Erection

This article is about penile erection. For the similar

arousal in females, see clitoral erection. For other uses,
see Erection (disambiguation).
Hard on redirects here. It is not to be confused with
Hard-Ons, an Australian punk rock band.
An erection (clinically: penile erection or penile
tumescence) is a physiological phenomenon in which
the penis becomes rmer, engorged and enlarged. Penile erection is the result of a complex interaction of psychological, neural, vascular and endocrine factors, and is
often associated with sexual arousal or sexual attraction, Composite image showing the development of a penile erection
although erections can also be spontaneous. The shape,
angle and direction of an erection varies considerably in
humans.
Physiologically,
erection is triggered by the low the corpora cavernosa, which contains the urethra,
parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous through which urine and semen pass during urination and
system (ANS), causing nitric oxide (a vasodilator) levels ejaculation respectively. This may also become slightly
to rise in the trabecular arteries and smooth muscle engorged with blood, but less so than the corpora caverof the penis. The arteries dilate causing the corpora nosa.
cavernosa of the penis (and to a lesser extent the corpora
spongiosum) to ll with blood; simultaneously the
ischiocavernosus and bulbospongiosus muscles compress
the veins of the corpora cavernosa restricting the egress
and circulation of this blood. Erection subsides when
1.1 Autonomic control
parasympathetic activity reduces to baseline.
As an autonomic nervous system response, an erection
may result from a variety of stimuli, including sexual
stimulation and sexual arousal, and is therefore not entirely under conscious control. Erections during sleep or
upon waking up are known as nocturnal penile tumescence (NPT). Absence of nocturnal erection is commonly
used to distinguish between physical and psychological
causes of erectile dysfunction and impotence.

In the presence of mechanical stimulation, erection is initiated by the parasympathetic division of the autonomic
nervous system (ANS) with minimal input from the
central nervous system. Parasympathetic branches extend from the sacral plexus into the arteries supplying the erectile tissue; upon stimulation, these nerve
branches release acetylcholine, which, in turn causes
release of nitric oxide from endothelial cells in the
trabecular arteries.[1] Nitric oxide diuses to the smooth
muscle of the arteries (called trabecular smooth muscle[2] ), acting as a vasodilating agent. The arteries dilate, lling the corpora spongiosum and cavernosa with
blood. The ischiocavernosus and bulbospongiosus muscles also compress the veins of the corpora cavernosa,
limiting the venous drainage of blood.[3] Erection subsides when parasympathetic stimulation is discontinued;
baseline stimulation from the sympathetic division of the
ANS causes constriction of the penile arteries, forcing
blood out of the erectile tissue.[4]

A penis which is partly, but not fully, erect is sometimes

known as a semi-erection (clinically: partial tumescence); a penis which is not erect is typically referred to
as being accid, or soft.

Physiology

An erection occurs when two tubular structures, called

the corpora cavernosa, that run the length of the penis,
become engorged with venous blood. This may result
from any of various physiological stimuli, also known After ejaculation or cessation of stimulation, erection
as sexual stimulation and sexual arousal. The corpus usually subsides, but the time taken may vary depending
spongiosum is a single tubular structure located just be- on the length and thickness of the penis.[5]
1

1.2

MEDICAL CONDITIONS

Voluntary and involuntary control

The cerebral cortex can initiate erection in the absence

of direct mechanical stimulation (in response to visual,
auditory, olfactory, imagined, or tactile stimuli) acting
through erectile centers in the lumbar and sacral regions
of the spinal cord. The cortex may suppress erection,
even in the presence of mechanical stimulation, as may
other psychological, emotional, and environmental factors.

1.3

Nocturnal erection

An erect human penis

Main article: nocturnal penile tumescence

and a majority of men were not satised with the results, according to one study.[15]

The penis may erect during sleep or be erect on waking

up. Such an erection is medically known as nocturnal penile tumescence (informally: morning wood or morning 2.3
glory).[6][7][8][9]

Socio-sexual aspects

Erection is a common indicator of sexual arousal and

is required for a male to eect vaginal penetration and
sexual intercourse. The scrotum may, but not always, become tightened during erection. Generally, the foreskin
automatically and gradually retracts, exposing the glans,
though some men may have to manually retract their foreskin.
After reaching puberty, erections occur much more
frequently.[10] Male erections are common for children
and infants, and even occur before birth.[11]

Direction

Although many erect penises point upwards, it is common

and normal for the erect penis to point nearly vertically
upwards or nearly vertically downwards or even horizontally straight forward, all depending on the tension of the
suspensory ligament that holds it in position. An erect penis can also take on a number of dierent shapes, ranging
from a straight tube to a tube with a curvature up or down
or to the left or right. An increase in penile curvature can
be caused by Peyronies disease. This may cause physical and psychological eects for the aected individual,
which could include erectile dysfunction or pain during
an erection. Treatments include oral medication (such as
colchicine) or surgery, which is most often reserved as a
last resort.

The following table shows how common various erection

angles are for a standing male. In the table, zero degrees
2.1 Spontaneous or random erections
(0) is pointing straight up against the abdomen, 90 degrees is horizontal and pointing straight forward, while
Spontaneous erection, also known as involuntary, ran- 180 degrees would be pointing straight down to the feet.
dom or unwanted erection, is commonplace and a nor- An upward pointing angle is most common.
mal part of male physiology. Socially, such erections
can be embarrassing if they happen in public or when
undesired.[10] Erections can occur spontaneously at any
3 Medical conditions
time of day, and if clothed may cause a bulge which (if
required) can be disguised or hidden by wearing close3.1 Erectile dysfunction
tting underwear, a long shirt, or baggier clothes.[12]

2.2

Size

Main article: Human penis size

The length of the accid penis does not necessarily correspond to the length of the penis when it becomes erect;
some smaller accid penises grow much longer, while
some larger accid penises grow comparatively less.[13]
Generally, the size of an erect penis is xed throughout post-pubescent life. Its size may be increased by
surgery,[14] although penile enlargement is controversial,

Main article: Erectile dysfunction

Erectile dysfunction (also known as ED or "(male) impotence) is a sexual dysfunction characterized by the inability to develop and/or maintain an erection.[17][18] The
study of erectile dysfunction within medicine is known as
andrology, a sub-eld within urology.[19]
Erectile dysfunction can occur due to both physiological
and psychological reasons, most of which are amenable
to treatment. Common physiological reasons include di-

3
abetes, kidney disease, chronic alcoholism, multiple sclerosis, atherosclerosis, vascular disease, and neurologic
disease which collectively account for about 70 percent
of ED cases. Some drugs used to treat other conditions, such as lithium and paroxetine, may cause erectile
dysfunction.[18][20]

tact with an estrus mare, and mount the estrus mare 510
seconds afterward.[32]

A bird penis is dierent in structure from mammal

penises, being an erectile expansion of the cloacal wall
and being erected by lymph, not blood.[33] The penis of
the lake duck can reach about the same length as the
Erectile dysfunction, tied closely as it is to cultural notions animal himself when fully erect, but more commonly is
of potency, success and masculinity, can have devastating about half the birds length.[34][35]
psychological consequences including feelings of shame,
loss or inadequacy;[21] There is a strong culture of silence
and inability to discuss the matter. In fact, around one in 5 Terminology
ten men will experience recurring impotence problems at
some point in their lives.[22]
Clinically, erection is often known as penile erection,
and the state of being erect, and process of erection,
are described as tumescence or penile tumescence.
3.2 Priapism
The term for the subsiding or cessation of an erection is
Priapism is a medical condition which could possibly be "detumescence".
painful, and is a prolonged erection at least four hours Colloquially and in slang, erection is known by many inlong, which does not return to its accid state, despite the formal terms. Commonly encountered English terms inabsence of both physical and psychological stimulation.
clude 'stiy', 'hard-on', 'boner' and 'woody'.[36] There are
several slang words, euphemisms and synonyoms for an
erection in English and in other languages. See the WikiSaurus entry for a list of alternative terms.
4 In non-human animals
At the time of penetration, the canine penis is not erect,
and only able to penetrate the female because it includes
a narrow bone called the baculum, a feature of most
placental mammals. After the male achieves penetration,
he will often hold the female tighter and thrust faster, and
it is during this time that the males penis expands. Unlike human sexual intercourse, where the male penis commonly becomes erect before entering the female, canine
copulation involves the male rst penetrating the female,
after which swelling of the penis to erection occurs.[23]
An elephants penis is S-shaped when fully erect and has
a Y-shaped orice.[24]
Given the small amount of erectile tissue in a bulls penis, there is little enlargement after erection. The penis is
quite rigid when non-erect, and becomes even more rigid
during erection. Protrusion is not aected much by erection, but more by relaxation of the retractor penis muscle
and straightening of the sigmoid exure.[25][26]
A male fossas penis reaches to between his forelegs when
erect.[27]
When not erect, a horses penis is housed within the prepuce, 50 centimetres (20 in) long and 2.5 to 6 centimetres
(0.98 to 2.36 in) in diameter with the distal end 15 to 20
centimetres (5.9 to 7.9 in). The retractor muscle contracts to retract the penis into the sheath and relaxes to
allow the penis to extend from the sheath.[28] When erect,
the penis doubles in length[29] and thickness and the glans
increases by 3 to 4 times.[28] Erection and protrusion take
place gradually, by the increasing tumescence of the erectile vascular tissue in the corpus cavernosum penis.[30][31]
Most stallions achieve erection within 2 minutes of con-

6 See also
Clitoral erection
Death erection
Erectores pilorum
Issues in social nudity
Nipple erection
Nocturnal penile tumescence
Priapism
Sexual function
Human penis

7 References
[1] wiley.com > Viagra function image Retrieved on Mars 11,
2010
[2] APDVS > 31. Anatomy and Physiology of Normal Erection Retrieved on Mars 11, 2010
[3] Moore, Keith; Anne Agur (2007). Essential Clinical
Anatomy, Third Edition. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
p. 265. ISBN 0-7817-6274-X.
[4] Drake, Richard, Wayne Vogl and Adam Mitchell, Greys
Anatomy for Students. Philadelphia, 2004. (ISBN 0-44306612-4)

[5] Harris, Robie H. (et al.), Its Perfectly Normal: Changing

Bodies, Growing Up, Sex And Sexual Health. Boston,
1994. (ISBN 1-56402-199-8)
[6] Morning Erections: Sizemed retrieved 28 February 2012
[7] After Prostate Cancer: A What-Comes-Next Guide to a
Safe and Informed recovery: p.48
[8] Listen To Your Hormones, Abraham Harvey Kryger 2004. p.32
[9] Janell L. Carroll (29 January 2009). Sexuality Now: Embracing Diversity: Embracing Diversity. Cengage Learning. p. 149. ISBN 978-0-495-60274-3.
[10] Lynda Madaras (8 June 2007). Whats Happening to My
Body? Book for Boys: Revised Edition. Newmarket Press.
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2013.
[11] erections in babies retrieved 11 February 2012
[12] Sarah Attwood (15 May 2008). Making Sense of Sex: A
Forthright Guide to Puberty, Sex and Relationships for People with Aspergers Syndrome. Jessica Kingsley Publishers. p. 62. ISBN 978-1-84642-797-8. Retrieved 22 July
2013.
[13] Penis Size FAQ & Bibliography.
2009. Retrieved 2013-11-07.

Kinsey Institute.

[14] Li CY, Kayes O, Kell PD, Christopher N, Minhas S, Ralph

DJ (2006). Penile suspensory ligament division for penile
augmentation: indications and results. Eur. Urol. 49
(4): 729733. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2006.01.020. PMID
16473458.
[15] Most Men Unsatised With Penis Enlargement Results.
Fox News. 2006-02-16. Retrieved 2008-08-17.

REFERENCES

[22] NHS Direct Health encyclopaedia -Erectile dysfunction

[23] Semen
Collection
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[24] Shoshani, p. 80.

[25] William O. Reece (4 March 2009). Functional Anatomy
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[26] James R. Gillespie; Frank Bennie Flanders (28 January
2009). Modern Livestock & Poultry Production. Cengage
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[27] Khncke, M.; Leonhardt, K. (1986). "Cryptoprocta ferox"
(PDF). Mammalian Species (254): 15. Retrieved 19 May
2010.
[28] The Stallion: Breeding Soundness Examination & Reproductive Anatomy. University of Wisconsin-Madison.
Archived from the original on 2007-07-16. Retrieved 7
July 2007.
[29] James Warren Evans (15 February 1990). The Horse. W.
H. Freeman. ISBN 978-0-7167-1811-6. Retrieved 22
July 2013.
[30] Sarkar, A. (2003). Sexual Behaviour In Animals. Discovery Publishing House. ISBN 978-81-7141-746-9.
[31] Juan C. Samper, Ph.D.; Jonathan F. Pycock, Ph.D.; Angus O. McKinnon (2007). Current Therapy in Equine Reproduction. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 176. ISBN 9780-7216-0252-3. Retrieved 22 July 2013.
[32] Juan C. Samper (2009). Equine Breeding Management
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[16] Sparling J (1997). Penile erections: shape, angle, and

length. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy 23 (3):
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[33] Frank B. Gill (6 October 2006). Ornithology. Macmillan. pp. 414. ISBN 978-0-7167-4983-7. Retrieved 5
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[17] Milsten, Richard (et al.), The Sexual Male. Problems And
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[34] McCracken, Kevin G. (2000). The 20-cm Spiny Penis

of the Argentine Lake Duck (Oxyura vittata)" (PDF). The
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[18] Sadeghipour H, Ghasemi M, Ebrahimi F, Dehpour AR

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[35] McCracken, Kevin G.; Wilson, Robert E.; McCracken,

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[19] Williams, Warwick, Its Up To You: Overcoming Erection Problems. London, 1989. (ISBN 0-7225-1915-X)

[36] Gabrielle Morrissey (27 January 2005). Urge: Hot Secrets

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[20] Sadeghipour H, Ghasemi M, Nobakht M, Ebrahimi F,

Dehpour AR (2007). Eect of chronic lithium administration on endothelium-dependent relaxation of rat
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Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

8.1

Text

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Summer Song, Shanes, Arthur Oon, RoyBoy, Bookofjude, Aaronbrick, Leftmostcat, Dannown, Irate~enwiki, Bobo192, Nigelj, Longhair,
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8 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

lund, Diannaa, JV Smithy, Tbhotch, RobertMfromLI, Minimac, El Mayimbe, Whisky drinker, The Utahraptor, Tinkba, Bento00, Hajatvrc, EmausBot, John of Reading, Acather96, WikitanvirBot, Milkunderwood, Stevenliuyi, Julian854690, Brendanology, Studiodan,
Hindsighter, TuHan-Bot, Mz7, Kkm010, ZroBot, AvicAWB, Cobaltcigs, AndrewN, Wikignome0530, Wayne Slam, Someone65, Dennis Kwaria, L Kensington, Shriscreager, Jungle91, Horseeatingmonkey, MikeNicho231, Damirgrati, Carmichael, Orange Suede Sofa,
DASHBotAV, CharlieEchoTango, Marlz666, TBM10, Schumeda, Rohith goura, ClueBot NG, Ruth-2013~enwiki, Taelordudek, Eseress,
CocuBot, Herdakat, Glourious Albo, LittleJerry, Nathan2k10, Nickjc333, GREGJOB111, Bonerzlol, Eladmot, Frietjes, Nipnubs, Sgscool,
Jakoshark22, Cmartin284, TylerFaganDidntDoIt, Superdari, Derf81, Didoty, Byrnz222, Vek0 92, North Atlanticist Usonian, Datkat69,
Majesty of the Commons, Hazard3425, Corkupyourbutt, Jewgirl69, Ozlen555, Matt Sundsbarn, Sunny50005, Bongwarrior worst nightmare, Greg09643, MixerVM, TylerDurden8823, Moscowsky, Dexbot, Cerabot~enwiki, Melonkelon, Tiger635, DudeWithAFeud, Tn9005,
SkepticalNumber, Spliced 21, Monkbot, Creigpat, 1008h, Supdiop and Anonymous: 774

8.2

Images

File:Commons-logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original

artist: ?
File:Erect_penis_shaved.JPG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Erect_penis_shaved.JPG License: CC
BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Maxman
File:Erection_Development_V2.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/Erection_Development_V2.jpg License: CC0 Contributors:
File:Erection_Development.jpg Original artist: File:Erection_Development.jpg: OrlandoDL
File:Figure_28_01_06.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Figure_28_01_06.jpg License: CC BY 3.0
Contributors: Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/, Jun 19, 2013. Original artist: OpenStax
College
File:Portal-puzzle.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ?
Original artist: ?
File:Sexual_orientation_-_4_symbols.svg Source:
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adapted from this:
<a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:HeteroSym.svg' class='image'><img alt='HeteroSym.svg'
src='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/HeteroSym.svg/17px-HeteroSym.svg.png'
width='17'
height='20'
srcset='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/HeteroSym.svg/26px-HeteroSym.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.
org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/HeteroSym.svg/35px-HeteroSym.svg.png 2x' data-le-width='525' data-le-height='600' /></a>
HeteroSym.svg. Original artist:
<img alt='UserIconMail.svg' src='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/UserIconMail.svg/24px-UserIconMail.svg.
png' width='24' height='24' srcset='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/UserIconMail.svg/36px-UserIconMail.
svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/UserIconMail.svg/48px-UserIconMail.svg.png 2x' data-lewidth='700' data-le-height='700' />I would appreciate being notied if you use my work outside Wikimedia.
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Wiki_letter_w.svg Original artist: Wiki_letter_w.svg: Jarkko Piiroinen

8.3

Content license

Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0