MODELING OF CONCRETE MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES

Kaspar Willam
University of Colorado at Boulder

Class Meeting #1: Fundamentals

Notation: Direct and indicial tensor formulations
Fundamentals: Stress and Strain (Voigt format)
Scope: Linear Elasticity and Triaxial Failure Criteria

Class #1 Concrete Modeling, UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil, August 20-28, 2007

NOTATION
3-D Tensor Format:
1. Scalar Fields:
x, t) = T (xi, t) where i = 1, 2, 3
Temperature T (x
2. Vector Fields:
x, t) = ui(xi, t) where i = 1, 2, 3
Displacement u (x
3. 2nd Order Tensor Fields:
x, t) = ij (xi, t) where i, j = 1, 2, 3
Stress (x
x, t) = ij (xi, t) where i, j = 1, 2, 3
Strain  (x
Direct Notation:

11 12 13
x, t) = 21 22 23
(x
31 32 33

11 12 13

x, t) = 21 22 23
and  (x
31 32 33

Class #1 Concrete Modeling, UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil, August 20-28, 2007

DIRECT TENSOR NOTATION

Elastic Stiffness:

x, t) = Eijkl (xi, t)
E (x

Elastic Stress-Strain Relation: = E :  such that ij = Eijkl kl

Matrix Format of 2-D Stress-Strain Relationship:

11
E1111 E1122 E1112 E1121
11
22 E2211 E2222 E2212 E2221 22

12 E1211 E1222 E1212 E1221 12

21
E2111 E2122 E2112 E2121
21
When 12 = 21 and 12 = 21, the stress-strain relationship may be compacted
into [3 3] matrix form since E1112 = E1121 and E1211 = E2111:

11
E1111 E1122 E1112
11
22 = E2211 E2222 E2212 22
12
E1211 E1222 E1212
212
Class #1 Concrete Modeling, UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil, August 20-28, 2007

VOIGT NOTATION [1924]

Linear Elastic Relationship: Triclinic materials exhibit 21 elastic moduli.

11
11
E1111 E1122 E1133 E1112 E1123 E1131
22 E2211 E2222 E2233 E2212 E2223 E2231 22

33 E3311 E3322 E3333 E3312 E3323 E3331 33

12 = E1211 E1222 E1233 E1212 E1223 E1231 212

23 E2311 E2322 E2333 E2312 E2323 E2331 223

31
E3111 E3122 E3133 E3112 E3123 E3131
231
Summary of Voigt Notation:
]61 = [11, 22, 33, 12, 23, 31]t
1. Stress: if ij = ji then [
2. Strain: if ij = ji then []61 = [11, 22, 33, 212, 223, 231]t
E ]66
3. Elasticity Matrix: if E = E t or Eijkl = Eklij then [E
E ][]
4. Elastic Strainenergy: W = 12 : E :  = 12 ij Eijkl kl = 21 []t[E
Class #1 Concrete Modeling, UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil, August 20-28, 2007

CLASSES OF ELASTIC SYMMETRY

1. Monoclinic Materials:
One plane of symmetry with 13 elastic moduli

0 E1131
E1111 E1122 E1133 0
E2211 E2222 E2233 0
0 E2231

E3311 E3322 E3333 0

0 E3331

E] =
[E
0
0 E1212 E1223 0

0
0
0
0 E2312 E2323 0
E3111 E3122 E3133 0
0 E3131
2. Orthotropic Materials:
Two planes of symmetry with

E1111
E2211

E3311
E] =
[E
0

0
0

9 elastic moduli

E1122 E1133 0
0
0
E2222 E2233 0
0
0

E3322 E3333 0
0
0

0
0 E1212 0
0

0
0
0 E2323 0
0
0 E3131
0
0

Class #1 Concrete Modeling, UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil, August 20-28, 2007

CLASSES OF ELASTIC SYMMETRY

3. Transversely Isotropic Materials:
One additional plane of isotropy and 5 elastic moduli
E1111 = E2222, E1133 = E2233, E3131 = E2323, E1212 = 0.5[E1111 E1122].

E1111 E1122 E1133 0

0
0
E2211 E2222 E2233 0
0
0

E3311 E3322 E3333 0

0
0

E] =
[E
0
0 E1212 0
0
0

0
0
0
0 E2323 0
0
0
0
0
0 E3131
4. Cubic Materials
Two additional planes of isotropy and 3 elastic moduli
E1111 = E2222 = E3333, E1122 = E1133 = E2233, E3131 = E2323 = E1212.

0
0
E1111 E1122 E1133 0
E2211 E2222 E2233 0
0
0

E3311 E3322 E3333 0

0
0

E] =
[E
0
0
0 E1212 0
0

0
0
0
0 E2323 0
0
0
0
0
0 E3131
Class #1 Concrete Modeling, UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil, August 20-28, 2007

ISOTROPIC ELASTICITY
Infinite number of planes with equal material properties and 2 elastic moduli
E1111 = E2222 = E3333, E1122 = E1133 = E2233,
E1212 = E3131 = E2323 = 0.5[E1111 E1122].

0
0
E1111 E1122 E1133 0
E2211 E2222 E2233 0
0
0

E3311 E3322 E3333 0

0
0

E] =
[E
0
0 E1212 0
0

0
0
0 E2323 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 E3131
Lame format of isotropic elastic stress-strain relationship:
= E :  where E = 11 1 + 2GII and = (tr)11 + 2G
E
E
where = (12)(1+)
and G = 2(1+)

+ 2G

+ 2G

+ 2G

E] =
[E

0
G
G
Class #1 Concrete Modeling, UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil, August 20-28, 2007

ISOTROPIC ELASTICITY
Elastic Compliance Relationship:
 = C : where

1
)11 +
C = 1 1 +
I and  = (tr

E
2G
E
2G

Matrix Format of 3-D Strain-Stress Relationship:

0
0
C1111 C1122 C1133 0
C2211 C2222 C2233 0
0
0

0
0
0
C
C
C
3311
3322
3333
1

C ] = [E
E ]=
[C
0
0
0 C1212 0
0

0
0
0
0 C2323 0
0
0
0
0
0 C3131
Poissons ratio: = lat
axial

1
1

1
1
1

C ] = [E
E ]=
[C

2[1 + ]
E

0
2[1 + ]
2[1 + ]
Class #1 Concrete Modeling, UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil, August 20-28, 2007

ISOTROPIC ELASTICITY
)11
Volumetric-Deviatoric Split:  = e + 13 (tr)11 and = s + 13 (tr
(a) Volumetric Response:
) = 3 K(tr)
(tr
where K = + 23 G =

E
3(12)

(b) Deviatoric Response:

s = 2 Ge
where G =

3(12)
2(1+) K

E
2(1+)

Canonical decoupling of strainenergy: W = 21 :  = 12 K(tr)2 + Gee : e

Constitutive Restrictions: 0 < E < and 1 < < 0.5.
Class #1 Concrete Modeling, UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil, August 20-28, 2007

FAILURE HYPOTHESES
) = Fiso(R
Rt R )
1. Isotropic Strength Criteria: Fiso(
(a) Principal Format: Fiso = Fiso(1, 2, 3) = 0
(b) Invariant Format: Fiso = Fiso(I1, I2, I3) = 0
); I2 = 21 (tr
2); I3 = 31 (tr
3)
where I1 = (tr
(c) Volumetric-Deviatoric Format: Fiso = Fiso(I1, J2, J3) = 0
where J1 = 0; J2 = 12 (trss2); J3 = 31 (trss3) = det s
Examples: Rankine, Tresca, Mohr-Coulomb, von Mises, Drucker-Prager,
Willam-Warnke, Ottosen, Gudehus, Lade ..
: P : , q : ) = 0
2. Anisotropic Strength Criteria: Faniso(
Faniso = F (11, 22, 33, 12, 23, 31) = 0
Examples: Hill, Hoffman, Tsai-Wu ..
Class #1 Concrete Modeling, UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil, August 20-28, 2007

GEOMETRIC FAILURE ENVELOPE

Haigh-Westergaard Format of 3-Invariant Format: Fiso = Fiso(, , ) = 0
)
- Hydrostatic Coordinate: = 13 (tr

- Deviatoric Coordinate = s : s
3
- Angle of Similarity: cos3 = 2J27J
1.5
2

10

Concrete Failure Envelope

Compression
Chinn
Tension
Compression
Mills
Tension
Compression
Richart
Tension
CompressionBalmer

9
8
7
6

/fc

5
4
3
2
1
0

/fc

10

TRIAXIAL FAILURE ENVELOPE FOR CONCRETE

5-Parameter Willam-Warnke Model [1975], 3-Pars. Menetrey-Willam [1995]
Triaxial Hardening-Softening Model: Kang-Willam [1999]


r(, e) 1 o
F (, , )fail =
0
=0
0
fc
fc 1 o
Out-of Roundness: r(, e) =

4(1e2 )cos2 +(2e1)2

2(1e2 )cos+(2e1)

Failure Envelope of Triaxial Concrete Model

6.0
4.0
2.0

Tensile Meridian

Evolution of Deviatoric Section with

1/fc

High Conf. Extension

High Conf. Compression
Uniaxial Tension
Uniaxial Compression
Vertex in Equitriaxial Tens.

2/fc

3/fc

/fc 0.0

2/fc

3/fc

2.0
4.0
6.0
10.0

4(1e2 )cos2 +5e2 4e

Compressive Meridian

1/fc

8.0

6.0

4.0

/fc

2.0

0.0

2.0

ALTERNATIVE FAILURE HYPOTHESES

2. Strain-Based Deformation Criteria: F () = 0
Isotropic Case: Fiso() = Fiso(1, 2, 3) = 0 or Fiso(I1, I2, I3) = 0 or
Fiso(I1, J2, J3) = 0
Examples: St. Venant ...

3. Energetic Failure Criteria: F (W ) = 0

: ) = 0 or FWvol (tr
tr) = 0 or FWdev (ss : e) = 0
Isotropic Case: FW (
Examples: Beltrami, Huber ...
Class #1 Concrete Modeling, UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil, August 20-28, 2007

CONCLUDING REMARKS

Main Lessons from Class #1:

Voigt Notation for Minor Symmetries:
Matrix Form of Elastic Stiffness and Compliance
Canonical Form of Linear Elastic Behavior:
Decoupling of Volumetric-Deviatoric K-G Moduli
Concrete Failure:
Strong Interaction of all Three Invariants

Class #1 Concrete Modeling, UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil, August 20-28, 2007