ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Technical Workshop

Fundamentals of HVAC
Control Systems
18, 19, 25, 26 April 2007

2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter

Slide 1

Chapter 3
Control Valves and Dampers

2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter

Slide 2

Control Valves

Important component of fluid distribution

systems

Common types:

Regulate the flow of fluid to the process under control

Globe valves (for modulating)
Ball valves (less expensive)
Butterfly valves (for isolation)

Valve material

Bronze, cast iron, steel

2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter

Slide 3

Control valve components

[Source: Honeywell, 1997. Engineering Manual of Automatic Control: for Commercial Buildings]
2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter

Slide 4

2-Way and 3-Way Valve Circuits

2-way control valve

Mixing 3-way control valve

Diverting 3-way control valve

2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter

Slide 5

2-Way and 3-Way Valves

2-way: for variable flow

More sensitive to high differential pressure

Harder to close off against line pressure

3-way: for constant flow

Actuator does not need to be as powerful

2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter

Slide 6

Advantages of 2-Way Valves

Less expensive to buy and install

Result in variable flow which reduces
pumping energy
Reduced piping heat losses and pump
energy
Potentially lower costs for pumping and
distribution systems
System balancing is reduced or eliminated

2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter

Slide 7

Disadvantages of 2-Way Valves

Most chillers and some boilers cannot

handle widely varying flow rates
Differential pressures will increase across
control valves, reducing system
controllability

2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter

Slide 8

Normally Open 2-Way Valve

2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter

Slide 9

Normally Closed 2-Way Valve

2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter

Slide 10

Two-way globe valve application

[Source: Honeywell, 1997. Engineering Manual of Automatic Control: for Commercial Buildings]
2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter

Slide 11

Double-Seated 2-Way Valve

2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter

Slide 12

Butterfly Valve

2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter

Slide 13

Ball Valve

2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter

Slide 14

Ball valve
Butterfly valve
[Source: Honeywell, 1997. Engineering Manual of Automatic Control: for Commercial Buildings]
2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter

Slide 15

Linear Valve

2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter

Slide 16

Equal Percentage Valve

2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter

Slide 17

Quick-Opening Valve

2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter

Slide 18

Characteristics of Control Valves

Valve flow characteristics

Relationship between the stem travel of a valve, expressed in

percent of travel, and the fluid flow through the valve,
expressed in percent of full flow

Typical flow characteristics

Linear
Equal percentage
Quick opening

2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter

Slide 19

Typical Flow Characteristics

2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter

Slide 20

[Source: Shadpour, F., 2001. The Fundamentals of HVAC Direct Digital Control]

2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter

Slide 21

Flow coefficient:

AV = q

q = volume flow (m3/s)

= fluid density (kg/m3)
P = static pressure loss across the valve (Pa)
For different units and locations, CV and KV are used.
For valve used in water application:

KV = Q

P 10

Q = volume flow (m3/h)

[Source: Honeywell, 1997. Engineering Manual of Automatic Control: for Commercial Buildings]
2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter

Slide 22

Control Valve Ratings

Flow coefficient
Close-off rating:

Pressure drop:

The maximum pressure drop that a valve can withstand

without leakage while in the full closed position
The difference in upstream and downstream pressures of the
fluid flowing through the valve

Maximum pressure and temperature:

The maximum pressure and temperature limitations of fluid

flow that a valve can withstand

2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter

Slide 23

Location of Control Valves

At the outlet on the top of cooling/heating

coils

Avoid coil starvation from water flow (lower pressure)

Flow of water from the bottom to the top (avoid air
bubble)

Flow measuring & balancing device

should be placed after the control valve
Provide a means of shut-off to allow a
proper means for servicing

2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter

Slide 24

[Source: Shadpour, F., 2001. The Fundamentals of HVAC Direct Digital Control]
2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter

Slide 25

3-Way Mixing Valve

2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter

Slide 26

3-Way Diverting Valve

2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter

Slide 27

Three-way valves
[Source: Honeywell, 1997. Engineering Manual of Automatic Control: for Commercial Buildings]
2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter

Slide 28

3-Way Mixing Valves

2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter

Slide 29

Flow Through 3-Way Valve

2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter

Slide 30

Selecting & Sizing Valves

Control valve selection depends on:
The fluid being controlled
Valve style: 2-way or 3-way
Control mode: modulating or 2-position
Maximum fluid temperature
Maximum inlet pressure
Desired flow characteristic
Maximum fluid flow rate
Desired pressure drop when valve is full open
Turn-down ratio
Close-off pressure

2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter

Slide 31

Coil Subsystem

2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter

Slide 32

Representative Values of Cv

2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter

Slide 33

Flow Characteristic Selection

The desired flow characteristic is a function

of:
The heat transfer device being controlled
and its flow versus capacity characteristic
The control of fluid supply temperature
The control of the differential pressure
across the valve

2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter

Slide 34

Capacity Versus Flow Rate

2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter

Slide 35

Authority Distortion of
Linear Flow Characteristic

2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter

Slide 36

Authority Distortion of Equal

Percentage Flow Characteristic

2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter

Slide 37

Pump & System Curves

With Valve Control

2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter

Slide 38

Control Dampers

For controlling air distribution, such as

Fire damper: A thermally actuated damper arranged to

automatically restrict the passage of fire and/or heat at a
point where an opening violates the integrity of a fire
partition or floor
Smoke damper: A damper arranged to control passage
of smoke through an opening or a duct
Volume control damper (VCD): A device used to regulate
the flow of air in an HVAC system

2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter

Slide 39

Control Dampers

Common types:

Opposed blade dampers (e.g. in AHU)

Parallel blade dampers
Butterfly dampers (e.g. in VAV box)
Linear air valves (e.g. in fume hood)
Specialty dampers

2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter

Slide 40

[Source: Shadpour, F., 2001. The Fundamentals of HVAC Direct Digital Control]
2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter

Slide 41

Typical Multiblade Dampers

2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter

Slide 42

Parallel blade damper

Opposed blade damper

[Source: Honeywell, 1997. Engineering Manual of Automatic Control: for Commercial Buildings]
2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter

Slide 43

Round damper

Volume control damper

(opposed blade)

[Source: Honeywell, 1997. Engineering Manual of Automatic Control: for Commercial Buildings]
2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter

Slide 44

Typical (opposed blade) damper construction

[Source: Honeywell, 1997. Engineering Manual of Automatic Control: for Commercial Buildings]
2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter

Slide 45

Externally mounted
pneumatic actuator
Internally mounted electric actuator
[Source: Honeywell, 1997. Engineering Manual of Automatic Control: for Commercial Buildings]
2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter

Slide 46

Damper Sizing

Typically chosen based on duct size and

convenience of location
Proper selection and sizing provides the
following benefits:

Lower installation cost (damper sizes are smaller)

Smaller actuators or a fewer number of them are required
Reduced energy costs (smaller damper, less overall leakage)
Improved control characteristics (rangeability) because the
ratio of total damper flow to minimum controllable flow is
increased
Improved operating characteristics (linearity)

2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter

Slide 47

Performance Data

Leakage ratings
Torque requirements

Closing torque
Dynamic torque

Velocity ratings
Temperature ratings
Pressure ratings
UL classification (fire/smoke)

2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter

Slide 48

[Source: Honeywell, 1997. Engineering Manual of Automatic Control: for Commercial Buildings]
2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter

Slide 49

Control loop for

a damper system

Resistance to airflow
in actual system
[Source: Honeywell, 1997. Engineering Manual of Automatic Control: for Commercial Buildings]
2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter

Slide 50

[Source: Honeywell, 1997. Engineering Manual of Automatic Control: for Commercial Buildings]
2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter

Slide 51

Mixed air control system (parallel blade dampers)

[Source: Honeywell, 1997. Engineering Manual of Automatic Control: for Commercial Buildings]
2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter

Slide 52

Mixed air system with louvers

[Source: Honeywell, 1997. Engineering Manual of Automatic Control: for Commercial Buildings]
2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter

Slide 53

Selecting and Sizing Dampers

The three basic damper applications are:

Two-position duty
Capacity control duty
Mixing duty

2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter

Slide 54

Fans in Parallel

2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter

Slide 55

Centrifugal Fan With

Inlet Vane Damper

2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter

Slide 56

Characteristic Curves of Parallel

Blade Dampers

2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter

Slide 57

Characteristic Curves of Opposed

Blade Dampers

2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter

Slide 58

Flow Pattern Through Dampers

2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter

Slide 59

Mixing Box Arrangements

2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter

Slide 60

Pressure Drop Across Mixing Box

2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter

Slide 61

Economizer With Supply

and Return Fans

2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter

Slide 62

VAV System at 100% Outdoor Air and

Minimum Outdoor Air

2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter

Slide 63

Economizer With Relief Fan

2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter

Slide 64