Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Clitoris
Urethra
Vestibule
Labia Majora
Labia
Minora
Vagina Introitus
Mons Pubis
rounded, skin-covered fat pad
protects pelvic bones during coitus
located anterior to the symphisis
pubis
Clitoris Located below the clitoral hood
Erectile organ, rich in vascular & nervous supply
Urethral meatus
external opening of the
urethra
Labia Majora
Two longitudinal folds of adipose & connective tissue.
site of coitus
Vestibule the area between the labia minora
Contains:
Urethral meatus – external opening of the urethra
al introitus – site of coitus; opening bet. External & internal geni
Cervix
2. Ovary
3. Vagina 5. 3 walls of uterus
Fallopian Tubes
– Slender cylindrical structures attached
bilaterally to the uterus & supported by the
upperfolds of the broad ligament
2. Leutinizing
hormone
5. Progesterone
4. Estrogen 3.Follicle
s timulating
hormone
Ovarian Hormones
Leutinizing Hormone (LH)
» Responsible for ovulation
» Forms the corpus luteum
» Secretion of LH is increased by GnRH
» LH converts the empty follicle into a
corpus luteum after ovulation
Follicle Stimulating Hormone
(FSH)
Initiates the maturation
rium
of the uterine cavity;
Divided into 2
layers:
(1) Stratum
functionalis
(superficial layer
that sloughs off
with each
menstruation and
after delivery)
Purpose:
(2) Stratum basalis location for the
(deeper layer that implantation of
is retained during
menses &
a fertilized
proliferates the ovum;
stratum if pregnancy not
functionalis) realized,
Myometri (middle layer;thick
um
peritoneal membrane that
covers and protects the
outside of the uterus
Anterior:
reflected over the
bladder wall,
forming the
vesicouterine
pouch
Posterior:
extends from the
rectouterine
pouch
Uteru Thick-walled muscular organ
s
Fundus Pear-shaped, hollow structure is
located between the
bladder(posterior) and the rectum Tub
Fallopian
(anterior)
Size: 7.5 cm (3in) long; 5cm 2(in)
wide; 2.5 cm (1 in) in depth Ovary
t
-responds to hormonal changes
of puberty, menstrual cycle,
pregnancy, & lactation
- during puberty, breast development
is controlled by multiple hormones,
estrogen playing the central role
- under the influence of prolactin, the
mammary glands of the breast
secrete milk necessary to nourish the
newborn infant
- location: over the pectoral muscles
between the 2nd & 6th ribs
- breast tail/tail of Spence: extends
upward& laterally toward the axilla
- consist of nipple, areola, ducts,
lobes, fibrous & fatty tissue
Cylindrical projection near
the center of the breast Nipple
Located approx. 4th
intercostal space
surrounded by pigmented,
circular area, the areola, & is
perforated by several duct
openings
Lobu Lie within peripheral breast
tissue
les Alveoli which contain
both ancinar &
myoepithelial cells
- theancinar cells manufacture
& secrete milk, and the
myoepithelial cells contract to
forcemilk into the ducts
Etiology:
PHYSIOLOGIC; GENETIC; ANATOMIC;
ENDOCRINOLOGIC ; CONSTITUTIONAL; PSYCHOGENIC
S/S: (symptomatic)
Edema Breast Tenderness
Wt gain Depression
Abdominal Pain
Headache
Crying spells and irritability
Food craving
emotional and Behavioral s/s:)
Increase Increase
Uterine
Prostagland
Endometriu
Activity m (sloughs)
(Uterine in
Contraction)
S/S:
- Sharp, cramping in lower abdomen
that may radiate to lower back/inner thigh
- Accompanied by increase menstrual
flow
- Severe in first 2 days
MENOPAUSE
Physiology:
- reduced number of ovarian follicles
- reduced sensitivity of the few
remaining follicles to gonadotropin
- without the follicle development , the
ovaries continue to produce androgen but
production of all types of estrogen ceases
Bartholin’s Gland Cyst
and Abscess
CYST (infected)
purulent
content
untreated: Result
is abscess
common cause: bacterial, chlamydial or
gonoccocal infection.
Frequently recur
Abscess:
Abscess tender & painful
s/s: localized point tenderness near the vaginal opening & sensitive
to tampon placement, tight fitting pants, bicycling or prolonged
sitting
Nerve fibers to the
vestibular
epithelium become
highly sensitized
causing neurons in
the dorsal horn to
respond abnormally
which transforms
the sensation of
touch in the
vestibule into pain
Vulvar dysesthesia
– (idiopathic/essential vulvodynia)
Pathophysiology:
Implant respond to normal stimulation
Tissues grows & thickens under cyclic
hormonal influences Bleeding occurs in
visceral structures (it cannot flow away from
the tissue) Forms abdominal lesions
Debri accumulates Dark (brown/black/blue)
cystic lesions
s/s:
Dysmennorhea – backache “cramps”
- increase throughout menstruation and
subsides after
Dyschezia – related to implants and adhesion in
colorectal areas
Dyspareunia – involves cul-de sac, uterine
ligaments, upper vagina
Dysuria – bladder involvement
Infertility – excessive scarring of ovaries and
oviducts; toxic to sperm thus preventing
fertilization
Diagnostics:
Pathophysiology:
Orgaisms ascend through the endocervical
canal to the endometrial cavity and then to the tubes &
ovaries Endocervical canal slightly dilated during
menstruation (allowing bacteria to gain entrance to the
uterus & other pelvic structures) (after entering) the
bacteria multiplies rapidly in the favorable environment
of the sloughing endometrium ascend to fallopian
tube
s/s:
sudden onset of severe pelvic pain; chills;
fever;
n/v; heavy, purulent vaginal discharge;
vagina: itching and bleeding; hydorsal pinx
(distention of tube with fluid)
and increase WBC
Tx: IV antibiotics
Ectopic Pregnancy
occurs when a fertilized ovum implants
outside the uterine cavity
Dx: laparoscopy
Tx: surgery
Cyctocele herniation of bladder into
the vagina
Pathophysiology
Occurs when the normal
muscle support for the
bladder is weakened, & the
bladder sags below the
uterus
Vaginal wall stretches &
bulges downward because of
the force of gravity & the
pressure from coughing,
lifting, straining at stool
The bladder herniates
through the anterior vaginal
wall and Cystocele forms
S/s:
Annoying bearing down
sensation
Difficulty in emptying
the bladder, frequency,
urgency of urination and
cystitis
Rectocele herniation of rectum into
the vagina
Cause: disruption of
rectovaginal fascia
during childbirth; or
chronic fecal
constipation & straining
S/s:
feeling of rectal or
pelvic pressure
Discomforts improves
when lies flat, relieving
the downward pressure
Mass protruding in
vagina
Mastitis
occurs in women
in postpartum
period
3 types:
Mastitis
Congestive Mastitis
– (breast engorgement) Normal
risk factors:
sex
increasing age
personal or family hx
hormonal influences that promote breast
maturation & may increase chance of cell
mutation
Breast Cancer
Detection: mass,
puckering, nipple
retraction, or
unusual discharge;
BSE
Breast Cancer
BSE – done routinely
by older women older
that 20 years of age
Premonopausal
women should
conduct right after
menses
Important is to
devise a regular,
systematic,
convenient &
Breast Cancer
Mammography
effective screening
technique
Tx: surgery,
chemotheraphy,
radiation &
hormonal
manipulation
NEUROENDOCRINE FEEDBACK MECHANISMS
BRAIN
Sensory
Input
Hypothalamus