Thomas_redesign_ptI

8/10/09

9:20 AM

Page 1

PEARSONS

Calculus Review, Single Variable

Differentiation
USEFUL DERIVATIVES

DERIVATIVE
The derivative of the function f (x) with respect to the variable
x is the function f whose value at x is

Limits
LIMIT LAWS

The limit of a rational power of a function is that power of the

limit of the function, provided the latter is a real number.

If L, M, c, and k are real numbers and

lim f (x) = L and

x: c

1.

7.

lim g(x) = M, then

x:c

Sum Rule: lim ( f (x) + g(x)) = L + M

8.

x: c

USEFUL LIMITS
1.

Product Rule: lim ( f (x) g (x)) = L M

x: c

2.

FINDING THE TANGENT TO THE CURVE y = f (x) AT

(x0, y0)

Quotient Rule: lim

x:c

Calculate f (x0) and f (x0 + h).

2.

f (x0 + h) - f (x0)
Calculate the slope f (x0) = m = lim
.
h
h :0

3.

If the limit exists, the tangent line is y = y0 + m(x - x0).

x: q

q
E - q(n(neven)
odd) ,

lim

x: ; q

1
= 0
xn

1.

Constant Rule: If f (x) = c (c constant), then f (x) = 0.

2.

Power Rule: If r is a real number,

3.

d
Constant Multiple Rule:
(c f (x)) = c f (x)
dx

4.

Sum Rule:

5.

Product Rule:

(provided an, bm Z 0)
4.

lim ( f (x))

x: c

1
+ q (n even)
lim
n = E ; q (n odd)
x: c ; (x - c)

6.

Power Rule: If r and s are integers with no common factor

r, s Z 0, then
r/s

For integers n, m > 0,

5.

lim

x: 0

sin x
sin kx
= k (k constant),
lim x
x = 1, x:
0

7.

r/s

= L

cos x - 1
= 0
lim
x
x: 0

r/s

provided that L is a real number. (If s is even, we assume that

L 7 0.)

d r
x = rx r - 1
dx

d
[ f (x) ; g(x)] = f (x) ; g(x)
dx

d
[ f (x)g(x)] = f (x)g(x) + f (x)g(x)
dx
g(x) f (x) - f (x)g(x)
d f (x)
Quotient Rule:
c
d =
dx g(x)
[g(x)]2
dy du
d
Chain Rule:
[ f (g(x))] = f (g(x)) g(x) =

dx
du dx
if y = f (u) and u = g(x)

2.

d
(cos x) = -sin x
dx

4.

d
(cot x) = - csc2 x
dx

5.

d
(sec x) = sec x tan x
dx

6.

d
(csc x) = - csc x cot x
dx

7.

d x
(e ) = e x
dx

8.

d x
(a ) = (ln a)a x
dx

10.

1
d
(loga x) =
dx
x ln a

12.

d
-1
(cos-1 x) =
dx
11 - x 2

14.

-1
d
(cot-1 x) =
dx
1 + x2

1
d
(ln x) = x
dx

11.

d
1
(sin-1 x) =
dx
11 - x 2

13.

1
d
(tan-1 x) =
dx
1 + x2

DIFFERENTIATION RULES

an x n + an - 1x n - 1 + % + a0
an
lim
= lim x n - m
bm x: ; q
x: ; q bm x m + bm - 1x m - 1 + % + b0

f (x)
L
, M Z 0
=
g(x)
M

d
(tan x) = sec2 x
dx

9.

1.

x:c

3.

3.

lim k = k, (k constant)

x: ; q

For an integer n > 0, lim xn = q ,

lim xn =

The limit of a quotient of two functions is the quotient of their

limits, provided the limit of the denominator is not zero.
6.

lim k = k,

x: c

x: - q

Constant Multiple Rule: lim (k f (x)) = k L

The limit of a constant times a function is the constant times the
limit of the function.

5.

f (z) - f (x)
z - x .
z:x

provided the limit exists; equivalently f (x) = lim

x: c

The limit of a product of two function is the product of their

limits.
4.

If P(x) and Q(x) are polynomials and Q(c) Z 0, then the rational
P(x)
P(x)
P(c)
=
function
has lim
.
Q(x)
Q(c)
x: c Q(x)

Difference Rule: lim ( f (x) - g(x)) = L - M

The limit of the difference of two functions is the difference of
their limits.

3.

If P(x) = an x n + an - 1x n - 1 + % + a0 is a polynomial then

lim P(x) = P(c) = ancn + an - 1cn - 1 + % + a0 .
x: c

The limit of the sum of two functions is the sum of their limits.
2.

f (x + h) - f (x)
,
f (x) = lim
h
h:0

d
1.
(sin x) = cos x
dx

f (c) exists

(c lies in the domain of f )

If f (x) > 0 at each x H (a, b), then f is increasing on [a, b].

2.

lim f (x) exists

( f has a limit as x : c)

If f (x) < 0 at each x H (a, b), then f is decreasing on [a, b].

3.

x :c

lim f (x) = f (c)

x :c

9 0 0 0 0

2.
9

2.

If f (c) = 0 and f (c) 7 0, then f has a local minimum at

x = c.

3.

If f (c) = 0 and f (c) = 0, then the test fails. The function f

may have a local maximum, a local minimum, or neither.

d
-1
(csc - 1 x) =
dx
x 1x 2 - 1

If f is continuous on [a, b] then F(x) =

La

dF
d
f (t) dt = f (x),
=
dx
dx La

(2)

19.

20.

d
(coth x) = - csch2 x
dx

21.

d
(sech x) = -sech x tanh x
dx

22.

d
(csch x) = -csch x coth x
dx

INTEGRATION BY PARTS FORMULA

23.

1
d
(sinh-1 x) =
dx
11 + x 2

24.

1
d
(cosh-1 x) =
dx
1x 2 - 1

27.

-1
d
(sech - 1 x) =
dx
x11 - x 2

28.

1
d
(coth - 1 x) =
dx
1 - x2

3.

2.

If f < 0 on I, the graph of f over I is concave down.

If f (c) = 0 and the graph of f (x) changes concavity across c then f

has an inflection point at c.

if f changes from positive to negative at c, then f has a local

maximum at c;

more

u dv = uv -

du = u + C

2.

k du = ku + C (any number k)
L

3.

(du + dv) =
du + dv
L
L
L

4.

L
L

un du =

un+1
+ C
n + 1

(n Z -1)

du
u = ln u + C

7.

cos u du = sin u + C
L

8.

sec2 u du = tan u + C
L

9.

17.

cosh u du = sinh u + C
L

18.

u
du
= sin-1 Q a R + C
2
2
1a
u
L

19.

1
u
du
= a tan - 1 Q a R + C
L a2 + u2

20.

du
1
u
= a sec-1 ` a ` + C
L u1u2 - a2

21.

u
du
= sinh-1 Q a R + C (a 7 0)
L 1a2 + u2

22.

u
du
= cosh-1 Q a R + C (u 7 a 7 0)
2
2
1u
a
L

23.

sin u du = -cos u + C

6.

16.
v du
L

1.

10.

780321 608109

La

cot u du = ln sin u + C

eu du = eu + C
L
au
15.
audu =
+ C, (a 7 0, a Z 1)
ln
a
L

USEFUL INTEGRATION FORMULAS

INFLECTION POINT

if f changes from negative to positive at c, then f has a local

minimum at c;

14.

f (x) dx = F(b) - F(a).

SECOND DERIVATIVE TEST FOR CONCAVITY

If f > 0 on I, the graph of f over I is concave up.

13.

= - ln csc u + C

5.

1.

tan u du = - ln cos u + C
L
= ln sec u + C

If f is continuous at every point of [a, b] and F is any antiderivative of

f on [a, b], then

-1
d
(csch - 1 x) =
dx
x 11 + x 2

if f does not change sign at c (that is, f is positive on both sides

of c or negative on both sides), then f has no local extremum at
c.

12.

a x b.

d
(tanh x) = sech2 x
dx

26.

(1)

d
(cosh x) = sinh x
dx

1
d
(tanh - 1 x) =
dx
1 - x2

f (t) dt is continuous on

csc u cot u du = -csc u + C

11.

[a, b] and differentiable on (a, b) and

18.

25.

assuming that the limit on the right side exists.

d
(sinh x) = cosh x
dx

Suppose that c is a critical point ( f (c) = 0) of a continuous function f

that is differentiable in some open interval containing c, except possibly
at c itself. Moving across c from left to right,
1.

If f (c) = 0 and f (c) < 0, then f has a local maximum at x = c.

17.

FIRST DERIVATIVE TEST FOR LOCAL EXTREMA

ISBN-13: 978-0-321-60810-9
ISBN-10:
0-321-60810-0

1.

THE FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF CALCULUS

Let y = f (x) be twice-differentiable on an interval I.

(the limit equals the function value)

Suppose that f (a) = g(a) = 0, that f and g are differentiable on an

open interval I containing a, and that g(x) Z 0 on I if x Z a. Then
f (x)
f (x)
,
= lim
lim
g(x)
x:a
x: a g(x)

16.

Suppose that f is continuous on [a, b] and differentiable on (a, b).

1.

Suppose f is continuous on an open interval that contains x = c.

1
d
(sec-1 x) =
dx
x 1x 2 - 1

15.

FIRST DERIVATIVE TEST FOR MONOTONICITY

A function f (x) is continuous at x = c if and only if the following three conditions hold:

LHPITALS RULE

Integration

Applications of Derivatives
Continuity

SECOND DERIVATIVE TEST FOR LOCAL EXTREMA

sinh u du = cosh u + C

sin2 x dx =

x
sin 2x
+ C
2
4

24.

x
sin 2x
cos2 x dx = +
+ C
2
4
L

25.

sec u du = ln sec u + tan u + C

L

csc2 u du = -cot u + C

26.

sec u tan u du = sec u + C

L

27.

csc u du = - ln csc u + cot u + C

1
1
sec3 x dx = sec x tan x + ln sec x + tan x + C
2
2
L

Thomas_redesign_ptI

8/10/09

9:20 AM

Page 2

Calculus Review, Single Variable

Volume of Solid of Revolution
b

DISK V =

La

p[ f (x)]2 dx

La

2pxf (x) dx

USEFUL CONVERGENT SEQUENCES

L =

2 [ f (t)]2 + [ g(t)]2 dt

Lc

21 + [ g(y)]2 dy

1.
2.

where x = f (t), y = g(t)

3.

Numerical Integration

4.

f (x) dx L

5.

x
(y + 2y1 + 2y2 + % + 2yn - 1 + yn)
2 0

6.

b - a
n and yi = a + ix, y0 = a, yn = b

where x =

lim

n: q

gan converges if there is a convergent series gcn with an cn

for all n 7 N, for some integer N.

(b)

gan diverges if there is a divergent series of nonnegative terms

gdn with an dn for all n 7 N, for some integer N.

ln n
n = 0

lim 1n = 1

n: q

lim x

n

n: q

1.

n: q

2.

x
lim a1 + n b = ex
n: q
xn
n!

3.
= 0

Let sn = a1 + a2 +

an
If lim
= c 7 0, then gan and gbn both converge or both
n : q bn
diverge.
an
If lim
= 0 and gbn converges, then gan converges.
n : q bn
an
If lim
= q and gbn diverges, then gan diverges.
n : q bn

THE RATIO TEST

3.

xn
e x = a , all x
n = 0 n!

4.

q
(-1) x
sin x = a
, all x
n = 0 (2n + 1)!

5.

cos x = a

6.

ln(1 + x) = a

7.

tan - 1 x = a

La

f (x) dx L

where x =

(a)

x
(y + 4y1 + 2y2 + 4y3 + % + 2yn - 2 + 4yn - 1 + yn)
3 0

q
n=0

8.

(b)

b - a
n , n is even and yi = a + ix, y0 = a, yn = b

, -1 6 x 1

(-1)n x 2n + 1
,x 1
2n + 1

m
(Binomial Series) (1 + x)m = 1 + a a bx k, x 6 1
k=1 k

n: q

sn exists.
a an converges if nlim
:q

n-1 n

(-1)
n
n=1

m(m - 1)
m
m
,
where a b = m, a b =
1
2
2

q
b

n 2n

(-1) x
, all x
n = 0 (2n)!
q

an 0, lim

+ an.

2n + 1

an+1
an = r, then gan converges if r 6 1, diverges if
r 7 1, and the test is inconclusive if r = 1.

SEQUENCE OF PARTIAL SUMS

SIMPSONS RULE

1
= a (-1)nx n, x 6 1
1 + x
n=0

= 1 (x 7 0)

lim xn = 0 ( x 6 1)

lim

2.

Suppose that an 7 0 and bn 7 0 for all n N (N an integer).

1

n: q

1
= a x n, x 6 1
1 - x
n=0

LIMIT COMPARISON TEST

TRAPEZOID RULE
La

(a)

La

La

LENGTH OF x = g (y)

LENGTH OF PARAMETRIC CURVE

L =

21 + [ f (x)]2 dx

1.

Let gan be a series with no negative terms.

0! = 1, 1! = 1, 2! = 1 2, 3! = 1 2 3,
n! = 1 2 3 4 % n

L =

COMPARISON TEST

FACTORIAL NOTATION

LENGTH OF y = f (x)

SHELL V =

USEFUL SERIES

Infinite Sequences and Series

m(m - 1) % (m - k + 1)
m
a b =
,k 3
k
k!

n=1
q

THE ROOT TEST

sn does not exist.

a an diverges if nlim
:q

an 0, lim 1an = r, then gan converges if r 6 1, diverges if

n

n=1

n: q

GEOMETRIC SERIES

r 7 1, and the test is inconclusive if r = 1.

FOURIER SERIES

ALTERNATING SERIES TEST

1
1
f (x) dx, ak = p
The Fourier Series for f (x) is a0 + a (ak cos kx + bk sin kx) where a0 =
2p L0
k=1
L0

an 0, g(-1)n + 1an converges if an is monotone decreasing and

lim an = 0.

1
bk = p

ABSOLUTE CONVERGENCE TEST

TESTS FOR CONVERGENCE OF INFINITE SERIES

If g an converges, then gan converges.

1.

The nth-Term Test: Unless an : 0, the series diverges.

TAYLOR SERIES

2.

Geometric series: gar n converges if r 6 1; otherwise it diverges.

Let f be a function with derivatives of all orders throughout some

interval containing a as an interior point. Then the Taylor Series
generated by f at x = a is

3.

p-series: g1n p converges if p 7 1; otherwise it diverges.

2p

q
n-1
=
a ar

Polar Coordinates

n=1

LENGTH OF POLAR CURVE

EQUATIONS RELATING POLAR AND

CARTESIAN COORDINATES
x = r cos u

y = r sin u, x + y = r ,

u = tan

-1

y
ax b

L =

SLOPE OF THE CURVE r  f (u)

La B

r2 + a

A =

n: q

an fails to exist or is different from zero.

a an diverges if nlim
:q

n=1

1 2
1
r du =
[ f (u)]2du
La 2
La 2

provided dx/du Z 0 at (r, u).

AREA OF A SURFACE OF REVOLUTION OF A POLAR

CURVE (ABOUT x-AXIS)

CONCAVITY OF THE CURVE r  f(u)

THE nth-TERM TEST FOR DIVERGENCE

THE INTEGRAL TEST

Let {an} be a sequence of positive terms. Suppose that an = f (n),
where f is a continuous, positive decreasing function for all x N
q
(N a positive integer). Then the series g n = N an and the improper
q
integral 1N f (x) dx both converge or both diverge.

p-SERIES

k=0

d dy
b
a `
du dx (r, u)

d 2y
dx2

S =

La

2pr sin u r 2 + a

dr 2
b du
du

1
a n p converges if p 7 1, diverges if p 1.
n=1

L0

f (x) sin k x dx, k = 1, 2, 3,

f (k)(a)
(x - a)k = f (a) + f (a)(x - a) +
k!

4.

Series with nonnegative terms: Try the Integral Test, Ratio Test, or Root Test. Try comparing to a known series with
the Comparison Test or the Limit Comparison Test.

5.

Series with some negative terms: Does g an converge? If yes, so does gan since absolute convergence implies convergence.

6.

Alternating series: gan converges if the series satisfies the conditions of the Alternating Series Test.

If a = 0, we have a Maclaurin Series for f (x).

dx
Z 0 at (r, u).
du

more

f (x) cos k x dx,

2p

f (a)
f (n)(a)
(x - a)n + % .
(x - a)2 + % +
2!
n!

f (u) cos u - f (u) sin u

provided

2p

dr 2
b du
du

AREA OF REGION BETWEEN ORIGIN

AND POLAR CURVE r = f(u)

f (u) sin u + f (u) cos u

dy
`
=
dx (r, u)
f (u) cos u - f (u) sin u

a
, r 6 1, and diverges if r 1.
1 - r