Chapter 4

Crude Oil Washing

Crude Oil Washing procedure
Implement crude oil washing work according to the procedure given below.

1. Checks before performing crude oil washing (P4-2 to P4-3)

Click here to view video 036.mp4
Follow the "Crude Oil Washing Operations and Equipment Manual" and check the items below when
performing the crude oil washing..
1) Confirm beforehand the method of implementing crude oil washing work with the terminal
representative.
2) Make the necessary preparations and inspections according to the check list.
3) Before starting the crude oil washing, confirm that the concentration of oxygen in the tank is
below 8% by volume.
4) Confirm that the inert gas system is working correctly.
5) Maintain the pressure in the tank at more than +1.961 kPa (+200 mmAq) during the crude oil
washing work.
6) Carry out pressurize tests for the COW line and check for abnormalities before entering port.
7) Check the items related to equipment and the method of implementing COW work.

2. Implementing crude oil washing work (P4-4 to P4-15)

Click here to view video 037.mp4
COW methods may be broadly divided into three types. A Full Wash of the tank is a one-stage washing
method; Top Wash and Bottom Wash of the tank form a two-stage washing method, and a combination
of the two methods mentioned above is called the Multistage Wash. (Example: The combination of Full
Wash and Bottom Wash is also a Multistage Wash)
1) Top Wash
2) Bottom Wash
3) Full Wash

3. Treatment after completion of Crude Oil Washing

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After completing COW work, adopt the measures to prevent liquid-sealed condition in the COW line.

4. Troubleshooting during COW work (P4-16 to P4-21)

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1.

Checks before COW work

Click here to view video 036.mp4
Perform the inspections and checks mentioned below before starting COW work.
1) Confirm beforehand the method of implementing crude oil washing work with the person in charge
of the terminal.
2) Make the necessary preparations and inspections according to the check list.
3) Before starting the crude oil washing work, confirm that the concentration of oxygen in the tank is
below 8% by volume.
Measure the oxygen concentration in the tank at any of the positions mentioned below from an
adequately safe distance from the inert gas intake.
a) At a height of 1 meter below the deck and at the center of the void space below deck.
b) At the measurement height required by terminal regulations
4) Confirm that the inert gas system is working correctly.
The oxygen concentration at the inert gas floor exist should be maintained at less than 5% by
volume except during temporary fluctuations such as low loads or load fluctuations of the boiler.
(If the concentration exceeds 5% by volume, immediately investigate the cause and adopt the
necessary measures.)
5) Maintain the pressure in the tank at more than +1.961 kPa (+200 mmAq) during the crude oil
washing work.
6) Carry out pressurize tests for the COW line and check for abnormalities before entering port.
7) Check the items related to equipment and method of implementing the COW work.
The equipment and method mentioned below should be thoroughly understood before performing
COW work.
a) Equipment and design
Position of the COW machine
Type of COW machine, deck installation and submerged models
- Model
- Characteristics
- Features of construction
- Operating parameters (washing pattern)
Drive unit
Washing liquid supply and dispersion system
Stripping system
Tank sounding method
Inert gas requirements
b) General COW methods
Traditional pipeline ship/ free flow ship/ partial free flow ship
Single grade/multiple grade cargo oils
Optimum washing method that minimizes berthing time
Ballasting work for departure according to the type of ship and pipeline configuration
COW procedure at sea when the ship is underway between discharge ports
c) Associated items
Method of minimizing ship's residues
- Stripping of cargo tank
- Draining of oil and stripping of cargo lines
- Completion of discharging cargo oil to shore terminal
Judging the appropriateness of oil for COW
Requirements of Regulation 9, Annex I of the MARPOL Protocol
d) Items related to safety
Inert gas methods
Characteristics, maintaining and recording pressure of inert gas
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 Stopping the washing/discharge during abnormal condition of inert gas

Static electricity and measures to prevent it
Safe piping work
Avoidance of wave-induced pressures
Outflow
e) Items related to check lists
Before entering port
Before starting COW work
After completing COW work
After leaving port
f) Method of enforcing regulations
COW regulations of terminal
Operations and Equipment Manual
Oil Record Book
Tank sounding
Measurement of oil on the ballast surface when leaving port
g) Maintenance of equipment and machinery
Maintenance of equipment and machinery in accordance with manufacturer's instruction
manuals
Additional maintenance items

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2.

Implementing crude oil washing work

Click here to view video 037.mp4
COW work should be implemented by strictly adhering to the relevant rules and regulations after
confirming safety and taking care to prevent oil leaks, explosions and cargo contamination. The Crude
Oil Washing Operations and Equipment Manual has been prepared in accordance with the requirements
of Regulation 13B of the 1978 Protocol of the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution
from Ships, 1973, approved by the Administration and placed on board each of the ships. The COW
work should be implemented in accordance with the requirements of this Manual. (Refer to "4. Crude
oil washing plan" on P1-11 of the "Discharging Section.")

2.1

Types of COW methods

Click here to view video 039.mp4

COW methods may be broadly divided into three types. A Full Wash of the tank is a one-stage washing
method; Top Wash and Bottom Wash of the tank form the two-stage washing method, and a
combination of the two methods mentioned above is called the Multi-step Washing method.
(Example: The combination of Full Wash and Bottom Wash is a Multistage Wash)
COW supply methods include the Closed Cycle (recirculation) method, the Open Cycle method and the
Bleed Off method.
1) Top Wash: Washing angle 135 to 50 (60)
2) Bottom Wash: Washing angle 50 (60) to 0
3) Full Wash: Washing angle 135 to 0
4) Closed Cycle (recirculation) method
This is the method of taking washing oil from the slop tank for washing and returning the stripped
oil to the slop tank using the stripping machine.
5) Open Cycle method
This is the method of taking washing oil from tanks other than the washing tank and slop tank for
washing, and transferring the stripped oil to the slop tank.
In AUS-equipped ships, the method of directly discharging the directly-stripped oil is used rather
than transferring it to the slop tank.
6) Bleed Off method
This is the method of extracting a part of oil to be discharged by the cargo pump from the
discharging line into the washing line, and using this oil as the washing line (this method also
includes use of the oil extracted through the manifold). This method is generally not used.

2.2

Precautions
Take the precautions below when implementing COW work.
1) Refer to the typical COW program included in the Crude Oil Washing Operations and Equipment
Manual provided on each ship.
2) Use the washing angle given in the specifications for each ship and mentioned in the Crude Oil
Washing Operations and Equipment Manual when implementing COW work.
3) When implementing Full Wash and Bottom Wash, adjust the ship's attitude (trim and heel)
considering the stripping operation.
Generally, stripping is efficient if the trim is about 2% of LOA and heel is about 1 degree.
However care is necessary because some terminals have restrictions on trim and heel.
4) Where COW valves are provided that can be double shut, they should be always be double shut
recognizing that an error in valve operation during COW work poses a grave risk of cargo
contamination. Double shutting here refers to closing both the COW sub main valve and the COW
main valve. (Refer to "Line Diagram" in Fig. D-4-1 on P2-16 of the "Documents Section.")
5) Open and close valves associated with COW lines carefully confirming their condition one by one
in a similar manner as with cargo valves, and always indicate the open/closed positions of these
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valves on the memory board.

6) Notify the deck watch the details and the time of start of the COW work. It is important for both
sides to maintain communications and be aware of the work to be performed. This will ensure that
even if an error in work or in the issue of orders occurs, corrections and amendments can be made
with mutual confirmation. Good team work not only during cargo handling operations but also
during tanker work contributes to safe work.
7) Before starting COW work, notify the terminal, obtain permission and also report the start and end
times of the work to the terminal.
8) Both ship and the terminal should always confirm beforehand that the oxygen concentration in the
tank is less than 8% by volume.
9) Some terminals require fresh oil to be used after COW work. This point should be confirmed
beforehand. (Refer to "6.3 Ensuring tanks for fresh oil" on P1-17 and "5.3 Handling of fresh oil"
on P5-25 of the "Discharging Section.")
10) In principle, COW work using condensate oil that includes crude oil of high vapor pressure should
not be performed. If COW of the said tank is necessary, then washing with a different grade of oil
should be considered. (If washing with crude oil of high vapor pressure is unavoidable, permission
of the terminal should be obtained. Also, when washing with a different grade of oil, the
permission of the charterer should be obtained.)

2.3

Crude oil washing method

2.3.1 Top Wash

1) Use a dedicated tank cleaning pump (TCP) or a cargo pump for Top Wash work.
2) The washing of the top part of the tank is to be performed at a washing angle of 135 to 50 (60),
therefore, a part of the discharging oil should be used as the washing oil. However, when the
washing oil repeatedly strikes the oil surface, static electricity may be generated or a large amount
of vapor may be generated. Thus, in principle, the washing angle should be such that the washing
oil does not repeatedly strike the surface. Adhere to the values prescribed for each ship when
performing the Top Wash.
3) COW work during the discharging operation facilitates tank pressure control.
4) If the cargo pump is used for COW, the cargo handling time may be affected, but basically, Top
Wash does not affect the discharging time.
5) COW is generally a single cycle of work performed from the top to the bottom of the tank.
Washing from the bottom to the top is not an effective washing method since the washing angle
per rotation is large.
6) Top Wash is performed with the same grade of oil, and naturally, washing with different grades of
oil is not possible.
2.3.2 Bottom Wash
1) Use a dedicated TCP or cargo pump for Bottom Wash.
2) The bottom part of the tank is washed at a washing angle of 50 (60) to 0. Therefore, either oil in
the slop tank or the cargo oil of 5C (tank into which the suction and return lines of the TCP enter)
is used, or the drive oil from the tank during discharging is taken and returned to the slop tank or
to 5C in this method. If the washing oil is returned to the slop tank or to 5C, except in cases other
than the Closed Cycle method from the same tank, the oil level in these tanks will rise. Therefore,
precautions should be taken against overflow of oil in these tanks.
Although a rise in the level of the oil can be observed in the Closed Cycle method also, the rise is
insignificant. The purpose of implementing COW work after ensuring adequate ullage in the
collection tank is to be adequately prepared to cope with various phenomena that could occur.
In AUS-equipped ships, the stripped oil can be directly discharged. In this case, a collection tank
is not necessary.
3) Perform Bottom Wash after drying up the tank. Adhere to the values of the washing angle
prescribed for each ship.
The work is to be ended when the machine angle becomes 0 for the final draining out of oil. If
time permits, declutch the machine to set it in the free condition. (To enable voyage condition
although differences may exist in the types of machines used.)
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4) Washing oil is stripped simultaneously with the washing of the tank interior during Bottom Wash.
In practice, an appropriate ship's attitude (trim and heel) is maintained so as to increase the
stripping efficiency.
5) Bottom Wash may be performed using the same grade of oil or a different grade of oil. If a different
grade of oil is to be used, the permission of the charterer should be obtained beforehand.
6) The construction of the tank interior is simpler in a double hull ship compared to a single hull ship.
However, the cargo lines penetrate the center tank and its structure is more complicated compared
to that of the side tank. Bottom Wash of the center tank is more effective when considering sludge
control aspects also.
7) Washing can be performed without affecting the discharging time except when COW cannot be
performed in parallel with the discharging operation (discharging has to be suspended to perform
COW) either because washing with different grade of oil is not allowed, or if no cargo oil for
discharging remains. However, the cargo handling time may sometimes be affected when the
cargo pump is used. The effect of COW on cargo handling time is a very important matter that
should be considered beforehand, that is, when formulating the discharging plan.
If a Tank Cleaning Pump(TCP)-equipped ship is carrying cargo oil of various grades and there is
no limitation on washing with a different grade of oil, washing may be started after the
discharging of the previous grades of oil is completed and when the tank containing the TCP
suction and return line has reached the appropriate ullage. However, care is required against
overflow.
(Example: An ullage of 10 m or greater is recommended for the slop tank)
8) The high level alarm setting for the oil surface can be arbitrarily changed. However, if the setting is
changed, to prevent overflow, care should be taken to restore the original ullage setting after the
said work is completed.
9) If washing with crude oil of high vapor pressure (which has been permitted by the terminal) is
unavoidable, and if only Bottom Wash is carried out, the control of tank pressure is comparatively
easy.
* Liquid level alarm
The settings for liquid level alarm are generally as given below. Sometimes the settings have a
one-to-one correspondence with ullage. In such cases, the setting should be checked to determine what
percentage of the tank volume it indicates.
1) The high liquid level alarm is set at 95% of the tank volume.
2) The High - high liquid level alarm is set at 98% of the tank volume.
*28 What is a closed cycle?
The delivery of washing oil from a tank and its return to the same tank after circulation is called a
closed cycle. For instance, in the recirculation system of delivering washing oil for COW from the port
side slop tank and the return of eductor drive oil and stripped oil to the same port side slop tank, there
is no increase or decrease of oil in the slop tank, in principle. Even if there is a change, it is negligible.
*29 What is an open cycle?
As opposed to the closed cycle, we have the open cycle. If the tank from which washing oil is delivered
is different from the tank to which the oil returns, the circulation method is called open cycle. Strictly
speaking in the mean of open cycle, the returned oil including stripped oil to be discharge ashore
directly, but direct discharging of oil is not possible when COW is performed using the eductor.
Since the oil delivery tank and the return tank are different, the level of oil in the return tank increases,
and ullage decreases. A risk of overflow exists and adequate care needs to be taken, therefore this
method is not recommended.
In AUS-equipped ships, however, a stripping device (AUS) is used enabling the stripped oil to be
directly discharged. This is a prime example of the open cycle.
2.3.3 Full Wash:
1) Use a dedicated TCP or cargo pump for Full Wash.
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2) The washing angle is 135 to 0, and the tank is to be subjected to a single cycle Full Wash from
top to bottom. However, the values of the washing angle prescribed for each ship should be
adhered to.
3) Similar to Bottom Wash, start the Full Wash only after the tank has dried up.
4) Similar to the Bottom Wash, washing oil is stripped simultaneously with the washing of the tank
interior during Full Wash. In practice, an appropriate ship's attitude (trim and heel) is maintained
so as to increase the stripping efficiency.
5) Full Wash may be performed using the same grade of oil or a different grade of oil. If a different
grade of oil is to be used, the permission of the charterer should be obtained beforehand.
6) If washing with crude oil of high vapor pressure is unavoidable and permission from the terminal
has been obtained, then the washing should be implemented taking adequate precautions against
the rise in tank pressure. Precautions need to be taken especially when the washing is
implemented after suspending the discharging work. However, if cargo oil is being discharged at
the rate of 5,000 m3/h using a cargo pump from another tank, the tank pressure is not likely to rise
appreciably and to create problems.
7) Except when suspending the discharging work to perform washing, the discharging time is not
affected. However, there may be some effect in tankers in which cargo pumps are used. It is very
important to consider this point beforehand when formulating plans.
If a TCP-equipped ship is carrying cargo oil of various grades and there is no limitation on
washing with a different grade of oil, washing may be implemented after the discharging of
various grades of oil is completed and when the tank containing the TCP suction and return line
has reached the appropriate ullage (level at which overflow can be prevented).
8) This is an effective washing method for double hull ships. It has been proved that a one-time
implementation of Full Wash is equivalent to washing until a gas-free condition of the tank is
obtained.
This fact should be borne in mind when inspecting the interiors of cargo tanks and during repair
work other than hot work.
2.3.4 Multistage Wash
1) This is the method of washing by combining the Top Wash with the Bottom Wash or the Full Wash
method. The Top Wash is implemented during discharging of the tank and thus makes use of the
same grade of oil for washing but once the discharging operation is completed, Bottom Wash or
Full Wash can be implemented with a different grade of oil, with the permission of the charterer.
Implementing the Top Wash and Bottom Wash separately leads to shortening the COW time per
wash and to a more meticulous wash as compared to the Full Wash.
2) Although the Multistage Wash is used in both single hull and double hull ships for curtailing the
washing time, for performing meticulous washing, washing before dry-docking and because of the
special construction system used in the ships, this is definitely a washing method with an
increased number of processes. If washing methods that require a smaller number of processes can
be used, such as the Full Wash, then its implementation should be considered instead.
For instance, in a tanker installed with seven COW machines in one tank, the number of COW
sub main valves and COW machine valves is seven each. If the same tank is to be washed using
Multistage Wash, twenty eight valves need to be operated. The method to be adopted should be
selected after adequate considerations given to the work density.

2.4.

Concrete example of crude oil washing work

2.4.1 Top Wash (Refer to "Fig. D-4-2 Line Diagram" on P2-17, "Fig. D-4-3 Line Diagram" on P2-18 and
"Fig. D-4-4 Line Diagram" on P2-19 all in the "Documents Section.")
1) Prerequisites of Top Wash
a) 1C, 3C, 5C: Oxygen concentration of inert gases supplied during discharging work should be
less than 5% by volume.
Oxygen concentration in tank should be below 8% by volume.
b) Tank for drive oil: 3C
c) The ullage at start COW should be decided such that the part above the oil surface in the
washing tank can be washed. This ullage value is mentioned in the Crude Oil Washing
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Operations and Equipment Manual, which should be referred to and tallied.

2) Line configuration
a) Prime the suction line. Confirm together with the terminal that the oxygen concentration in the
washing tank is below 8% by volume and that priming has been completed.
b) Open the suction line from the 3C tank stripping valve to the TPC.

3C tank stripping valve

V235

Open

Suction line up to the TCP

V141, V142, V143

Open

Close the common line valve when the stripping line of the discharging tank is being used as
the suction line.

Common line valve

V154

Close

c) Confirm that the TCP discharge valve is fully closed and make preparations to start the pump.
TCP discharge valve
V145
Fully closed
Angle settings of the COW machine should be performed just before the ship enters port or when a steady
state is reached after starting the discharging operation, Bear in mind that if these settings are performed
when the ship is underway, the gear unit of the COW machine may be damaged.

d) Perform angle settings of the 3C tank cleaning machines (set beforehand), open the COW
machine valve and the COW sub main valve.
First open the COW machine valve and then open the COW sub main valve.
Even if pressure develops between these valves, it can be reduced safely if the sequence above
is followed.
e) Valve lineup of the COW line

Tank cleaning heater bypass valve

V512

Open

COW master valve

V511

Open

Suction line up to the TCP

V141, V142, V143

Open

f) If four deck watches are available, they should be stationed at the manifold, pump room, near
the pressure gauges of the COW line at the pump room entrance, and in 3C. If three deck
watches are available, then the watch on the 3C should be stated and the watch stationed near
the pressure gauge of the COW line at the pump room entrance should check that the washing
pressure is steady and then perform the line check on the deck. If TCP is already in operation,
stationing of a watch in the pump room is not particularly necessary.
g) Gas purging of the COW line should be carried out by purging the gas through the gas intake
valve (pipe diameter 100 mm) to 1C tank. After purging the COW line, it should be always be
double shut, if means for double shutting have been provided.
If measures against liquid-sealed condition have been adopted, they should be canceled, and
checks made to confirm that the relevant valves are closed. Efforts should be made to prevent
cargo contamination.
h) When preparations of TCP are completed, start the pump. Confirm that the governor is working
effectively and gradually open the discharge valve.
Open the valve to about 10%, and when the gas flow has changed over to liquid flow in the gas
intake valve of 1C (when the COW line is filled with oil), close the said valve gradually. The
line pressure at this stage should generally be less than 0.3 mPa (3 kg/cm2). When the COW
machine of 3C starts operating, confirm that there is no abnormality, and gradually increase the
pressure while receiving reports of line pressure in the pressure gauges at the forward part and
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near the entrance of the pump room.

Even if the pressure testing of the line has been carried out, particular care is required especially if the ship
encounters rough seas during typhoons or monsoons in winter. Oil leaks sometimes occur from the dresser
joints or near the flanges

* If COW is being performed for the first time at a port, take additional care and precautions so
that appropriate measures against oil leaks from the line can be adopted as necessary. If the gas
intake valve cannot be used, remove the gas through the COW sub main valve and the COW
machine.

i) If no abnormality has been found, start COW at a pressure above the minimum pressure (0.78
mPa: 8kg/cm2 to 0.83 mPa: 8.5 kg/cm2) according to the Crude Oil Washing Operations and
If the oil level in the COW tank is high from intended level at the time implement COW, it may not be
possible to perform washing up to the estimated angle. If Multistage Wash including Top Wash and Bottom
Wash is to be implemented, stop the COW machine when the angle is near the oil surface and switch it over
to Bottom Wash. When the machine is ready for Bottom Wash, start with this angle. In view of the above,
Top Wash is generally started when the ullage is about 15 to 20 m. The ullage for implementing Top Wash,
according to the Crude Oil Washing Operations and Equipment Manual for Takasago Maru, is 24 m. (Refer
to the documentation for each ship for the actual ullage value.) However, if COW is started at an ullage of
24 m to 25 m as prescribed, the tank in the Takasago Maru would have reached a state where most of the oil
has been discharged, and this is not a condition at which COW can be practically implemented

Equipment Manual required to be carried by each ship. The COW line pressure can be
monitored from the cargo console in the CCR. Errors in pressure on site can be known from
this location. Small trim is recommended when implementing a Top Wash.
j) During COW work, inspect according to the check list.
k) When the COW machine reaches 50 degree (the angle is depend on each ship), the operation
is completed. The required time will be about 45 minutes.
1) After COW is completed, slowly decrease the rpm of the TCP while throttling the discharge valve
and then fully close the discharge valve at the minimum rpm of the TCP.

COW master valve

V511

Close

V512

Close

m) Valve operation

Tank cleaning heater bypass valve

However, V.512 should be kept open if COW of other tanks is to be implemented subsequently.
With the COW sub main valve of 3C closed and the COW machine valve open, drain out the oil
in the branch pipe of the COW line.
Before implementing the COW of other tanks, always close this COW machine valve to double
shut the line.
The liquid-sealed condition of the branch pipe of the COW line may cause thermal expansion and
The COW machine valve and the COW sub main valve of tank containing oil of the same grade can be
opened as part of the measures to prevent liquid-sealed condition of the COW line. Consequently, there
is no need to adhere strictly to the drain valve or the gas intake valve in the COW line

subsequently, damage to the valve or the line. Always close the COW sub main valve first, drain
out oil as far as possible, and then close the COW machine valve to complete the double shut
operation.
n) If time is available until the next COW operation, open the COW main line gas intake valve and
eliminate the liquid-sealed condition. (To prevent liquid-sealed condition in the COW main line)

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2.4.2 Bottom Wash or Full Wash (Refer to "Fig. D-4-5 Line Diagram" on P2-20, "Fig. D-4-6 Line
Diagram" on P2-21 and "Fig. D-4-7 Line Diagram" on P2-22 all in the "Documents Section.")
1) Prerequisites of Bottom Wash and Full Wash
a) 1C, 3C, 5C, SL(P): Concentration of oxygen in the supplied inert gases should be below 5%
by volume and concentration of oxygen in tank should be below 8% by volume during the
discharging operation
b) Washing tank: 2C (in the dried-up condition)
c) Tank for drive oil: SLOP (P), ullage 12 m
d) Gathering tank: SLOP( P )
e) Use of No. 1 eductor: Capacity 1,100 m3/h
f) Aft trim: 5m
2) Line configuration
a) Prime the suction line. Confirm together with the terminal that the oxygen concentration in
the washing tank is below 8% by volume and that priming has been completed.
b) Open the suction line from the SLOP(P) tank valve to the TPC.

SLOP(P) tank valve

V173

Open

TCP suction valve

V143

Open

c) Confirm that the TCP discharge valve is fully closed and make preparations to start the
pump.

TCP delivery valve

V145

Fully closed

d) Perform angle settings of the 2C tank cleaning machines (set beforehand), open the COW
machine valve and the COW sub main valve.
e) Valve operation

Tank cleaning heater bypass valve

V.512

Open

COW master valve

V.511

Open

Eductor-driving line valve

V176, V174, V183

Open

f) If four deck watches are available, they should be stationed in the pump room, near the COW
pressure gauge at the pump room entrance, in 2C and near the pressure gauge at the forward end
of the COW line. If three deck watches are available, then the station near the pump room
entrance may be canceled. If TCP is already in operation, then there is no need to station watches
in the pump room.
g) Gas purging of the COW line should be carried out by purging the gas through the gas intake
valve (pipe diameter 100 mm) to 1C tank. In tankers where means for double shutting the COW
line have been provided, these valves should always be double shut. If measures against
liquid-sealed condition have been adopted, they should be canceled, and checks made to confirm
that the relevant valves are closed. Efforts should be made to prevent cargo contamination.
h) If preparations of TCP have been completed, start the pump. Confirm that the governor is working
effectively and gradually open the V. 145, the discharge valve.
When the gas flow in the gas intake valve of 1C has changed over to liquid flow, close the said
valve gradually. The line pressure at this stage should generally be less than 0.3 mPa (3 kg/cm2).
Confirm that there is no abnormality, and gradually increase the pressure while receiving reports
of the line pressure in the pressure gauges at the forward part and near the entrance of the pump
room. If the COW line has been filled with oil, the COW machine of 2C starts operating. Ensure
that checks and abnormalities, if any, are being reported.
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If the stripping valve V.225 of the 2C has been opened from the start, back flow of oil in the slop to the
2C tank occurs through V.183, V.180 and V.141. Thus, the key point here is to open the valve when the
suction pressure in the eductor becomes negative.

If COW is being performed for the first time at a port, take additional care and precautions so that
appropriate measures against oil leaks from the line can be adopted as necessary.
i) When the suction pressure of the eductor becomes negative, open V.180 and V.141, the Bulkhead
valve. When the pressure in the tank stripping line becomes -26.66 kPa (200 mmHg), open V.225,
the stripping valve of tank 2C, and start stripping the tank.
j) If no abnormality has been found, start COW at a pressure above the minimum pressure (0.78
mPa: 8kg/cm2 to 0.83 mPa: 8.5 kg/cm2) according to the Crude Oil Washing Operations and
Equipment Manual required to be carried by each ship. The COW line pressure can be monitored
from the cargo console in the CCR. Errors in pressure on site can be known from this location.
Also, monitor the eductor suction pressure and the float gauge and confirm that "defeat of
stripping capacity" has not occurred. This "defeat of stripping capacity" does not occur in
double-hull ships since the eductor capacity in these ships is large.
k) During COW work, inspect according to the check list.
Monitor the working condition of the machine, washing pressure, IGS condition, tank pressure,
oxygen concentration in the supplied inert gases (below 5% by volume), oil leaks from the COW
line, operating condition of TCP, trim and heel. Ensure that the deck watch issues reports at
appropriate times.
1) When the COW machine reaches 0, the operation is completed. The required time is about 45
minutes.
m) After COW is completed, slowly decrease the rpm of the TCP, and throttle the COW master
valve V.511. When the rpm reaches the minimum rpm, fully close the COW master valve. At this
stage, before the eductor suction pressure becomes positive, close V.225, the tank stripping valve
of 2C, to prevent back flow from the slop tank.
n) On the upper deck, close the COW sub main valve of 2C and drain out oil from the branch pipe of
the COW line. Before implementing the COW of other tanks, also close the COW machine valve
and ensure double shutting of the line. If you wish to perform COW of other tanks continuously,
double shutting is necessary, but first close the COW sub main valve, drain out oil as far as
possible, and then close the COW machine valve.
o) If the COW master valve has been fully closed, strip 2C for which COW has been completed. For
this, you need to increase the rpm of the TCP again. If the eductor suction pressure has become
negative to -26.66 kPa (-200 mmHg), open V.225, the stripping valve of the tank 2C and
thoroughly strip the line.
p) If stripping is completed and time is available until the next COW operation, open the 1C gas
intake valve and eliminate the liquid-sealed condition. Depending on the condition, the COW
drain valve of SLOP (P) may have to be opened.
If COW has been suspended in a ship where the liquid-sealed condition of the branch pipe of the
COW line has to be eliminated, preventive measures can be adopted by opening the COW
machine valve. However, when COW is to be restarted, the relevant valve should be closed and
double shut should be ensured.
As a concrete example, the gas intake valve can be opened since 1C also contains oil of the
If tank stripping line is used for COW or tank stripping, measures to prevent water hammer should be
adopted considering that this line is always under negative pressure, regardless of whether the pressure
in the line is positive or negative

same grade, but if the grade of oil is different, the COW machine and COW sub main valves of
the tank containing the same grade of oil should be opened before adopting the measures to
prevent liquid-sealed condition in the COW main line.
* Refer to "2.4.1 Top Wash" on P4-11 of the "Discharging Section."

* 30 What is "defeat of stripping capacity?"

"Defeat of stripping capacity" occurs when the total capacity of the oil discharge from the COW
machines in the tank exceeds the stripping capacity. The stripping capacity is at least 1.25 times the
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discharge capacity, yet this phenomenon can be observed on some ships. When the float gauge
indicates changes (when ullage decreases), the increase in oil to the bottom part can be known, but in
such cases, negative suction pressure of the eductor is always indicated, and the pressure gauge needle
does not swing as in the case when gas is included. This indicates the "defeat of stripping capacity"
phenomenon. The measures to be adopted in this case are as given below.
1) Reduce the number of COW machines in operation.
2) Temporarily suspend the COW work and adopt measures such as stripping.
However, sometimes the eductor driving pressure is low and stripping becomes poor. Thus monitoring
of this pressure should not be neglected. Generally, this pressure should be maintained above 0.8 mPa
(about 8 kg/cm2).
2.4.3 COW tank changeover work (Refer to "Fig. D-4-8 Line diagram" on P2-23 of the "Documents
Section.")

Click here to view video 040.mp4

1) Condition: Bottom Wash/ Full Wash
a) 1C, 3C, 5C, SL(P): During the discharging operation, the concentration of oxygen in the
supplied inert gases should be below 5% by volume, and the concentration of oxygen in the
tank should be below 8% by volume.
b) Washing tank: Change over from 2C to 4C (in the dried-up condition)
c) Tank for drive oil: SL (P), ullage 12 m
d) Gathering tank: SL( P )
e) Use of No. 1 eductor: Capacity 1,100 m3/h
f) Aft trim: 5m
2) Line configuration
When the COW machine reaches the scheduled angle of 0, change over from the 2C tank to the 4C
tank.
a) Slowly decrease the rpm of the TCP, and throttle the COW master valve V.511. When the rpm
reaches the minimum rpm, fully close the COW master valve. At this stage, before the eductor
suction pressure becomes positive, close V.225, the tank stripping valve of 2C, to prevent back
flow from the slop tank.
b) On the upper deck, close the COW sub main valve of 2C and drain out oil from the branch pipe
of the COW line.
c) If the COW master valve has been fully closed, strip 2C for which COW has been completed.
For this, you need to increase the rpm of the TCP again. If the eductor suction pressure has
Earlier, personnel were stationed in the 2C and 4C tanks, and one of the 4C machine valves was opened.
Next, one of the 2C machine valves was closed and oil was delivered at low pressure. Thus, the method
of changing over machine valves sequentially while delivering oil at low pressure was used in the past.
Currently however, this method cannot be adopted. This is to prevent cargo contamination due to errors
in valve operation and to prevent damage to the COW machine due to abrupt valve operation.

become negative to -26.66 kPa (-200 mmHg), open V.225, the stripping valve of the tank 2C,
and thoroughly strip the line.
d) When the stripping of 2C is completed, prepare COW tank change over.
e) Open the COW machine valves of 4C and also open the COW sub main valves of 4C.
f) Close the COW machine valves of 2C and change over the washing tank.
g) Reduce the rpm of the TCP to the minimum rpm.
h) Close V.225 before the suction pressure of the eductor becomes positive.
i) Station personnel at the pump room entrance, near the pressure gauge at the front end of
the COW line and at the 4C tank.
j) Increase the pump rpm while slowly opening V.511.
k) Fill the COW line slowly with oil while receiving reports of the pressure gauge on site.
l) The COW machine starts operation. When the eductor suction pressure becomes negative, open
V.245, the stripping valve of the 4C tank.
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During the no-load operation of the TCP, if there is a risk of rise in the pump casing temperature, open
the V.145 discharge valve by about 10% maintaining the pump at the minimum rpm and circulate oil
from the slop tank through the circulation line of the slop tank. Or, adopt the measure of stripping the
already-washed 2C tank. Thus, V.511 should always be kept fully closed.
The washed tank is generally stripped when changing over the washing tank. In the concrete example
mentioned above, the method of stripping 2C during the changeover from 2C to 4C and performing the
no-load operation is almost never used.

m) When the COW master valve V.511 has been fully opened, confirm that there are no
abnormalities at the relevant locations, then raise the TCP rpm and obtain the scheduled
washing pressure.
During COW of the slop tank, if the tank cleaning pump is fully used, a large negative pressure occurs
because the diameter of the stripping line of the slop tank is small. The negative pressure in such a case
can be eliminated by deliberately reducing the eductor capacity. The pressure can be adjusted to the
desired COW pressure and appropriate stripping pressure by throttling the eductor inlet valve V.174 or
V.174.

n) Ensure that reports on checks of the operating condition of the COW machines of the 4C tank
and checks on leaks are received.
o) During COW work, stripping can be conveniently performed if the ship is slightly listed
considering the location of installation of the tank stripping bell mouth.

2.4.4 Concrete example of draining out oil after completing COW ( Refer to "Fig. D-4-9 Line Diagram"
on P2-24 and "Fig. D-4-10 Line Diagram" on P2-25 of the "Documents Section.")
1) Confirm that the angle of the COW machine nozzle used for COW is at 0.
2) When COW is completed and discharging of oil other than drive oil of the slop tank is completed,
open the gas intake valve and the drain valve of the COW line, drain out and recover the oil in the
main line of the slop tank containing the drive oil. If the drive oil is in 5C, open the COW machine
There is a possibility that high pressure has occurred in the branch pipe of the COW line unknown to
anybody because of the entry of heat in the liquid-sealed condition. Therefore, firstly, (1) the COW
machine valve should be opened, and subsequently, (2) the COW sub main valve should be opened.

valve and the COW sub main valve and drain out the oil.
3) After draining out the oil in the COW main line, open the COW machine valve of each tank, open
the COW sub main valve and drain out the oil remaining in the branch pipe of the COW line into
the tank.
4) Operate the TCP and strip the tank.

Suction line from port side slop tank

V173, V143

Open

TCP delivery valve

V145

Close

Return line

V176, V174, V183

Open

Tank stripping line

V141

Open

5) After operating the TCP, open the discharge valve.

V145

TCP delivery valve

Open

6) When the pressure in the eductor suction line becomes negative, open V.180 and then open the
relevant valve in the tank stripping line.
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7) Strip the oil remaining in the tank from the COW line.
8) During the line stripping, strip the riser of the COW line in the pump room.

2.5

Precautions during COW

2.5.1 General precautions

Inspect according to the check list and confirm safety. During COW, take adequate precautions against
oil leaks, explosions and cargo contamination.
2.5.2 Criteria for stopping COW work
1) If the oxygen concentration in the tank exceeds 8% (volumetric ratio)
2) If supply is no longer possible because of failure of the inert gas system
3) If the pressure within the tank has dropped below +1.961 kPa (+200 mmAq)
4) If tank pressure rises and approaches the predetermined pressure of the breather valve
5) If the charterer or the terminal has specified restrictions on oxygen concentration that are stricter
than the criteria given above, then those restrictions take priority.
2.5.3 Oil leaks
Oil leaks are always dangerous since COW work is performed at high pressures of about 1.0 mPa
(about 10 kg/cm2).
The COW line is installed until near the bow on the exposed deck and is subject to severe
environmental conditions. The line installed to the COW machine has several connections and a large
number of locations need to be inspected. Even if an adequate number of tests are carried out when the
ship is underway and no abnormalities have been found, conditions during the discharging operation
vary, and safety cannot be guaranteed based on the tests alone. The mooring system should also be
inspected and the deck watch should inspect a wide range of locations. Thus, stationing of personnel at
these locations is very important.
2.5.4 Risks of explosion
Criteria for stopping COW work relate mainly to avoiding risks of explosion.
For instance, if the tank pressure drops below +1.961 kPA (+200 mmAq) and if no measures are
adopted, the pressure in the tank become negative without anybody being aware of it. In this condition,
if air enters the tank, there is a risk of explosion. It is for a similar reason that the concentration of
oxygen in the supplied inert gases is checked to confirm that it is always below 5% by volume. In
addition, the reason for using oil after discharging to a depth of above 1 m from a tank is to prevent the
occurrence of excessive static electricity, thus eliminating all risks of explosion even if an inert
condition exists. Regardless of whether COW is being carried out or not, the measurement of
concentration of oxygen in the supplied inert gases using portable oxygen analyzers during the
discharging operation is very important for confirming safety.
It has been reported that burning does not occur when the oxygen concentration is below 11% by
volume. The requirement of oxygen concentration in the tank of less than 8% by volume takes into
consideration measurement errors.
2.5.5 Risks of cargo contamination
The construction specifications of lines associated with COW currently offer enhanced safety with the
provision of COW sub main valve and COW machine valve, that is a double shutting arrangement.
However, many ships still have single shutting arrangements (use only COW machine valve).
Precautions are needed especially in ships with the single shutting arrangement since a single leak in
the valve poses risk of severe cargo contamination.
2.5.6 Selection of oil grade when internal inspection of cargo tank is scheduled
If the cargo tank is to be inspected without performing sea water washing, the grade of oil to be used
for COW should be selected considering the points mentioned below.

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1) COW of a tank scheduled for internal inspection using a grade of oil with high hydrogen sulfide
content such as QATAR LAND should be strictly avoided. Although the tank is stripped and dried
up before the internal inspection, residue of oil cannot be avoided. Therefore, the occurrence of
gas from the residue of oil should be taken into consideration. If crude oil of high vapor pressure
is finally discharged, it should be borne in mind that even if attempts are made to strip the oil
residue using the stripping pump when the ship is underway, it may not be possible to perform
stripping since negative pressure cannot be built up.
2) If the tank is filled with oil of high hydrogen sulfide content such as QATAR LAND, plans should
be formulated to perform washing with another grade of crude oil.
3) The cargo tank valve is installed in the center tank. For instance, the valve for 3P/S is installed in
3C. The location of installation of the valve should be confirmed from the final drawing when
formulating the COW plan.

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3.

Troubleshooting during COW

3.1

Measures to be adopted in the event of abnormality in the COW machine valve

The COW machine valves are on the upper deck and can be repaired or replaced with comparative ease.
If an abnormality occurs in a COW machine valve, it should be identified and repairs/replacement
performed according to the procedure given below.
1) Checking for leaks in the COW machine valve
During the line pressure test in a tanker with single shutting arrangement, check the pressure
gauge carefully to detect leaks in the COW machine valve. If you detect a leak, immediately open
the drain valve or COW machine valve of the tank which being suction tank to the pump for the
pressure test, open the COW sub main valve and drain out the oil so as to avoid cargo
contamination.
Bear in mind that if you do not repair or replace the COW machine valve or insert a blind flange,
crude oil washing cannot be performed at the discharging port.
2) How to determine the leaking valve
The method of identifying the valve with the abnormality, although not very simple, is given
below.
a) Place your ear on the valve handle and listen to the sound.
b) Place a stethoscope on the valve body and listen to the sound. This method enables very
small leaks to be detected.
3) Removal of COW machine valve
a) Open the drain valve or the COW machine valve of the tank used in the pressure test,
open the gas intake valve of the COW line and drain out oil from the COW main line.
b) After draining out oil from the branch pipe of the COW line, confirm that the COW
machine valves of all the tanks are fully closed.
c) Close the IG branch valve of the tank in which the leak occurred. Release tank pressure by
opening the ullage hole so that the tank pressure becomes the same as the atmospheric
pressure. Monitor the pressure in other tanks by monitoring the water level of the P/V
breaker in the CCR. The tank pressure may rise during fine weather. Even if the ullage
hole is open, there is practically no entry of outside air. Ensure that a flame screen is
always fitted to the mouth of the ullage hole.
In principle, the ullage hole is closed when the tank pressure becomes equal to the
atmospheric pressure, but if the tank pressure rises during the work in e), gas may spew
out. This is dangerous and adequate care is necessary.
d) Loosen the flange of the COW machine valve, confirm that no leak exists and then
remove the valve.
e) Take good care to adopt measures to prevent gas discharges and oil leaks by covering the
COW machine side and the COW line side with large sheets.
f) If a spare valve is available, replace the defective valve immediately with the spare valve.
g) Check the cause of the leak in the removed valve and get it repaired by the concerned
department.

3.2

Measures against leaks in the flange fitted to the COW machine or in the event of an
abnormality in the nozzle
The HC (hydrocarbon gases) in the tank should be purged before inspecting/repairing the defective
parts. The procedure given below should be adopted.
Although HC purge is described here, there is no restriction against gas freeing the tank completely to ensure safety.
A safe method should be adopted based on the actual conditions on the ship.

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3.2.1 Gas purging work

The items mentioned below should be checked and strictly adhered to during gas purging work.
1) Shipboard notification on the release of inert gases (hydrocarbon gases)
2) Measures to prevent entry of inert gases (hydrocarbon gases) into the accommodation space
3) Confirming the operating status of the inert gas system
4) Maintaining the concentration of oxygen in the supplied inert gases (below 5% by volume)
5) Measurement of concentration of hydrocarbon gases and oxygen in the tank
6) Checking the operating status of various gas detectors

3.2.2 Repair of abnormal nozzle or flange fitted to the COW machine

1) Abnormalities are generally detected when the ship is at the discharging port. Thus, repairs are
performed on the outward voyage. If the abnormality is in the upper part, then the repair can be
performed on the deck and the work is relatively easy. However, if the abnormality is in the nozzle
or flange, the nozzle has to be pulled out from the tank.
2) The tripod used to pull out the nozzle is provided on all the ships. The work has to be performed
using this tripod, but in ships where a tripod specially for his work is not available, a jig for
pulling up the nozzle should be fabricated using pipes or angles available on the ship.

3.2.3 Purging of HC in tank (Refer to "Fig. D-4-11 Line diagram" on P2-26 of the "Documents
Section.")
HC should be purged from the tank according to the procedure described below in order to ensure
safety. Two procedures are described below.
1) Procedure 1
Method of configuring lines and purging HC on ships where cargo line and inert gas line can be
connected
2) Procedure 2
Note that according to the SOLAS regulations (Chapter II-2, Regulation 59), Procedure 2 cannot be used on
ships that have been constructed after February 1, 1992 if gas cannot be discharged from a point 2 m above the
deck by using purging posts or other means.

Method of configuring lines separately for each tank and purging HC

Conditions
An abnormality has occurred in one of the COW machines of 2P or a leak has occurred in the flange,
and the defective part has to be pulled out and repaired during the outward ballast voyage.
It is assumed that the tank pressure has been adjusted to a safe value 8 kPa (about 800 mmAq) so that
release of gas to the atmosphere is not necessary even if the tank pressure rises.
* Procedure 1
a) Notify the Engine Department and make inerting preparations.
b) Make preparations for connecting the cargo line and the IG line. The branch pipe connection is
between the IG deck isolating valve and the deck seal. A spectacle flange is used at the connection
of the cargo line and the IG line. The open or closed side of the spectacle flange can be selected by
rotating the flange. The master bolt is at the center of rotation. The flange can be rotated by
removing all bolts except this master bolt.
c) Change the spectacle flange from "Closed" to "Open" position.
The working time is 30 to 40 minutes.
d) Close all IG branch valves except those of 2P. All tank valves should remain closed.
e) Release the tank pressure from the IG branch valve of 2P through the vent riser valve.
f) When the tank pressure becomes almost equal to the atmospheric pressure, start purging HC.
g) Close the atmospheric discharge valve in the IG supply line and make preparations to start the
IGS.
h) The flow of inert gases is as shown below.
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IG line

IG line/cargo line connection

No. 1 main line

No. 1 direct filling line

Line segregation valve

2P tank valve

IG branch valve

Vent riser
* Starting the IGS
(1) Change over the IGS selector switch to the inert gas side.
(2) Confirm the operation of the deck seal pump (normally in the continuous operating mode).
(3) Start the scrubber pump.
(4) Turn on the master switch.
(5) Open the boiler uptake valve.
(6) Start the IG fan.
(7) When the oxygen concentration becomes steady, open V.699 and V.391.
Open the deck master valve, V.321.
Open the direct filling valve, V.311.
Open the line segregating valves V.281, V.282, V.382 and V.284
(Sometimes through the crossover and from the No. 3 direct filling line to the 2P tank)
Open the 2P tank valve V.223.
(8) Change over the IGS to the tank supply side. The valve is controlled so as to maintain the tank
pressure at the predetermined pressure of the tank in the IGS since the tank supply valve and
the atmospheric discharge valve to the smokestack are interlocked. In this case, since the tank
pressure is to be released, the atmospheric discharge valve to the smokestack is to be fully open.
The concentration of oxygen in the supplied inert gases should be below 5% by volume.
i) During HC purging, preparations should be made and tools should be kept ready to pull out the
nozzle using the tripod.
j) Pressures of all tanks except the 2P tank are to be monitored using the pressure gauge of each tank.
k) This operation is completed when the HC gas concentration falls below 2% by volume.
Generally, the operation is continued until the HC gas concentration becomes zero to account for
measurement errors.
In that case, the purging time is only prolonged by about 1 to 2 hours.
1) Measure the concentration of oxygen and HC at a height of 1 meter below the deck where
located enough distance from the inert gas intake and at the middle height of the ullage space .
The time for purging is about 5 hours.
m) When HC has been purged, notify the Engine Department and then stop the IGS.
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(1) Stop the inert gas supply

IG/cargo line isolating valve

V699, V391

Close

Deck master valve

V321

Close

Direct filling valve

V311

Close

Line segregation valve

V281, V282, V283, V284

Close

2P tank valve

V223

Close

(2) Stop the inert gas fan.

(3) Close the boiler uptake valve.
(4) Turn off the master switch.
(5) The scrubber pump should continue to operate for about an hour for cooling and internal
washing. If this pump is stopped immediately, the cooling and washing will be inadequate
and the effects of the sulfur content in the inert gas may be felt.
(6) Continue operating the deck seal pump.
(7) Open the atmospheric discharge valve in the IG supply line.
(8) Change over the selector switch to "Navigation"
n) Open the IG branch valve of 2P, open the vent riser valve and maintain the tank pressure at the
atmospheric pressure. In principle, the opening should be closed and the work started, but if the
tank pressure rises during the work, gases may spew out. Therefore, it should be understood that
the said valve is opened in order to ensure the safety of the workers. If the tank pressure does not
rise, the vent riser valve may be closed.
o) Secure the tripod directly above the defective COW machine and pull up the nozzle using a chain
block. At this stage, confirm that the nozzle angle is 0.
p) In principle, a self-contained breathing apparatus should be used when pulling out the nozzle.
Take adequate care to avoid inhaling the inert gas in the tank. Store the removed bolts in a safe
place so that they do not fall into the tank.
q) Place the pulled out nozzle on the deck, and take measures to prevent falls by placing a grating
over the tank opening.
r) Check the nozzle and the flange. Study whether repairs can be carried out using spares, and
perform repairs if possible. Carefully check the flange-associated parts since oil leaks frequently
occur because of damage to packing or excessive tightening on one side. When tightening is on
one side only, the part with the oil leak is generally rusted and can therefore be easily identified.
After carrying out repairs, perform the work of restoring the original condition.
Always renew the packing even if it is not defective. Apply a very thin coating of grease on the
packing. Care should be taken to avoid an excessively thick coating of grease otherwise problems
are likely to arise.
s) Handle the nozzle carefully so as not to damage it, keep it upright and set it gently. Apply grease
on the bolts, temporarily tighten them and while confirming that the machine is erect, tighten the
bolts fully.
t) After setting the COW machine, run it manually and confirm that it works normally. Pressurizing
the tank and carrying out the soap test is the only method by which to check flange leaks.
Comprehensive checks can be performed during the next COW operation.
u) Close the IG branch valve of 2P and then close the vent riser valve.
v) Open all IG branch valves except those of 2P gradually and then fully open them.
w) Open the IG branch valve in 2P gradually to a maximum of 30%. Apply pressure from other tanks
and when the gas flow stops (uniform pressure), fully open this valve.
* Procedure 2
a) Notify the Engine Department and make inerting preparations.
b) Close all IG branch valves except those of 2P. Close all the tank valves.
c) Open the vent riser valve and make the pressure in the 2P tank equal to the atmospheric pressure.
d) Open the manhole cover in the 2P tank, fit the purging post, and start purging HC.
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e) Close the atmospheric discharge valve in the IG supply line and make preparations to start the
IGS.
(1) Change over the IGS selector switch to the inert gas side.
(2) Start the deck seal pump (normally in the continuous operating mode).
(3) Start the scrubber pump.
(4) Turn on the master switch.
(5) Open the boiler uptake valve.
(6) Start the IG fan and release the gas to the atmosphere.
(7) When the oxygen concentration stabilizes, open the IG deck isolating valve.
(8) Change over the IGS to the tank supply side. The valve is controlled so as to maintain the
tank pressure at the predetermined pressure of the tank in the IGS since the tank supply
valve and the atmospheric discharge valve to the smokestack are interlocked. In this case,
fully close the atmospheric discharge valve.
The concentration of oxygen in the supplied inert gases should be below 5% by volume.
f) Feed inert gas from the IG branch pipe of 2P.
g) The gas flows through the IG branch valve of 2P, the 2P tank and the purging post and is
discharged to the atmosphere.
h) During HC purging, preparations should be made and tools should be kept ready to pull out the
nozzle using the tripod.
i) Pressures of all tanks except the 2P tank are to be monitored using the pressure gauge of each tank.
j) The operation is completed when the HC gas concentration falls below 2% by volume.
Generally, the operation is continued until the HC gas concentration becomes zero to account for
measurement errors. In that case, the purging time is only prolonged by about 1 to 2 hours.
k) Measure the concentration of oxygen and HC at a height of 1 meter below the deck where located
enough distance from the inert gas intake and at the middle height of the ullage space in the tank.
l) When HC has been purged, notify the Engine Department and then stop the IGS.
(1) Stop the supply of inert gases.
(2) Close the IG deck isolating valve.
(3) Stop the inert gas fan.
(4) Close the boiler uptake valve.
(5) Turn off the master switch.
(6) The scrubber pump continues operating for about an hour for cooling and internal washing.
If this pump is stopped immediately, the cooling and washing will be inadequate and the
effects of the sulfur content in the inert gas may be felt.
(7) Continue operating the deck seal pump.
(8) Open the atmospheric discharge valve in the IG supply line.
(9) Change over the selector switch to "Navigation"
m) Remove the purging post of 2P and close the manhole cover.
If the tank pressure rises excessively, the IG branch valves other than those of 2P can be opened and the tank
pressure can be adjusted through the vent riser.

n) Close the IG branch valves of 2P. If the IG branch valves of other tanks are opened, then the tank
pressure can be monitored at the CCR and by the water level of the P/V breaker, but in this case,
the valves should remain closed.
o) Open the ullage hole of 2P, and maintain the tank pressure at the atmospheric pressure. The
opening should be fitted with a flame screen.
In principle, the opening should be closed and the work started, but if the tank pressure rises
during the work, gases may spew out. Therefore, the ullage hole should be opened and the safety
of the workers ensured. If the tank pressure does not rise, the ullage hole may be closed.
p) Secure the tripod directly above the defective COW machine and heave up the nozzle using a
chain block. At this stage, confirm that the nozzle angle is 0.
q) In principle, a self-contained breathing apparatus should be used when pulling out the nozzle.
Take adequate care to avoid inhaling the inert gas in the tank. Store the removed flush-type bolts
in a safe place so that they do not fall into the tank.
r) Place the pulled out nozzle on the deck, and take measures to prevent falls by placing a grating
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over the tank opening.

s) Check the nozzle and the flange. Study whether repairs can be carried out using spares, and
perform the repairs if possible. Carefully check the flange-associated parts since oil leaks
frequently occur because of damage to packing or excessive tightening on one side. When
tightening is on one side only, the part with the oil leak is generally rusted and can therefore be
easily identified. After carrying out repairs, perform the work of restoring the original condition.
Always renew the packing even if it is not defective. Apply a very thin coating of grease on the
packing. Care should be taken to avoid an excessively thick coating of grease otherwise problems
are likely to arise.
t) Handle the nozzle carefully so as not to damage it, keep it upright and set it gently. Apply grease
on the bolts, temporarily tighten them and while confirming that the machine is erect, tighten the
bolts fully.
u) After setting the COW machine, run it manually and confirm that it works normally. Pressurizing
the tank and carrying out the soap test is the only method by which to check flange leaks.
Comprehensive checks can be performed during the next COW operation.
v) Close the ullage hole of the opening.
w) Open IG branch valves other than those in 2P gradually.
Subsequently, open the IG branch valve in 2P gradually to a maximum of 30%. Apply pressure
from other tanks and when the gas flow stops (uniform pressure), fully open this valve.
3.2.4 Working time
HC purging work: About 5 hours
Nozzle pull-out: About 1 hour
Inspection and repairs: About 1 hour and 30 minutes
Work to restore original condition: About 30 minutes
Total working time: 8 hours
Generally, the work can be completed in one day.
After special work has been performed, the Chief Officer should personally check that the IG branch valve has been
opened and other normal operating conditions have been restored.

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Line Diagram

Title

Page

D-4-1

Crude Oil Washing

2-24

D-4-2

Top Wash (1/3)

2-25

D-4-3

Top Wash (2/3)

2-26

D-4-4

Top Wash (3/3)

2-27

D-4-5

Bottom Wash or Full Wash (1/3)

2-28

D-4-6

Bottom Wash or Full Wash (2/3)

2-29

D-4-7

Bottom Wash or Full Wash (3/3)

2-30

D-4-8

COW tank changeover work

2-31

D-4-9

Draining after competing COW (1/2)

2-32

D-4-10

Draining after competing COW (2/2)

2-33

D-4-11

Purging of HC

2-34

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