Linear Shift-Invariant Systems

Linear
If x(t) and y(t) are two input signals to a
system, the system is linear if
H[a*x(t) + b*y(t)] = aH[x(t)] + bH[y(t)]
Where H specifies the transformation
performed on the signal by the system

Shift Invariant
If xO(t) = H[x(t)] then H[x(t-)] = xO(t - )

Properties of an LSI
If the input is x(t) = A Cos(2f0t + )
The response to x(t) is H[x(t)] =
A H[Cos(2f0t + )] = Aout Cos(2f0t + out)]

Transfer function of an LSI

Consider the response of an LSI to a
complex sinusoid
e j 2ft Cos (2ft ) jSin(2ft ) Cos (2ft ) jCos (2ft / 2)

H e j 2ft a ( f )Cos (2ft [ f ]) ja ( f )Cos (2ft [ f ] / 2)

a ( f )Cos (2ft [ f ]) ja ( f ) Sin(2ft [ f ])
a ( f )e j 2ft [ f ] a ( f )e j [ f ]e j 2ft
T [ f ] a ( f ) e j [ f ]

H e j 2ft T [ f ]e j 2ft

If input is periodic then

H x(t ) cn e

j 2nf 0t

cnT nf 0 e

j 2nf 0t

If input is finite duration

T0
2

j 2nf 0t
j 2fu
x(u )e
H x(t )
du T nf 0 e

T0

T20

j 2ft

j 2fu
H x(t ) x(u )e
du T f e dt

 The Fourier Transform of the impulse

response function is the transfer function
of the linear system.
The Inverse Fourier Transform of the
transfer function is the impulse response
function of the linear system.
This is a very powerful result.
The easiest way to design a filter is to
select an impulse response function

Designing a filter
A bandpass filter can be designed by
taking an impulse response function that
starts at t=0, reaches a single peak and
declines to zero with time.
The longer the impulse response, the
narrower the filter.
To set the center frequency,fc, of the filter,
multiply it by Cos(2 fc t).

Predicting the filters output

Figure 5.4. An arbitrary waveform. The

horizontal line at t0 represents the input of a
waveform of this sort to a LSI system, up to and
including time t0.

Figure 5.5. A digitized version of the waveform

shown in Figure 5.5 is depicted up to and
including the digitized waveform as it exists at
time t0. The waveform has been digitized at a
rate of 20 kHz.

x (t )

x(k ) (k )
t

t ( k ) has height 1
FT [ x (t )]

x(k ) FT [ (k )]
t

T [ f ]FT [ x (t )]

x(k ) FT [ (k )]T [ f ]
t

xo (t ) FT {T [ f ]FT [ x (t )]}
t

xo (t )

x( )h (t )d

x(k ) FT {FT [ (k )]T [ f ]}

Transfer function with zero phase

shift
Consider a rectangular filter with no phase
shift
f
f
T [ f ] 1, f 0
f f0
2
2
T [ f ] 0, elsewhere
5
x(t ) Cos (2f 0t ), 0 t
f0
x(t ) 0, elsewhere