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Propagation Channel Models

1

PROPAGATION CHANNEL MODELS...........................................................................................................

CHANNEL MODEL DESCRIPTION...............................................................................................................

2.1

MULTIPATH FADING PROPAGATION CONDITIONS...........................................................................

2.2

HIGH SPEED TRAIN CONDITION...........................................................................................................

2.3

MOVING PROPAGATION CONDITION...................................................................................................

2.4

MIMO CHANNEL CORRELATION MATRICES......................................................................................

EXAMPLES.......................................................................................................................................................
3.1

EXAMPLE 1: LTE CHANNEL MODELS IN THE 3G EVOLUTION LAB LTE

TOOLBOX...............................................................................................................................................................
3.1.1

Setup Cell-wide settings......................................................................................................................

3.1.2

Subframe Resource Grid Generation......................................................................................................

3.1.3

Symbol and Indices Generation with Resource Grid Mapping..............................................................

3.1.4

OFDM Modulation.................................................................................................................................

3.1.5

Constructing the LTE fading channel.....................................................................................................

3.1.6

Passing data through the fading channel...............................................................................................

3.2

EXAMPLE 2: CHANNEL IMPULSE RESPONSE...................................................................................

See also:
LteFadingChan, LteHSTChan, LteMovingChan.

1 Propagation Channel Models

The LTE Toolbox provides a set of channel models for the test and verification of UE and
eNodeB radio transmission and reception as defined in documents TS 36.101 and TS 36.104.
The following channel models are available in the LTE Toolbox:

Multipath fading propagation conditions

High speed train conditions

Moving propagation conditions

2 Channel Model Description

The following section describes the LTE channel models.

2.1 Multipath Fading Propagation Conditions

The multipath fading channel model specifies three different delay profiles which are
representative of low, medium and high delay spread environment. These are: Extended
Pedestrian A model (EPA), Extended Vehicular A model (EVA) and Extended Typical Urban
model (ETU). The multipath delay profiles for these channels are shown in Tables 1, 2 and 3.

Table 1 - Extended Pedestrian A model (EPA)

Excess tap

Relative power

delay [ns]

[dB]

0.0

30

-1.0

70

-2.0

90

-3.0

110

-8.0

190

-17.2

410

-20.8

Table 2 - Extended Vehicular A model (EVA)

Excess tap

Relative power

delay [ns]

[dB]

0.0

30

-1.5

150

-1.4

310

-3.6

370

-0.6

710

-9.1

1090

-7.0

1730

-12.0

2510

-16.9

Table 3 - Extended Typical Urban model (ETU)

Excess tap

Relative power

delay [ns]

[dB]

-1.0

50

-1.0

120

-1.0

200

0.0

230

0.0

500

0.0

1600

-3.0

2300

-5.0

5000

-7.0

In addition to multipath delay profile a maximum Doppler frequency is specified for each
multipath fading propagation condition as shown as in Table 4. Note that all taps in Tables 1, 2
and 3 have a classical Doppler spectrum.

Table 4 - Channel model parameters

Model

Maximum
Doppler
frequency

EPA 5Hz

5 Hz

EVA 5Hz

5 Hz

EVA 70Hz

70 Hz

ETU 70Hz

70 Hz

ETU 300Hz

300 Hz

In case of MIMO environments a set of correlation matrices is introduced to model the

correlation between UE and eNodeB antennas. These are introduced in Section 2.4.

2.2 High Speed Train Condition

The high speed train condition defines a non fading propagation channel with single multipath
component, the position of which is fixed in time.
This single multipath represents the Doppler shift which is caused due to a high speed train
moving past a base station as shown in Figure 1.

Maximum
Doppler Shift

UE
travelling
speed v

D
s

/2

Minimum
Doppler Shift

DD
eN
odeB

min
min

with

Railway
track

Figure 1 - High Speed Train Condition

Ds 2 is the initial distance of the train from eNodeB, and Dmin is the minimum distance
between eNodeB and the railway track. Both values are in metres. v is the velocity of the
train in m/s. The Doppler shift due to a moving train is mathematically described as

f s t f d cos t
where f s t is the Doppler shift and f d is the maximum Doppler frequency. The cosine of
angle t is given by:

cos t

cos t

Ds 2 vt
Dmin 2 Ds 2 vt 2

0 t Ds v

1.5Ds vt

Dmin 1.5 Ds vt
2

(1)

Ds v t 2 Ds v

cos t cos t mod ( 2 Ds v) , t 2 Ds v

(2)

(3)

For eNodeB testing two high speed train scenarios are defined which uses the parameters
listed in Table 5. The Doppler shift fs(t) is calculated using equations 1, 2 and 3 using the
parameters listed in the Table 5.

Table 5 - Parameters for high speed train conditions for eNodeB

testing
Paramet

Value

er

Scenario 1

Scenario 3

Ds

1000 m

300 m

Dmin

50 m

2m

350 km/h

300 km/h

fd

1340 Hz

1150 Hz

These scenarios result in Doppler shifts as shown in Figure 2 and Figure 3 and are applicable
to all frequency bands.

Figure 2 - Doppler shift trajectory for scenario 1

Figure 3 - Doppler shift trajectory for scenario 3

For UE testing the input parameters listed in Table are used to calculate the Doppler shift
using Equation 1, 2 and 3.

Table 6 - Parameters for high speed train condition for UE testing

Parameter

Value

Ds

300 m

Dmin

2m

300 km/h

fd

750 Hz

These parameters result in the Doppler shift shown in Figure 4 and is applied to all frequency
bands.

Figure 4 - Doppler shift trajectory for UE testing

2.3 Moving Propagation Condition

The moving propagation channel in LTE defines a channel condition where the location of
multipath components changes. The time difference between the reference time and the first
tap is:

A
sin( t )
2

(4)

where A represents the starting time in seconds and represents angular rotation in
radian/sec. Note that relative time between multipath components stays fixed.

The parameters for the moving propagation conditions are shown in Table 7. Doppler shift is
only applicable for generating fading samples for scenario 1.

Table 7 - Parameters for UL timing adjustment

Parameter

Scenario 1

Scenario 2

Channel model

ETU200

AWGN

UE speed

120 km/h

350 km/h

CP length

Normal

Normal

10 s

10s

0.04 s

-1

0.13 s-1

In scenario 2 a single non fading multipath component with AWGN is modelled. The location
of this multipath component changes with time according to Equation 4.
An example of a moving channel with a single non-fading tap is shown in Figure 5. The LTE
specific parameters have been scaled up to produce this plot.

Figure 5 Moving Propagation Condition with scaled parameters

2.4 MIMO Channel Correlation Matrices

In MIMO systems there is correlation between transmit and receive antennas. This depends
on a number of factors such as the separation between antenna and the carrier frequency.

For maximum capacity it is desirable to minimise the correlation between transmit and receive
antennas.
There are different ways to model antenna correlation. One such technique makes use of
correlation matrices to describe the correlation between multiple antennas both at the
transmitter and the receiver. These matrices are computed independently at both the
transmitter/receiver and are then combined by means of a Kronecker product in order to
generate a channel spatial correlation matrix.
Three different correlation levels are defined in the LTE specification TS 36.101: (i) low or no
correlation (ii) medium and (iii) high correlations. The parameter and are defined for each
level of correlation as Shown in Table 8.

Table 8 - Correlation Values

Low correlation

Medium Correlation

High Correlation

0.3

0.9

0.9

0.9

The independent correlation matrices at UE and eNodeB (i.e. ReNB , RUE respectively) are
shown as in Table 9 and 10 for different set of antennas (i.e. 1, 2 and 4).

Table 9 - eNodeB Correlation Matrix

Correlat
ion
eNode B

One

Two antennas

Four antennas

antenna

ReNB 1

ReNB

ReNB

9
1 *
1
4
9 1 9 9
4 *
1 *
1
9 9 1 9
4 *
1 *
* 9 9 1

Table 10 - UE Correlation Matrix

Correlatio

One antenna

Two antennas

RUE 1

RUE

Four antennas

n
UE

RUE

1 *
9
4 *
9

1 *
9
4 *
9

4
1

1 *
9

The channel spatial correlation matrix (Rspar) is expressed as:

Rspat ReNB RUE

where represent the Kronecker product. Table 11 defines the channel spatial correlation
matrix (Rspat).

Table 11 - Rspal correlation matrices

1

*
1

1x2

R spat RUE

case
2x2 case

1 *
1
1
* *
*
*
1
1 1
* * *

*
1

Rspat ReNB RUE

4x2 case

R spat ReNB RUE

1
4

1
4

9
9

4
9

9
9

*
1

4
1

4x4 case

19

R spat ReNB RUE

1
4

9
9

4
9

9
9

1 *
9
4 *
9

1 *
9
4 *
9

4
1

1 *
9

3 Examples
3.1 LTE Channel Models in the 3G Evolution Lab LTE Toolbox
This example is designed to aid understanding of the use of LTE channel model in a
simulation. In this example cell specific reference signals are generated and mapped onto a
resource grid. The resource grid undergoes OFDM modulation and is passed through a
fading channel.

3.1.1

Setup Cell-wide settings

Cell-wide settings are specified in a structure. A number of the functions used in this example
require a subset of the settings specified below.

enb.NDLRB=9; %NoofDLRBintotalBW
enb.CyclicPrefix='Normal';

%CPlength

enb.PHICHDuration='Normal';

% Normal PHICH duration

enb.CFI=3;

%4PDCCHsymbols

enb.Ng='Sixth';

%HICHgroups

enb.CellRefP=1;

%1antennaports

enb.NCellID=10; %CellID

3.1.2

enb.NSubframe=0;

%Subframenumber0

enb.DuplexMode=FDD;

%Duplexmode

antennaPort=0;

%Antennaport0

Subframe Resource Grid Generation

A resource grid can easily be created using toolbox function LteDLResourceGrid. This creates
an empty resource grid for one subframe.

subframe=LteDLResourceGrid(enb);%Createemptyresourcegrid

3.1.3

Symbol and Indices Generation with Resource Grid Mapping

Cell-specific Reference symbols (CellRS) are generated and then mapped onto the Resource
Elements (RE's) of a resource grid using linear indices.

cellRSsymbols=LteCellRS(enb,antennaPort);%Cellreference
symbol
%generation
cellRSindices=LteCellRSIndices(enb,antennaPort,{'1based'});
%Indicesgeneration
subframe(cellRSindices)=cellRSsymbols; %Resourcegridmapping

3.1.4

OFDM Modulation

Perform OFDM modulation of the complex symbols in a subframe according to cell wide
settings enb

[txWaveform,info] = LteOFDM(enb,subframe);
where txWaveform are the transmitted OFDM modulated symbols and info is a structure
contain details of the modulation process. The field info.SamplingRate provides the
sampling rate of the time domain waveform, and is given by

SR = 30.72MHz / 2048 * Nfft

where Nfft is the size of the OFDM IFFT.
3.1.5

Constructing the LTE fading channel

The following function generates an LTE multipath fading channel as specified in TS 36.101.
First the channel parameters are setup by creating a structure channel:

channel.Seed = 1;

% Random number generator seed.

channel.NRxAnts = 1;

% Number of receive antennas

channel.DelayProfile = 'EVA';

% Delay profile model

(EPA,EVA,ETU)
channel.DopplerFreq = 5;

% Doppler frequency

channel.CarrierFreq = 2.6e9;

% Carrier frequency

channel.MIMOCorrelation = 'Low';% Correlation between UE &

eNodeB
channel.SamplingRate = info.SamplingRate; % Input sampling rate

channel.InitTime = 0;

% Fading process time Offset

Note that the sampling rate within the channel model ( channel.SamplingRate) must be set
to the value created by LteOFDM (info.SamplingRate).

3.1.6

Passing data through the fading channel

The txWaveform is an array of LTE transmitted samples. Each row contains the waveform
samples for each of the transmit antennas. These waveforms are filtered with the delay
profiles as specified in the parameter structure channel using the following function:

rxWaveform = LteFadingChan(txWaveform, channel);

rxWaveform is the channel output signal matrix, where each row corresponds to the
waveform at each of the receive antennas ( since we have defined 1 receive antenna, the
number of rows of rxWaveform matrix is one).

3.2 Channel Impulse Response

The following example demonstrates the use of LTE channel modelling toolbox in a
MathWorks Matlab environment. This example shows how the impulse response of a 2x2
MIMO system can be achieved.
The input is a matrix of impulses where each impulse is separated by 300 samples. Each
column (where the column size represents the number of transmit antennas) in the matrix is
the input waveform to the channel model function and is therefore a series of impulses. This
series of impulses allows the changing impulse response of the channel to be viewed over
time. For clear visualisation the impulse spacing should be greater than maximum delay
spread of the channel).
The Input waveform is passed through the channel. Here the LTE Multipath fading channel
model is used. The output matrix has complex samples corresponding to each receive
antenna. This process is shown in Figure 6.

Input Impulse
Stream
1
0
0
1
.
.
.
1
0
0
.
.
.

Tran
Trans
smit
mit
Antennas

1
0
0
1
.
.
.
1
0
0
.
.
.

Receive

Antennas

b
c
d
.
.
.
f
0
g
.
.
.

Antenna
s
LTE
Multipath
Fading Channel

T
x 1

Output
Stream
Waveform

l
m
n
1
o
.
.
p
0
r
.
.
.

x 2

x 1

R
x 2

a
b

Impulse

spacing
of
samples

|
H|

300

T
ime[s]

Impulses and corresponding

response

T
ime[s]

Figure 6 - Channel impulse response

The pre configuration of LTE multipath fading channel is done using a structure which could
be parameterise through a simple structure. The following Matlab code shows how to
parameterise the fading channel.
%Channel Parameterisation
channel.Seed =1;
channel.NRxAnts = 2;

% Channel seed
% No of receive antennas

channel.DelayProfile = 'EVA';

% Delay profile

channel.DopplerFreq=300; % Doppler frequency

channel.CarrierFreq=2e9; % Carrier frequency
channel.MIMOCorrelation='Low';% MIMO Correlation
channel.SamplingRate=1/10e9;

% Channel sampling rate

% Initialise channel time

channel.InitTime=0;

%The subsequent line of code creates two identical input streams

of data which are passed through two transmit antennas as in
Figure 6
nAntIn = 2;

% Number of Transmit antennas

impulseSpacing = 300; % Greater than max ch delay spread

noImpResponse = 150;

% no of impulse responses to be calculated

nInputSamples = impulseSpacing * noImpResponse;

in = zeros(nInputSamples, nAntIn);
onesLocations = 1:impulseSpacing:nInputSamples;
in(onesLocations,1) = 1;
% Channel filtering
out = LteFadingChan(in, channel);
% Plotting receive waveform
for (antNo = 1: channel.NRxAnts)
figure
mesh(squeeze(abs(reshape(out(:,antNo),impulseSpacing,noImpRespon
se).')));
titleStr = ['Rx Antenna' num2str(antNo)];
title({'Channel

Impulse

Response

for

LTE

channel',titleStr});
ylabel('number of impulses');
xlabel('Impulse spacing [no of samples]');
zlabel('|H|');
end;

Figure 7 shows the channel impulse response at receive antenna 1.

Figure 7 Channel impulse response

fading

 Copyright 2009-2010 Steepest Ascent Ltd.

A ZadoffChu sequence is a complex-valued mathematical sequence

which, when applied to radio signals, gives rise to an
electromagnetic signal of constant amplitude, whereby cyclicly
shifted versions of the sequence comprising the signal do not crosscorrelate with each other when the signal is recovered at the
receiver. A generated ZadoffChu sequence that has not been shifted
is known as a "root sequence".
The sequence then exhibits the useful property that cyclic-shifted
versions of itself remain orthogonal to one another, provided, that
is, that each cyclic shift, when viewed within the time domain of the
signal, is greater than the combined propagation delay and multi-path
delay-spread of that signal between the transmitter and receiver.
The complex value at each position (n) of each root ZadoffChu
sequence (u) given by

where

ZadoffChu sequence is known as a CAZAC sequence (constant amplitude

zero autocorrelation waveform).

1. Properties of Zadoff-Chu sequences

1. They are periodic with period NZC if NZC is prime.

xu(n + NZC) = xu(n)

2. Given NZC is prime, Discrete Fourier Transform of ZadoffChu
sequence is another ZadoffChu sequence conjugated, scaled and time
scaled.

where

is the multiplicative inverse of u

modulo NZC.
3. The autocorrelation of a prime length ZadoffChu sequence with a
cyclically shifted version of itself also has zero auto-correlation.
i.e. it is non-zero only at one instant which corresponds to the
cyclic shift.
4. The cross correlation between two prime length ZadoffChu
sequences, i.e. different u, is constant

2. Usages
ZadoffChu sequences are used in the 3GPP LTE Long Term Evolution
air interface in the definition of Primary Synchronization Signal
(PSS) (so called primary synchronization channel), random access
preamble (PRACH) , HARQ ACK/NACK responses (PUCCH) and sounding
reference signals(SRS). The ZC sequences are used in LTE because they
provide an advantage of having a lower Peak-to-Average-Power (PAPR)
ratio as compared to Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
(OFDM).

3. References

http://www.quintillion.co.jp/3GPP/Specs/

S. Beyme and C. Leung (2009). "Efficient computation of DFT of

Zadoff-Chu sequences". Electron. Lett. 45 (9): 461463.
doi:10.1049/el.2009.3330.

Zadoff Chu (ZC) Sequences

This entry is from Wikipedia, the leading user-contributed

encyclopedia. It may not have been reviewed by professional editors
(see full disclaimer)

Read

more:

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