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Ferroresonance in Voltage Transformers Analysis and Simulations
Ferroresonance in Voltage Transformers Analysis and Simulations
Abstract
Power quality and power disturbances have become an
important increasing factor throughout electrical networks.
Ferroresonance is one of these disturbances that can occur on
distribution systems, causing quality and security problems.
This paper analyzes the ferroresonance as a nonlinear resonance
phenomenon of erratic nature and difficult prediction. The
theoretical principles of this phenomenon and the particular
symptoms that identify it will be thoroughly studied. Besides,
due to its nonlinear behaviour, several ferroresonance analysis
methods commonly used are presented. The theoretical
principles are supported by several simulations based on the
overvoltage behaviour of voltage transformers.
1. Introduction
A. Resonance
In a resonant circuit, inductive and capacitive reactances
of the circuit are equal to each other (1). The only
opposition to current is the circuit resistance, resulting in
undesired overvoltages and overcurrents at the resonance
frequency (2). This resonance effect presents one stable
operation state, and its effects are mitigated by the system
frequencies control or by the introduction of pure
resistances.
L =
f=
1
C
1
(1)
(2)
2 LC
E + VC
VC
VL
wLsat
B. Ferroresonance
wLlinear
1/wC
(a)
E = VL - VC
INDUCTIVE (VL>VC)
E = VC VL
CAPACITIVE (VC>VL)
VC
r r
r
E = VL + VC
(3)
E
VL
(b)
Fig. 2. Graphical solution of a series ferroresonant circuit
C
Fig. 1. Series ferroresonant circuit
It is possible to verify that the step from a nonferroresonant operation point to a ferroresonant one
coincides with the step from an inductive situation to a
capacitive one (Fig. 2b). The final operation point will
depend on initial conditions (residual flux, capacitance
value, voltage source, switching instant,). This way,
under certain initial conditions (e.g. transient
overvoltage), ferroresonance can appear. This
ferroresonant point gets to overvoltage and overcurrent
situations. Once the ferroresonance has appeared, the
system stays working under ferroresonance, until the
source is not able to provide the necessary energy to
maintain the phenomenon.
C. Evolution of ferroresonant operation point
This section analyzes the evolution of the solution
according to the value of the E+VC line.
Figure 3 shows this evolution while the voltage source
value is changed, maintaining constant the capacitance
value. Similarly, figure 4 shows the evolution when the
capacitance value changes and the voltage source value
mantains constant.
In the first case (Fig. 3), the straigh line E+VC moves
parallel to itself. There is a voltage source value (E) for
which the straigh line E+VC is tangent to the
magnetization curve. With higher voltage source values
(E), the system solution is always a ferroresonant
situation. On the contrary, with lower voltage source
values (E), the system has two possible stable operation
points: one ferroresonant point and another nonferroresonant point. The final operation point will depend
on the initial conditions.
> L linear
VL
L sat
1
< L sat
C
L linear
VC
Increase of E
1
C
VL
E
E
E > E > E
C cte
E + VC
E + VC
E + VC
In the second case (Fig. 4), the straigh line E+VC rotates
around the point E, so its slope decreases as the
capacitance is increased. As it can be seen in figure 4,
unlike resonance state, ferroresonant state is possible to
appear for a wide range of capacitance values at a given
frequency [4].
E + VC
E + VC
3. Analysis of ferroresonance
Increase of C
V
VL
A. Analysis methods
C > C > C
E cte
1
< L sat
C
(4)
4. Ferroresonance Simulations
The ferroresonance phenomenon in voltage transformers
is analyzed in this section through several software
simulation examples, using the software tool MATLAB.
A software model has been developed based on test data
obtained on a real voltage transformer. Figure 6 shows
the saturation curve of the voltage transformer model
developed.
Parameter
Capacitance
Voltage Source (RMS)
Degrees (switching instant)
Values
From
To
1e-5 mF
0.01 mF
15 kV
50 kV
0
180
Parameter
Capacitance
Voltage Source (RMS)
Degrees (switching instant)
Value
4e-4 mF
25 kV
Simulation A1
Simulation A2
Simulation A3
90
30
0
Parameter
Voltage Source (RMS)
Degrees (switching instant)
Capacitance value
Value
25 kV
0
Simulation B1 2e-4 mF
Simulation B2 4e-4 mF
Simulation B3 0.01 mF
5. Conclusions
Ferroresonance is a widely studied phenomenon but it is
still not well understood because of its complex
behaviour. Its effects on electrical equipments are still
considerable nowadays. An extended analysis on the
ferroresonance phenomenon, its theoretical principles,
causes and effects are presented in this paper.
In addition, a software model has been developed to
simulate ferroresonant situations, and different
ferroresonant modes have been obtained with satisfactory
results. The transformer energization has been presented
as a critical situation for the ferroresonance to appear.
The influence of switching instant and capacitance value
has been analyzed through several software simulations,
considering the critical capacitance values. Related to the
influence of switching instant, it has been demonstrated
that the system is prone to ferroresonance with swiching
instants near to zero degrees. Anyway, ferroresonance
depends on many other factors and parameters as it has
been mentioned previously in the paper.
Aknowledgements
The work presented in this paper has been performed by
the research team of Project UE03/A01, with funding
from the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU
Spain) and Electrotecnica Arteche Hnos.
References
[1] Bethenod, J., "Sur le Transformateur Rsonance",
Lclairage lectrique, vol. 53, Nov. 30, 1907,
pp. 289-96.
[2] Boucherot, P.,"xistence de Deux Rgimes en
Ferrorsonance", Rev. Gen. de Llec., vol. 8, no. 24,
December 11, 1920, pp. 827-828.
[3] Berrosteguieta,
J.
Introduction
to
instrument
transformers Electrotcnica Arteche Hnos., S.A
[4] Ferracci, P.,"Ferroresonance", Groupe Schneider: Cahier
technique no 190, March 1998.
[5] Santoso, S., Dugan, R. C., Grebe, T. E., Nedwick, P.
Modeling ferroresonance phenomena in an underground
distribution system IEEE IPST 01 Rio de Janeiro,
Brazil, June 2001, paper 34