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LTTP
L THUYT TRI PH
V A TRUY NHP V TUYN
(Dng cho sinh vin h o to i hc t xa)
Lu hnh ni b
H NI - 2006
L THUYT TRI PH
V A TRUY NHP V TUYN
Bin son :
Li ni u
LI NI U
Cc cng ngh a truy nhp l nn tng ca cc h thng thng tin a truy nhp v tuyn
ni chung v thng tin di ng ni ring. Cc cng ngh ny cho php cc h thng a truy nhp
v tuyn phn b ti nguyn v tuyn mt cch hiu sut cho cc ngi s dng. Tu thuc vo
vic s dng ti nguyn v tuyn phn b cho cc ngi s dng m cc cng ngh ny c
phn chia thnh: a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s (FDMA), a truy nhp phn chia theo thi
gian (TDMA), a truy nhp phn chia theo m (CDMA) v a truy nhp phn chia theo khng
gian (SDMA). Cc h thng thng tin di ng mi u s dng kt hp c bn cng ngh a truy
nhp ny phn b hiu qu nht ti nguyn cho cc ngi s dng. Cng ngh a truy nhp
phn chia theo m vi nhiu u vit so vi cc cng ngh khc nn ngy cng tr thnh cng
ngh a truy nhp chnh.
Cng ngh a truy nhp CDMA c xy dng trn c s k thut tri ph. K thut
tri ph c nghin cu v p dng trong qun s t nhng nm 1930, tuy nhin gn y cc
k thut ny mi c nghin cu v p dng thnh cng trong cc h thng tin v tuyn t ong.
Cc phn t c bn ca mi h thng tri ph l cc chui gi ngu nhin. C th coi rng Sol
Golomb l ngi dnh nhiu nghin cu ton hc cho vn ny trong cc cng trnh ca ng
vo nhng nm 1950. nim u tin v a truy nhp tri ph phn chia theo m (SSCDMA:
Spread Spectrum Code Division Multiple Access) c R.Price v P.E.Green trnh by trong
bi bo ca mnh nm 1958. Vo u nhng nm 1970 rt nhiu bi bo ch ra rng cc h
thng thng tin CDMA c th t c dung lng cao hn cc h thng thng tin a truy nhp
phn chia theo thi gian (TDMA: Time Division Multiple Access).Cc h thng tri ph chui
trc tip c xy dng vo nhng nm 1950. Th d v cc h thng u tin l: ARC-50 ca
Magnavox v cc h thng thng tin v tuyn v tinh OM-55, USC-28. Trong cc bi bo ca
mnh (nm 1966) cc tc gi J.W.Schwartz, W.J.M.Aein v J. Kaiser l nhng ngi u tin so
snh cc k thut a truy nhp FDMA, TDMA v CDMA. Cc th d khc v cc h thng qun
s s dng cng ngh CDMA l v tinh thng tin chin thut TATS v h thng nh v ton cu
GPS. M cc vn v cn kit dung lng thng tin di ng ny sinh t nhng nm 1980.
Tnh trng ny to c hi cho cc nh nghin cu M tm ra mt phng n thng tin di ng
s m. tm kim h thng thng tin di ng s mi ngi ta nghin cu cng ngh a thm
nhp phn chia theo m trn c s tri ph (CDMA). c thnh lp vo nm 1985, Qualcom,
sau c gi l "Thng tin Qualcom" (Qualcom Communications) pht trin cng ngh
CDMA cho thng tin di ng v nhn c nhiu bng pht minh trong lnh vc ny. Lc u
cng ngh ny c n nhn mt cch d dt do quan nim truyn thng v v tuyn l mi
cuc thai i hi mt knh v tuyn ring. n nay cng ngh ny tr thnh cng ngh thng
tr Bc M v nn tng ca thng tin di ng th h ba. Qualcom a ra phin bn CDMA
u tin c gi l IS-95A. Hin nay phin bn mi IS-2000 v W-CDMA c a ra cho
h thng thng tin di ng th 3.
Trong lnh vc thng tin di ng v tinh cng ngy cng nhiu h thng tip nhn s dng
cng ngh CDMA. Cc th d in hnh v vic s dng cng ngh ny cho thng tin v tinh l:
H thng thng tin di ng v tinh qu o thp (LEO: Low Earth Orbit) Loral/Qualcom Global
Li ni u
Star s dng 48 v tinh, H thng thng tin di ng v tinh qu o trung bnh (MEO: Medium
Earth Orbit) TRW s dng 12 v tinh.
Mt trong cc hn ch chnh ca cc h thng CDMA hin ny l hiu nng ca chng
ph thuc vo nhiu ca cc ngi s dng cng tn s, MUI (Multi user Interference). y l l
do dn n gim dung lng v i hi phi iu khin cng sut nhanh. Cc my thu lin kt a
ngi s dng (MUD: Multi User Detector) s cho php cc h thng CDMA mi dn khc phc
c cc nhc im ny v cho php CDMA t r c u im vt tri ca n.
Gn y mt s cng ngh a truy nhp mi nh: a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s trc
giao (OFDMA: Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access) v CDMA a sng mang (MC
CDMA: Multicarrier CDMA) cng tr thnh ti nghin cu ca nhiu trng i hc v cc
phng th nghim trn th gii. y l cc phng php a truy nhp mi y trin vng. iu
ch OFDM l c s xy dng OFDMA c cng nhn l tiu chun cho WLAN 802.11
v HIPERLAN. Trong tng lai hai cng ngh a truy nhp ny rt c th s tm c cc ng
dng mi trong cc h thng thng tin a truy nhp v tuyn bng rng a phng tin v di
ng th h sau.
Ti liu bao gm cc bi ging v mn hc "L thuyt tri ph v a truy nhp v tuyn"
c bin son theo chng trnh i hc cng ngh vin thng ca Hc vin Cng ngh Bu
chnh Vin thng. Mc ch ca ti liu l cung cp cho sinh vin cc kin thc cn bn nht v
cc phng php a truy nhp v tuyn v l thuyt tri ph c th tip cn cc cng ngh
thng tin v tuyn di ng mi ang v s pht trin rt nhanh.
Ti liu ny c xy dng trn c s sinh vin hc cc mn: Anten v truyn sng,
Truyn dn v tuun s. Ti liu l c s sinh vin hc cc mn hc: Thng tin di ng, Thng
tin v tinh v cc H thng thng tin a truy nhp v tuyn khc nh WLAN.
Do hn ch ca thi lng nn ti liu ny ch bao gm cc phn cn bn lin quan n
cc kin thc c s v l thuyt tri ph v a truy nhp. Tuy nhin hc k ti liu ny sinh vin
c th hon chnh thm kin thc cu mn hc bng cch c cc ti liu tham kho dn ra cui
ti liu ny.
Ti liu ny c chia lm su chng. c kt cu hp l sinh vin c th t hc.
Mi chng u c phn gii thiu chung, ni dung, tng kt, cu hi vi bi tp. Cui ti liu l
p n cho cc bi tp.
ii
CHNG 1
TNG QUAN CC PHNG PHP A TRUY NHP
V TUYNV K THUT TRI PH
1.1. GII THIU CHUNG
1.1.1. Cc ch c trnh by trong chng
1.1.2. Hng dn
Hc k cc t liu c trnh by trong chng ny
Tham kho thm [2]
Tr li cc cu hi v bi tp cui chng
1.1.3. Mc ch chng
Hiu c tng quan cc phng php a truy nhp
Hiu cch so snh c dung lng ca cc h thng a truy nhp khc nhau
1.2. M U
Cc phng thc a truy nhp v tuyn c s dng rng ri trong cc mng thng tin di
ng. Trong chng ny ta s xt tng quan cc phng php a truy nhp c s dng trong
thng tin v tuyn. Ngoi ra ta cng xt k thut tri ph nh l k thut c s cho cc h thng
thng tin di ng CDMA. M hnh ca mt h thng a truy nhp c cho hnh 1.1.
FDMA
f
N
a)
N
FDMA
Tn s
Trm gc
f
Thi gian
t
f
TDMA
B
f
b)
TDMA
Trm gc
Thi gian
M
CDMA
t
M
Tn s
1
2
2
N
c)
t
N
CDMA
Thi gian
Hnh 1.2. Nguyn l a truy nhp: a) a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s (FDMA); b) a
truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian (TDMA); c) a truy nhp phn cha theo m (CDMA)
1. S dng lp tn s cho cc ngun pht ti cc khong cch ln trong khng gian
chng khng gy nhiu cho nhau. Phng php ny thng c gi l phng php ti s
dng tn s v khong cch cn thit cc ngun pht cng tn s khng gy nhiu cho
nhau c gi l khong cch ti s dng tn s. Cn lu rng thut ng ti s dng tn s
cng c s dng cho trng hp hai ngun pht hay hai knh truyn dn s dng chung
tn s nhng c pht i hai phn cc khc nhau.
2. S dng cc anten thng minh (Smart Anten). Cc anten ny cho php tp trung nng
lng sng mang ca ngun pht vo hng c li nht cho my thu ch nh v trnh gy
nhiu cho cc my thu khc.
Cc phng php a truy nhp ni trn c th kt hp vi nhau. Hnh 1.3 cho thy cc cch
kt hp ca ba phng php a truy nhp u tin.
K thut c s
FDMA
TDMA
Chu k khung
Tn s
Mt phng
chim knh
thi giantn s
B (bng thng
h thng)
Thi gian
CDMA
Hnh 1.3. Kt hp ba dng a truy nhp c s thnh cc dng a truy nhp lai ghp
Na bng thp
f1
f2
f3
f0
fn-1
fn
Na bng cao
f1
f2
f3
fn-1 fn
x
y
B
b)
MS1
f1
f1
Trm gc
MS2
MS3
f2
f2
f3
f3
K hiu
x: Khong cch tn s gia hai knh ln cn
y: Khong cch tn s thu pht
B: Bng thng cp pht cho h thng
f0: Tn s trung tm
fi: Tn s ng xung
fi: Tn s ng ln
1.4.2 To cm
Qu trnh to cm c m t hnh 1.9. My pht ca trm gc nhn thng tin dng
lung c s hai lin tc c tc bit Rb t giao tip ngi s dng. Thng tin ny phi c lu
gi cc b nh m v c ghp thm thng tin iu khin b sung to thnh mt cm bao
gm thng tin ca ngi s dng v thng tin iu khin b sung.
10
Lung s ca cc
ngi s dung
Rb
Ghp
knh
(TDMA)
v iu
ch
TSn
TS3
TS1
TB TB
TB
TS2
TF
2
Z
Cu trc cm
(tc R)
Tc Rb
Tc Rb
Cc b
m
B ghp
khung
TDMA
B iu
ch
nh thi
TDMA
Tc Rb
K hiu
Ri= Tc bit ca ngi s dng (bps)
R= Tc k hiu iu ch cho sng mang
TS= rng khe thi gian Tb= rng cm, TF= di khung
= Khong trng bo v,
= Thng tin b sung
[bps]
(1.1)
11
1.4.3. Thu cm
Qu trnh x l my thu ca my v tuyn u cui 3 c cho hnh 1.10.
Phn x l khung TDMA s iu khin vic m cng cho cm cn thu trong khe thi gian
TS3 dnh cho my u cui ny. My thu xc nh khi u ca mi cm (hoc mi khung) bng
cch pht hin t duy nht, sau n ly ra lu lng dnh cho mnh t khung TDMA. (Lu
rng mt s h thng nh ng b chung trong mng nn my thu c th xc nh ngay c
khe thi gian dnh cho n m khng cn t duy nht). Lu lng ny c thu nhn khng lin
tc vi tc bit l R. khi phc li tc bit ban u Rb dng mt lung s lin tc, thng
tin c lu gi b m trong khong thi gian ca khung ang xt v c c ra t b nh
m ny tc Rb trong khong thi gian ca khung sau.
iu quan trng xc nh c ni dung ca cm ni trn l trm thu phi c kh nng
pht hin c t duy nht khi u ca mi cm (hoc mi khung). B pht hin t duy nht
xc nh mi tng quan gia cc chui bit u ra ca b pht hin bit ca my thu, chui ny
c cng di nh t duy nht v l mu ca t duy nht c lu gi b nh ca b tng
quan. Ch c cc chui thu to ra cc nh tng quan ln hn mt ngng th c gi li nh l
cc t duy nht.
3
Z
M y u cui 3
G i i i u
ch
Ca m
t i T S 3
B m
Tc R b
n h th i
TDM A
1.4.4. ng b
12
13
u vo
tng t
KGD
ng s
Nn s
liu
C (BPSK,
QPSK)
MHK
KCS
Knh v tinh
KGD
ng TT
Bin i
A/D
Ngun chui
PN tri ph
KTD
SM
Suy hao
v tuyn
Knh mt t
My pht
My thu
Nhiu
Tp m
KTD
Suy hao
v tuyn
KTD
u ra s
u ra
tng t
KGD
ng s
Nn s
liu
KGD
ng TT
Bin i
A/D
GMK
Gii C
Tp m
Pht
p v
tinh
Suy hao
v tuyn
SM
Nhiu
Nhiu
Tp m
KCS
Chui PN
gii tri ph
B chui
PN
K hiu
* KGD: Khuych i giao din
*A/D: Tng t/s
* MHK: M ha knh
* C: iu ch
* KCS: Khuych i cng sut
* PN: Gi tp m
TT: Tng t
D/A: S/tng t
GMK: Gii m knh
SM: Sng mang
KTD: Knh truyn dn
B: ng b
14
nhiu tc bit (Rb=1/Tb, Tb l thi gian mt bit) ca lung s cn pht. H thng FHSS t c
tri ph bng cch nhy tn s mang trn mt tp (ln) cc tn s. Mu nhy tn c dng gi ngu
nhin. Tn s trong khong thi gian ca mt chip Tc gi nguyn khng i. Tc nhy tn c
th nhanh hoc chm. Trong h thng nhy tn nhanh, nhy tn c thc hin tc cao hn
tc bit ca bn tin, cn h thng nhy tn chm th ngc li.
T b =Tn
T b =Tn
Tc
K hiu:
T n s
fn
f n -1
f n -2
f3
f2
f1
Tc 2 T
c
Mt khung
Tf
2Tf
3T f
15
Trong h thng THSS mt khi cc bit s liu c nn v c pht ngt qung trong
mt hay nhiu khe thi gian trong mt khung cha mt s lng ln cc khe thi gian. Mt mu
nhy thi gian s xc nh cc khe thi gian no c s dng truyn dn trong mi khung.
Lc u cc k thut SS c s dng trong cc h thng thng tin ca qun s. tng
lc u l lm cho tn hiu c pht ging nh tp m i vi cc my thu khng mong mun
bng cch gy kh khn cho cc my thu ny trong vic tch v ly ra c bn tin. bin i
bn tin vo tn hiu ta tp m, ta s dng mt m c "coi l" ngu nhin m ho cho bn
tin. Ta mun m ny ging ngu nhin nht. Tuy nhin my thu ch nh phi bit c m ny,
v n cn to ra chnh m ny mt cch chnh xc v ng b vi m c pht ly ra bn tin
(gii m). V th m "gi nh" ngu nhin phi l xc nh. Nn ta phi s dng m gi ngu
nhin (hay m gi tp m). M gi ngu nhin phi c thit k c rng bng ln hn
nhiu so vi rng bng cu bn tin. Bn tin trn c bin i bi m sao cho tn hiu nhn
c c rng ph gn bng rng ph ca tn hiu gi ngu nhin. C th coi s bin i ny
nh mt qu trnh "m ho". Qu trnh ny c gi l qu trnh tri ph. Ta ni rng my pht
bn tin c tri ph bi m gi ngu nhin. My thu phi gii tri ph ca tn hiu thu c
tr li rng ph bng rng ph ca bn tin.
Hin ny phn ln cc quan tm v cc h thng SS l cc ng dng a truy nhp m
nhiu ngi s dng cng chia s mt rng bng tn truyn dn. Trong h thng DSSS tt
c cc ngi s dng cng dng chung mt bng tn v pht tn hiu ca h ng thi. My thu
s dng tn hiu gi ngu nhin chnh xc ly ra tn hiu mong mun bng cch gii tri ph.
Cc tn hiu khc xut hin dng cc nhiu ph rng cng sut thp ta tp m. cc h thng
FHSS v THSS mi ngi s dng c n nh mt m gi ngu nhin sao cho khng c cp
my pht no s dng cng tn s hay cng khe thi gian, nh vy cc my pht s trnh c
xung t. Nh vy FH v TH l cc kiu h thng trnh xung t, trong khi DS l kiu h
thng ly trung bnh.
Cc m tri ph c th l cc m gi tp m (PN code) hoc cc m c to ra t cc
hm trc giao.
hiu tng quan vai tr ca tri ph trong h thng thng tin v tuyn phn di y ta
s xt tng quan tri ph chui trc tip (DSSS). C th v cc phng php tri ph DSSS,
FHSS v THSS s c kho st cc chng tip theo.
16
Tx1
B chuyn
i mc
b1 ( t )
{0,1}
Rb =
0 +1
1 1
Tb
B to
m PN
Gii iu
ch
iu ch
Tri ph
d(t)
{+1,-1}
1
Rb =
Tb
c1 ( t )
Gii tri
ph
(.)dt
Mch quyt
nh
2
cos( 2 f c t )
Tb
2E b
cos( 2 f c t )
Tb
b1(t)
{0.1}
Rb =
c1 ( t )
{+1,-1}
1
Rc =
Tc
{+1,-1}
1
Rc =
Tc
B to
m PN
1
Tb
Rx2
Tx2
c 2 ( t ), b 2 ( t )
b 2 ( t ), c 2 ( t )
TxK
Tb
RxK
b K ( t ), c K ( t )
c K ( t ), b K ( t )
Hnh 1.15. M hnh n gin ca mt h thng DSSS gm K ngi s dng chung mt bng
tn vi cng mt sng mang fc v iu ch BPSK.
M hnh c xt hnh 1.15 gm K my pht thu c k hiu l Txk v Rxk tng ng
vi k=1....K, v cu trc ca chng ging nhau nn ta ch v chi tit cho mt khi (Tx1 v Rx1),
cc khi cn li c v dng hp en vi cc thng s ring cho cc khi ny nh: bk (t) th
hin chui bit pht, ck(t) th hin m tri ph v
b k (t) =
b (i)p
k
Tb
(t iTb )
(1.2)
i =
1 nu 0 t Tb
0 nu khc
pTb (t) =
(1.3)
d k (t) =
d (i)p
k
Tb
(t iTb )
(1.4)
i =
17
Tb
c (t)c (t)dt =
k
1 nu k = j
0 nu k j
(1.5)
v tch ca hai m trc giao s bng 1 nu l tch ca chnh n v l mt m trc giao mi trong
tp m trc giao nu l tch ca hai m khc nhau:
c k (t)c j (t) =
1
nu k = j
c i (t) nu k j
(1.6)
(1.7)
i =1
1
0
nu 0 t Tc
nu khc
(1.8)
sng mang:
Tb
s(t) =
2E b
Tb
0tTb
(1.9)
r(t) =
j=1
2E br
Tb
(1.10)
18
E br
K
K
j=1
u(t) =
(1.11)
Sau b tch phn thnh phn th hai trong (1.10)l thnh phn cao tn s b loi b, ta c:
v(t) =
Tb
u(t)dt =
E br
Tb
Tb
d (t) c (t)c
j
j=1
(1.12)
(t)dt
(1.13)
l c tnh ca chui pht. Trng hp l tng ta c chui ny bng chui bit pht bk(t).
1.5.3. Ph ca tn hiu
hiu r ngha ca tri ph cc h thng thng tin v tuyn tri ph, ta xt dng ph
ca cc tn hiu trn m hnh hnh 1.15. Tng t nh trn ta cng s ch xt ph h thng
pht thu Txk v Rxk lm th d.
Ph ca ca lung s n cc bk(t) c xc nh theo cng thc sau:
b (f) =
2
b im
Tb Sinc (fTb ) +
2
2
b im
(f)
1
Tb Sinc 2 (fTb ) + (f)
4
4
Nu ch xt cho ph dng v khng ta c:
=
1
1
b (f) = Tb Sinc 2 (fTb ) + (f)
2
4
trong : Sincx=
sin x
x
(1.14)
(1.15)
(f) = 0 khi f0 v
(f)df =1
(1.16)
19
= Tb Sinc 2 (fTb )
(1.17)
Nu ch xt cho ph dng ta c:
d(f) = 2Tb Sinc 2 (fTb )
(1.18)
= Tc Sinc 2 (fTc )
(1.19)
Nu ch xt cho ph dng ta c:
dc(f) = 2Tc Sinc 2 (fTc )
(1.20)
PTc
2
P Tc
2
(1.21)
Nu ch xt ph dng ta c:
s (f) =
P
Rc
(1.22)
Pjr
j=1
Rc
r (f) =
(1.23)
trong Pjr = Pj /Lp l sut thu t my thu j v Lp l suy hao truyn sng.
T iu kin ca m tri ph trong (1.6), sau gii tri ph my thu k ch c tn hiu n
t my pht k l c tri ph cn cc tn hiu n t cc my pht khc li b tri ph bng mt
m tri ph khc v mt ph cng sut c xc nh nh sau:
u (f) =
Pkr
Rb
Pjr
R Sinc
J =1
j k
[(f fc )Tc ]
(1.24)
trong thnh phn th nht l ph ca tn hiu thu t my pht k cn thnh phn th hai l tng
ph ca cc tn hiu th t cc my pht cn li.
Hnh 1.16 cho thy mt ph cng sut (PSD) ca lung bit lng cc d(f), ph ca tn
hiu sau tri ph c(f) (cho trng hp Tb=5Tc). Hnh 1.17 cho thy mt ph cng sut (PSD)
20
PSD, W/Hz
2Tb
Tb = 5Tc
d (f )
dc (f )
2Tc
0
2
Tb
1
Tb
3
Tb
4
Tb
6
Tb
5
Tb
1
Tc
7
Tb
8
Tb
9
Tb
10
Tb
2
Tc
f, Hz
Hnh 1.16. Mt ph cng sut ca lung bit lng cc d(f) v lung s sau tri ph
dc(f) khi Tb=5Tc.
Pkr
Rb
k (f )
k (f )
k (f )
Tb = NTc
Pjr
k (f )
Rc
Tc
3
Tb
2
Tb
1
Tb
1
Tb
2
Tb
3
Tb
f fc
1
Tc
21
PSD, W/Hz
k (f )
k ( f )
P jr
Rc
Tc
3
Tb
2
Tb
1
Tb
1
= R b , Hz
Tb
1
Tb
2
Tb
3
Tb
f f c , Hz
1
Tc
1.5.4. CDMA/FDD
H thng CDMA/FDD lm vic hai bng tn vi hai sng mang: mt cho ng ln v
mt cho ng xung. Trn mi cp sng mang ny c th ng thi M ngi s dng truy nhp
vo mng trn c s c tri ph bng M chui trc giao khc nhau. Mi cp sng mang ny
c gi l mt knh CDMA. Th d v h thng CDMA vi N knh CDMA trong mi knh
cho php M ngi s dng ng thi truy nhp mng c cho hnh 1.19.
22
Sng m ang 1
( X )
C hui
m 1
C hui
m 2
C hui
m M
Sng m ang 2
( X )
C hui
m 1
C hui
m 2
C hui
m M
Sng m ang N
( X )
C hui
m 1
C hui
m 2
C hui
m M
ng xung
S ng m ang 1
( X)
Sng m ang 2
( X )
Sng m ang N
( X)
C hui
m 1
C hui
m 2
C hui
m M
C hui
m 1
C hui
m 2
C hui
m M
C hui
m 1
C hui
m 2
C hui
m M
n g l n
X : rn g b n g tn k n h C D M A
Y : P h n cch tn s sn g m an g n g xu n g v n g ln
1.5.5. CDMA/TDD
Khc vi FDD phi s dng cp sng mang cho truyn dn song cng, TDD ch s dng
mt sng mang cho truyn dn song cng. S khc nhau v phn b tn s FDD v TDD c
cho hnh 1.20.
23
FDD
t
TDD
rng bng
tn X
rng bng
tn X
ng
ln
rng bng
tn X
ng
xung
ng xung
Khong
bo v
ng ln
Nng lng
M
1-8
TDD-CDMA
Tn s
10 12 14
Thi gian
Khung c 15
khe thi gian
24
25
b)
a)
a)
b)
Ngun nhiu
Tia thng
1
MS
Tia thng
MS1
MS1
Cc tia
phn x
MS2
Nhiu
MS2
Tia phn x
26
Hnh 1.23. Anten thng minh. a) h thng bp hng chuyn mch; b) h thng anten thch
ng
1
Bp hp hng
n MS
Cc phn t anten
Dch pha v khuych i
n my pht hoc
my thu
()
(1.25)
2 C
3
trong Kmax l s ngi s dng cc i trong mt , M=Bt/Bc tng s knh tn s hay s knh
tng ng, Bt l tng bng tn c cp pht, Bc l knh v tuyn tng ng cho mt ngi
s dng: i vi h thng TTD FDMA th Bc= bng thng knh v tuyn cn i vi TDMA
th Bc= bng thng knh v tuyn/ s khe thi gian (chng hn i vi TDMA AMPS Bc=30kHz
cn i vi TDMA GSM Bc= 100kHz/8TS=25kHz), N l kch thc cm bng
( ) (N=7
2 C
3
i vi FDMA AMPS, N=3 i vi TDMAGSM, C l cng sut trung bnh sng mang v I l
cng sut nhiu.
Bt
G p
f
K max = 1 +
(E br / N0 ) Bc
f=
1
1+
(1.26)
27
0, 78;
0, 42;
n=4
n=5
Ta s so snh dung lng ca ba h thng FDMA, TDMA v CDMA trong tng bng tn
cp pht Bt=12,5MHz. Ta s dng (1.2) tnh s ngi s dng ng thi cc i trn mt cho
FDMA v CDMA. Vi N=7, KmaxFDMA=59 ngi/. Vi N=4, KmaxTDMA=125 ngi/. i vi
IS-95 CDMA, vi Bc=1,25 (cho CDMA IS=95), E/N'0=6dB (E/N'0=100,6= 3,98); Gp=128; =0,5,
=2,25 v =0,6 s dng phng trnh (1.26) ta c KmaxCDMA=920ngi/.
Nh vy dung lng h thng CDMA gp: 920:59=15,6 ln FDMA v gp:920:125=7,36
ln TDMA. Chnh nh cho dung lng cao hn cc h thng FDMA v TDMA nn CDMA
c chn cho cc h thng thng tin di ng th h ba.
1.8. TNG KT
Chng ny xt tng quan bn cng ngh a truy nhp v tuyn c bn c ng dng
trong thng tin di ng: FDMA, TDMA, CDMA v SDMA. Chng ny cng phn tch u
nhc im ca tng cng ngh v so snh dung lng ca ba cng ngh a truy nhp FDMA,
TDMA v CDMA. T phn tch v so snh dung lng ca ba cng ngh ny ta thy v sao
CDMA c la chn cho h thng thng tin di ng th h ba. Mi s khi nim v tri ph v
ng dng ca n cho CDMA cng c trnh by trong chng ny. Hiu c cc khi nim s
gip cho sinh vin d rng nm bt cc chng sau cp c th hn v tri ph v CDMA. Trn
c s FDMA ngi ta nghin cu cng ngh OFDMA cho php t c dung lng cao hn
nhiu. OFDMA l mt ng c vin sang gi cho cc h thng thng tin di ng 4G. OFDMA s
c cp trong chng 6 ca ti liu ny. Anten thng minh cng c ni nhiu trong thp
nin gn y. Nhng do phc tp nn vn n vn cha tm c ng dng c th trong cc h
thng thng tin di ng. Mt gii php khc tng dung lng cho cc h thng thng tin di
ng l s dng cc h thng truyn dn nhiu anten hay cn gi l MIMO (Multi input multi
output: nhiu u vo nhiu u ra). Hin nay cc h thng SIMO (single input multi output: mt
u v nhiu u ra) c p dng cho cc h thng thng tin di ng phn tp thu. Cc h
thng MISO (multi input single ouput: nhiu u vo mt u ra) cng c p dng cho cc
h thng thng tin di ng phn tp pht. Cc h thng MIMO n gin cng tm c cc ng
dng cho cc h thng thng tin di ng th h mi. in hnh ca MIMO l h thng phn tp
Alamouti s c xt trong chng 5.
1.9. CU HI V BI TP
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
28
6.
7.
1
; f 1000
1000
.
1000 (f) =
0
nu khc
1};
8.
9.
(d) {-1,+1,-1,+1,-1,+1,-1,+1}
Mt h thng thng tin di ng FDMA lm vic vi t s tn hiu trn nhiu C/I=20 dB, bng
thng knh v tuyn 25 kHz c s dng tng bng thng l 12,5MHz. Tm s ngi s
dng cc i trn ?
(a) 50; (b)61; (c)75; (d) 150
Mt h thng thng tin di ng TDMA s dng 4 khe thi gian trn mt knh v tuyn, lm
vic vi C/I=10dB, bng thng knh v tuyn 100 kHz v tng bng thng kh dng 12,5
MHz. Tm s ngi s dng cc i trn ?
(a) 75; (b)100; (c)194 ; (d) 200
29
Chng 2. To m tri ph
CHNG 2
TO M TRI PH
2.1. GII THIU CHUNG
2.1.1. Cc ch c trnh by trong chng
Cc chui PN
Cc thuc tnh ca chui PN
Cc chui Gold
Cc chui trc giao
ng dng ca cc chui m trong cc h thng thng tin di ng CDMA
2.1.2. Hng dn
Hc k cc t liu c trnh by trong chng ny
Tham kho thm [1], 2] v [3]
Tr li cc cu hi v bi tp cui chng
2.1.3. Mc ch chng
Hiu c cc cch to ra cc chui PN
Hiu c cc thuc tnh ca ca chui m nht l cc thuc tnh tng quan cho rt
cn cho cc h thng CDMA
Hiu cch s dng cc dng chui m khc nhau cho cc h thng CDMA
2.2 CC CHUI PN
Cc tn hiu tri ph bng rng ta tp m c to ra bng cch s dng cc chui m
gi tp m (PN: Pseudo-Noise) hay gi ngu nhin. Loi quan trng nht ca cc chui ngu
nhin l cc chui thanh ghi dch c s hai di cc i hay cc chui m. Cc chui c s hai m
c to ra bng cch s dng thanh ghi dch c mch hi tip tuyn tnh (LFSR: Linear
Feedback Shift Register) v cc mch cng hoc loi tr (XOR). Mt chui thanh ghi hi tip
dch tuyn tnh c xc nh bi mt a thc to m tuyn tnh g(x) bc m>0:
g(x) = gmxm + gm-1xm-1 + ..... + g1x + g0
(2.1)
(2.2)
30
Chng 2. To m tri ph
0 +1
1 1
(mod 2)
(2.3)
31
Chng 2. To m tri ph
(c)i
(T7 c )i
(c)i
(mod 2)
(2.5)
i vi im v ging nh hi quy phng trnh (2.3). V vy hai cch thc hin trn c th to
ra cng chui u ra nu m bit ra u tin trng nhau. Lu rng cc trng thi u ca chng
khc nhau v chng c cc chui trng thi khc nhau. Hnh 2.4 thc hin chui thanh ghi dch
nh hnh 2.2 vi tc cao.
32
Chng 2. To m tri ph
(1 p )
m
(2.6)
pn
ci
Xung ng h i
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Trng thi
11111
10010
01001
11001
10001
10101
10111
10110
01011
11000
01100
10110
00011
11100
01110
00111
Xung ng h i
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
Trng thi
11110
01111
11010
01101
11011
10000
01000
00100
00010
00001
11101
10011
10100
01010
00101
11111
10010
Lp li
33
Chng 2. To m tri ph
Rx ( ) =
+T
lim T
T
x (t ) x (t + )dt
(2.8)
(2.9)
trong :
0 l s bit ging nhau
1 l s bit khng ging nhau
Thng ngi ta s dng tng quan chun ho theo quy tc sau:
R(i) = 0 1
+
0 1
(2.10)
trong :
0 l s bit ging nhau
1 l s bit khng ging nhau
tnh t tng quan ta gi chui gc c nh v dch chui so snh tng bit mt vi
i= 0,1,2,3.... , trong i l dch chui so snh (+1 tng ng dch phi, -1 tng ng vi
dch tri) vi chui gc.
1
Rxy ( ) = lim
T T
+T
x(t ) y (t + )dt
(2.11)
Tng quan cho gia hai chui m c1 v c2 khc nhau c xc nh theo cc cng thc (2.10).
34
Chng 2. To m tri ph
(2.12)
i=i
trong :
p(t) =
1, 0 t < Tc
0, nu khc
(2.13)
"1"
Lng cc
"+1"
"-1"
N 1
(1)
N
c j c i+ j
(2.14)
j=0
c c
N
R(i) =
i+ j
(2.15)
j=0
1
NTc
NTc
c (t + )c (t) dt
= 1+
1
N
T ()
c
1
N
(2.16)
Tc l
35
Chng 2. To m tri ph
1 , 0 Tc
T
Tc =
c
, nu khc
(2.17)
R c ()
36
Chng 2. To m tri ph
2.5. M GOLD
Cc chui PN c cc thuc tnh trc giao tt hn chui m c gi l cc chui Gold. Tp
n chui Gold c rt ra t mt cp cc chui m c a chung c di N=2m-1 bng cch
cng modul-2 chui m th nht vi cc phin bn dch vng ca chui m th hai. Kt hp vi hai
chui m ta c mt h N+2 m Gold. Cc m Gild c hm tng quan cho ba tr {-1, -t(m),
t(m)-2} v hm t tng quan bn tr {2m-1, -1, t(m), -t(m)} trong
2(m +1) / 2 + 1; vi m l
(2.18)
t(m) = (m+2)/2
2
+ 1 ; vi m chn
Lu rng khi tnh ton cc gi tr tng quan trc ht phi chuyn i cc gi tr 0 v 1 vo +1
v -1. Tp hp cc chui Gold bao gm cp chui-m c a chung x v y v cc tng mod 2
ca x vi dch vng y. Chng hn tp hp cc chui Gold l:
SGold = {x,y, xy, xT-1y, xT-2y , . . . . , xT-(N-1)y}
(2.19)
trong T-1y = {y1, y2, y3, ..... , yN-1,y0} l dch vng tri ca y. i lng tng quan cc i cho
hai chui Gold bt k trong cng mt tp bng hng s t(m).
T s t(m)/N 2-m/2 tin ti 0 theo hm m khi m tin ti v hn. iu ny cho thy rng
cc chui Gold di hn s thc hin cc chui tri ph tt hn trong cc h thng a truy nhp.
H1 = 0 ,
H2 =
0 0
0 1
H4 =
0 1 0 1
,
0 0 1 1
0 1 1 0
H 2N =
HN
HN
HN
;
HN
(2.20)
H N l o c s hai ca H N .
37
Chng 2. To m tri ph
2.6.2. M GOLAY
Cc b Golay trc giao nhn c bng cch hi quy sau y
C N / 2 C N / 2
, N = 2 m , m 1, C = 1
C N =
1
C N / 2 CN / 2
(2.21)
38
Chng 2. To m tri ph
2.8. TNG KT
Chng ny xt phng php to m PN. y l m c s m ta s s dng n xt
cc h thng tri ph DSSS cng nh cc h thng a truy nhp DSSS CDMA trong cc chng
sau. M PN c xy dng trn nguyn l chui m. Hm t tng quan ca mt chui m c dng
u inh. N nhn gi tr cc i ti i=0 v lp li gi tr ny theo chu k N. Ti cc gi tr cch
xa cc im ny gi tr ca n rt nh khi N ln. Khi N tin n v hn cc gi tr ny bng
khng. Da trn tnh cht ny ngi ta ly tng quan tn hiu tri ph tch ra cc tn hiu
mong mun. Chng ny cng tng kt cc loi m khc nhau c ng dng rng ri trong cc
h thng thng tin di ng CDMA. Cc m Gold c xy dng trn c s chui m. Trong WCDMA m Gold di c s dng lm chui nhn dng ngun pht v n cho tng quan cho tt
hn. Cc hm trc giao Walsh cho tng quan cho tt nht trong mi trng khng b phainh.
Cc hm ny c s dng lm m nhn dng knh truyn ca ngi s dng trong cc h thng
3G nh: W-CDMA v cdma 2000.
2.9. CU HI V BI TP
5 3 , 1
1. Mt tn hiu ngu nhin x(t) c hm t tng quan R x ( ) =
.
, >1
2
Cng sut trung bnh ca x(t) bng bao nhiu?
(a) 2W, (b) 3W, (c) 5W, (d) 7W
2. i vi tn hiu x(t) trong bi trc, cng sut thnh phn mt chiu bng bao nhiu?
(a) 2W, (b) 3W, (c) 5W, (d) 7W
3. Mt tn hiu c mt ph cng sut l 10-4[1000(f-106)]+
10-4[1000(f+106)]W/Hz. Hy tm gi tr trung bnh trong bng tn gii hn t
1MHz n 1,002MHz
(a)0,1W; (b) 0,2W; (c) 0,W; (d) 1W
4. Xt mt chui m c di l 15. Nu mt tn hiu PN c to ra t chui ny c tc
chip l 1000 chip/s, tm hm tng quan Rc() ti = 0,75 ms.
(a) 0,1; (b) 0,15; (c) 0,2; (d) 0,25
5. C hai chui m chu k 7: {cj}={....,-1,-1,-1,1,1,-1,1,....} v {cj '}={..,-1,-1,-1,1,-1,1,1,...}.
Hy tm cc gi tr hm tng quan cho tun hon chun ho c nh ngha bi biu
thc: R cc (k) =
1 6
c jc j+k cho k=0,1,2,3,4,5,6
7 j=0
(a) Rcc'(k)= 3/7,-1/7,3/7, -1/7, -1/7, -5/7, 3/7; (b) Rcc'(k)= 3/7,-1/7,-5/7, -1/7, -1/7, 3/7,-1/7;
(c) Rcc'(k)= 3/7,3/7,-1/7, -1/7, -1/7, 3/7, 3/7; (d) Rcc'(k)= 3/7,3/7,-5/7, -1/7, -1/7, 3/7, 3/7;
(e) Rcc'(k)= 3/7,3/7,-1/7, -1/7, -1/7, -3/7,-1/7;
6. Gi thit c(t) v c'(t) l hai tn hiu PN c to ra t {ci} v {ci'} cho bi trc, c hai
c cng rng chip Tc. nh ngha hm tng quan cho tun hon chun ho theo
39
Chng 2. To m tri ph
1T
cng thc R cc ' ( )= c( t )c' ( t + )dt , trong T=NTc v N l chu k ca cc chui
T0
{ci} v {c'i}. Hy tm cc' () cho = 1,5 Tc.
(a) -1/7; (b)-2/7 (c) -3/7; (d) 1/7; (e)2/7; (f)3/7
7. T tng quan ca k+x(t) l hm no di y? trong k l hng s v x(t) l tn hiu
ngu nhin trung bnh khng c hm t tng quan l Rx().
(a) Rx(); (b) k+ Rx(); (c) k2+ Rx(); (d) k2+2k+ Rx()
8. Cho mt tn hiu ba mc x(t). Trong cc on thi gian t1 giy, tn hiu ny c th nhn ba
gi tr:-1, 0, 1 ng xc sut. Cc gi tr trong cc khong thi gian t1 khc nhau u c
lp vi nhau v im khi u (pha) l ngu nhin vi phn b u trong khong [0,t1].
Hm no di y l hm t tng quan ca tn hiu ny?
(a) 0,5t1(); (b) 2/3 t1(); (c) 0,75t1(); (d) t1()
9. Hm no di y l hm t tng quan ca k+x(t)cos(2fct+)? trong k l hng s,
x(t) l tn hiu ngu nhin trung bnh khng c hm t tng quan Rx(), v PSD (f) v
l pha ngu nhin phn b u trong khong [0,2]
(a) k+Rx(); (b) k+0,5 Rx()cos(2fc); (c) k2+Rx();(d) k2+0,5 Rx()cos(2fc);
40
CHNG 3
CC H THNG TRI PH CHUI TRC TIP
3.1.2. Hng dn
Hc k cc t liu c trnh by trong chng ny
Tham kho thm [1] v [2]
Tr li cc cu hi v bi tp cui chng
3.1.3. Mc ch chng
Hiu c c s ca cc h thng tri ph chui trc tip
Hiu c nguyn l lm vic ca cc my pht v my thu DSSS-BPSK v QPSK
Hiu c hiu nng ca h thng DSSS
41
trn khng c lp li, ngha l chu k phi l . Trong thc t v chui PN phi tun hon nn
chu k ca n phi ln t c thuc tnh ngu nhin tt.
Trong mt h thng DSSS, mt tn hiu lin tc theo thi gian c gi l tn hiu PN
c to ra t chui PN dng tri ph. Gi thit chui PN ny l c s hai, ngha l ci = 1, th
tn hiu PN ny l
c(t) = c i pT (t iTc )
(3.1)
i =
1 , Tc
Tc
R c () = T () =
0, nu khc
(3.2)
(3.3)
1
NTc
NTc
42
1, i = 0, N, 2N
R c (i) = c j c j+ i = 1 , nu khc
N
N j= 0
N 1
(3.4)
R c ()
R c ( ) =
1
NTc
NTc
c (t + )c (t) dt
0
1
1
=1 + Tc ( )
N
N
1 T (1 + N ) , 0 Tc
= 1 c
1
,
, Tc NTc
2
N
(3.5)
(3.6)
Biu thc trn c dng tam gic nh c v hnh 3.2b. Lu rng i vi gi tr N ln,
biu thc (3.6) gn bng biu thc (3.2). V th khi xt n cc thuc tnh t ngu nhin mt
chui tr thnh chui ngu nhin khi N .
n gin, ch yu chng ta s s dng hm tam gic ptr (3.2) l hm t tng quan
cho mt tn hiu PN v biu thc (3.3) cho PSD. Cc thuc tnh ca chui m v cc kiu chui PN
khc c kho st chng 1.
43
S khi ca my pht DS/SS s dng BPSK c cho hnh 3.3. Ta c th biu din
s liu hay bn tin nhn cc gi tr 1 nh sau:
d(t) = d i p T (t iTb )
b
(3.7)
i =
trong di = 1 l bit s liu th i v Tb l rng ca mt bit s liu (tc s liu l 1/Tb bps).
Tn hiu d(t) c tri ph bng tn hiu PN c(t) bng cch nhn hai tn hiu ny vi nhau. Tn
hiu nhn c d(t)c(t) sau s iu ch cho sng mang s dng BPSK, kt qu cho ta tn hiu
DSSS-BPSK xc nh theo cng thc sau:
s(t) =
2E b
Tb
d(t)c(t) cos(2fct + )
(3.8)
trong Eb l nng lng trn mt bit ca sng mang, Tb l rng mt bit, fc tn s mang v
l pha ban u ca sng mang. Th d v cc tn hiu ny c v trn cng mt hnh.
Trong rt nhiu ng dng mt bit bn tin bng mt chu k ca tn hiu PN, ngha l Tb =
NTc. Ta s dng gi thit ny cho cc h thng DSSS trong ton b gio trnh, nu nh khng c
nh ngha khc. Trong trng hp hnh 3.3 ta s dng N = 7. Ta c th thy rng tch ca d(t)c(t)
cng l mt tn hiu c s hai c bin 1, c cng tn s vi tn hiu PN. Tn hiu DSSSBPSK nhn c c v th cui cng ca hnh 3.3.
44
B iu ch
(BPSK)
Bn tin c s hai
d(t)
d(t)c(t)
Tn hiu DSSS-BPSK
2Eb
s(t) =
Tb d(t)c(t)cos(2 fct + )
2Eb cos(2 fct + )
Tb
1
t
d(t)
-1
Tb
2Tb
3Tb
Mt chu k
c(t)
-1
0
Tc
. .
. NTc . . .
c)
(gi thit l N=7; T=NT
b
2NTc
. .
1
t
d(t)c(t)
-1
0
Tc
. .
NTc
2NTc
. .
A
t
s(t)
-A
0
Tc
. .
NTc
2NTc
. .
45
Khi phc
H KH
s(t-) =
Khi phc
SM
2Ebr
d(t-)c(t-)
Tb
x cos(2 fct + ' )
ti
ti +Tb zi
(.)dt
w(t)
ti
c(t-)
B to TH
PN ni
ng b
tn hiu PN
1 hay -1
+
-
B gii iu ch BPSK
A
t
s(t-t)
-A
t0
NTc
t1
NTc
t2
NTc
t3
1
t
c(t-t)
-1
t0
A
t
w(t)
-A
2E br
Tb
(3.9)
trong Ebr l nng lng trung bnh ca sng mang trn mt bit, n(t) l tp m ca knh v u
vo my thu. gii thch qu trnh khi phc li bn tin ta gi thit rng khng c tp m. Trc
ht tn hiu thu c tri ph gim bng tn rng vo bng tn hp. Sau n c gii iu
ch nhn c tn hiu bng gc. gii tri ph tn hiu thu c nhn vi tn hiu (ng b)
PN c(t-) c to ra my thu, ta c:
w(t) =
2E br
d(t-)c2(t-)cos(2fct + ')
Tb
46
2E br
d(t-)cos(2fct + ')
Tb
(3.10)
zi =
w(t)
Tb
ti
2 E br
Tb
= E br
cos(2fc t + )dt
(3.11)
t i + Tb
t i + Tb
ti
d(t ) [1 + cos(4fc t + 2 )] dt
ti
= E br d( t ) = E br
(3.12)
trong ti = iTb + l thi im u ca bit th i. V d(t-) l +1 hoc -1 trong thi gian mt bit,
nn thnh phn th nht ca tch phn s cho ta Tb hoc -Tb. Thnh phn th hai l thnh phn
nhn i tn s nn sau tch phn gn bng 0. Vy kt qu cho zi =
E br hay - E br . Cho kt
th gy ra li. Lu rng hnh 3.4 th t gia nhn tn hiu PN v nhn sng mang c th i
ln m khng lm thay i kt qu.
Tn hiu PN ng vai tr nh mt "m" c bit trc c my pht ln my thu ch
nh. V my thu ch inh bit trc m nn n c th gii tri ph tn hiu SS nhn c bn
tin. Mt khc mt my thu khng ch nh khng bit c m, v th cc iu kin bnh
thng n khng th "gii m" bn tin. iu ny th hin r ptr (3.8), do c(t) nn my thu khng
ch nh ch nhn thy mt tn hiu ngu nhin 1.
Ta gi thit rng my thu bit trc mt s thng s sau : , ti , ' v fc. Thng thng
my thu bit c tn s mang fc, nn n c th c to ra bng cch s dng mt b dao ng
ni. Nu c mt khc bit no gia tn s ca b dao ng ni v tn s sng mang, th mt
tn s gn vi fc c th c to ra v c th theo di c tn s chnh xc bng mt mch vng
hi tip, vng kho pha chng hn. My thu phi nhn c cc thng s khc nh , ti v ' t tn
hiu thu c. Qu trnh nhn c c gi l qu trnh ng b, thng c thc hin hai
bc: bt v bm. Vn ng b s c kho st cc chng 7 v 8. Qu trnh nhn c ti
c gi l qu trnh khi phc ng h (nh thi) k hiu (Symbol Timing Recovery). Cn qu
trnh nhn c ' (cng nh fc) c gi l qu trnh khi phc sng mang. Vic khi phc sng
mang v ng h l cn thit mi my thu thng tin s liu ng b v chng c xt hu ht
cc ti liu v thng tin. Khi Tb /Tc = N (chu k ca chui PN), c th nhn c nh thi ca k
hiu ti mt khi bit . Hnh 3.4 cng cho thy ng b, khi phc ng h v sng mang.
47
Ta hy kho st mt cch ngn gn nh hng ca sai pha sng mang v sai pha m my thu.
Gi thit rng my thu s dng cos(2fct + ' + ) thay cho cos(2fct + ') cho b gii iu ch
v s dng c(t-') lm tn hiu PN ni, ngha l sng mang c sai pha v tn hiu PN c sai pha
-'. Khi ny zi s l:
zi =
2E br
Tb
E br
Tb
t i + Tb
d ( t ) c(t )c ( t ) cos(2fc t + )
ti
2
Tb
cos ( 2fc t + + ) dt
t i + Tb
cos ( )
c ( t ) c ( t ) dt
ti
= E br cos( )R c ( ' )
(3.13)
trong dng th hai c rt ra t lp lun l tch phn ca thnh phn tn s nhn i bng 0.
V th |zi| cc i khi = 0 v - ' =0. Nu |-'|>Tc hay || = /2, th zi = 0 v my thu v dng.
Khi |-'| <Tc v || </2, th |zi| gim i lng, nh vy t s tn hiu trn tp m s nh hn gy
ra xc sut li cao hn. Tuy nhin n vn c th hot ng ng khi cc sai pha |-'| v || nh.
(3.14)
c rng bng tn theo Nyquist 1/2Tb Hz, cn tn hiu PN (vi bin 1) c tc chip 1/Tc
v PSD l:
c(f) = TcSinc2(fTc)
(3.15)
(3.16)
c rng bng tn 1/Tc Hz ging nh rng bng tn ca c(t). V th qu trnh tri ph s tng
rng bng tn Tb/Tc = N ln , thng thng gi tr ny rt ln. iu ch sng mang chuyn i
tn hiu bng gc d(t)c(t) vo tn hiu bng thng s(t) c PSD:
s (f) =
P
{Sinc 2 ((f fc ) Tc + Sinc 2 ((f + fc ) Tc )}
2R c
(3.17)
48
v c rng bng tn theo Nyquist 1/Tc Hz, trong P l cng sut trung bnh ca tn hiu. Th
d v d(f), dc(f) v s(f) c cho hnh 3.5, trong chng ta s dng Tb/Tc = 2. So snh
d(f) v s(f) ta thy i lng gim 2Tb /PTc ln v rng bng tn tng Tb/Tc ln. V th
N=Tb/Tc l t l tri ph.
Trong my thu tn hiu r(t-) l phin bn tr ca tn hiu DS s(t) v c cng sut thu gim
do truyn sng bng Pr. Nn PSD ca n cng ging nh PSD ca tn hiu s(t) c cho
phng trnh (3.17) nhng vi cng sut P c thay bng Pr, v tr khng lm thay i phn b
cng sut vng tn s. Ngoi ra PSD ca c(t-) cng ging nh PSD ca c(t) c cho ptr
(3.15). Sau khi gii tri ph ta c tn hiu w(t) vi PSD c xc nh bi:
w (f) =
Pr
{Sinc 2 ((f fc )Tb ) + Sinc 2 ((f + fc )Tb )}
2R b
(3.18)
Biu thc trn c m t hnh 3.5 (c). Ta thy rng w(f) by gi c PSD bng hp vi cng
dng ph nh d(t) nhng c dch sang tri v phi fc. rng bng tn ca w(t) l 1/Tb, gp
hai ln d(t). iu ny ging nh d tnh v w(t) ging ht nh phin bn c iu ch ca d(t).
T PSD cu cc tn hiu khc nhau ta thy rng PSD ca d(t) c tri ph bi c(t) v sau
c gii tri ph bi c(t-) my thu.
1/ Tc
1/ Tb 0 1/ Tb
1/ Tc
S (f)
Pr/2Rc
rng bng
tn 1/Tc
-fc
(c) PSD ca tn hiu W(t)
w (f)
fc
rng bng tn 1/Tb
Pr/2Rb
-fc
fc
Hnh 3.5. PSD ca lung tin lng cc, tn hiu PN v tn hiu DSSS-BPSK.
3.3.4. li x l
49
Bdc
(3.20)
Rb
Ta thng biu din Gp dB: 10lg (Gp). li x l cho thy tn hiu bn tin pht c tri ph
bao nhiu ln bi h thng tri ph. y l mt thng s cht lng quan trng ca mt h thng
SS, Gp cao thng c ngha l kh nng chng nhiu tt hn.
i vi h thng DSSS-BPSK, li x l l (1/Tc)/(1/Tb) = Tb /Tc = N. Chng hn nu
N = 1023, rng bng tn ca bn tin c iu ch d(t)cos(2fct) tng 1023 ln bi qu trnh
tri ph v Gp l 1023 hay 30,1dB.
Eb
Tb
Eb
Tb
trong
(t) = tan
c 1 (t)d(t)
c 2 (t)d(t)
/ 4,
3 / 4,
=
5 / 4,
7 / 4,
nu c 1 (t)d(t) = 1 , c 2 (t)d(t) = 1
nu c 1 (t)d(t) = 1 , c 2 (t)d(t) = 1
nu c 1 (t)d(t) = 1, c 2 (t)d(t) = 1
nu c 1 (t)d(t) = 1 , c 2 (t)d(t) = 1
(3.22)
Vy tn hiu s(t) c th nhn bn trng thi pha khc nhau: + /4, + 3/4, + 5/4, + 7/2.
50
d(t)c1(t)
B C
(BPSK)
c1(t)
-Asin(2fct+)
Dch /2
B to PN 1
d(t)
Tn hiu DSSS-QPSK
s(t) = s1(t)+s2(t)
= 2 Acos(2fct++(t))
Acos(2fct+)
B to PN 2
c2(t)
s1(t)
d(t)c2(t)
B C
(BPSK)
s2(t)
A=
Eb/Tb
d(t)
t
-1
2T
1
c1(t)
-1
c2(t)
1
t
-1
d(t)c1(t) 1
t
-1
d(t)c2(t) 1
t
-1
A
s1(t)
t
-A
(cho = - )
A
s2(t)
t
-A
2A
s(t)
t
- 2A
= 7/4 3/4 5 /4 /4 3 /4 7 /4 /4 5 /4 3 /4 7 /4
51
Hnh 3.7 cho ta s khi ca my thu DSSS-QPSK. Cc thnh phn ng pha v vung
gc c gii tri ph c lp vi nhau bi c1(t) v c2(t).
u1(t)
w1(t)
c1(t-t)
-Bsin(2fct+')
Bcos(2fct+')
c2(t-t)
s(t-)
ti +Tb
(.)dt
u(t)
u2(t)
w2(t)
1 hay -1
ti
B=
B c tnh
2/Tb
E br
s(t-) =
Tb
E br
Tb
trong Ebr l nng lng bit thu, ' = -2fc. Cc tn hiu trc b cng l:
2 E br
u1(t)=
d(t-)sin2(2fct+')-
Tb
2E br
Tb
2E br
Tb
Tb
=
+
Tb
1
d(t ) [1 cos(4fc t + 2 )]
2
2 E br
u2(t)=-
2 E br
1
d(t )c1 (t )c 2 (t ) sin(4fc t + 2 )
2
d(t-)c1(t-)c2(t-)sin(2fct+')cos(2fct+')+
2 E br
Tb
2 E br
Tb
(3.24)
2 E br
Tb
d(t-)cos2(2fct+')
1
d(t )c1 (t )c2 (t ) sin( 4f c t + 2 ')
2
d(t )
1
2
[1 + cos(4fc t + 2 ')]
(3.25)
Ly tch phn cho tng ca hai tn hiu trn lu tt c cc thnh phn tn s 2fc c gi tr trung
bnh bng khng, ta c:
zi =
Tb
[u1 ( t ) + u 2 ( t )]dt =
2 E br d(t-) = 2E b
(3.26)
52
t
-1
1
t
c1(t)
-1
1
c2(t)
t1
-1
53
ng pha v vung gc. Nhc im ca h thng DSSS-QPSK l phc tp hn h thng DS/SSBPSK. Ngoi ra nu cc sng mang c s dng gii iu ch my thu khng thc s trc
giao th s xy ra xuyn m gia hai nhnh v s gy thm s gim cht lng ca h thng.
hiu su thm h thng DSSS-QPSK hc vin nn v dng sng ca cc tn hiu
hnh 3.7 v PSD ca cc tn hiu cc hnh 3.6 v 3.7.
s o = E br
(3.27)
Thnh phn tp m n0 l:
n0 =
2
Tb
Tb
(3.28)
54
(a) My pht
B iu ch
(BPSK)
d(t)
d(t)c(t)
Tn hiu DS/SS-BPSK
2Eb
s(t) =
Tb d(t)c(t)cos(2 fct )
Sng mang
2Eb
cos(2 fct )
Tb
c(t)
(b) My thu
r(t) =
2Ebr
Tb d(t)c(t)cos(2 fct)
+n(t)+j(t)
T
(.)dt
0
d'(t)
s0+n0+j0
c tnh ca b(t)
Thit b quyt
nh ngng
(hn bin cng)
N0
2
(3.29)
( )
ngha l hai bin PSD ca tp m l N0/2. Khi ny n0 l mt bin ngu nhin Gaus c trung bnh
khng v phng sai :
E(n02) =
N0
2
(3.30)
Vy SNR0 l:
SNR o =
s o2
E n o
2
( E br )2
N0 / 2
2E br
(3.31)
N0
/2
dx .
E br
N0
SNR 0
2
(3.32)
55
(3.33)
trong J(t) l tn hiu thng thp (qu trnh ngu nhin) v l mt bin ngu nhin ng u
(0,2), c lp vi J(t). Ta rt ra rng j(t) c trung bnh khng. Cc hm j(t) v J(t) tng quan vi
nhau theo biu thc:
1
R j ( ) = R J ( ) cos(2f1 )
2
(3.34)
Cng sut trung bnh j(t) l Pj = Rj(0) = RJ(0)/2. Ga s j0 l thnh phn u ra ca b tch
phn tng ng vi tn hiu nhiu ph. Coi rng tn hiu nhiu ph l mt tn hiu bng hp, ngha
l rng bng tn ca tn hiu nhiu ph nh hn nhiu so vi tn hiu DS, ta c th ch ra rng
phng sai c xc inh bi:
E [ j0 ] = PT
/2
j c
(3.35)
s 02
E(n ) + E ( j
2
0
2
0
E br
N 0 / 2 + PT
/2
j c
(3.36)
Ta thy rng nhiu ph nh hng ging nh tp m trng c PSD hai bin bng PjTc/2.
nh hng kt hp ca tp m trng v nhiu ph tng ng vi nh hng ca mt tp m
trng c PSD hai bin l No'/2 = (N0 + PjTc)/2. Vy Tc cng nh th Pj cng t nh hng ln s
gim t s tn hiu trn tp m. Khi Tc nh n mc PjTc<<N0 th nhiu ph khng cn tc
dng. Lu rng khi c tp m knh v nhiu ph th t s nng lng bit trn mt ph tp m
l SNR0 =Ebr/N0' = 2Ebr/(N0+PjTc).
By gi gi thit rng ta c tn hiu nhiu ph bng rng, ngha l rng bng tn cu tn
hiu nhiu ph ln hn rng bng tn ca tn hiu DS (Bj>BDS). Khi ny tn hiu nhiu ph
ging nh tp m trng c tp m hai bin PSD: Pj /(Bj), trong Bj l rng bng tn ca j(t).
Bi vy:
2E br
(3.37)
SNR 0 =
N 0 + Pj / B j
Khi N=Tb/Tc ln, rng bng tn ca tn hiu DS: BDS cng ln, ngha l Bj ln v nh hng
ca nhiu ph nh. Vy cng sut trung bnh Pj phi ln nhiu ph cn tc dng.
Kt lun, ta thy rng tri ph khng mang li u vit v tp m trng Gaus. Ta cng
thy rng nh hng ca nhiu ph gim ng k khi tri ph. Nhiu ph phi c cng sut cao
c tc dng v v th cc h thng SS rt hp dn trong thng tin qun s.
56
r(t)=
E br1
E br 2
d1(t)c1 (t)cos(2fct)+
d2(t-')c2(t-')cos(2fct+')+n(t)
Tb
Tb
(3.38)
trong thnh phn th nht l tn hiu mong mun, thnh phn th hai l tn hiu DS gy nhiu
v thnh phn cui cng l tp m. Ta gi thit rng d1(t), d2(t), c1(t) v c2(t) l 1. Lu rng tn
s sng mang ging nhau cho c hai d1(t) v d2(t), trong khi pha ca sng mang khc nhau, c
ngha l hai tn hiu ny c pht c lp vi nhau. Sau khi nhn tn hiu vi c1(t)
cos(2fct) v ly tch phn (xem hnh 3.9), u vo ca b hn bin cng s l:
s0 + s'0 + n0
trong :
s 0 = E br1
2
Tb
(3.39)
(3.40)
v:
T
A
2
cos( ) b (t )c (t )c(t)dt
s0' = E br 2
1
cos( )d(t )
T
b
Tb
c1 (t)c 2 (t )dt +
c
(t)c
(t
)dt
1
2
T b
1
T
c(t)c (t )dt
(3.41)
v c(t)c(t)dt l cc hm tng
quan cho tng phn c chun ho ca c1(t) v c2(t). d(t-') cho ta ga tr +1 hay -1. Tng
quan cho nh gy nhiu t. V th mi trng a ngi s dng ta phi thit k cc tn hiu PN
sao cho chng c tng quan cho nh.
Truyn a ng
Trong trng hp truyn a ng, tn hiu thu gm thnh phn i thng v cc thnh
phn khng i thng phn x t cc cng trnh nhn to hay i hnh t nhin. Gi thit rng ch
c mt tn hiu khng i thng. Khi ny chng ta c th s dng m hnh ptr (3.38) vi ' l tr
b sung ng khng i thng, c2(t) = c1(t), d1(t)=d2(t), v
2E br 2
Tb
=k
2E br1
Tb
, trong k1 l
tha s suy gim. Trong trng hp ny nhiu do thnh phn khng i thng l:
57
1 b
d1 ( t ' )c1 ( t ' )c1 ( t )dt
E br1 cos(' )
Tb 0
= E br1 cos(' )R c (' )
s '0 =k
(3.42)
bng khng khi |'| >Tc (hay gn khng nu ta s dng ptr. 3.42). V vy nh hng ca truyn a
tia c loi b hay tr thnh mt nhiu nh, nu rng ca chip nh hn tr b sung ng
khng i thng. Ta cng c th gii thch kt qu trn t quan im vng tn s nh sau. Tn hiu
khng i thng cng nh tn hiu i thng l mt tn hiu bng rng. Tn hiu PN ni c ng
b n tn hiu i thng. V th tn hiu i thng c gii tri ph cn tn hiu khng i thng
khng c gii tri ph. Sau qu trnh gii tri ph my thu ly ra tn hiu vng bng hp xung
quanh fc Hz bi b gii iu ch (bao gm vic nhn sng mang v tch phn lm vic nh b lc
thng thp). Ch c mt phn nh ca tn hiu khng i thng l qua c qu trnh ny v tr
thnh nhiu. Nh vy tn hiu khng i thng s ch gim SNR mt t.
Vn gn - xa (Near-Far)
Vn gn xa l hin tng m trong mt h thng nhiu ngi s dng gp nguy
him do s c mt ca mt tn hiu mnh. Ta xt mt h thng a truy nhp DSSS. Gi thit rng
c K ngi s dng pht tn hiu trn cng mt knh. Vic thu tn hiu b nhiu do tp m v cc
tn hiu ca K-1 ngi s dng khc. Gi thit N0 l PSD n bin (tp m trng Gauss) ca knh
tp m v gi s Pr l cng sut trung bnh ca tng tn hiu ti my thu c xt. Khi ny PSD
tn s dng ca tn hiu ca tng ngi s dng l (PrTc)sinc2[(f-fc)Tc] (xem ptr. 3.18) v
rng bng tn ca tn hiu l B=1/Tc. Bng cch lp m hnh K-1 tn hiu gy nhiu nh l cc tp
m trng Gaus, c th xp x ho PSD mt ph cng sut kt hp bng ca K-1 tn hiu gy
nhiu bng (K-1)Pr / B = (K-1)PrTc. Vy SNR tng ng l:
E br
N0
Pr Tb
N 0 + Pr Tc (K 1)
(3.43)
58
2E br
Tb
3.6. TNG KT
H thng DSSS s dng chui PN trc giao tri ph. Cc my pht DSSS ngoi vic
cha cc phn t thng thng nh iu ch cn cha thm b tri ph. Sau tri ph tn hiu c
tri ph c rng ln hn nhiu so vi rng ph ca tn hiu cn pht. S khc nhau v
rng ph ny c gi l li x l. li x l cng ln th hiu nng ca h thng DSSS
cng tt. Cc h thng my thu DSSS s dng b gii tri ph phc hi lai tn hiu pht. b
gii tri ph hot ng tt cc m PN phi trc giao tt. H thng DSSS khng tc ng ln tp
m Gauss trng (tp m nhit) nhng cho php gim nhiu ph, gim nhiu ng knh (nhiu
cng tn s) v phainh. Nhiu ng knh c th rt mnh khi mt ngi s dng khc gn my
thu ch nh. Hin tng ny c gi l hin tng gn xa. trnh hin tng ny trong cc h
thng thng tin di ng CDMA ngi ta phi iu khin cng sut nhanh (gim cng sut khi
my di ng tin gn BTS v tng cng sut khi my di ng ri xa BTS). DSSS khng ch gim
pha inh m cn cho php li dng n trong cc h thng phn tp (my thu RAKE s c xt
trong chng 5) tng cng cht lng truyn dn. mc nht nh DSSS cng cho php
trnh c nghe trm do ph ca tn hiu tri ph c che lp bi tp m khi li x l ln.
3.7. CU HI V BI TP
Mt tn hiu PN c tc chip l 106 chip/s. Nu tn hiu ny c s dng cho mt h
thng DSSS-QPSK pht i mt ngun s liu 1200bps, li x l ca h thng ny l
bao nhiu ?
(a) 29,2dB; (b) 22,5dB; (c) 16,2dB; (d) 13,1dB
2. Mt h thng DSSS-BPSK c thit k pht mt bn tin tc 10kbps. Nu mt chui
PN chu k 2047 c s dng tri ph v nu mt bit bn tin bng mt chu k ca tn hiu
PN, hy tm rng bng tn theo Nyquist ca tn hiu DSSS-BPSK.
(a) 204.7kHz; (b)400 kHz; (c) 10,24MHz; (d)20,47MHz; (e) khng con s no ni trn
ng
1.
59
3.
4.
Xt my thu cho hnh 3.7. Gi thit rng tn hiu PN c to ra y l c(t-') c sai pha
- ' so vi tn hiu PN thu. Gi thit N>>1. Gi thit rng bit bn tin th i l +1 v -'=Tc/2.
Gi thit rng khi phc sng mang v ng h k hiu ng. u ra ca zi ca b gii iu
ch c gi tr no trong trng hp khng c tp m?
(a)
5.
6.
7.
2E b
1
; (b)
2
Tb
2E b
1
; (c)
4
Tb
2E b
; (d) khng trng hp no nu trn ng
Tb
E b Tc
sin c 2 ((f fc )Tc / 2) + sin c 2 ((f + fc )Tc / 2)
Tb 8
(b)
E b Tc
sin c 2 ((f fc )Tc / 2) + sin c 2 ((f + fc )Tc / 2)
Tb 4
(c)
E b Tc
sin c 2 ((f fc )Tc ) + sin c 2 ((f + fc )Tc )
Tb 4
(d)
E b Tc
sin c 2 ((f fc )Tc ) + sin c 2 ((f + fc )Tc )
Tb 2
8.
9.
d(t-)-
2E br
Tb
y coi rng pha sng mang ' l ng. By gi gi thit rng pha sng mang sai, ngha l
ta s dng -sin (2fct + ") v cos (2fct + ") thay cho -sin (2fct+') v cos (2fct + ')
i vi my thu hnh 3.7. iu ny nh hng n tn hiu u(t) nh th no?
(a) Hon ton khng nh hng.
60
(b) Bin ca
2E br
Tb
d(t-) gim.
61
Chng 4. M hnh ca knh a truy nhp phn chia theo m chui trc tip ........
CHNG 4
M HNH KNH A TRUY NHP PHN
CHIA THEO M V HIU NNG CA N
4.1. GII THIU CHUNG
4.1.1. Cc ch c trnh by
M hnh knh DSCDMA
Cng thc tnh ton dung lng knh h thng thng tin di CDMA
Cng thc tnh ton xc sut li bit
CDMA vi cc h thng iu ch khc nhau
4.1.2. Hng dn
Hc k cc t liu c trnh by trong chng ny
Tham kho thm [1], [2]
Tr li cc cu hi v bi tp cui chng
4.1.3. Mc ch chng
Hiu c m hnh chung ca mt h thng thng tin di ng DSCDMA
Bit cch tnh ton dung lng thit k h thng DSCDMA
Bit cch tnh ton xc sut li bit ca h thng CDMA trong mi trng phainh
tnh ton thit k h thng DSCDMA
Hiu c xc sut li bit ca cc phng php iu ch khc nhau p dng cho
CDMA
62
Chng 4. M hnh ca knh a truy nhp phn chia theo m chui trc tip ........
c nhiu tng h nghim trng. Trong bi cnh nh vy hiu nng ca h thng gim ng k
khi tng s ngi s dng.
Trong chng ny chng ta s tp trung ln tri ph chui trc tip v nghin cu mt
ng dng c bit: thng tin a truy nhp phn chia theo m (CDMA). n gin ta s a ra
mt s gi nh. Trc ht, iu ch s l BPSK v tt c dng sng ca s liu v tri ph u
hnh ch nht. Th hai, s gim cht lng knh l do (1) tp m trng Gauss cng (AWGN) v
(2) nhiu giao thoa nhiu ngi s dng (MUI: multi-user interference) xy ra do pht ng thi.
Th ba, my thu tng quan nht qun n gin c s dng.
(4.1)
63
Chng 4. M hnh ca knh a truy nhp phn chia theo m chui trc tip ........
l mt bin ngu nhin vi trung bnh 0 v phng sai N0Tb /2. Nu coi rng v bn cht knh thu
l cng, th tt c K tn hiu pht tr v tp m cng vi nhau my thu.
a) M hnh CDMA vi K my pht
Lp1 , 1
d1 (t)
c1 (t)
2P1 cos(2fc t + 1 )
Lp2 , 2
d 2 (t)
r(t)
c 2 (t)
n(t)
2P2 cos(2fc t + 2 )
K hiu
Lpk , k : suy hao v tr
ng truyn k
LpK , K
d K (t)
2PK cos(2fc t + K )
b) My thu k
Tb + k
r(t)
(.)dt
d k (t k )
-1
c k (t)
2 / Tb cos(2fc t + rk )
Hnh 4.1. M hnh h thng DSCDMA: a) S khi, b) my thu tng quan nht qun
Gi thit rng my thu ang gii m lung bit pht k. Trc ht, n phi ng b vi ng
h ca my pht k. Sau n gii tri ph tn hiu thu c (bng cch nhn vi ck(t-k), loi b
sng mang bng phng php nht qun (bng cch nhn vi
2
Tb
phn trong khong thi gian Tb giy khi phc li nng lng k hiu s liu v ng thi loi
b tp m ngoi bng. Thng s rk = k 2f c k b dao ng ni my thu, c nh gi,
chng hn nh mch ng b vng kho pha. Ngoi ra ng h nh thi ca b ly mu cng
phi c xc nh bi mt mch nh thi. Hai b nhn cng vi mch tch phn-v-ly mu
(khi ng li v ly mu Tb giy mt ln) to nn mt cu trc ca my thu tng quan nht
qun hay cn c gi l b lc phi hp. (My thu tng quan thc hin tng quan tch cc, ta
c th thc hin n dng mt b lc thch ng l phn t th ng, nhng thc hin iu ny
rt kh nu di ca chui tri ph di). u ra ca b tng quan c ly mu, sau a
n mch ngng (b phn bit) v bit s liu + c quyt nh nu mu ln hn 0V, hay - nu
64
Chng 4. M hnh ca knh a truy nhp phn chia theo m chui trc tip ........
trong thnh phn th nht mu ni ln nhiu ca cc ngi s dng khc trong cng cng
nh n t cc khc, Prk l cng sut cn thu ca ngi s dng k, Prjl cng sut thu ca mt
ngi s dng bt k, l h s nhiu t khc, j l h s tch cc ting, N0 l mt ph tp
m nhit, B l bng thng. Nu ta quy i mu ni trn thnh tp m Gauss trng cng ta c th
vit:
N0 = I 0 + N0 =
(1 + ) K
jPrj + N0
B j=1
(4.3)
j k
2E
brk
Pb,BPSK = Q
N0
(4.4)
Q( u ) =
u
1 y2 / 2
e
dy v N0' trong
2
N0 B(N0 + I 0 )
trong Gp=Tb /B=Tb/Tc l li x l
Thay (4.2) vo (4.5) ta c:
E brk
= Gp
N0,
Prk
K
(1 + ) jPrk + BN0
(4.6)
j=1
j k
Nu coi rng h thng c iu khin cng sut hon ho v b qua nh hng ca nhiu t cc
khc cng nh tch cc ting, ta c th t:Pkr=Pjr=Pr, =0, j=1 vo (4.6) c:
65
Chng 4. M hnh ca knh a truy nhp phn chia theo m chui trc tip ........
K 1 N0
=
=
G p + E br
N '0 1 (K 1)P + N
r
0
B
E br
E br
(4.7)
t (4.7) v ptr.(4.4) ta c:
Pb, BPSK
1 / 2
K 1
= Q
+
2G p 2E br / N o
(4.8)
Lu rng khi K=1, s khng c nhiu giao thoa v ta t c xc sut li bit bng
N0
= (SNR)in G p = G p
Pr
(4.9)
BN 0 + (K 1)Pr (1 + )
K = 1+
Gp
(E b / N 0 )(1 + )
BN 0
Pr (1 + )
(4.10)
Gp
(4.11)
(E br / N0 )(1 + )
Gp
E br / N
1
1+
(4.12)
66
Chng 4. M hnh ca knh a truy nhp phn chia theo m chui trc tip ........
(4.13)
(4.14)
dk (t) =
m =M
d k (m)pTb (t mTb )
(4.15)
trong 2M+1 l s k hiu c pht, Tb l rng xung ch nht tng ng mt bit v pTb(t) l
xung ch nht n v c xc nh nh sau:
1
t [ 0,Tb ]
(4.16)
pTb (t) =
0
t [ 0,Tb ]
67
Chng 4. M hnh ca knh a truy nhp phn chia theo m chui trc tip ........
a)
d1(t)
Tx1
c1(t)
Tx2
d2(t)
c2(t)
s(t)
Knh
dk(t)
r(t)
Txk
ck(t)
dK(t)
TxK
cK(t)
b)
B sp xp
0
+1
1
-1
bj(t)
Ngun bit
dj(t)
B iu ch
v tri ph
sj(t)
cj(t)
Hnh 4.2. S khi ca my pht trong h thng DSCDMA d b . (a) K my pht, (b)
Mt my pht n.
i =1
(4.17)
trong c k (i) c k hiu cho k hiu ti thi im iTc ca chui k trong Tc l rng
chip, k hiu ny nhn cc gi tr t tp {+1,-1} v pTc(t) l hm xung n v xc nh theo cng
thc sau:
t [ 0, Tc ]
1
(4.18)
pT (t) =
t [ 0, Tc ]
0
c
2E bj
m = M
Tb
hay:
s k (t) =
Pk d k (t)C k (t)
(4.19)
m = M
68
Chng 4. M hnh ca knh a truy nhp phn chia theo m chui trc tip ........
trong Ebk v Pk l nng lng bit v cng sut trung bnh sng mang ca my pht k, k l
pha ban u ca sng mang my pht k, Ck(t) l m th hin ng thi tri ph v iu ch
BPSK c gi l ch k v c xc nh theo cng thc sau:
t [ 0, Tb ]
C k (t) =
t [ 0, Tb ]
(4.20)
trong fc l sng mang, k l gc pha ban u v ck(t) l chui chip tri ph vi thi gian mt
chip l Tc bin l +1 hoc -1.
tin ta cng coi rng di chui N bng li tri ph Tb/Tc, trong Tc l rng
chip. Ta d dng nhn thy rng:
1
Tb
Tb
C (t)dt
2
j
=1
j=1,2,.... K
(4.21)
r(t) = Prj
j=1
d (m)C (t mT ) + n(t)
j
(4.22)
m = M
trong Prj =Pj/Lp l cng sut trung bnh sng mang thu, Lp l suy hao truyn sng, n(t) l tp m
Gauss trng c mt ph cng sut n bin N0 .
Trong mt h thng DSCDMA ng b, tn hiu ca cc ngi s dng c ng b k
hiu vi nhau. Th d ca h thng ny l ng xung trong mng thng tin di ng t ong. Tn
hiu thu c trong h thng ng b l trng hp c bit ca cng thc (4.22), khi cc dch
thi j vi j=1,2,...., K u bng nhau, v th khng mt tnh tng qut nu ta coi chng bng
khng, tn hiu thu khi ny c xc nh nh sau:
K
r(t) = Prj
j=1
d (m)C (t mT ) + n(t)
j
(4.23)
m = M
V y khng cn dch thi gia cc k hiu nn ta c th xt cho mt bit chng hn m=0 theo
biu thc sau:
K
(4.24)
k =1
69
Chng 4. M hnh ca knh a truy nhp phn chia theo m chui trc tip ........
iTc + 1 + mTb
y1 (i)
(.)dt
(i 1) Tc + 1 + mTb
2
cos( c t + 1 )
Tb
iT +
c
r(t)
iTc + mTb + 1
Y1 (m )
(.)
i =1
(m + 1)Tb + 1
Mch quyt
nh
c1 (i)
2 + mTb
y 2 (i)
(.)dt
(i 1) Tc + 2 + mTb
2
cos( c t + 2 )
Tb
iTc + mTb + 2
c 2 (i)
y K (i)
iTc+K+mTb
(.)dt
iTc + mTb + K
c K (i)
(i1)Tc+K+mTb
2
cos( c t + K )
Tb
Y2 (m )
(.)
i =1
(m + 1)Tb + 2
b1 ( m )
Mch quyt
nh
b 2 ( m)
(.)
i =1
(m + 1)Tb + K
nh
Hnh 4.3. My thu b lc phi hp thng thng tch sng ng thi cc tn hiu DSCDMA
d b K ngi s dng
My thu ny bao gm tp hp cc b lc phi hp vi cc mch quyt nh. B lc k
c phi hp vi tn hiu thu Ck(t) tng ng. u ra ca b lc k c ly mu ti cui khong
thi gian k hiu m. Ta c th vit:
Yk (m) =
1
Tb
k +( m +1)Tb
-MmM
(4.25)
k + mTb
+ 1 nu Yk (m) 0
(4.26)
d k (m) = sign [ Yk (m)] =
1
nu
Y
(m)
<
0
Ngoi ra trong khong thi gian ca bit m, tn hiu sau tch phn li c ly mu ti cui
thi gian ca mt chip. Kt qu ly mu c so snh tng quan vi tng chip cu chui tri ph
a phng trc khi a ln b cng. Ta c th biu din li ptr.(4.25) dng tch phn phn
on nh sau nh sau:
N
Yk (m) =
i =1
iTc + k + mTb
1
Tb
(4.27)
( i1)Tc + k + mTb
Ta coi rng ng b sng mang l l tng v b lc c khuych i cng sut bng mt. K
hiu:
y k (i) =
1
Tb
iTc + k + mTb
(4.28)
( i1)Tc + k + mTb
ta c
70
Chng 4. M hnh ca knh a truy nhp phn chia theo m chui trc tip ........
N
Yk (m) = y k (i)
(4.29)
i =1
trong N l di ca chui m.
Thay r(t) t (4.23) vo (4.27) ta c:
Yk (m) = E brk d k (m) +
K
+ Pjr
j=1
j k
1
Tb
iTc + k + mTb
m = M i =1 ( i1)T + + mT
c
k
b
(4.30)
+ n0
trong n 0 =
phng sai 2n =
u=t-mTb-k,
k +( m +1)Tb
Tb
N0
2
k + mTb
t:
+ E brj
j=1
j k
i =1
1
Tb
iTc
d j (m + A )C j (u ATb kj )c k (u)du
( i1)Tc
(4.31)
+ n0
trong Ebrk v Ebrj l nng lng bit thu ca ngi s dng k v j, m l bit th m ca ca ch k
Cj(t). Ta c th vit li ptr.(4.31) nh sau:
K
(4.32)
1
Tb
Tb
c (t AT
j
kj )c k (t)dt
(4.33)
71
Chng 4. M hnh ca knh a truy nhp phn chia theo m chui trc tip ........
2E brj
j=1
Tb
r(t) =
d j (t j )c j (t j ) cos(2fc t + rj ) +n(t)
(4.34)
trong : cj(t) k hiu cho chui m tri ph, j l tr truyn sng, rj = j 2fc j l gc pha ca
tn hiu thu v l gc pha ban u ca sng mang c pht.
Ga s my thu k t c ng b nh thi n tn hiu thu v ng b sng mang.
Hm c ly mu quyt nh Yk(t) l tng cu cc cc thnh phn tn hiu, tp m v nhiu giao
thoa c xc nh nh sau:
Yk (t) = d k (t k ) E br
2 E br
Tb
k + Tb
+
trong
d j (t j )c j (t j )c k (t k ) cos(2fc t + rj ) cos(2fc t + rk ) dt
j=1
jk
2
Tb
k + Tb
, ktk +Tb
(4.35)
(4.36)
trong : thnh phn th nht l tn hiu hu ch m ta cn tch ra, thnh phn th hai:
nk =
2
Tb
k + Tb
(4.37)
l tp m Gauss c lp c trung bnh 0 v phng sai N0/2, thnh phn th ba l nhiu a ngi
s dng MUI, nu t: u=t-k thi sau khi bin i thnh phn th hai trong ptr. (4.35) ta c:
T
K
2 E br
Tb
0 j=1
j k
trong : kj
= j k v kj = j 2f c kj , 0tTb
= I kj v sau s dng n c tnh p.b.e. trung bnh l mt cng vic kh khn v ta phi
j=1
j k
72
Chng 4. M hnh ca knh a truy nhp phn chia theo m chui trc tip ........
1
I kj = E br cos (kj ) d( j)1
Tb
kj
c k (t kj )c j (t)dt + d(0j)
1
Tb
Tb
c k (t kj )c j (t)dt
kj
(4.39)
trong : kj, = kj k , 0 kj Tb
Trn hnh 4.4 c hai bit u c t bng +1, nhng tng qut chng s l +1 hay -1 vi
xc sut nh nhau. Trong th d ny ta c N=7 chip trong mi chu k chui v kj=3,5Tc. Xt
ptr.(4.39) ta thy rng Ikj ph thuc vo hm tng quan cho tun hon
1
Tb
Tb
c (t
j
)c k (t)dt
nu d( j)1 = d(0j) , hay hiu s gia hai tng quan cho khng tun hon tng phn
1
Tb
kj
c (t
j
kj
)c k (t)dt v
1
Tb
Tb
c (t
j
kj
kj
C th lp cng thc tng quan cho gia hai dng sng PN lin quan n tng quan
cho ri rc khng tun hon Rkj(i) ca cc chui PN tng ng c(k)=(ao(k), a1(k), ..... , a(k)N-1)v c(j)=
(a0(j), a1(j), .... , a(j)N-1) trong Rk,j(i) c nh ngha nh sau:
N1i ( j) ( k )
a A a A +i , 0 i N 1
A=0
N1+ i
1
R kj (i) =
(4.40)
a (Aj)i a (Ak ) , (N 1) i < 0
N
A=0
i khc tr n
0 ,
nh c v hnh 4.5.
73
Chng 4. M hnh ca knh a truy nhp phn chia theo m chui trc tip ........
a/
t=0
t=Tb
"+1"
- + + -
- -
kj
- + + - -
- + - + +
- - +
"+1"
"+1"
t=0
b/
- + + -
+ -
kj=iTc+ kj.Tc
- + + -
-(Tb-kj)
- + +
- -
- +
- - +
(1- kj)Tc
kjTc
t=0
t=0
c/
- + + - + -
-(N-i-1)Tc
iTc
- + + -
- +
(1- kj)
d/
- + +
- + + -
- +
- - +
- kj
-(N-i)Tc
(i+1)Tc
- + + - -
- +
kj
- + + -
- - +
(1- kj)
Hnh 4.4. Nhiu nhiu ngi s dng: a) tng quan trong khong (0,Tb);
b) nh l tng ca hai tng quan cho khng tun hon;
c) phn chia thnh hai tng quan cho ri rc khng tun hon
74
Chng 4. M hnh ca knh a truy nhp phn chia theo m chui trc tip ........
a/
(k)
(k)
a0
a1
i0
(k)
ai
(j)
a0
(k)
(k)
(j)
(j)
ai+1 ai+2
a1 a 2
. . . .a
(k)
N-1
. . . .a . . .
(j)
N--1 +ii
b/
a 0 a1
. . . . .a . . .
(j)
. . . . .
(k)
(k)
i<0
. .
(j)
a0
(j)
a-i a-i+1
(k)
N--1+ii
(j)
aN-1
0iN-1
(4.41)
khng hon ton l bi s nguyn ca Tc. ptr. (4.41) ta m hnh kj l mt bin ngu nhin ng
u trong khong (0,1). T hnh 4.3d ta thy rng:
1
Tb
c (t
j
kj
= R kj (i N) + R kj (1 + i N) R kj (i N) kj
(4.42)
V kj nm trong khong t 0 n 1, tng quan cho tng phn (4.42) l mt s trong khong
Rck,cj(i-N) v Rck,cj(1+i-N). Tng t tng quan cho tng phn th hai 4.39) c th vit nh
sau (xem hnh 4.3.c):
1
Tb
Tb
c (t
j
kj
)c k (t)dt = R kj (i)(1 kj ) + R kj (i + 1) kj
= R kj (i) + R kj (i + 1) R kj (i) kj
(4.43)
(i )
75
Chng 4. M hnh ca knh a truy nhp phn chia theo m chui trc tip ........
tr fYk
(4.44)
Rt kh thc hin tch chp ny nhng ta c th thc hin n t nht l l thuyt. nhn c
p.b.e trc ht ta t c nh Ik =x v tnh ton xc sut li thng qua ptr. (4.36):
n k + x + E br
< 0
N0 / 2
= Q
+ 2E br / N 0
N / 2
(4.45)
+ 2E br / N 0
N / 2
Pb = E Q
= fIk (x)Q
+ 2E br / N 0 dx
N /2
(4.46)
Vic xc nh hm mt fIk(x) cho MUI sau thc hin tch phn trn khng d rng, c bit
khi K ln. Ta c th nhn c gii hn trn v di bng phng php s khi s dng mt s
bin i i vi fIk(x); cc gii hn ny t c chnh xc ty theo phc tp ca tnh ton.
Tuy nhin cc kt qu kh chnh xc ny khng c cc li gii dng kn.
P
2R b
(4.47)
76
Chng 4. M hnh ca knh a truy nhp phn chia theo m chui trc tip ........
(4.48)
s QPSK =
I ,i
p2 Tb (t i2Tb ) 2P cos(2fc t + )
i =
Q ,i
p2 Tb (t i2Tb ) 2P sin(2fc t + )
i =
(4.49)
phng trnh trn, dI,i v dQ,i l cc bit s liu , p2Tb(t)=1 i vi 0<t<2Tb v bng
khng nu khc, l hm xung ch nht bin n v v hm pha (t) nhn cc gi tr 450, 1350,
2250, 3150 v c th dch pha c 2Tb mt ln. rng bng tn ca QPSK bng mt na
rng ca BPSK, nhng tc bit vn bng 1/Tb =Rb. Cc bit li knh ng pha (tng ng vi
sng mang ng pha cos(2fct+)) v knh vung gc (tng ng vi sng mang vung gc
sin(2fct+)) gy ra do AWGN s c lp vi nhau. V th BPSK v QPSK c cng hiu nng.
Nn QPSK u vit hn BPSK.
77
Chng 4. M hnh ca knh a truy nhp phn chia theo m chui trc tip ........
QPSK thng c thc hin vi cc dng sng vung gc dch nhau Tb giy. Tn hiu
tng hp c gi l QPSK c dch pha (OQPSK: Offset Quadrature Phase Shift Keying) hay
QPSK lch pha (Stagged QPSK):
S OQPSK (t) =
(4.50)
OQPSK c cng rng v cng c tnh p.b.e. nh QPSK. Mt tn hiu QPSK c th dch pha
00, 900 v 1800 2Tb giy mi ln, cn OQPSK c th dch pha 00, 900 Tb giy mi ln.
Nu ta thay i hm xung ch nht OQPSK thnh hm na xung dng cosin, th ta nhn
c dng sng kho dch cc tiu (MSK: Minimum Shift Keying):
s MSK (t) =
I ,k
i =
(4.51)
i =
MSK c pha lin tc; n c cng p.b.e. nh QPSK, nhng c tnh PSD tt hn. Mt cch ngu
nhin BMSK,90%BQPSK,90%, nhng BMSK,99% nh hn nhiu so vi rng bng 99% cng sut ca
QPSK. C th ci thin hn na c tnh ph ca MSK bng cch s dng cc xung Gauss (v th
c tn l GMSK). Tuy nhin cc xung Gauss a thm vo nhiu giao thoa gia cc k hiu v
cht lng s gim. V th cn cn nhc gia rng di thng v cht lng.
V mt l thuyt cc tn hiu BPSK, QPSK, OQPSK, MSK c bin khng i v
chng c hn ch bng tn ri khuych i (thng bng b khuych i phi tuyn c
hiu sut cao) trc khi pht. Cc tn hiu sau khi lc khng cn c bin khng i v chng
c th bo ho b khuych i phi tuyn. Ta bit rng nh hng ca qu trnh lc l vic a vo
mt thnh phn bin nh nhng khng t bin nu chuyn dch pha nh. V th s thay i
bin t nht i vi MSK, sau l OQPSK, QPSK v BPSK.
Cc iu ch PSK l cc s nht qun, nn i hi mch vng kho pha bm pha
sng mng pha thu. Nu mo pha knh khng gy thay i ng k trong khong thi gian
hai bit lin tip, th c th s dng s iu ch nht qun vi sai. PSK m ho vi sai (DPSK:
Differential Phase Shift Keying), bit "1" c pht i bng cch dch pha sng mang 1800 so vi
sng mang thi ca bit trc. Bit "0" c pht i vi dch pha tng i bng 0. rng bng
truyn dn ca DPSK ging nh rng bng ca BPSK, nhng n khng cn vng kho pha
ng b pha. Nhng ci gi phi tr cho vic thc hin n gin hn l hiu nng km hn BPSK,
iu ny th hin biu thc p.b.e:
Pb ,DPSK =
1
2
(4.52)
SNR
1
2
2.SNR
I 0 (SNR. 2 )
(4.53)
78
Chng 4. M hnh ca knh a truy nhp phn chia theo m chui trc tip ........
QPSK hay
OQPSK
MSK
DPSK
4-DPSK
Pb(SNR)
Q( 2 SNR )
Q( 2 SNR )
Q( 2 SNR )
B99%
BNyquist
SNR cho
Pb=0,001
16Rb
Rb
6,7 dB
8Rb
0,5 Rb
6,7 dB
1,2Rb
0,52 Rb
6,7 dB
1 SNR
e
2
16Rb
Rb
8dB
8Rb
0,5 Rb
9dB
E br
N0 + I0
E br
N 0 + 2(K 1)Pr Tc / 2
1
1
E br / N 0
(4.54)
(K 1)
Gp
trong Gp=B/Rb=Tb/Tc
T phng trnh (4.54), s ngi s dng cc i c th tnh nh sau:
1
1
(4.55)
K max = 1 + G p
E / N E / N
br
br
1
10
0 ,9
10
1,5
K 1 + 0, 094G p
79
Chng 4. M hnh ca knh a truy nhp phn chia theo m chui trc tip ........
i vi N=100, CDMA/4-DPSK s m bo 10 ngi s dng ng thi. i vi CDMA/4DPSK, s K tng n 0,254Gp nhng hiu sut bng tn gim mt na.
4.5. TNG KT
Chng ny xt m hnh tng qut knh DSCDMA. M hnh ny hin nay ang c
ng dng rng ri trong cc h thng thng tin di ng th h 3 (gi tt l 3G) nh: W-CDMA v
cdma2000. m hnh knh ny hot ng mi ngi s dng cn c cp pht mt m tri
ph trc giao (xem chng 1). Cc m ny c th l m gi tp m (PN) hoc m Walsh. Da trn
m hnh knh DSCDMA chng ny cng a ra cng thc tnh ton dung lng n gin
thit k h thng (phng trnh 4.12). T phng trnh ny ta thy s ngi s dng ti a trong
mt ph thuc vo: h s nhiu t cc khc , li nh phn on , h s tch cc ting
v h s iu khin cng sut hon ho . gim thiu nhiu n t cc khc h thng
phi thc hin chuyn giao ti u. Vic phn on bng cch s dng nhiu anten c bp sng
hp cng gim nhiu ng knh v tng dung lng . V th khi thit k h thng ta cn lu
n vn ny Ngoi ra iu ny lm ny sinh tng xy dng cc m hnh anten thng minh
v anten thch ng. Ting ni trong khi m thai cng l ngun gy nhiu ng knh. gim
nhiu ny ngi ta cng thit k cc CODEC c tc bit thay i ty theo tn sut ting. iu
khin cng sut l bt buc trong h thng CDMA trnh hin tng xa gn. V th khi thit k
ta cng cn lu tm n t c . gn bng 1.
Vic tnh ton BER cho ng xung (t BTS n MS) l tng i n gin v c th
coi y l ng truyn CDMA ng b (cc tn hiu pht cho cc ngi s dng khc nhau n
my thu c xt l ng thi). Nhng tnh ton BER cho ng ln (t MS n BTS) l rt phc
tp v ng truyn CDMA ny khng ng b ( cc tn hiu ca ngi s dng t MS n BTS
b tr khc nhau ph thuc vo v tr ca h). Trong trng hp ny cc m tri ph ca cc ngi
s dng khng cn trc giao na dn n nhiu ng knh tng. Nhiu ny c xc nh theo
phng trnh (4.39) v c phn tch trn hnh (4.4). Phn tch cc h thng iu ch khc nhau
p dng cho CDMA cho thy s dng iu ch BPSK v QPSK l thch hp hn c. Chnh v l
do ny cc h hng 3G hin nay u s dng cc phng thc iu ch ny. Trong tng lai
tng thm dung lng h thng cc h thng CDMA c th p dng M-QAM vi M>4.
4.6. CU HI V BI TP
1. Gi thit rng ta nhn tp m Gauss trung bnh khng n(t) vi c(t)sin(2fct+) v sau
ly tch phn tch nhn c trong thi gian 2Tb giy, tm gi tr trung bnh u ra Z ca
b tch phn?
(a) Bng khng; (b) Khc khng
2. iu kin ging nh cu trn. Tm phng sai u ra Z b tch phn?
(a) Bng N0T/2; (b) N0T/4; (c) N0T
3. Hiu nng ca mt h thng thng tin DSCDMA l
(a) nhiu hn ch; (b) nng lng hn ch; (c) tp m hn ch; (d) khng nhy cm vi
hiu
80
Chng 4. M hnh ca knh a truy nhp phn chia theo m chui trc tip ........
6. Tnh dung lng h thng CDMA theo s ngi s dng /on vi cc d liu sau:
Eb
= 6 (dB)
N0
7.
8.
khin cng sut chnh xc l 0,8; li phn on : 2,5, rng bng tn v tuyn l :
1,25 Mhz, Tc bit thng tin : 9,6 kbps
10; (b) 26; (c) 40
Tm tc chip cn thit ca chui PN cho h thng DSCDMA s dng u ch BPSK
vi cc thng s sau:Eb/N0=6,8dB, tc bit knh 9,6 kbps; nhiu t cc khc 60%;
tha s tch cc ting 50%; chnh xc iu khin cng sut 0,8; khng s dng phn
on . (a) 100kcps; (b) 1Mcps; (c) 1,8Mcps
(tip). Xc sut li bit trong trng hp ny bng bao nhiu? S dng cng thc gn ng
sau Q(x) = exp(x 2 / 2) /( 2x) .
(a) 1,5.10-2; (b) 1,5.10-3; (c) 1,5.10-4
81
CHNG 5
A TRUY NHP V TUYN TRONG MI TRNG
PHAINH A NG DI NG V PHN TP
5.1. GII THIU CHUNG
5.1.1. Cc ch c trnh by
Tnh cht knh trong cc min khng gian, min tn s v min thi gian
Quan h thng s knh gia cc min khc nhau
Cc loi phainh bng hp
Phn b Rayleigh v Rice
M hnh knh trong min thi gian v tn s
Cc dng phn tp
5.1.2. Hng dn
Hc k cc t liu c trnh by trong chng ny
Tham kho thm [2], [3]
Tr li cc cu hi v bi tp cui chng
5.1.3. Mc ch chng
Hiu c cc nh hng khc nhau ca knh truyn sng ln truyn dn v tuyn di
ng
Bit cch tnh ton cc thng s knh
Xy dng c m hnh knh truyn sng
Hiu c nguyn l ca mt s dng phn tp in hnh
5.2. M U
Trong thng tin v tuyn di ng, cc c tnh knh v tuyn di ng c tm quan trng
rt ln, v chng nh hng trc tip ln cht lng truyn dn v dung lng. Trong cc h
thng v tuyn thng thng (khng phi cc h thng v tuyn thch ng), cc tnh cht thng k
di hn ca knh c o v nh gi trc khi thit k h thng. Nhng trong cc h thng iu
ch thch ng, vn ny phc tp hn. m bo hot ng thch ng ng, cn phi lin tc
nhn c thng tin v cc tnh cht thng k ngn hn thm ch tc thi ca knh.
Cc yu t chnh hn ch h thng thng tin di ng bt ngun t mi trng v tuyn.
Cc yu t ny l:
9 Suy hao. Cng trng gim theo khong cch. Thng thng suy hao nm trong
khong t 50 n 150 dB ty theo khong cch
82
83
Min tn s
84
(5.1)
trong n l m tn hao (n=2 cho khng gian t do, n<2 cho cc mi trng trong nh; n>2 cho
cc vng thnh ph ngoi tri), d l khong cch t my thu n my pht.
T l thuyt v cc kt qa o lng ta bit rng cng sut thu trung bnh gim so vi
khong cch theo hm log cho mi trng ngoi tri v trong nh. Ngoi ra ti mi khong cch
d, tn hao ng truyn PL(d) ti mt v tr nht nh l qu trnh ngu nhin v c phn b log
chun xung quanh mt gi tr trung bnh (ph thuc vo khong cch). Nu xt c s thay i theo
v tr, ta c th biu din tn hao ng truyn PL(d) ti khong cch d nh sau:
d +X
d0
(5.2)
Trong PL (d) l tn hao ng truyn trung bnh phm v rng i vi khong cch pht thu d;
X l bin ngu nhin phn b Gauss trung bnh khng (o bng dB) vi lch chun (cng o
bng dB), d0 l khong cch tham chun gia my pht v my thu, n l m tn hao ng truyn.
Khi cc i tng trong knh v tuyn khng chuyn ng trong mt khong thi gian
cho trc v knh c c trng bi phainh phng i vi mt rng bng tn cho trc, cc
thuc tnh knh ch khc nhau ti cc v tr khc nhau. Ni mt cch khc, phainh ch n thun
l mt hin tng trong min thi gian (mang tnh chn lc thi gian).
T phng trnh 5.2 ta thy rng tn hao ng truyn ca knh c nh gi thng k
phm vi rng cng vi hiu ng ngu nhin. Hiu ng ngu nhin xy ra do phainh phm vi hp
trong min thi gian v n gii thch cho tnh chn lc thi gian (phn tp thi gian). nh hng
ca chn lc khng gian c th c loi b bng cch s dng nhiu anten. MIMO (Multiple
Input Multiple Output: Nhiu u vo nhiu u ra) l mt k thut cho php li dng tnh cht
phn tp khng gian ny ci thin hiu nng v dung lng h thng.
5.4. MIN TN S
Trong min tn s, knh b nh hng ca hai yu t: (1) iu ch tn s v chn lc tn
s.
5.4.1. iu ch tn s
iu ch tn s gy ra do hiu ng Doppler, MS (mobile station: trm di ng) chuyn
ng tng i so vi BTS dn n thay i tn s mt cch ngu nhin. Do chuyn ng tng
i gia BTS v MS, tng sng a ng b dch tn s. Dch tn s trong tn s thu do chuyn
ng tng i ny c gi l dch tn s Doppler, n t l vi tc chuyn ng, phng
chuyn ng ca MS so vi phng sng ti ca thnh phn sng a ng. Dch Doppler f c
th c biu din nh sau:
85
f=
cos =
fc cos = fdcos ,
(5.3)
86
y(t ) =
x( )h(t, )d = x (t ) h(t, ) ,
(5.4)
(5.5)
P(k )k
=
P(k )
(5.6)
P(k )k
2
P(k )
(5.7)
5.5.2. Tr tri cc i
Tr tri cc i (ti XdB) ca l lch tr cng sut c nh ngha l tr thi gian m
nng lng a ng gim XdB so vi nng lng cc i.
87
5.6.1. Bng thng nht qun v tri tr trung bnh qun phng
Ta bit rng l lch tr cng sut v p ng tn s bin ca knh v tuyn di ng
quan h vi nhau qua bin i Fourrier. V th ta c th trnh by knh trong min tn s bng
cch s dng cc c tnh p ng tn s ca n. Tng t nh cc thng s tri tr trong min
thi gian, ta c th s dng bng thng nht qun c trng knh trong min tn s. Tri tr
trung bnh qun phng t l nghch vi bng thng nht qun v ngc li, mc d quan h
chnh xc cu chng l mt hm ph thuc vo cu trc a ng. Ta k hiu bng thng nht
qun l BC v tri tr trung bnh qun phng l . Khi hm tng quan tn s ln hn 0,90.
bng thng nht qun c quan h sau y vi tri tr trung bnh qun phng:
BC
1
50
(5.8a)
Bc =
1
5
(5.8b)
88
(5.9)
fd
iu kin
B<<BC; T10
Phainh chn lc tn s
B>BC; T<10
Tri Doppler
Phainh nhanh
T>TC; B<fd
Phainh chm
T<<TC; B>>fd
Cc k hiu c s dng trong bng 2.1 nh sau: B k hiu cho rng bng tn tn hiu, BC k
hiu cho bng thng nht qun, fD k hiu cho tri Doppler, T k hiu cho chu k k hiu v
tri tr trung bnh qun phng.
Nu bng thng nht qun knh ln hn rt nhiu so vi rng bng tn tn hiu pht,
tn hiu thu s b phainh phng. Khi ny chu k k hiu ln hn nhiu so vi tri tr a ng
ca knh. Ngc li, nu bng thng nht qun knh nh hn rng bng tn tn hiu pht, tn
hiu thu s b phainh chn lc tn s. Trong trng hp ny chu k tn hiu nh hn tri tr a
ng knh. Khi xy ra trng hp ny, tn hiu thu b mo dng dn n nhiu giao thoa gia
cc k hiu (ISI). Ngoi ra vic lp m hnh cc knh phainh chn lc tn s phc tp hn nhiu
so vi lp m hnh knh phainh phng, v lp m hnh cho knh phainh chn lc tn s ta
phi s dng b lc tuyn tnh. V th ta cn c gng chuyn vo knh phainh phng cho tn hiu
truyn dn. Tuy nhin do khng th thay i tri tr a ng v bng thng nht qun, nn ta ch
c th thit k chu k k hiu v rng bng tn tn hiu t c knh phainh phng. V
th nu cho trc tri tr, ci thin hiu nng truyn dn, ta chn gi tr chu k k hiu trong
gii thut iu ch thch ng t c knh phainh phng thay v knh phainh chn lc.
Da trn tri Doppler, ta c th phn loi knh thnh phainh nhanh v phainh chm.
Nu p ng xung kim knh (trong min thi gian) thay i nhanh trong chu k k hiu, ngha l
89
r 2 2
, 0r
f (r ) = 2 e
r<0
0 ,
(5.10)
tb = E[ ]= rp(r)dr =
=1,253
(5.11)
2
Phng sai ca phn b Rayleigh, r (th hin thnh phn cng sut xoay chiu trong
ng bao) c xc nh nh sau:
2
r
= E[ ] - E [] = r p(r)dr
2
2 =0,42922
(5.12)
90
2
Ar
r
2
I0 2 ,
f (r ) = 2 e
r<0
0 ,
A 0, r 0
(5.13)
I 0 (y) =
e
2
ycost
dt
K=
A
2
(5.14)
Khi K tin n khng, knh suy thai thnh knh Rayleigh, khi K tin n v hn knh
ch c ng trc tip.
h( ; t ) =
A ( t )e
(t )
( A (t ) ), A = 0, 1,...., L 1 ,
(5.15)
A=0
Trong l (t), l(t), l(t) biu th cho bin , pha v tr i vi xung thu th l (ng truyn l);
biu th cho tr, t biu th cho s thay i theo thi gian ca chnh cu trc xung kim v (.) biu
th cho hm Delta Dirac, L biu th cho s ng truyn. Thng thng th tr ca tia u tin
91
x(t)
0 = 0
1 =
L2 = (L2)
L1 = (L1)
L1
L 2
L2
L1
y(t)
0 ( t 4 )
0 ( t 3 )
0 ( t 2 )
0 (t1 )
0 ( t 0 )
1 (t 3 )
1 (t 2 )
1 (t1 )
1 (t 0 )
0
1 (t 4 )
2 ( t 4 )
2 (t 3 ) 3 (t 3 )
2 ( t 2 )
2 (t1 )
2 ( t 0 )
2
A (t1 )
(t 2 )
L 1 (t1 )
L 1 (t 0 )
L1
(t 4 )
(t 3 )
L 1 (t 2 )
A ( t 2 )
A ( t 0 )
3 (t 0 )
L 1 (t 3 )
A ( t 3 )
3 (t 2 )
3 (t1 )
L 1 (t 4 )
( t 4 )
3 (t 4 )
(t 1 )
(t 0 )
Lu rng trong mi trng thc t, {l(t)}, {l(t)}, {l(t)} thay i theo thi gian.
Trong phm vi hp (vo khong vi bc sng , {l(t)}, {l(t)} c th coi l t thay i. Tuy
nhin cc pha {l(t)} thay i ngu nhin vi phn b u trong khong [- ].
Tt c cc thng s knh c a ra y u c nh nghi nh ngha t l lch tr
cng sut (PDP: Power Delay Profile), PDP l mt hm c rt ra t p ng xung kim. PDP
c xc nh nh sau:
92
p ( ) = A ( A )
2
(5.16)
A =0
Thng s u tin l cng sut thu (chun ha), l tng cng sut ca cc tia:
L 1
p 0 = A
(5.17)
A =0
K=
A ,max
2
p 0 A ,max
(5.18)
Lu rng khi c tia i thng, tia vt tri l tia u tin v l tia i thng, tng ng vi l=0,
l,max= 0 ti 0=0.
Thng s th hai l tri tr trung bnh qun phng, , l mment bc hai ca PDP chun
ha, c biu din nh sau:
2
(5.19)
trong
m
L 1
m 2
A A / p0 , m=1,2
A =0
V pha ca cc tia khng cn na, cc thng s knh phi hu nh khng i trong din
hp, vi iu kin l cc ng truyn hon ton phn gii.
R rng rng bin , pha v tr tri ca tt c cc xung thu to nn m hnh knh min
thi gian. Ta c th rt ra c quy lut phn b sau y cho bin, pha v m hnh l lch tr cng
sut cho knh:
9 Cc pha ca cc ng truyn c lp tng h so vi nhau (khng tng quan) v c
phn b u trong khong [-, ]
9 Nu ta coi rng tt c cc ng truyn u c th c to ra t cng mt qu trnh thng
k v rng qu trnh to ng truyn ny l qu trnh dng ngha rng so vi bin t, th
bin cu cc ng truyn tn x s tun theo phn b Rayleigh (c xc nh theo
phng trnh 5.10) v PDF bin cu tt c cc ng truyn (gm c LOS) s tun theo
phn b Rice (xc nh theo phng trnh 5.13)
93
h(f', t) =
h(, t)e
j2 f '
L-1
= A (t)e
A =0
L-1
(5.20)
= a A A (t)e
A =0
L-1
= h(, t)e
j[ 2 f'A (t)]
j[ 2 f'A (t)]
A =0
L 1
trong h( ; t ) = A (t )e
iA ( t )
A =0
min thi gian; (t)= a (t); a l bin tng i ca ng truyn A c trong bng 5.1
A
(ns)
110
190
410
a 2A (dB)
-9,7
-19,2
-22,8
i b B
(L=6)
(ns)
200
800
a 2A (dB)
-0,9
i xe A
(L=6)
(ns)
a 2A (dB)
i xe B
(L=6)
NA
NA
1200
2300
3700
-4,9
-8,0
-7,8
-23,9
310
710
1090
1730
2510
-1,0
-9,0
-10,0
-15,0
-20,0
(ns)
300
8900
12900
17100
20000
a 2A (dB)
-2,5
-12,8
-10,0
-25,2
-16,0
94
N1,A
A (t) = c1,n,A cos(2 ( f1,n,A f0 )t +1,n, A )
n=1
(5.21)
N2 ,A
(5.22)
p,n ,A l bin ngu nhin phn b u trong di [0,2] nhn mt trong cc gi tr sau vi xc
1
:
2
1
2
N
p,n ,A = 2
, 2
,...., 2
N + 1
N +1
N + 1
sut bng
(5.23)
cp,n, A c chn tha mn iu kin E 2p,A = 2p ,A . 2 p ,A l cng sut cu bin ngu nhin
p,A (t) c th c xc nh da trn mt ph cng sut S p ,A (f) ca bin ngu nhin ny
(xem hnh 5.6) nh sau:
f
N p ,A 2
d
c p,n ,A
2
E p,A =
= S p ,A (f)df
2
n =1
f
d
Ni
2 S p ,A (fp,n ,A )fp,A ; fA =
n =1
fd
Np
hay:
2
cp,n, A
4
= fp, AS p , A (fp,n, A ) ;
(5.24)
Sp ,A (f )
Sp ,A (fp,n,A )
2
cp,n,A
4
-fd
fp,A
fd
Hnh 5.6. Hm mt ph cng sut sng mang b tri Doppler trong bng gc.
Phng trnh (5.22) lun tha mn iu kin trung bnh bng khng: E[ ]=0.
A
95
L 1
j2 f ' A 2 ft
dt
e
A= 0 aAA (t)e
L 1
= h( A ,f )
j2 f ' A
(5.25)
A=0
fd 1 (f / fd )
G(A1; -0,8fd,0,05fd)
+G(A1/10;0,4fd; 0,15fd)
G(A1/10;0,7fd;0,1fd)
+G(A2/101,5;-0,4fd, 0,15fd)
"GaussI"
"GaussII
1; 1,6
1, 5
A 2 = 10
/[ 2 ( 10 + 0,15)fD ]
5; 6,6
G( Ai , fi , si ) = Aie
( f fi )
2si
T(f',f) =
h(A ,f )e
j[ 2 f ' A ( t )]
p(f if )
(5.26)
i=0 A = 0
trong : N =
B
l chu k ly mu, B l bng thng;
f
1
p(f) =
0
fd f fd
nu khc
(5.27)
Tn s ly mu f0 khi ny c xc nh nh sau:
f0 ,i = if ; i=0,1,,N
(5.28)
Hm truyn t knh ph thuc thi gian v tn s cho f0,3=3f ti thi im cho trc tk
c cho trn hnh 5.7.
96
N L 1
j2 f ' A (t )
p(f if )
i=0 A =0
p(f 3f )
(t 7 )
(t 6 )
=4
(t 5 )
2f
(t 4 )
(t 3 )
(t 2 )
(t 1 )
0 0 = 0
=0
Rice
0 < 0, 5s
Jakes
L1
0, 5s < 2s
> 2s
GaussI
GaussII
(t 0 )
5.10.1. Phn tp v m
Phn tp v m c s dng gim phainh phm vi ln gy ra do che ti. Do s thay
i a hnh (i ni v cc vt chn) gia my thu BS v my pht MS, cng tn hiu trung
bnh a phng thay i. Nu s dng hai anten thu cch bit, b kt hp tn hiu t hai anten
ny ca my thu BS c th gim phainh di hn. Cc h thng di ng t ong t c hiu qu
nh vy bng cch chuyn giao khi cng tn hiu thu yu. Vi cc h thng CDMA, phn tp
v m (chuyn giao mm) ng vai tr rt quan trng m bo cht lng h thng v ti s
dng tn s bng mt v iu khin cng sut nhanh. hng ng ln phn tp v m rt c li
v cng nhiu BS tch tn hiu th xc sut t c t nht mt tn hiu tt cng cao. Khi ny phn
tp mang tnh chn lc: mng s chn ra mt khung tt nht thu c t cc my thu cu cc BS
ng xung phn tp v m xy ra theo cch khc v ch mt my thu MS thu nhiu
tn hiu t cc BS khc nhau. Thng thng ch mt tn hiu c coi l hu ch cn cc tn hiu
khc l nhiu. Tuy nhin CDMA dung lng c ci thin trn nguyn l ging nh my thu
RAKE knh nhiu ng, trong s thay i mc thu c khuynh hng gim v tng s cc
ng truyn c th phn bit c. Vi phn tp v m, kh nng my thu RAKE t c li
97
5.10.2. Phn tp vi m
Phn tp vi m s dng hai hay nhiu anten cng mt trm nhng c thit k thu
c cc tia khc nhau t trm khc. Phn tp v m c s dng phng nga phainh su.
Di y l cc phng php s dng nhn c cc tn hiu khng tng quan cho vic kt
hp:
Phn tp khng gian. S dng hai ng truyn. Hai anten t cch nhau mt khong ngn d c
th cung cp hai tn hiu vi tng quan gia cc phainh thp. Khong cch d ph thuc vo
cao anten h v tn s. Tn s cng cao th cng c th t cc anten gn nhau. Thng thng th
khang cch d vi bc sng l nhn c cc tn hiu khng tng quan.
Phn tp tn s. Tn hiu thu c t hai tn s cch nhau mt khong bng rng bng tn
nht qun, Bc, l cc tn hiu khng tng quan. s dng phn tp tn s thnh ph v ngoi
cho TTD, phn cch tn s phi bng 300 kHz (hoc hn). Nhy tn ca h thng GSM v
MC h tr phn tp tn s.
Phn tp phn cc. Cc thnh phn phn cc ngang v phn cc ng Ex v Ey c pht i t
hai anten phn cc cho ti BS v thu c t hai anten phn cc cho ti MS c th cung cp hai
tn hiu khng tng quan. Phn tp phn cc dn n gim cng sut 3 dB pha pht do phi
phn chia cng sut cho hai anten phn cc.
Phn tp thi gian. Nu cng mt tn hiu c pht ti cc khe thi gian khc nhau, th cc tn
hiu thu s l cc tn hiu khng tng quan. Phn tp thi gian t c bng cch m ho knh,
an xen v pht li.
98
r(t)
k 2
B tng
quan
c k (t)
Yk
Mch quyt
nh
bk
kL
B tng
quan
c k (t)
99
Tc
Tc
x(t)
c j ( t ) cos( c t + j1 )
c ( t ) cos( c t + j2 )
j
c j ( t ) cos( c t + jL 1 )
a L 1
a2
a1
Tc
c ( t ) cos( c t + jL )
j
aL
Tb
(.)dt
Yj
bj
1 1
2( K 1)
SNR =
+
L Eb / N 0
3N
(5.29)
My thu RAKE s dng cc b tng quan tch sng ring r cho L thnh phn a
ng mnh nht. Bin v pha tng i ca cc thnh phn a ng tm c bng cch ly
tng quan dng sng thu c vi phin bn tr ca tn hiu hoc ngc li. C th khi phc
nng lng ca cc phn t a ng mt cch hiu qu bng cch kt hp cc phn t a ng
theo t l cng ca chng. S kt hp ny l mt dng ca phn tp v cho php gim
phainh. Cc phn t a ng vi thi gian tr nh hn =1/B khng th phn gii v s gy ra
phainh. Trong trng hp ny m ho knh sa li v cc s iu khin cng sut s ng vai
tr ch o gim nnh hng ca phainh.
Nu ta k hiu u ra ca L b tng quan l Y1, Y2, . . . . YL. v trng s tng ng ca
cc u ra ny l a1, a2, . . . , aL (hnh 5.9), tn hiu tng hp c xc nh nh sau:
L
Y == a i Yi
(5.30)
i =1
ai =
Yi2
L
i =1
(5.31)
Yi2
100
101
x1
h1 = 1e j1
h 2 = 2 e j2
2
Nhiu v tp m
Nhiu v tp m
y 2 = x1 h 2 + 2
y1 = x1h1 + 1
B c
tnh knh
h1
x1
h1*
h *2
h2
B c
tnh knh
B pht hin
ML
x 1
Hnh 5.10. MRRC hai nhnh
Gi s h thng s dng phng php iu ch vi cc k hiu x1, x2,,xm,,xM. Ti
mt thi im k cho trc tn hiu x1(k) c pht i t my pht. Knh truyn dn bao gm
chui pht, ng truyn v tuyn v chui thu. nh hng gy mo ca knh truyn v tuyn
mang tnh nhn v bao gm p ng bin v pha. Ta lp m hnh nh hng ny dng p ng
xung kim (hay li) gia anten pht v anten thu l h1(k) v h2(k) cho ng truyn t anten
pht n anten thu th nht v anten pht n anten thu th hai tng ng:
h1 (k) = 1 (k)e j1 (k )
h 2 (k) = 2 (k)e j2 (k )
(5.32)
Nhiu v tp m cng vi tn hiu pht my thu. Tn hiu bng gc tng hp thu c nh sau:
y1(k)=h1(k)x1(k)+1(k)
y2(k)=h2(k)x1(k)+2(k)
(5.33)
(5.34)
102
(5.35)
(5.36)
Trin khai (5.34) v s dng (5.33), (5.35) ta chn c xi nu v ch nu (iif:if and only if)
m k
(5.36)
hay:
(12 + 22 1) x m 2 + d (x1 , x m )
2
(12 + 22 1) x k + d ( x1 , x k )
m k
(5.37)
x m = x k = Es
m, k
(5.38)
d ( x1 , x m ) d ( x1 , x k )
m k
(5.39)
SNR =
PT | h1, m |2
m =1
PT 1, m 2
m =1
2 N0
(5.40)
trong PT l tng cng sut, 2=N0 l mt ph cng sut tp m.
103
x2
x1
-x *2
x1*
Anten pht 2
Anten pht 1
h 21
h11
h 22
h12
Anten thu 1
Anten thu 2
3
Nhiu v tp m
h12
h11
B c
tnh knh
h11
4
B kt hp
h 21
h 21
x1
2
x
h 22
Nhiu v tp m
B c
tnh knh
h12
h 22
B tch sng ML
x 1
x 2
Anten thu 2
104
y1
y2
Thi gian k
Thi gian k+1
(5.41a)
*
1
(5.41b)
y3 = h12x1+ h22x2 + 3
(5.41c)
(5.41d)
(5.42)
h h
21
H1 = 11
*
*
h 21 h11
(5.43)
Y2 = H2 x + N 2
(5.44)
* T
4
trong Y2=[y3 y ] ,
h h
22
H2 = 12
*
h *22 h12
(5.45)
(5.46)
H h2 Y2 = H h2 H2 x + H h2 N 2
(5.47)
(5.48)
1 x
2 ]T ,
x = [x
h* h
21
H1h = 11
*
h 21 h11
h* h
22
H*2 = 12
*
h 22 h12
105
(5.49a)
x 2 = (12 + 22 + 32 + 42 ) x 2 - h1 *2 + h *21 - h 3*4 + h *4 2
(5.49b)
(12 + 22 + 32 + 42 1) x m 2 + d 2 (x1 , x m )
2
1 , x k )
(12 + 22 + 32 + 42 1) x k + d 2 (x
(5.50)
hay
1 , x m ) d 2 (x
1 , x k )
d 2 (x
m k
(5.51)
(12 + 22 + 32 + 24 1) x m 2 + d 2 (x 2 , x m )
2
1 , x k )
(12 + 22 + 32 + 42 1) x k + d 2 (x
(5.52)
2 , x m ) d 2 (x
2 , xk )
d 2 (x
(5.53)
hay
m k
PT
SNR =
| h
1, m
n =1 m =1
|2
PT
n =1 m =1
2 N0
1, m
(5.54)
trong
PT l tng cng sut, hnm l h s khuych i ng truyn tc thi t anten pht n
n anten thu m, 2 = N0.
iu ng quan tm l cc tn hiu kt hp t hai anten thu ch l cng n thun cc tn
hiu t tng anten v th s kt hp cho trng hp ny ging nh s mt anten thu. Tm
li khi s dng hai anten pht v M anten thu, ta c th s dng b kt hp cho tng anten sau
n gin cng cc tn hiu kt hp t tt c cc anten nhn c bc phn tp tng ng vi
s MRRC c 2M nhnh.
5.13. TNG KT
Chng ny xt cc c tnh knh. Theo truyn thng, cc knh c phn loi thnh
cc knh phainh phm vi rng v cc knh phainh phm vi hp. Phainh phm vi rng ch yu
106
Min tn s
fD;
Bc
1
50
Tc
fD
Chn lc tn s
OFDM
Phainh phng
(T)
d: khong cch thu pht; MIMO: Multile Input Multiple Output; fD: tri
Doppler; BC: rng bng nht qun ca knh xt cho trng hp tng
quan ln hn 90%; T: chu k k hiu; : tri tr trung bnh qun phng;
TC: thi gian nht qun ca knh; BS: rng bng tn hiu pht
Cc thng s knh trong min tn s l tri Doppler v rng bng nht qun (xem bng
5.3). Cc thng s knh min thi gian l thi gian nht qun v tri tr trung bnh qun phng.
Tri Doppler gy ra do chuyn ng tng i gia MS (trm di ng) v BTS (trm thu pht
gc). Cc thng s ny c th dn n phainh chn lc thi gian (hay phn tp thi gian) trong
min thi gian v tri Doppler t l nghch vi thi gian nht qun ca ca knh.Tri tr xy ra do
tr a ng. rng bng nht qun ca knh t l nghich vi tri tr trung bnh qun phng.
V th tri tr trung bnh qun phng c th dn n phainh chn lc tn s (hay phn tp tn
s) trong min tn s. OFDM a ra gii php cho phainh chn lc tn s v n c th chuyn
phainh chn lc tn s vo phainh phng bng cch s dng chu k k hiu di hn tri tr
trung bnh qun phng (xem chng 6). Ngoi ra cc h thng truyn dn thch ng a ra gii
php cho phainh chn lc thi gian trong min thi gian v n hu nh lun lun lm cho
rng bng tn hiu pht ln hn nhiu so vi tri Doppler bng cch thay i cc thng s cu h
thng truyn dn theo cc thng s knh..
Chng ny trnh by ngn gn phn b Raylegh v Rice, v cc phn b ny s c
s dng nhiu nht cho m hnh knh truyn sng Cc m hnh knh trong min tn s v thi
gian c tng kt. Cc nghin cu cho thy nh hng ca mt s thng s (tha s K, tri
tr trung bnh qun phng) ln hm truyn t tn s ca knh l rt ln. Tri tr cng ln th
tc bin thin bin trong hm truyn t knh min tn s cng ln. V th ta c th lin kt
tri tr vi bng thng sng mang con trong h thng OFDM. Khi tri tr ln, knh s bin ng
107
5.14. CU HI V BI TP
1. Trnh by c im ca knh truyn sng v tuyn trong min thi gian, khng gian v
tn s
2. inh ngha cc thng s knh sau: tri tr, tri Doppler, bng thng nht qun v thi gian
nht qun
3. Bng thng ca mt h thng truyn dn v tuyn di ng phi c chn th no
trnh c phainh nhanh?
(a) Ln hn tri Doppler; (b) Nh hn tri Doppler
4. di k hiu c pht trong h thng truyn dn phi chn nh th no trnh c
pha inh nhanh?
(a) Ln hn thi gian nht qun; (b) Nh hn thi gian nht qun
5. Bng thng ca mt h thng truyn dn phi c chn nh th no knh l knh
phainh phng?
(a) Ln hn bng thng nht qun; (b) Nh hn bng thng nht qun
6. di k hiu pht phi c chn nh th no knh l knh phainh phng?
(a) Ln hn tri tr; (b) nh hn tri tr
7. Hm mt xc sut ca ng bao tn hiu thu trong knh phainh phng c dng g?
(a) Rayleigh; (b) Rice; (c) c hai
8. p ng knh xung kim trong bng tn gc l p ng ca knh ln tn hiu no sau y?
9. (a) Khng i, (b) Xung c rng ln hn khng; (c) Hm Dirac
10. Knh chn lc tn s l tp hp ca nhiu knh sau?
(a) Rayleigh; (b) Rice v Rayleigh; (c) Cc knh Rayleigh kh phn gii; (d) cc knh
Rice,
Rayleigh kh phn gii
11. Mt tn hiu BPSK c truyn trong knh phainh chn lc, knh ny tr thnh knh
phainh phng i vi tn hiu ny v cht lng truyn khng b gim ta cn chn
phng n no sau y:
(a) S dng iu ch M-QAM gim tc k hiu vi M ln
(b) Chia lung tn hiu thnh nhiu lung song song c lp v truyn cc lung ny trn
nhiu knh bng tn s khc nhau
12. My thu RAKE c xy dng trn nguyn l no sao y?
108
a 2A (dB)
-20
-10
-10
109
Chng 6. a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s trc giao v CDMA a sng mang
CHNG 6
A TRUY NHP PHN CHIA THEO TN S TRC GIAO
V CDMA A SNG MANG
6.1. GII THIU CHUNG
6.1.1. Cc ch c trnh by
6.1.2. Hng dn
Hc k cc t liu c trnh by trong chng ny
Tham kho thm [2]
Tr li cc cu hi v bi tp cui chng
6.1.3. Mc ch chng
6.2. M U
OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing: ghp knh theo tn s trc giao) l
mt phng php iu ch cho php gim mo tuyn tnh do knh truyn dn v tuyn phn tn
gy ra. Nguyn l ca OFDM l phn chia tng bng thng cn truyn vo mt s sng mang con
c th truyn ng thi cc sng mang ny. Bng cch ny lung s tc cao c th c
chia thnh nhiu lung tc thp hn. V th c th gim nh hng ca tr a ng v
chuyn i knh phainh chn lc thnh knh pha inh phng. Nh vy OFDM l mt gii php
cho tnh chn lc ca cc knh phainh. Vic chia tng bng thng thnh nhiu bng con vi cc
sng mang con dn n gim rng bng con trong min tn s v v th tng di k hiu.
S sng mang con cng ln th di k hiu cng ln. iu ny c ngha l di k hiu ln
hn so vi thi gian tri rng tr ca knh phainh phn tn theo thi gian, hay rng bng tn
tn hiu nh hn rng bng tn nht qun ca knh.
110
Chng 6. a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s trc giao v CDMA a sng mang
a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s trc giao (OFDMA: Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiple Access) c xy dng trn c s nguyn l ghp knh phn chia theo tn s trc giao
(OFDM: Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex). Trong OFDMA mi ngi s dng c
cp pht mt s sng mang con (knh tn s) trong tng s sng mang con kh dng ca h
thng. V mt ny ta thy OFDMA ging nh FDMA, tuy nhin nh s dng cc sng mang con
trc giao vi nhau nn mt ph cng sut ca cc knh sng mang con ny c th chng ln
ln nhau m khng gy nhiu cho nhau. Chnh v l do ny ta khng cn c cc on bng bo v
gia cc knh (hay ni chnh xc hn ch cn cc on bng bo v kh hp) v nh tng c
dung lng h thng OFDMA so vi FDMA (hnh 6.1).
a)
K1
K3
K2
K4
K5
K6
K7
K8
K9
K10
Tn s
b)
Tn s
Hnh 6.1. So snh OFDMA v FDMA: (a) K thut FDMA thng thng, (b) K thut
OFDMA.
Tn s
c
c
d
d
d
d
e
a
a
a
a
b
c
c
d
d
d
d
e
a
a
a
a
b
c
c
d
d
d
d
e
111
Chng 6. a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s trc giao v CDMA a sng mang
b
b
b
e
f
f
g
g
g
b
e
g
b
e
g
b
f
g
b
f
g
b
f
g
b
f
g
Thi gian
Hnh 6.2. Th d li thi gian-tn s cho OFDMA c by ngi s dng t a n g.
s(t) =
N / 21
X i ,k g k (t kT ,
i= N / 2
k=
(6.1)
i=-N/2, -N/2+1,,-1,0,1,,N/2-1
vi
e j2fi t , t [ 0,T ]
g i (t) =
0 , t [ 0,T ]
tha mn iu kin trc giao sau:
1
T
t s +T
ts
(6.2)
1, nu i = A
*
g i (t).g A (t)dt =
0, nu i A
(6.3)
v
fi=i/T; i=1,2,.,N-1
(6.4)
Trong T c gi l thi gian ca mt k hiu OFDM; Xi,k l k hiu iu ch thng thng
c truyn trn sng mang con trong khong thi gian k hiu OFDM th k; N l s sng mang
con (c chn bng ly tha ca 2) v fi l tn s sng mang con.
Hnh 6.3 cho thy th d v s dng bn cc sng mang con cho mt k hiu OFDM
0,8
0,6
0,4
0,2
0,6
0,4
0
-0,2
0,2
-0,4
-0,6
-0,8
-1
-0,2
1/T
Thi gian
Tn s
112
Chng 6. a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s trc giao v CDMA a sng mang
Hnh 6.3. Th d v s dng bn sng mang con cho mt k hiu OFDM.6
T hnh 6.3 ta thy trong min thi gian, m bo iu kin trc giao, cc sng mang
con c s chu k trong mt k hiu OFDM (T) l mt s nguyn. Trong min tn s mi sng
mang con ca mt k hiu OFDM c mt ph cng sut dng sinx/x vi
i
x = (f fi ) T = f T . Gi tr cc i cc bp chnh ca mt ph cng sut ca mt
T
sng mang xy ra ti cc tn s f=i/T. Ti y mt ph cng sut ca cc sng mang khc u
bng khng.
Nh tnh trc giao (6.3), ti pha thu ta c th gii iu ch tm li k hiu Xi,k theo
quan h sau:
1
X i ,k =
T
(k +1)T
s(t)g i* (t)
(6.5)
kT
s(t) =
F (t)
(6.6)
k=
Fk (m) =
N/2
X i ,k g i (t kT)
i=N / 2
N/2
X i ,k e
j2
, m=0,1,, N-1
m
t =k+ T
i.m
N
i=N / 2
(6.7)
= IDFT (Xi,k)
trong IDFT (inverse discrete fourrier transform) l bin i fourrier ri rc ngc. Bin i
Fourrier nhanh o (IFFT: inverse fast fourrier transform) thc hin chc nng ging nh IDFT
nhng hiu sut hn v mt tnh ton nn thng c s dng trong cc s thc tin. Thi
gian ca k hiu OFDM sau IFFT c k hiu l TFFT.
6.4.1. X l tn hiu s
Ti phi pht trc ht lung bit c chia thnh cc khi vi Nlog2M bit, trong M l
mc iu ch. Khi cc bit ny sau c bin i thnh N k hiu iu ch thng thng (mi
113
Chng 6. a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s trc giao v CDMA a sng mang
k hiu cc k hiu tng ng vi log2M bit, chng hn ca k hiu iu ch 16 QAM tng ng
vi 4 bit) song song tng ng vi N vect xc nh v tr ca im k hiu iu ch thng
trng trn chm tn hiu iu ch thng thng (xem hnh 6.5 cho 16-QAM). Cc vect ny th
hin N tn ph v c k hiu bng {Xi,k} trong i{ -N/2, 0, 1, ., N-1} l ch s vect v k
l ch s v th t theo thi gian ca tp N k hiu song song. Sau cc th hin tn ph ny
c b bin i Fourrier nhanh ri rc o (IFFT: inverse fast fourrier transform) bin i vo
min thi gian. Chm N k hiu ny c a ln b IFFT. u ra IFFT cho ta tp N sng mang
con trc giao mang N k hiu trong bng gc ( min thi gian). Tp sng mang con trc giao
ny to nn mt k hiu OFDM hiu dng. Thng thng N nhn gi tr bng 2 ly tha ca mt
s nguyn c th p dng IFFT hiu qu cao. Thi gian ca mt k hiu hiu dng c k
hiu l TFFT.
S liu
pht
M ha
knh/an
xen
Sp xp k
hiu
(iu ch)
iu ch
OFDM
(IFFT)
I/Q
Chn khang
bo v/ca
s
I/Q
I/Q
DAC
Tn hiu bng
gc pht s(t)
Chm N s
liu phc {x i,k }
Tn hiu
thu s(t)
Chm s liu
thu {yi,k }
S liu
thu
Gii m
knh/gii
an xen
Gii sp t
k hiu
(gii iu ch )
Gii iu
ch OFDM
(FFT)
Loi khang
bo v
ADC
I/Q
I/Q
ng b thi gian
Tn hiu s
RF
iu ch IQ
v bin i
nng tn
Tn hiu tng t
x0 ,k
X 0 ,k
x1,k
X 1,k
I/Q
sRF ( t )
Knh v
tuyn
phainh
Bin i h
tn v gii
iu ch IQ
rRF (t )
ng b sng
mang
X k (t)
N.log 2 M
x N1,k
y 0 ,k
y1,k
X N1,k
Y0 ,k
Y1,k
Yk (t)
y N1,k
YN1,k
114
Chng 6. a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s trc giao v CDMA a sng mang
TFFT
115
Chng 6. a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s trc giao v CDMA a sng mang
Sau IFFT, tn hiu OFDM bng gc c a ln b chn khong bo v v to ca s.
Ti y tn hiu OFDM c chn on tin t chu trnh ng vai tr khong bo v v chn on
m cng tin v hu t to dng ph (xem hnh 6.7 ).
Thi gian ca on bo v c k hiu l TGD c chn ln hn thi gian tr tri cc
i ca knh phainh. V th phn hiu dng ca tn hiu thu (on TFFT) c th c coi l tch
chp ca k hiu OFDM vi p ng xung kim ca knh. on bo v c a vo duy tr
tnh trc giao ca cc sng mang con v tnh c lp ca cc k hiu OFDM ni tip nhau khi tn
hiu OFDM c truyn trn knh v tuyn phainh nhiu ng. Vic duy tr tnh trc giao ca
cc sng mang con cho php trnh c ICI (inter-carrier interference: nhiu gia cc sng
mang) v vic duy tr tnh c lp gia cc k hiu cho php trnh c ISI (inter-symbol
interference: nhiu gia cc k hiu). Khong bo v l mt tin t c chu trnh, n c copy t
phn cui cng ca k hiu OFDM c truyn trc (xem hnh 6.8).
TGD
TFFT
GI
Tin t
k.T
Thi gian
Hu t
p ng xung knh
max
Thi gian
Hnh 6.7. Dng k hiu sau khi chn v lp ca s ti phi pht, p ng xung kim ca knh
v k hiu OFDM hiu dng c ly ra ti pha thu.
Copy
u ra IFFT trc
Khong
bo v
u ra IFFT
TG
Khong
u ra IFFT tip theo
bo v
TFFT
Ts
K hiu k-1
K hiu k
K hiu k+1
116
Chng 6. a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s trc giao v CDMA a sng mang
Xung ch nht c rng ph rt ln do cc bp bn ca bin i Fourier c dng Sinc.
To ca s l mt k thut gim cc bp bn ny v nh vy gim cng sut pht ngoi bng.
Trong h thng OFDM, ca s c s dng phi khng c nh hng ln tn hiu trong thi
gian hiu dng ca n. V th cc phn m rng theo chu k c dng xung nh hnh 6.9. To
ca s cho xung pht s dng hm cosin tng c th coi l tch chp ca xung ch nht c di
T vi na sng sin nh hnh 6.9. Trong min tn s tch chp ny tng ng vi nhn ph
Sinc ca xung ch nht vi ph ca na sng sin. T hnh 6.9 ta thy vic nhn ny cho php
gim cc bp bn ca ph xung pht. Trn hnh 6.9(a), cc gi tr ph bng xy ra ti cc v tr
i.f=i/TFFT, i= {1, 2, }, ngha l ti cc v tr t cc sng mang con ln cn. Vic m rng
xung n di T= TFFT+ TGD+TWIN gim khong cch gia cc gi tr ph bng khng xung
cn 1/T (hnh 6.9(b)). Hm to ca s (hnh 6.9(c)) nhn cc gi tr khng ti { 3/2, 5/2,
7/2.}/Twin. Tch ca ph trn hnh 6.9(b) v ph trn hnh 6.9(c) cho ta kt qu ca to ca s
(hnh 6.9(d)). Nhn xt hnh 6.9(d) ta thy nh to ca s cc bp bn gim ng k.
Min thi gian
Cc mu
Min tn s
Tn s cc sng
mang con
Hnh 6.9. (a) Dng xung v ph ca k hiu OFDM hiu dng (c thc hin bi IFFT; (b)
xung di T v ph ca n; (c) xung na sin c s dng to dng xung v ph ca
n; (d) xung pht w(t) v ph ca n.
Cc di xung thng c o bng s mu, trong d NFFT, NGD v Nwin xc nh s
mu trong phn hiu dng, khong bo v v khang to ca s.
117
Chng 6. a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s trc giao v CDMA a sng mang
iu ch IQ
I
DAC
LPF
cos
Bng tn c s
OFDM phc
900
u ra RF
B to sng
mang RF
sin
DAC
Tn hiu s
LPF
Tn hiu tng t
Tn s
Cc sng mang con
s dng c
118
Chng 6. a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s trc giao v CDMA a sng mang
x(t) =
xk (t - kT) ,
(6.8)
k=-
kT).
w(t
Xi,kexp j2 T (t - kT) ,
FFT
i=-N/2
(6.9)
trong :
T l di k hiu OFDM.
TFFT l thi gian FFT, phn hiu dng ca k hiu OFDM.
TGD l thi gian bo v, thi gian ca tin t chu trnh.
Twin l thi gian m ca tin t v hu t to dng ph.
f=1/TFFT l phn cch tn s gia hai sng mang.
N l di FFT, s im FFT.
k l ch s v k hiu c truyn.
i l ch s v sng mang con, i{-N/2, -N/2+1,..., -1, 0, +1, ., N/2-1}.
Xi,k l vectt im chm tn hiu, l k hiu phc (s liu, hoa tiu, rng) c iu ch ln sng
mang con i ca k hiu OFDM th k.
w(t) xung to dng c biu din nh sau:
119
Chng 6. a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s trc giao v CDMA a sng mang
1 1 - cos(t + T )/T ,
GD
win ]
2 [
w(t) = 1,
1
[1 - cos(t - TFFT )/Twin ],
2
(6.10)
xRF (t) =
xRF,k (t - kT)
(6.11)
k =
e
w(t
R
kT)
xi,k exp j2 fc + T (t - kT) ,
FFT
i=-N/2
x RF,k (t - kT) =
kT - Twin - TGD t kT + TFFT + Twin , (6.12)
0,
nu khc
trong :
T l di k hiu OFDM.
TFFT l thi gian FFT, phn hiu dng ca k hiu OFDM.
TGD l thi gian bo v, thi gian ca tin t chu trnh.
Twin l thi gian m ca tin t v hu t to dng ph.
Fc l tn s trung tm ca ph.
f=1/TFFT l phn cch tn s gia hai sng mang.
N l di FFT, s im FFT.
k l ch s v k hiu c truyn.
i l ch s v sng mang con, i{-N/2, -N/2+1, -1, 0, +1, ., -N/2}.
Xi,k l vectt im chm tn hiu, l k hiu phc (s liu, hoa tiu, rng) c iu ch ln sng
mang con i ca k hiu OFDM th k.
w(t) c xc nh theo (6.10).
120
Chng 6. a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s trc giao v CDMA a sng mang
p ng xung kim knh (CIR: Channel Impulse Response) trn hnh 6.13 c th coi nh l
gm ba loi thnh phn khc nhau. Thnh phn c bin cao nht h2 c gi l thnh phn
c xt (thnh phn chnh). Cc thnh phn xy ra trc, h0 v h1, c gi l tin xung v cc
thnh phn xy ra sau, h3 v h4, c gi l hu xung. Nng lng ca tn hiu mong mun ch
yu c to ra bi thnh phn chnh. Ngoi ra tn hiu thu cng gm c nng lng gy ra bi
tch chp ca cc tin xung v cc hu xung, cc nh hng ny c gi l ISI tin xung v ISI
hu xung. Nh vy tn hiu thu b mo dng do xp chng tn hiu mong mun vi cc ISI tin
xung v hu xung.
Vic m rng thi gian cu cc k hiu dn n cc k hiu thu hin thi chng ln ln
cc k hiu thu trc v dn n nhiu gia cc k hiu (ISI). Trong OFDM, ISI thng c
coi l nhiu i vi mt k hiu gy ra bi cc k hiu trc .
h2
h0
h1
h3
h4
121
Chng 6. a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s trc giao v CDMA a sng mang
Deleted:
ICI xy ra khi knh a ng thay i trong thi gian mt k hiu OFDM. Khi xy ra
iu ny, cc dch Doppler trn mi ng s gy ra dch tn s trn cc sng mang con lm mt
tnh trc giao gia chng. ICI cng xy ra khi k hiu OFDM b ISI. Ta c th xt tnh hung ny
trong min thi gian. Khi ny cc sng mang khng cn m bo s chu k l mt s nguyn
trong thi gian TFFT do dch pha gy ra bi k hiu trc . Cui cng s dch cc tn s ca
my pht v my thu cng dn n ICI i vi mt k hiu OFDM. Chn khong bo v cng
nh la chn bng tn tn hiu ph hp vi bng thng ca knh cho php gim nh hng ca
ISI v ICI.
122
Chng 6. a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s trc giao v CDMA a sng mang
(6.13)
6.7.2. Cng thc tnh ton dung lng knh cho cc h thng OFDM
Ta bit r rng mc iu ch v t l m nh hng ln dung lng. Trong cc h thng
OFDM, do truyn dn song song v m rng nh k nn c nhiu thng s quyt nh dung
lng hn.
Ta s bt u xt cho trng hp n gin vi gi thit l cu hnh cc sng mang con
ging nhau, ngha l tt c cc sng mang con u c chung mt cu hnh (iu ch, m ha, bng
thng, cng sut). Trong trng hp ny tc bit tng ca h thng OFDM bng [6]:
R tb =
[bps] ,
(6.14)
(6.15)
T phng trnh (3.15) ta thy rng tng tc bit tng, ta cn tng: hoc mc iu
ch (M), hoc t l m (rc), hoc t s N/T.
Hnh 6.16 gii thch ngha ca phng trnh (6.15).
123
Chng 6. a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s trc giao v CDMA a sng mang
tng tc bit tng (R tb tng)
(N/T)tng
N tng
TFFT gim
ftng
M tng hoc R c tng
B tng
Hnh 6.16. Cc thng s dung lng v nh hng ca chng ln tng tng dung lng.
Ta d rng nhn thy rng tng N/T ta cn tng N gi T khng i hoc gim T gi N
khng i. Ta c th s dng ba phng php tng tc bit: (1) tng mc iu ch hoc t l
m, (2) tng bng thng truyn dn thng tin, (3) tng FSR. Ta ch c th s dng cc phng
php ny khi tnh trng knh cho php thay i cc gi tr ny ca cc thng s ny.
Khi cho trc bng thng truyn dn v gi thit rng ton b bng thng ny v cc sng
mang u c s dng truyn thng tin, ta c th biu din tc bit tng cc i nh sau:
Max(Rtb)= (rclog2M).B.FSR
(6.16)
i vi trng hp tng qut ta khng th s dng cu hnh cc sng mang con nh nhau,
mi sng mang con s c cc gi tr thng s khc nhau. Trong trng ny tc bit tng s l
tng tc bit c cc sng mang con. Khi ny ta c th vit:
N
(6.17)
i =1
Khi cu hnh cc sng mang con ging nhau: rci=r Vic m rng thi gian cu cc k hiu dn n
cc k hiu thu hin thi chng ln ln cc k hiu thu trc v dn n nhiu gia cc k hiu
(ISI). Trong OFDM, ISI thng c coi l nhiu i vi mt k hiu gy ra bi cc k hiu
trc .
c, Mi=M, FSRi=FSR v fi=f, phng trnh (6.17) chuyn thnh phng trnh (6.15).
Trong trng hp f tin n khng ta c th vit phng trnh (6.17) dng tch phn
nh sau:
R tb = rc (f ).log 2 M(f ).FSR (f ).df
(6.18)
Phng trnh (6.18) ch c ngha v mt ton hc, v trong thc t f khng th tin ti 0. V th
phng trnh (6.17) c ngha thc tin hn c. Lu rng gi tr cc thng s v phi ca cc
phng trnh (6.15), (6.17) v (6.18) ph thuc vo tnh trng knh thi im xt.
124
Chng 6. a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s trc giao v CDMA a sng mang
M=16
rc=1
M=4,8,
16, 64,
256
Rc=1
B
(MHz)
20
80
160
200
200
78,125
312,5
625
781,25
781,25
256
256
256
256
256
16,4
4,1
2,05
1,64
1,64
12,8
3,2
1,6
1,28
1,28
2,4
0,6
0,3
0,24
0,24
N
256
FSR
0,995
0,934
0,814
0,877
0,853
0,805
0,727
100
2,56
0,12
16QAM
390,625
2,74
2,8
2,92
3
3,18
3,52
PT
FSR
-30
dBW
0,78
PT(dBW)
-30
TGD(s)
0
0,06
0,12
0,24
0,32
0,5
0,84
125
Chng 6. a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s trc giao v CDMA a sng mang
100
100
10-1
10-1
10-2
10-2
10-3
10-3
BER
10-4
10
-5
10
-6
10-7 10
BER
10-4
B=20MHz
B=80MHz
B=160MHz
10
BPSK
4PSK
10-6
B=200MHz
-5
16QAM
64QAM
256QAM
-5
10
15
20
Eb/N0 [dB]
a) Bng thng khc nhau
25
10-7 10
-5
10
15
20
25
Eb/N0 [dB]
b) Mc iu ch iu ch
Hnh 6.17. BER ph thuc SNR: a) cho bng thng khc nhau, (b) cho mc iu ch khc
nhau.
126
Chng 6. a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s trc giao v CDMA a sng mang
mc iu ch v rng bng theo iu kin knh v dung lng t c QoS yu cu. Cc
tip cn ny rt hu ch cho vic truyn dn tc bit khng i.
Ta c th tng kt phn ny nh sau. Bng cc phng trnh c rt ra trn, chng ta
nghin cu cc nh hng ca vic thay i cc thng s ln hiu nng BER. Tng mc iu
ch (hay t l m ha) dn n hiu nng BER gim ng k; tng FSR khng lm thay i nhiu
hiu nng trong cc knh AWGN; tng bng thng khng thay i BER nhng tt nhin i hi
bng tn rng hn v v th khng thc t. V th khi thit k h thng truyn dn OFDM ta phi
tm gii php dung ha t c hay duy tr tc bit mong mun.
Bc f
1
RDS
(6.19)
Bc
1
50RDS
(6.20)
127
Chng 6. a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s trc giao v CDMA a sng mang
Tn s
f
a
b
c
d
e
e
d
f
e
a
f
b
a
c
b
d
c
Thi gian
c
d
e
f
a
b
b
c
d
e
f
a
128
Chng 6. a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s trc giao v CDMA a sng mang
Hnh 6.19. Th d v su mu nhy tn vi su tn s nhy khc nhau
Trong phn ny ta s xt mt h thng OFDMA c sut cho UMTS lm th d. Bng 6.5
tng kt cc thng s v c tnh ca h thng ny.
Bng 6.5. Cc thng s cu h thng c sut cho OFDMA
S TT
Thng s
1
Khong cch sng mang
4,1666 kHz
2
Thi gian k hiu
288,46 s
3
S sng mang con trn mt khe tn 24
100kHz
4
Thi gian bo v pha trc
38s
5
Thi gian bo v pha sau
8s
5
n v iu ch
Khi iu ch
Gi tr
Hnh 6.20 minh ho li thi gian-tn s ca h thng OFDMA ny. Cc ti nguyn (thi
gian v tn s) c cp pht trn c s kiu dch v v mi trng lm vic. S khe thi gian v
khe bng trn mt ngi s dng thay i theo tc s liu. Tc s liu thp nht c m
bo bng mt khe bng c 24 sng mang con trn khe thi gian 288,46s.
129
Tn s
Chng 6. a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s trc giao v CDMA a sng mang
n v iu ch
Khi iu ch
Khe bng=100kHz
288,6s
Thi gian
130
Chng 6. a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s trc giao v CDMA a sng mang
Khung (4,615 ms)
4 khung (18,45 ms) an xen
Khong
bo v
Cm thu
iu khin
cng sut
iu chnh
thi gian
Cm pht
(10s)
(10s )
131
Chng 6. a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s trc giao v CDMA a sng mang
Bng tn h thng
Cc khong bo v
(khng dng)
B bin i song
song thnh ni tip
OFDM ngc
OFDM
B bin i ni tip
thnh song song
d k
s = s k = [ X 0 , X 1 ,..., X N1 ]
(6.22)
k=1
132
Chng 6. a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s trc giao v CDMA a sng mang
sk = d kck ,
trong
(6.23)
r = [ R 0 ,R 1 ,...,R N1 ]
(6.25)
Cui cng lung r ny c a ln b tch sng (gii tri ph) nhn c c tnh ca k
hiu dk: d .
k
6.11. TNG KT
Chng ny xt nguyn l chung ca iu ch OFDM. OFDM l mt h thng a sng
mang trong lung s liu cn truyn c chia nh v c truyn trn cc sng mang con trc
giao vi nhau. So vi h thng FDMA, OFDM cho php nn ph xung 50%. Cc vi mch x l
tn hiu nh IFFT v FFT cho php n gin ha qu trnh to cc sng mang con trong cc h
thng truyn dn OFDM. Chng ny cng trnh by cc phn t c bn ca my thu v my pht
OFDM trong h thng truyn dn OFDM. Hai phn th c th ca my pht v my thu l b
bin i Fourier nhanh ngc (IFFT) v b bin i Fourier (FFT). Phainh nhiu ng trong
h thng truyn dn OFDM dn n nhiu gia cc k hiu (ISI) v nhiu gia cc sng mang
(ICI). V th ta khng th t bng thng sng mang con ty . Bng thng sng mang con mt
mt phi khng nh hn rng bng tn nht qun i vi tng quan tn s ln hn 0,9
chng ICI, mt khc phi ln hn i lng nghch o ca RDS chng phainh chn lc tn
s gy ra do tri tr (hay RDS).
Chng ny cng xt cc thuc tnh v cc thng s ca OFDM. Quan h gia cc
thng s iu ch OFDM cng c phn tch lm tin cho vic thit k cc h thng truyn
dn OFDM. Chng ny cng a ra phng php thit k h thng truyn dn OFDM trong
WLAN.
Th d v p dng OFDM nhy tn cho thng tin di ng th h mi c xt trn da
trn xut h thng ny cho UMTS.
Phn cui cng ca chng xt nguyn l ca MC-CDMA. Cc s n gin ca
rmy pht v my thu trong mt h thng MC-CDMA cng c xt trong phn cui cng
ny. c th ca MC-CDMA l cc chip ca m tri ph sau khi tri ph cho s liu c truyn
trn cc sng mang con khc nhau. Nh vy s cc sng mang con ca OFDM cng s bng s
chip trong mt chu k chui m tri ph.
OFDM hin c ng dng rng ri trong truyn hnh s v cc h thng WLAN.
OFDM v MC-CDMA cng ang c nghin cu ng dng cho cc h thng thng tin di ng
th h mi.
133
Chng 6. a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s trc giao v CDMA a sng mang
6.12. CU HI V BI TP
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
110
190
410
a 2A (dB)
-9,7
-19,2
-22,8
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
134
Chng 6. a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s trc giao v CDMA a sng mang
(a) 15,25 MHz; (b) 16,25MHz; (d) 17,25 MHz
24. (tip) . Tnh khong bng bo v.
(a) 3,5 MHz; (b) 3,75MHz; (c) 4MHz; (d) 4,25MHz.
25. Nu h thng WLAN 802.11a trong bi 17 s dng iu ch 64 QAM vi t l m ha 3/4
th tc truyn tin s bng bao nhiu.
(a) 44Mbps; (b) 47Mbps; (c) 54Mbps; (d)64Mbps
135
HNG DN TR LI
CHNG 1
Bi 6
P=0,021000+3+0,5+0,5= 24W: (d)
Bi 7
Tng tch theo cp ca hai chui phi bng khng:
(a) v (c)
Bi 8
K max =
()
2 C
3
Bi 9
K max =
()
2 C
3
CHNG 2
Bi 1
Ta c th vit li hm tng quan nh sau:
1 ; 1
R x () = 2 + 3() ; trong () =
nu khc
0
Cng sut trung bnh bng Rx(0)=2+3=5W: (c)
Bi 2
Bin i Fourier cho tn hiu x(t) ta c:
x(f)= 2(f)+3Sinc2f
Thnh phn th nht biu th cng sut mt chiu. Vy cng sut mt chiu l 2W: (a)
Bi 3
Hm tam gic 1000(f-106) c gi tr bng 1 ti f=106Hz v bng khng ti f0,999MHz v
f1,001MHz. V th cng sut s l 2 ln ca din tch na tam gic t 1MHz n 1,001MHz.
P=21000.10-4/2=0,1W: (a)
Bi 4
136
Rc() = 1 +
T ()
c
1
N
1 T , 0 Tc
Tc =
c
, nu khc
Rc(0,7ms)= = 1 +
1
15
)(1 0,7510
1000)
1
15
= 0, 25 1 +
1
15
1
15
= 0, 2 : (c)
Bi 5
k/j
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Cj
cj'
0
-1
-1
-1
1
-1
1
1
-1
1
-1
-1
1
-1
1
1
-1
-1
2
-1
1
-1
1
1
-1
-1
-1
3
1
-1
1
1
-1
-1
-1
1
4
-1
1
1
-1
-1
-1
1
1
5
1
1
-1
-1
-1
1
-1
-1
6
1
-1
-1
-1
1
-1
1
1
Rcc'(k)
3/7
-1/7
3/7
-1/7
-1/7
-5/7
3/7
Tr li : (a)
Bi 6
1
R cc (1, 5Tc ) =
7Tc
1
=
7Tc
Tc
c p
i
i=0
Tc
c(t)c (t + 1, 5T )dt
c
0
6
Tc
Nhng:
pTc (t iTc )pTc (t + 1, 5Tc iTc ) = 1,(i + 1)Tc < t < (i + 1)Tc khi j = i + 2
khi j i + 1hay i + 2
0, vi mi t
V th
(i +1)Tc
(i+0 ,5)Tc 6
6
1
R cc () =
c
c
dt
c
c
dt
+
i i+1
i i+2
7Tc
(i +0 ,5)Tc i=0
iTc i=0
1
0, 5Tc {(11) + (11) + (11) + (11) + (11) + (11) + (11)}
7Tc
=1
0, 5Tc {(11) + (11) + (11) + (11) + (11) + (11) + (11)}
/7
Tr li: (a)
137
Bi 7
E[(k+x(t))(k+x(t+)]= k2+E[x(t)x(t+)]=k2+Rx(): (c)
Bi 8
Cng sut trung bnh ca tn hiu x(t) c xc nh nh sau:
P=Rc(=0)=at1()=a= (+1)2 Pr(x(1)=+1)+(0)2Pr(x(t)=0)+(-1)2Pr(x(t)=-1)=1/3+1/3=2/3
Tr li: (b)
Bi 9
E[(k+x(t)cos(2fct+))(k+x(t+)cos(2fct++2fc)]=k2+E[x(t)cos(2fct+)
x(t+)cos(2fct++2fc)=k2+E[x(t)x(t+)]E[cos(2fct+)cos(2fct++2fc)]
=k2+0,5Rx()cos(2fc)
Tr li: (d)
CHNG 3
Bi 1
Gp= 10lg(106/1200)=29,2dB: (a)
Bi 2
B= Rc=1/Tc= N/Tb=NRb =204710.103Hz=20,47MHz: (d)
Bi 3
Rb= Rc/Gp=107/103= 104 bps=10kbps: (c)
Bi 4
2E b
zi =
Tb
Tb
c(t)c(t )dt =
2E b
Tc ()
Tb
1 2E b
: (b)
2 Tb
Bi 5
Rb=64kbps; Rc=40Mcps. Vy Gp=Rc/Rb=40.106/(64.103)=625: (d)
Bi 6
Tr li: (c)
Bi 7
Theo phng trnh (3.21) ta c:
138
Tb
Eb
Tb
Bi 8
T phng trnh (3.22) ta c
=7/4: (d)
Bi 9
Thnh phn tn thp trong (3.24) th nht trong trng hp ny s nhn c t tch sau:
2E br
Tb
d(t-)sin(2fct+') sin(2fct+")
2E br
Tb
d(t-)cos('-")
2E br
= 2.10 2 = 200 : (c)
N0
Bi 11
SNR 0 =
E br
2Pr
=
N0 / 2 + PT
N0 R b + Pj / G p
j c /2
E br
Pr
Pr
=
N0 R b =
= (1/ 100)w=0,01w
N0 N0 R b
(E br / N0 )
SNR 0 =
2Pr
2
=
= 57,14
N 0 R b + Pj / G p 0,01 + 50 / 2000
Tr li: (b)
Bi 12
139
SNR 0 =
2E br
N 0 + Pj / B j
2Pr
2Pr
=
N 0 R b + PR
N0 R b + Pj / G p
j b / Rc
Tr li: (d)
Bi 13
T phng trnh (3.42 ta c
thnh phn gy nhiu khng i thng:
s 0, = E br1 cos()R c ( )
bng khng ta cn m bo: '=15m/c= 15m/(3.108m/s)Tc=1/Rc
Vy tc chip cc tiu bng:
Rcmin= (3.108m/s)/15m= 20Mcps: (d)
Bi 14
(xem bi 13)
Tr li: (b)
Bi 15
E br1
E br1
E br1
E br1
=
=
=
,
P
T
No
N0 + (D11/ D12)Pr1 / R c N + 4 r1 b T
N0 + 4E br1 / G p
0
c
Tb
Ebr1=!00N0
Vy:
E br1
E br1
E
=
= br1
,
No
N0 + 0, 4N0 1, 4N0
Tr li: (a)
CHNG 4
Bi 1
Z l mt s ngu nhin.
2Tb
2Tb
0
Tr li: (a)
Bi 2
140
2Tb 2Tb
2Tb 2Tb
=
0
(N
0
2Tb
Tr li: (a)
Bi 4
Khng tn ti quan h tuyn tnh gia Pb, K, N, SNR
Tr li: (e)
Bi 6
S ngi s dng trong 1 cell tnh theo cng thc :
K max = 1 +
K max = 1 +
G p
(E br / N 0 )(1 + )
(1, 25.10
10
/9, 6).0, 8
0,6
.0, 6.(1 + 0, 5)
Kmax/3=26,4
Tr li: (b)
Bi 7
Do h thng l tri ph DS/SS BPSK nn ta c xc sut li bit ca h thng xc nh nh
sau:
H thng DS/SS-BPSK c xc xut li l :
K max = 1 +
G p
(E br / N 0 )(1 + )
K max
G=
G=
Rc
9, 6
Eb
(1 + )
N0
40.4,8.(1 + 0,6).0, 5
=
= 192 (ln)
0,8.1
Bi 8
2E
2E b
b
; x=
Pe = Q
= 2.4,8 = 3 ;
N0
N0
141
CHNG 5
Bi 15
3.108
= c / fc =
= 0,162m
1850.10 6
f = fc + fd = 1850.10 6 +
80.10 3
= 1850,000137MHz
3600 0,162
Tr li: (c)
Bi 16
Bi 17
(d)
Bi 18
=100:64=1,5625s: (c)
Bi 19
=
Bi 20
(1)(5)2 + (0,1)(1)2 + (0,1)(2)2 + (0,01)(0)
2
=
= 21,07 s 2 : (d)
1, 21
Bi 21
Bc
1
1
=
= 146kHz : (b)
5 5(1, 37s)
CHNG 6
Bi 10
110
190
410
a 2A
0,107
0,012
0,0052
142
11,77 + 2, 28 + 2,132
=14,4ns: (b)
1,1242
Bi 11
2 =
Bi 12
= 2 2 = 2314, 55 207, 36 = 46ns : (d)
Bi 13
Bi 24
Tnh khong bng bo v: 20Mhz-16,25Mhz=3,75MHz: (b)
Bi 25
Tc truyn tin s l: 4863/4250.103=54Mbps: (c)
144
THUT NG
AWGN
BER
BPSK
CDMA
DPS
FFT
FSR
ICI
IFFT
ISI
LOS
MA
OFDM
PDF
PDP
QAM
QPSK
QoS
RDS
rms
SE
SINR
SNR
144
K HIU
B
BC
B
fd
C
ES
c
K
M
N
L
NB
N0
P
Pe
Pr
PFR
PT
r(t)
Rb
rc
Rtb
RS
SE
Tb
TC
TFFT
TGD
T
Twin
145
TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng, L thuyt tri ph v ng dng, Gio trnh, Hc
vin Cng ngh Bu chnh Vin thng, Nh xut bn Bu in, 2000
TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng, L thuyt tri ph v a truy nhp v tuyn, Gio
trnh, Hc Vin Cng ngh Bu chnh Vin thng, 2004
TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng, C s truyn dn vi ba s, Gio trnh, Hc vin
Cng ngh Bu chnh Vin thng, Nh xut bn Bu in, 2001
146
MC LC
CHNG 1. TNG QUAN CC PHNG PHP A
TRUY NHP V K THUT TRI PH
1
1
5
9
13
25
27
28
29
CHNG 2. TO M TRI PH
30
30
30
33
34
37
37
38
39
39
41
41
41
43
50
54
59
59
62
62
62
72
76
80
80
iii
82
82
82
84
85
86
88
89
90
91
97
98
101
106
108
110
110
110
112
114
119
121
123
125
128
132
133
134
HNG DN TR LI
136
THUT NG V K HIU
144
146
iv
L THUYT TRI PH V A
TRUY NHP V TUYN
M s: 411TP460
Chu trch nhim bn tho
TRUNG TM O TO BU CHNH VIN THNG 1
(Ti liu ny c ban hnh theo Quyt nh s: 817/Q-TTT1 ngy
25/10/2006 ca Gim c Hc vin Cng ngh Bu chnh Vin thng)