//i tng dn nn khng s trng.
flag = true; //C th rt gn c tip.
break; //Thot do tm c cp ca expi .
end if;
solValcount = solValcount + expi ; //expi khng tm c nhm
gom.
end for; // Kt thc vng for theo bin j
end for; // Kt thc vng for theo bin i
exp = solVal;
end while;
Bc 3: Xut kt qu.
//Da trn cch gom nhm ti mi bc ta s trnh by kt qu.
//S ln vng <While (flag = true) do> ngoi cng x l s l s cc bc
//cn trnh by.
for i from 1 to count do
Xut soli, solVali;
end for;
12
2. Chng minh ng thc vector

Dng bi ton chng minh ng thc vector c nhiu dng khc nhau. Ta s x l dng
tng qut nht gii quyt c ton b cc dng.
Bi ton
Cho mt danh sch cc i tng (thuc min tri thc vector) v cc quan h gia cc
i tng . Yu cu chng minh mt ng thc vector cho trc.
Input
M hnh bi ton.
Output
Kt qu chng minh bi ton v cc thao tc chng minh.
Thut gii
Thut gii suy din tin c p dng. Ta cn lu li danh sch cc lut c p dng
v kt qu.
Cc bin s dng:
exp: Dng ng thc, lu tr ng thc cn chng minh. exp c dng exp.L =
exp.R. vi L v R l cc biu thc vector.
sol: Dng danh sch, danh sch cc lut c p dng. Bao gm c danh sch
cc i tng tham gia trong lut.
facts: Dng danh sch, danh sch cc lut.
flag: Dng logic. C dnh du: true C th tm c lut p dng, false
khng tm c lut p dng.
Bc 1: X l bi.
exp = ng thc vector bi;
sol = [ ];
; //Chuyn v phi qua v tri
exp.L = exp.L exp.R; exp.R = 0
flag = true;
Bc 2: Gii ton.
while flag = true do
flag = false;
<p dng rt gn biu thc vector exp.L>;
sol = sol + <Lut + danh sch cc i tng tham gia rt gn>;
for i in facts do
if <facts[i] p dng c cho exp.L> then
<p dng facts[i] vo exp.L>
sol = sol + <facts[i] + danh sch cc i tng tham
gia>;
flag = true;
13
if exp.L = 0 then break; end if;

end if;
end for;
end while;
Bc 3: Xut kt qu.
//Xut kt qu v thao tc x l trol sol.
if exp.L = 0 then
Xut sol;
else
Xut: ng thc sai;
end if;
3. Ti u li gii
ti u ta s xc nh phn t d tha v cch m sol thm cc quan h. Trc ht,
ta thy sol l mt tp cc f F. Gi s ti bc th i ta p dng lut fi: u(fi) v(fi)
gii bi ton. Th mt quan h fi c xem l d tha khi H \

G. Ta s dng phng
php ca [1]. Vi:

newSol: Dng danh sch, Danh sch ti u.
Gi s sol sau khi p dng gii thut ta tm c k quan h p dng.
Bc 1: Khi to
newSol = [];// Danh sch ti u s thm tng quan h.
V = G;// Tp x l V ban u l G.
Bc 2: X l
for i from k downto 1 do
v(fi) )
newSol = fk + newSol;
V = V\v(fk) u(fk)\H;
end if;
end for;
if (V
Bc 3: Xut kt qu.
Xut newSol;
14
V. Xy dng ng dng
Sau khi thu thp tri thc v xy dng m hnh, cu trc c th ta tin hnh xy
dng chng trnh ng dng. Cc vn cn quan tm khi tin hnh lp trnh l s dng
cu trc d liu biu din tri thc; ngn ng, cng c lp trnh ph hp v gii quyt
cc vn v k thut lp trnh.
1. Cu trc lu tr
u tin ta cn xy dng cu trc tp tin lu tr tri thc biu din. Cu
trc d liu c nh hng n c vic trin khai thut gii v chng trnh. D cho c
biu din tt nhng lu tr khng pht huy c kh nng linh ng v c lp trong
lp trnh gii quyt cc vn khc nhau s gy nh hng n tc v c th v
tnh ng n ca chng trnh.
Cu trc c tham kho t [1] gm h thng cc tp tin:
(1) Tp tin Objects.txt lu tr cc nh danh (hay tn gi) cho cc khi nim
v cc loi i tng C-Object. Cu trc:
begin_Objects
<Tn i tng 1>
<Tn i tng 2>
end_Objects
(2) Tp tin Relations.txt lu tr thng tin v cc loi quan h khc nhau trn
cc loi C-Object.
begin_Relations
[<Tn quan h>, <Loi i tng>, <Loi i tng>, ],
{<Tnh cht>, <Tnh cht>, }
[<Tn quan h>, <Loi i tng>, <Loi i tng>, ],
{<Tnh cht>, <Tnh cht>, }
end_Relations
(3) Cc tp tin vi tn tp tin c dng <tn khi nim C-Object>.txt lu tr

cu trc ca loi i tng tn khi nim C-Object>.
begin_object: Diem;
<Cc i tng nn>: <Kiu>;
<Cc i tng nn>: <Kiu>;
begin_variables
<Tn thuc tnh>: <Kiu>;
<Tn thuc tnh>: <Kiu>;
end_variables
15
begin_constraints
end_constraints
begin_properties
<S kin>
<S kin>
end_properties
begin_computation_relations
begin_relation
end_relation
end_computation_relations
begin_rules
begin_rule
kind_rule = <Loi lut>;
hypothesis_part:
{Cc s kin gi thit ca lut}
goal_part:
{Cc s kin kt lun ca lut hoc l
Object}
end_rule
end_rules
end_object
(4) Tp tin Rules.txt lu tr h lut ca c s tri thc.

begin_rules
begin_rule
kind_rule = <Loi lut>;
<Cc tn i tng>: <Kiu i tng>;
<Cc tn i tng>: <Kiu i tng>;
hypothesis_part:
{Cc s kin gi thit ca lut}
goal_part:
{Cc s kin kt lun ca lut hoc l Object}
end_rule
end_rules
2. Cng c h tr, lp trnh

Phn mm Maple c s dng l cng c h tr gii ton h tr sn cc cu
trc lp trnh cp cao v cc thut ton gii ton c sn v s dng lp trnh Windows
Forms lp trnh giao din.
16
2.1. Kt ni C# vi Maple
Qu trnh thc hin li gii mt bi ton c thit k v ci t trn Maple, tuy
nhin li gii c quy c theo mt cu trc d liu xc nh, iu gy kh khn
cho ngi s dng. ci thin vn ny, cn mt chng trnh c giao din trc
quan, d tng tc nhng vn th hin ng qu trnh th hin li gii bi ton. V C#
l mt trong nhng ngn ng lp trnh mnh c th lm c iu y. Tt c kt qu v
cu trc d liu li gii nhn t Maple c chuyn sang C# v dng C# th hin li
gii bi ton mt cch t nhin.
Phn ln chc nng ton hc ca Maple c vit bng ngn ng Maple v c
thng dch bi nhn Maple. Nhn Maple c vit bng C. V vy vic kt ni C# vi
Maple n gin l xm nhp C.dlls t C#. K thut kt ni C# vi Maple c th tm tt
nh sau:
nh ngha class MapleEngine vi cc phng thc StartMaple, StopMaple,
EvalMapleStatement v IsMapleStop. Cc phng thc ny gi trc tip ti C
OpenMaple API. Khi kt ni vi Maple c th xm nhp y tt c nhng chc
nng ca b my tnh ton Maple.
nh ngha class OpenMaple vi cc phng thc Open, Run thc hin chi tit
kt ni C# vi Maple dng cc phng thc trong class MapleEngine.
Phng thc Open: kim tra vic kt ni v m OpenMaple.
Phng thc Run: truyn lnh t C# sang Maple v ly kt qu tr v t Maple.
V d 5.1 sau minh ha vic kt ni C# vi Maple:
Cu truy vn: query = solve(2*y-(x-1)^2 = 2, y);
Thc hin kt ni:
OpenMaple openMaple = new OpenMaple();
openMaple.Open();
openMaple.Run(query);
Kt qu tr v:
2.2. Th hin k hiu, biu thc ton hc

C nhiu cch th hin cc k hiu, biu thc ton hc, y s dng
MimeTex.dll l mt th vin lin kt ng kh mnh trong vic th hin k hiu, biu
thc ton hc.
Quy c v cc k hiu, biu thc ton hc trong th vin MimeTex.dll theo 1
nh dng ph bin, l nh dng LaTex. Sau khi vit quy c theo nh dng LaTex,
17
cc k hiu v biu thc s c chuyn sang dng nh .gif gip d dng khi thm mt
hnh nh. s dng th vin ng ny, cn nhng n vo ng dng v s dng 2
phng thc sau:
GetFilePath(): khi to ng dn lu file nh
WriteEquation(): chuyn quy c k hiu, biu thc LaTex v file nh .gif
Quy c Latex v th hin Vector : \vec{x} => kt qu hin th x
2.3. Nhp bi theo ngn ng t nhin
X l bi nh ngn ng t nhin ca con ngi l mt vn kh i vi cc
h gii ton, do tnh cht ca ngn ng ng thi hn ch ca cng c h tr nn thng
cc h gii ton ch tp trung vo vic gii ton l chnh. Tuy nhin, do min tri thc
gii hn v cc dng ton x l t (2 dng bi ton) nn ta c th p dng mt thut gii
n gin c th x l bi theo ngn ng t nhin vi nhng iu kin nht nh.
Vic x l bi s theo cc tiu ch: Tc x l nhanh, khng nh hng n thi
gian chy chng trnh v thut gii n gin trong gii hn cho php (thi gian tm
hiu, kin thc).
Phng php c dng da trn cu trc chung ca bi v b t n gin c
sn. Ta s xt n m hnh bi ton: (O, Facts),Goal. Ta xt cc yu t u vo v cc
quy c:
Tp O cc i tng tnh ton gm 5 i tng ca min tri thc vi cc tn gi
c nh l: im, on thng, vector, tam gic, hnh bnh hnh.
V d 5.2:
Nhp vo: Cho cc im: A, B, C, D. Chng trnh s x l thnh:
A,B,C,D: Diem.
Tp Facts thuc 1 trong 5 loi s kin c nh ngha trc (tng ng vi

gi thit). Trong , c thnh phn quan h gm 5 quan h vi 3 tn gi c nh:
Trung im, trng tm, tm v trung tuyn.
V d 5.3:
-
Nhp vo: J l trung im on AB. Chng trnh chuyn thnh:

["TrungDiem",J,Doan[A,B]];
Nhp vo: K l trng tm tam gic DEF. Chng trnh chuyn thnh:
["TrongTam",K,TamGiac[D,E,F]];
Nhp vo: O l tm hnh bnh hnh ABCD. Chng trnh chuyn thnh:
["Tam",O,HinhBinhHanh[A,B,C,D]];
Nhp vo: NA = -2NB. Chng trnh chuyn thnh: Vecto[N,A]= 2*Vecto[N,B].
Tp Goal c dng biu thc hoc phng trnh ton hc (tng ng vi gi thit).
18
V d 5.4:
Nhp vo: Chng minh ng thc: AB+AC+AD-4AK = 0. Chng trnh
chuyn thnh:
Vecto[A,B] + Vecto[A,C] + Vecto[A,D] 4*Vecto[A,K] = Vecto[0].
Mt s quy c: Danh sch cc thnh phn dng sau du `:`. Ti yu cu bi,

mc nh cc on lc nhp l vector.
Mt s v d vi d liu nhp vo:
V d 5.5: Cho cc im: A, B, C, D, E, F, K. Trong : E l trung im on AB, F l
trung im on CD, K l trung im on EF. Chng minh :
AB + AC + AD - 4*AK = 0
begin_exercise
kind_ex = "Chung_minh_Dang_thuc_Vecto"
begin_hypothesis
objects:
A,B,C,D,E,F,K: Diem
end_objects
facts:
["TrungDiem",E,Doan[A,B]]
["TrungDiem",F,Doan[C,D]]
["TrungDiem",K,Doan[E,F]]
end_facts
end_hypothesis
begin_goals
Vecto[A,B] + Vecto[A,C] + Vecto[A,D] 4*Vecto[A,K] = Vecto[0]
end_goals
end_exercise
V d 5.6: Cho 4 im: A, B, C, D, J. Ta c: J l trung im on AB. Chng minh

ng thc:
AB + CD + BC + DA = 0, JD + JC = AD + BC
begin_exercise
kind_ex = "Chung_minh_Dang_thuc_Vecto"
begin_hypothesis
objects:
A,B,C,D,J: Diem
end_objects
facts:
19
["TrungDiem",J,Doan[A,B]]
end_facts
end_hypothesis
begin_goals
Vecto[A,B] + Vecto[C,D] + Vecto[B,C] + Vecto[D,A] = Vecto[0]
Vecto[J,D] + Vecto[J,C] = Vecto[A,D] + Vecto[B,C]
end_goals
end_exercise
3. Xy dng chng trnh

3.1. Lp trnh tnh ton
Ta s s dng ngn ng lp trnh hnh thc (Symbolic Programming) c h
tr bi Maple lp trnh v x l tnh ton. Cu trc c bn v thao tc xy dng
chng trnh Maple nh sau:
Phn 1: Xy dng cc hm c bn, h tr ca chng trnh:
Cc hm x l, c file (c file cc thnh phn biu din): S dng Maple c
cc file nh dng vn bn c cu trc (nh trnh by ti V.1) lu vo cc
cu trc ph hp x l.
Cc hm h tr c bn (cc hm thm x l chung trong lp trnh): Cc hm
pht sinh thm h tr x l cu trc tng qut ca chng trnh nh: Lc tn
cc bin ra khi biu thc, ly tn cc thnh phn trong danh sch, cc hm x
l trn list (m Maple khng h tr),
Hm x l m hnh bi ton (mng tnh ton): Cc hm h tr suy din trn m
hnh mng tnh ton: Kim tra tn ca mt thuc tnh, xc nh cc thnh phn
ca i tng, tm kim cc dng s kin (Facts) khc nhau,
Hm nhn dng, phn loi s kin: Hm dng nhn bi cc loi s kin
c phn loi trong m hnh (5 loi s kin khc nhau) ta o dng x l.
Cc hm h tr xut ni dung ra mn hnh: Cc ni dung khc nhau nh gi
thit, kt lun, li gii, tm tt, cn c cc hm h tr nh dng, thm ni dung
ph hp.
Phn 2: Gii bi ton
X l bi: Ni dung sau khi c t file vn bn v lu tr s c x l
nhn din v phn loi a vo cc thnh phn ( hm) ph hp. Sau s
tin hnh gii ton gii.
Xy dng b suy din: S dng gii thut suy din ( trnh by ti IV) v cc
hm h tr xy dng b suy din.
X l gii hon chnh: Cc hm x l v h tr s c kt hp li thnh mt
thnh phn hon chnh x l c cc vn ca chng trnh.
20
3.2. Lp trnh giao din

Chng trnh gm cc phn chnh: Form chnh ca chng trnh, Form nhp
bi bng ngn ng t nhin, Form gip , Form thng tin phn mm, Class Maple
Engine c nhim v kt ni vi Maple. Cc thnh phn ca Project:
Khi chng trnh c m, chng trnh t ng kt ni vi Maple thng qua

class MapleEngine v hm LoadMapleEngine(). Mn hnh chnh ca chng trnh:
Mn hnh chnh ca chng trnh gm cc phn: Thanh menu iu khin chng

trnh, phn hin th bi v phn hin th li gii.
Thanh menu ca chng trnh gm:
21
Menu Bi ton: cha 2 menu con l M, Gii:

- SubMenu M: m bi ton bng 2 phng thc v t tp tin vi cu
trc nh sn hoc nhp bng tay bng ngn ng t nhin c nh dng
cu trc cu sn.
T tp: chng trnh s xut hin hp thoi m tp, chn tp .txt
ph hp m bi ton:
Nhp vo: Nhp bng ngn ng t nhin c bt buc v c php

cu:
22
SubMenu Gii: sau khi m tp hoc nhp bi thnh cng th khung

hin th bi s hin th bi v tm tt li bi bng ngn ng t
nhin, k hiu ton hc:
Khi ta chn Gii th chng trnh s gii v xut kt qu khung

hin th li gii.
23
Menu Thng tin: cung cp thng tin v phn mm.
Menu Gip : phn gip s dng chng trnh, cu trc tp .txt nhp
bi v mt s bi ton mu nhp bng tay.
Menu Thot: Thot chng trnh.

24
VI. Kim tra kt qu

Kt qu th nghim so snh gia li gii t nhin v gii my :
V d 6.1: Cho 4 im A, B, C, D, J. Trong J l trung im on AB Chng minh :

AB +
CD +
BC +
DA =
0

JD +
JC =
AD +
BC
Li gii t nhin
+
Chng minh :AB
CD +
BC +
DA =
0
+
VT = (AB
+ DA
) =
BC) + (CD
Li gii ca chng trnh

Chng minh :
_____________________ Bi gii _____________________
Bc 1:
VT =
AC +
CA
=
0
= VP
Chng minh :
JD +
JC =
AD +
BC
Ta chng minh :
) (AD
+
+ JC
(JD
BC) =
0
=
=
=
*Kt lun:
____________________________________________________
)
+ JC
VT = (JD
+ BC
)
(AD
Chng minh :
_____________________ Bi gii _____________________
Bc 1:
+
= (JD
JC) +
+
(DA
CB)
VT =
) +
+ DA
= (JD
+
(JC
CB)
=
JA +
JB ()
V J l trung im AB
Nn
JA +
JB =
0
Do (*) =
0
Suy ra
=
=
=
Bc 2:
V: J l trung im on AB
Do :
VT =
*Kt lun:
25
Nn:
V d 6.2: Cho 6 im A, B, C, D, E, F. Chng minh :

AD +
BE +
CF =
AE +
BF +
CD
=
+ CD

AE + BF
AF +
BD + CE
Li gii t nhin
Chng minh :
Li gii ca chng trnh

Chng minh :
AD +
BE +
CF =
AE +
BF +
CD ______________ Bi gii ________________
+
+ Bc 1:
(AE
VT
=
ED) + (BF
VT =
+
FE) + (CD
DF)
=
+ BF
) + (ED
+ CD
+
(AE
=
=
DF +
FE)
=
+ BF
) + (EF
+ CD
+ FE
)
= (AE
+ BF
+
= (AE
CD)
= VP
=
=
=
=
*Kt lun:
Chng minh :
______________________________________
AE + BF + CD = AF + BD + CE Chng minh :
+
+
(AF
VT
=
FE) + (BD
_______________ Bi gii ________________
+
DF) + (CE
ED)
Bc 1:
= (
AF +
BD +
CE ) + (
FE + VT =
=
DF +
ED)
=
+
) + (DE
+
= (AF
BD + CE
ED)
=
=
AF +
BD +
CE
= VP
=
=
=
=
*Kt lun:
26
V d 6.3: Cho cc im A, B, C, D, E, F, K. Trong E l trung im on AB, F l

trung im on CD v K l trung im on EF. Chng minh rng:
Li gii t nhin
Li gii ca chng trnh
+
+
VT = (AK
KB) + (AK
KC) Chng minh :
+
+ (AK
KD) - 4AK
_______________ Bi gii _______________
Bc 1:
3AK
)+(AK
+ KC
+
=(3AK
VT =
)
KD + KB
=
=
KA +
KC +
KD +
KB
=
+
+ KC
=
KA + KB
KD (*)
V E l trung im AB
nn
KA +
KB = 2
KE
V F l trung im CD
nn
KC +
KD = 2
KF
Do :
(*) = 2
KE + 2
KF (**)
V K l trung im EF
=
=
=
=
=
Bc 2:
V: E l trung im on AB
Do :
VT =
Bc 3:
V: F l trung im on CD
+ KF
=
nn KE
0
Do
(**) =
0 = VP
Nn:
Do :
VT =
Bc 4:
V: K l trung im on EF
Do :
VT =
=
*Kt lun:
27
Nn:
Nn:
V d 6.4: Cho cc im O, A, B, C, D, M. Bit O l tm hnh bnh hnh ABCD. Chng

minh:
=
4MO
MA +
MB +
MC +
MD
Li gii t nhin
Ta chng minh :
(
4MO
MA +
MB +
MC +
MD) =
0
Li gii ca chng trnh

Chng minh :
_______________ Bi gii _________________
Bc 1:
VT =

MC
VT = 4MO
MA MB
MD
+
=
4MO
AM +
BM +
CM +
DM
+ (AO
+ OM
) + (BO
+
= 4MO
+
+
OM) + (CO
OM) + (DO
=
=
=
=
=
OM)
= 4MO + 4OM + (AO + BO) +

=
(CO + DO)
Bc 2:
V: O l tm hnh bnh hnh ABCD
Nn: O l
+
+
= (AO
BO) + (CO
DO)(*)
trung im on AC , O l trung im on BD
V O l tm hnh bnh hnh Bc 3:
Nn:
ABCD
Nn O l trung im AC v BD
+ BO
=
Suy ra : AO
0
CO +
DO =
0
Do :
(*) =
0 = VP
Do :
VT =
=
Bc 4:
Do :
VT =
*Kt lun:
28
Nn:
. Chng minh :
V d 6.5: Cho 4 im A, B, N, O. Bit
NA = 2NB
+ 2OB
= 3ON
OA
Li gii t nhin
Ta chng minh :
+ 2OB
3ON
=
OA
0
VT
+ 3NO
=
OA + 2OB
+
+ 2NO
= (NO
OA) +2OB
Li gii ca chng trnh

Chng minh :
_____________ Bi gii __________
Bc 1:
VT =
=
+ 2NO
(*)
=
NA + 2OB
V
NA = 2NB
Nn:
(*)
+ 2NO
+ 2OB
= 2NB
+ 2NO
+ 2OB
= 2BN
+ NO
)
+ OB
= 2(BN
+ NO
)
= 2(ON
=
0 = VP
=
=
=
Bc 2:
V:
Nn:
Do :
VT =
*Kt lun:
V d 6.6: Cho 7 im M, N, A, B, C, P, Q. Hy rt gn biu thc sau :
AB +
MN
CB +
PQ +
CA +
NM
Li gii t nhin
Li gii ca chng trnh
Ta c :
Rt gn biu thc Vect :
+ PQ
+ CA
+ NM
CB
AB + MN
+ PQ
+ CA
+ NM
+ BC
=
AB + MN
_________ Bi gii ___________

Bc 1:
+ BC
) + (MN
+ CA
+ NM
) +PQ
= (AB
+
+ CA
= CA
0 +PQ
Ta c:
=
+ CA
) +PQ
= (CA
= PQ
=
=
=
=
*Kt lun:
29
V d 6.7: Cho cc im A, B, C, D, E, G, F. Rt gn biu thc vect :

+ CD
+ EE
+

2AB
GA BB
ED GF
Li gii t nhin
Li gii ca chng trnh
Ta c :
Rt gn biu thc Vect :
+
2AB
CD +
EE +
GA
BB

ED
GF
______________ Bi gii ______________

Bc 1:
+ CD
+
= 2AB
GA +
DE + FG
Ta c:
=
+
+
= (GA
AB) +
AB +(CD
DE) +
FG
=
GB +
AB +
CE +
FG
+
= (GB
FG) +
AB +
CE
=
FB +
AB +
CE
=
=
*Kt lun:
VII. Tng kt
n tm hiu, xy dng c m hnh biu din tri thc hnh hc phng v ng
dng vo chng trnh gii ton vector n gin. Mt s kt qu thc hin c:
Thu thp tri thc trong min tri thc hnh hc phng.
Tm hiu m hnh COKB, xy dng li m hnh COKB khuyt gii quyt bi
ton vector.
p dng c mt s k thut lp trnh hnh thc trong mn hc.
Xy dng c chng trnh gii ton vector n gin t ng. So vi cc
chng trnh dy hc khc (nh Hc tt ton 10 ca cng ty schoolnet, Ton
hc trc tuyn ca http://www.cadasa.vn/) thng qua tm hiu th c u im
v vic gii v trnh by cc bc trong phm vi tri thc. Nhng phm vi tri thc
cn nh hn nhiu so vi chng trnh ton ph thng.
V c bn, n t c cc mc tiu t ra. Trong qu trnh thc hin, nhm
tm hiu v xc nh c mt s hn ch:
Min tri thc cn gii hn.
M hnh tri thc cn n gin, kh c th ng dng khi m rng cc dng ton.
Thut gii khi c p dng vi b d liu tri thc ln c th x l chm.
30
Tri thc ca con ngi rt a dng, cc m hnh biu din tri thc hin ti ch c th
gii quyt c trong mt s lnh vc nht nh. Do , n cn c cc hng pht
trin tip tip theo:
Nghin cu, xy dng cc m hnh biu din tri thc cao cp hn c th m
rng min biu din tri thc v nng cao kh nng x l ca chng trnh.
Ci tin thut gii, p dng cc k thut Heuristic nng co tc x l.
ng dng chng trnh trn cc nn tng mi.
31
TI LIU THAM KHO

[1]
Vn Nhn: Xy dng h tnh ton thng minh - Lun n tin s.
[2]
Nguyn nh Hin: Lp trnh Maple Bi ging mn lp trnh Symbolic, i

hc Cng ngh thng tin HQG HCM, 2014.
[3]
Nguyn Th Ngc Dim, Nguyn Th Thu Trang: Xy dng h gii ton da

trn c s tri th v hnh hc gii tch 2 chiu kho lun tt nghip i hc,
i hc Cng ngh thng tin HQG HCM, 2011.
[4]
Nhon Van Do: Computational Networks for Knowledge Representation, World

Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, Vol:3, 2009-08-21, pp.
245-249.
[5]
http://www.vnschool.net: Ton b chng trnh sch gio khoa mn ton phn

hnh hc THCS & THPT, 05/01/2014.
32

XÂY DỰNG MÔ HÌNH BIỂU DIỄN TRI THỨC HÌNH HỌC PHẲNG ỨNG DỤNG GIẢI BÀI TOÁN VECTOR

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XÂY DỰNG MÔ HÌNH BIỂU DIỄN TRI THỨC HÌNH HỌC PHẲNG ỨNG DỤNG GIẢI BÀI TOÁN VECTOR

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I HC QUC GIA TP.

TRNG I HC CNG NGH THNG TIN

XY DNG M HNH BIU DIN TRI THC

Ging vin hng dn: THS. NGUYN NH HIN

NGUYN HONG NGHA

TP. H Ch Minh, Ngy 10 thng 05 nm 2014

TP. H Ch Minh, Ngy 10 thng 05 nm 2014

Nguyn Tr Hi Nguyn Hong Ngha

GVHD: Ths. Nguyn nh Hin

II. Thu thp tri thc................................................................................................................. 2

III. Biu din tri thc ............................................................................................................... 6

IV. Thut gii suy din .......................................................................................................... 11

VI. Kim tra kt qu .............................................................................................................. 25

GVHD: Ths. Nguyn nh Hin

GVHD: Ths. Nguyn nh Hin

I. M hnh tri thc hnh hc phng v h gii ton t ng

II. Thu thp tri thc

GVHD: Ths. Nguyn nh Hin

im: im l khi nim n gin nht ca hnh hc. N l mt cu trc rng, c

Vector c di bng 1 c gi l vector n v.

GVHD: Ths. Nguyn nh Hin

Hai vector c gi l bng nhau nu chng c cng hng v i bng

AC c gi l tng ca hai vector a v b. K hiu:

Quy tc 3 im: Cho 3 im A, B, C tu ta lun c

Tnh giao hon: a + b = b + a;

Tnh cht ca vector khng: a + 0 = 0 + a = a.

I l trung im ca on thng AB khi v ch khi

GVHD: Ths. Nguyn nh Hin

GVHD: Ths. Nguyn nh Hin

III. Biu din tri thc

Tm bao ng ca A Attr(O) (Cc thuc tnh c th suy ra c t A).

V d 3.1: nh ngha TAMGIAC vi gc 3 nh A, B, C; 3 cnh a, b, c; cc ng

GVHD: Ths. Nguyn nh Hin

nh mt cu trc biu din tam gic. Cu trc ny kt hp vi cc hnh vi ca n bao

Attr l tp hp cc thuc tnh ca i tng;

V d 3.2: i tng Tam gic c biu din nh sau:

Attr = {A, B, C, a, b, c, ha, hb, hc, S, }.

2. M hnh COKB khyt

C l tp hp cc khi nim v cc C object;

i vi min tri thc xc nh c xt y (min tri thc v vector) ta thy

GVHD: Ths. Nguyn nh Hin

im l thanh phn i tng c bn, cu trc rng.

2.2. Tp R cc quan h trn cc i tng

GVHD: Ths. Nguyn nh Hin

Trung im trn i tng im vi on.

2.3. Tp Rules cc lut trn cc i tng phn cp

(2) S kin v tnh xc nh ca mt i tng (thuc tnh bit) hay ca mt

Trong trng hp i tng c cu thnh t cc i tng khc th

(4) S kin v s ph thuc ca mt i tng hay mt thuc tnh theo nhng

(5) S kin v mt quan h trn cc i tng hay trn cc thuc tnh ca cc

GVHD: Ths. Nguyn nh Hin

{[A, im], [B, im], [C, im], [D, im],

GVHD: Ths. Nguyn nh Hin

IV. Thut gii suy din

GVHD: Ths. Nguyn nh Hin

<Trong exp, chuyn tt c cc php tr vector thnh php cng vi vector

GVHD: Ths. Nguyn nh Hin

2. Chng minh ng thc vector

GVHD: Ths. Nguyn nh Hin

if exp.L = 0 then break; end if;

gii bi ton. Th mt quan h fi c xem l d tha khi H \

php ca [1]. Vi:

GVHD: Ths. Nguyn nh Hin

(3) Cc tp tin vi tn tp tin c dng <tn khi nim C-Object>.txt lu tr

_ Bi gii ___

Bi gii