ELECTROMAGNETICS

Lecture 5
Dr. Ahmed Said Eltrass
Electrical Engineering Department
Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
Fall 2015
Office hours: Sunday (10:00 to 12:00 a.m )
4th floor, Electrical Engineering Building

Chapter 3 (Continued)
Electric Flux Density, Gausss
Law, and Divergence
Application of Gausss Law: Differential Element Volume
Apply Gausss law to a problem that does not possess any
symmetry
Without symmetry, a Gaussian surface cannot be chosen such
that the normal component of D is constant or zero
everywhere on the surface
Choose a very small closed surface ( ) where D is almost
constant over the surface
In this procedure, we will not obtain a solution for D
Instead we will obtain some valuable information about D

Gauss Law in the Point Form (Differential Form)

The surface element is very small, D is approximately constant

D ds Dfront Sfront Dx, frontax yz ax

front

D ds D

x, front

yz

front

Dx, front Dx, fronta x

Front face is at x/ 2 from P, and hence

x
Dx, front Dx0
rate of change of Dx with x
2
x Dx
Dx, front Dx0
2 x
x Dx

D ds Dx0
yz

2 x

front

Consider now the integral over the back surface

ds

D
a

z
(

a
back
back
x, back x
x)

back

D ds D

x, back

yz

back

Back face is at x/ 2 from P, and hence

x Dx
Dx, back Dx0
2 x
x Dx

ds

yz
x0

2 x

back
Combine these two integrals
x Dx
x Dx

ds

yz
x0
x0

2 x
2 x

front
back
Dx
D

ds

ds

xyz

x
front
back
D ds

Following the same procedure

right

D ds

D ds
left

Dy
y

xyz

Dz
topD ds bottom
D ds z xyz
Combining the three parts

Dx Dy Dz
S D dS Q x y z xyz

Dx Dy Dz
S D dS Q x y z v

The expression is an approximation which becomes better as

becomes smaller

Example:

7 - Find an approximate value for the total charge enclosed

in an incremental volume of 10-9 m3 located at the origin.

x
x
D e sin ya x e cos ya y 2 za z C/m 2

Review: Gradient, Divergence, Curl

Nabla Operator :

ax
ay
az
x
y
z

1 - If we have a scalar function v :

v
v
v
Grad (v ) v
ax
ay
a z Vector
x
y
z

2 - If the vector A is given by A Ax a x Ay a y Az a z

Ax Ay Az
Div A A

x
y
z
ax

3 - Curl A A
x
Ax

ay

y
Ay

az

z
Az

Scalar

Vector

Will be given in exams


Dx Dy Dz
S D dS Q x y z v

Allowing the volume element to shrink to zero, an exact

relationship can be derived

D dS

Dx Dy Dz
Q
S

lim
lim

v
y
z v 0
v v 0 v
x

D dS

S
v
Divergence of D divD lim
v
v 0

The divergence of the vector flux density D is the outflow of flux

from a small closed surface per unit volume as the volume shrinks
to zero.
Gauss Law in
the Point Form

div D v

Maxwells First Equation

Maxwells First Equation

div D v

The physical meaning of this form is defining the divergence of electric

flux density vector as per unit volume flux emerging from an incremental
volume (point) due to the charge (source) distribution in space.
The divergence refers to a flux that diverges (or converges)
as determined by the charge distribution.
In the absence of v, the divergence of the electric flux is zero, which
indicates that the flux does not diverge (or converge).
The presence of a charge distribution at the location (v 0) will cause the
flux to diverge (positive v) or converge (negative v causes negative
divergence).
A positive divergence for any vector quantity indicates a source
of that vector quantity at that point. Similarly, a negative divergence
indicates a sink.

Maxwells First Equation

div D v
In different coordinate systems

Will be given in exams

Divergence Theorem
The integral of the normal component of any vector field over a
closed surface is equal to the integral of the divergence of this
vector field throughout the volume enclosed by the closed surface.

D dS Ddv
S

The total flux crossing the closed surface is equal to the integral of
the divergence of the flux density throughout the closed volume

Proof

Starting from Gauss law : D dS Qenclosed

S

where Qenclosed v dv
v

D dS v dv
S

- From Maxwells first equation : D v

D dS Ddv

Example:

8 - Evaluate both sides of the divergence theorem for the field D

Over the rectangular parallelepiped formed by the planes
x 0 and 1, y 0 and 2, and z 0 and 3

D 2 xya x x 2 a y C/m2