EXPERIMENTS

IN
GENERAL CHEMISTRY
2

Karabk University
Department of Chemistry
Dr. Aye Elif Bykbayram

KARABK
September 2008

Table of Content

Experiments
11. zeltilerin Hazrlanmas

50

12. znrlk ve znrl Etkileyen Faktrler

54

13. Donma Noktas Alalmasndan Molekl Ktlesi Tayini

57

14. Kinetic Study of the Reaction Between Ferric and Iodine Ions .

62

15. Le Chatelier Kural .

66

16. Asit Baz Titrasyonu

68

17. pH ve ndikatrler .

71

18. Oxidation-Reduction Electron Transfer Reactions

74

19. The Solubility Product Constant of Calcium lodate, Ca(IO3)2 .

82

20. Sabun

89

References

92

11

zeltilerin Hazrlanmas

AMA
Deriim birimlerini renip farkl deriimde zeltileri hazrlamak.

TEORK BLG
ki veya daha fazla bileenin homojen karmna zelti ad verilir. zeltiler, kat, sv veya gaz
olabilir. Bileenlerden, genellikle nicelii ok olana zc, dierine znen ad verilir.
zeltinin birim hacminde veya zcnn birim ktlesinde znen madde miktarna deriim

(konsantrasyon) denir. Deriimin yksek olduu zeltilere deriik zelti, dk olduu

zeltilere ise seyreltik zelti ad verilir. Belli bir scaklkta zebilecegi en fazla maddeyi zm
olan zelti doymu zeltidir. Ayn maddeden bir miktar daha zebilecek durumda olan zelti
ise seyreltik zeltidir. Doymu bir zeltinin deriimi yani znrlk, zcnn yapsna,
znenin yapsna, scakla ve basnca baldr.
zelti hazrlarken damtk su kullanlmal, kaplarn temiz olmasna dikkat edilmelidir.

Deriim Birimleri
Molarite (M): Bir litre zeltide znm maddenin mol saysdr. 0.1 M NaOH zeltisinde 0.1
mol NaOH var demektir.
Molalite (m): 1000 g zcde znm maddenin mol saysdr. 1 m HCl zeltisi, 1000 g
zcde znm 1 mol HCl (36.5 g) ierir.
Normalite (N): Bir litre zeltide znen maddenin edeer ktle saysdr.
N= Ykseltgenme says x M
Mol Kesri (X): zeltideki A bileeninin mol kesri (XA), A bileeninin mol saysnn toplam mol
saysna orandr. Bir zeltideki bileenlerin toplam bire eittir.
XA = na / nT

nT = nA + nB +

XA + XB + = 1

50

Ktle Yzdesi: Bir zeltide, bir bileenin ktle yzdesi o bileenin ktlesinin toplam zelti
ktlesine orannn yz katdr. %10'luk sulu NaOH zeltisi, 10 g NaOH zeltisi ve 90 g su ierir.
Az miktardaki (eser miktar) konsantrasyonlar: Genellikle aada verilen birimlerden
birisiyle ifade edilir.
a)

Binde bir ksm (Ing. parts per thousand, ppt, )

b)

Milyonda bir ksm (Ing. parts per million, ppm,
)

c)

Milyarda bir ksm (Ing. parts per billion, ppb)

znen (g)
3
ppt (ktle / ktle) =
x 10
rnek (g)

znen (g)
3
ppt (ktle / hacim) =
x 10
rnek
(mL)

znen (g)
6
ppm (ktle / ktle) =
x 10
rnek
(g)

znen (g)
6
ppm (ktle / hacim) =
x 10
rnek (mL)

znen (g)
9
ppb (ktle / ktle) =
x 10
rnek
(g)

znen (g)
9
ppb (ktle / hacim) =
x 10
rnek (mL)

rnek: 2.6 g Bitki dokusu rnei analiz edildiinde 3.6 g inko ierdii bulunmutur. Bitkideki
inkonun ppm ve ppb cinsinden konsantrasyonu nedir?
zm:
3.6 g / 2.6 g = 1.4 g / g = 1.4 ppm
3.6 x 103 ng / 2.6 g = 1.4 x 103 ng/g = 1400 ppb

rnek: 25 L Serum rnei analiz edildiinde 26.7 g glikoz ierdii bulunmutur. Serum
rneinde bulunan glikozun ppm ve mg/dL cinsinden konsantrasyonu nedir?
zm:
25 L

1 mL
= 2.50 10- 2 mL
1000 L

26.7 g

ppm =

1g
106 g

2.67 10 5 g
2.50 10- 2 mL

mg/dL =

= 2.67 10 5 g

10 6 g/g = 1.07 10 3 g/mL

2.67g 10 -3 mg / g
100mL / dL = 107mg/dL
0.025 mL

51

Kat Maddelerden zelti Hazrlanmas

Sv zeltiler hacmi ayarl cam kaplarda (balon joje) hazrlanr. zeltisi hazrlanacak olan kat
maddeden ne kadar alnaca istenen deriim birimine gre yaplacak hesaplamayla belirlenir.
rnein 1 M NaOH zeltisi hazrlamak iin 1 mol = 23g+16g+1g = 40g NaOH tartlarak kk
bir behere alnr. Daha sonra az miktarda damtk su ile zlerek 1 litrelik balon jojeye aktarlr.
Kat madde kalmamas iin beher damtk suyla birka defa eperlerinden ykanarak balon jojeye
eklenir. Daha sonra balon joje iaretli izgiye kadar nce hzl, izgiye yaklamaya balaynca
yava yava damtk su ile doldurulur. Son ilem olarak balon jojenin kapa kapatlarak birka
defa ters yz edilir. Bylece, dipteki daha deriik zeltinin balon jojenin her tarafna dalarak
homojen bir zelti elde edilmesi salanm olur.
Katlardan zelti hazrlarken, kat maddenin kristal suyu ierip iermediine dikkat edilmelidir
(Na2CO3 10H2O gibi). Molekl ktlesi hesaplanrken, kristal suyu da hesaba katlmaldr.
zeltileri bazen ktlece yzde biriminde hazrlamak gerekir. rnein ktlece %10'luk bir NaCl
zeltisi hazrlamak iin 10 g NaCl alnp 90 g suda znr. zc, younluu 1 'den farkl olan
bir sv ise 90 gramn hacmi hesaplanp 10 g znenin zerine ilave edilmelidir. NaOH gibi s
vererek znen maddelerin zeltileri hazrlanrken, kullanlan balon joje akan su altnda srekli
soutulur.

Deriik Asit, Baz ya da Tuz zeltilerinden stenen Deriimde

zelti Hazrlanmas
Kimya laboratuvarnda ok sk kullanlan HCl, H2SO4, HNO3, CH3COOH ve NH3 deriik sulu
zeltiler halinde satlmaktadr. Tm seyreltme ilemlerinde znen miktar deimediinden
genel olarak;

n1 = n2

M1V1 = M2V2

eitlii geerlidir.

Eitlikte 1 indisi deriik zeltiyi, 2 indisi ise hazrlanmak istenen zeltiyi gstermektedir.
Deriik zeltiden belirli deriimde daha seyreltik bir zelti hazrlarken nce ka mol gerektii
hesaplanr. Bunun ne kadar hacimde bulunaca da nceden bilinir ve yukardaki eitlik
kullanlarak deriimi belli ana zeltiden alnacak miktar hesaplanr. Bulunan miktar uygun bir
l kabyla bir balon jojeye alnr ve zeri zc ile belirli hacime tamamlanr. Hazrlanan
zeltiler saklama ielerine aktarlarak zerine deriimi ve hazrlanma tarihi yazlr.

DKKAT: H2SO4 zeltisi hazrlarken asit zerine su koymaynz. Patlama olabilir. Daima zeltiyi
hazrlayacanz kabn dibine zelti hacminin yars kadar su koyup H2SO4 i yava yava zeltiyi
srekli kartrarak ekleyiniz.

52

DENEYN YAPILII
zeltilerin Hazrlanmas
1.

0,10 M, 2 L H2SO4 zeltisinin hazrlanmas.

H2SO4 piyasada genellikle ktlece %96'lk sulu zeltisi halinde satlr ve younluu 1.858
g/mL dir. Elimizde bulunan zeltinin molaritesinin hesaplanmasnda 1 L zelti esas alnr.
zeltinin ktlesi = 1000 mL x 1.858g/mL = 1858 g
H2SO4'in ktlesi = 1858 x 0.96 = 1784 g
H2SO4'in mol says = 1784 / 98 gmol-1 = 18.2 mol
1 L zeltide 18.2 mol H2SO4 olduuna gre deriik zelti 18.2 M'dr.
Ayn asidin seyreltilmesi sz konusu olduuna gre M1V1 = M2V2 eitlii kullanlr.
18.2 x V1 =2 x 0.10

V1 = 0.011 L

Balon jojeye 1 L damtk su koyup zerine 11 mL %96'lk H2SO4 zeltisinden yava yava
kartrarak ilave edilir. Hacim izgisine kadar damtk su ile 2 L'ye tamamlanr.
2.

500 mL, 0.050 M NH4OH zeltisini, NH3'n %27'lik sulu zeltisinden hazrlaynz (d=0.90
g/mL) (NH4OH amonyan sulu zeltisidir).

3.

0,1 N, 500 mL asetik asit zeltisini laboratuvarnzda bulunan asetik asidi kullanarak
hazrlaynz.

4.

5 ppm Na2CO3, 10 ppb MgSO4, 15 ppt NaCl zeltilerinin her birinden 50 mL hazrlaynz.

SORULAR
1.

Ykseltgenme says ve edeer ktle nedir? Nasl hesaplanr?

2.

Neden H2SO4'in zerine su konulmaz? Aklaynz. Bu durum sadece H2SO4 iin mi

geerlidir? Dier asitlerin zerine su ilave edebilir miyiz?

53

12

znrlk ve znrl
Etkileyen Faktrler

AMA
znrlk, znrl etkileyen faktrler ve znme hzlarn incelemek. Bir zcnn
(sv) kaynama scaklna uucu olmayan bir katnn etkisini aratrmak.

TEORK BLG
Bir nceki deneyden hatrlayacanz gibi zeltinin birim hacminde veya zcnn birim
ktlesinde znen madde miktarna deriim (konsantrasyon) denir. Deriimi dk olan
zeltilere seyreltik zelti, yksek olan zeltilere ise deriik zelti denir. Belli bir scaklk ve
basnta bir znenin bir zc iinde en ok znebildii deriime ise znrlk denir.
ou maddelerin verilen bir zc iinde znrlkleri azdr. zeltinin, znen ile
doygunlua ulat deriim znrle karlk gelir. Baz maddeler birbirleriyle her oranda
karabilirler. Tam olarak karabilen gaz zeltileriyle beraber baz sv-sv, sv-kat ve katkat madde iftlerini de rnek olarak verebiliriz.
znrlk, a) zcnn yapsna, b) znenin yapsna, c) scakla ve d) basnca baldr.
Bir katnn svdaki znrl yalnz scaklkla deiir. Scaklk art genellikle katnn
svdaki znrln de artrr. Sv ve kat maddelerin svlardaki znrlne basncn
etkisi ok azdr. Bir gazn svdaki znrl, scaklk ve znen gazn basncna baml
olarak deiir. Genellikle gazlarn sudaki znrl, zeltinin scakl arttka azalr.
rnein, snan sudan hava kabarcklarnn kmas. Basncn ykselme ve dmesinden sv
iindeki gazn znrl ok etkilenir. Gazn basnc arttka svdaki znrl de artar.
rnein, gazozlar yksek basn altnda ekerli suda znm fazla miktarda CO2 gaz
ierirler. ienin kapa alp basn atmosfer basncna eitlenince artk fazla znmeyen
CO2 gaz kabarcklar halinde gazozdan ayrlr.

54

DENEYN YAPILII:
A. znen Madde ile zcnn zellii
1.

Deney tplerine eker, sodyum slfat, sodyum klorr (yemek tuzu), parafin ve iyottan
spatl ucuyla az miktarlarda koyunuz. Daha sonra bu maddelerin bulunduu tplerin
her birine damtk su, etil alkol ve karbontetraklorr zclerinden 3 mL ilave ederek
maddelerin znrlklerini kontrol ediniz. Bir tablo dzenleyerek znen maddeyi (),
az znen maddeyi (a), znmeyen maddeyi de (m) olarak gstererek sonularnz
not ediniz.

2.

2 mL Etil alkol, 1 mL damtk suya damla damla ilave ediniz. Sonra 1 mL etil alkole 2
mL damtk suyu damla damla ilave ediniz. Ayn deneyi eter ve su kullanarak tekrar
ediniz. Gzlemlerinizi kayt ediniz.

B. Kat Tane Byklnn Etkisi

1.

Ayn byklkteki iki bakr slfat kristalinden birini toz haline getiriniz, kristal haldeki
bakr slfat ile toz halindeki bakr slfat ayr ayr deney tplerine koyunuz. Her tpe 2
mL damtk su ilave ederek alkalaynz. Gzlediiniz deiimleri not ediniz.

C. znrlk zerine Scakln Etkisi

1.

Deney tpne 5 mL damtk su koyunuz. Termometreyle suyun scakln belirleyiniz.

Bu ilemi yaparken tp avucunuzun ierisinde tutmayn aksi halde scaklk deiecektir.
Tpe 1 gram sodyum asetat trihidrat ilave ediniz. Kat gznnceye kadar tp
alkalayn ve zeltinin scakln not ediniz. Deneyi NaCl kullanarak tekrar ediniz.

2.

Deney tpne 5 mL damtk su koyunuz. 4 g Potasyum nitrat tartarak tpe ilave ediniz.
Kat tamamen znnceye kadar deney tpnz kaynatmadan stnz. Termometreyi
deney tpne koyup yavaa kartrarak zeltinin soumasn bekleyiniz. Kristallerin
olutuu ilk scakl kaydediniz. 2 g daha KNO3 ilave ediniz. Tekrar stp ilk kristalin
olutuu scakl kayt ediniz. ki kez daha 2 g KNO3 ilave ederek zeltinin doygun
olduu scakl belirleyiniz.

D. zcnn Kaynama Noktas zerine znen Maddenin

Etkisi
1.

Behere 50 mL damtk su ve birka tane kaynama ta atnz. Istp suyun iddetle

kaynad scakl kayt ediniz. 5 g NaCl ilave ederek zeltinin kaynama scakln kayt
ediniz. Tekrar 5 g NaCl ilave ederek zeltinin kaynama scakln tekrar tayin ediniz.

55

DENEY VERLER
1.

a) Deneyden elde ettiiniz verileri kullanarak aadaki tabloyu doldurunuz. Kullandnz

maddelerin znrln zc ve znen ynnden inceleyiniz.

zc
znen

Su

Alkol

Karbontetraklorr

eker
Sodyum slfat
Sodyum klorr
Parafin
yot

b) Alkol-su ve eter-su deney sonularn karlatrnz.

2.

Toz haldeki kat ile kristal haldeki katnn sudaki znme hzn karlatrnz.

3.

a) Sodyum asetatn m yoksa sodyum klorrn m znrl scaklk arttka artar?

Nedeniyle beraber aklaynz.
b) Potasyum nitratn sudaki znrln scakla kar grafie geiriniz.
c) Uucu olmayan bir katnn, zcnn kaynama noktas zerine etkisini aratrnz.

56

Donma Noktas Alalmasndan

Molekl Ktlesi Tayini

13

AMA
Donma noktas tayini ve zcnn donma noktasndaki dme ile znenin molekl ktlesini
bulmak. Kkrdn molekl ktlesini, naftalinin donma noktasndaki d kullanarak
belirlemek.

TEORK BLG
Saf kat bir madde stldnda, maddenin scakl artar ve bu art erime noktasna kadar devam
eder. Kat madde erirken, s katnn erimesi iin kullanldndan, scaklk sabit kalr. Katnn
tamamnn svya dnmesinden sonra scaklk tekrar artmaya balar. Fakat kat ve sv halin
scaklnn art hz, deiiktir. nk kat ve svnn s kapasiteleri farkldr.
Aadaki scaklk-zaman grafiinden de grld gibi T1 scaklnda sv katya dnmeye
balar ve bu dnm boyunca scaklk sabit kalr (t1'den t2'ye kadar).
Donma sresince, paracklar sv
halden kat hale geerken belirli bir

Scaklk
T2

geometrik ekle girer ve maddenin

potansiyel enerjisi dmeye balar.

Bu nedenle donma srasnda kat
paracklarn
oluturur

ve

oluumu

enerjisi

oluan

bu

enerji,

s
k

T1

souma ile yok edilen s enerjisini

karlar.

Sonuta

donma

tamamlanncaya kadar scaklk sabit

kalr. Bu durum, deneydeki naftalinin
donma noktasnn belirlenmesinde
bize yardmc olur.

t0

57

t1

t2

Zaman

Bir maddenin kat ve svsnn dengede bulunduu scakla maddenin erime noktas denir.
rnein 1 atm basnta buz 0C'de erir. Kat erirken dzenli ve belli bir kristal yapdan dzensiz
ve dank sv hale dnr. Bir mol katy eritmek iin gerekli olan s miktarna molar erime ss
denir. Erime noktasndan sonra verilen s sv molekllerinin ortalama kinetik enerjisini arttracak
ve svnn scakl ykselecektir. Bu durum kaynama noktasna kadar devam eder ve kaynama
noktasnda durur. nk kaynama noktasnda verilen s svnn scakln ykseltmek yerine
kaynama ilemi iin harcanr. Bir svnn buhar basncnn atmosfer basncna eit olduu scakla

kaynama noktas denir. Bu scaklkta sv kaynamaya balar. Kaynayan sv buharlar ve zamanla

btn sv buhar haline dnr. Bundan sonra verilen s buhar molekllerinin kinetik enerjisini
artrmakta kullanlr. Bir mol svnn buharlamas iin gereken s miktarna molar buharlama

ss ad verilir. Maddelerin stlrken zamanla scaklk deiimini veren eriye snma erisi,
maddelerin soutulurken zamanla scaklk deiimini veren eriye de souma erisi ad verilir.
Gazn svya dnt scaklk (younlama scakl) ile svnn gaza dnt scaklk
(kaynama noktas) ayndr. Benzer durumda, svnn katya dnt scaklk (donma noktas)
ile katnn svya dnt scaklk (erime noktas) ayndr.
Genel olarak bir znen madde ilavesi, zcnn kaynama noktasn ykseltirken donma
noktasn ise drr. Verilen bir zc iin donma noktasnn alalmas zc iinde, znen
olarak bulunan taneciklerin deriimi ile doru orantldr.
T = K d m

T = Donma noktasi alalmasi

K d = Donma noktasi alalma sabiti
m = zeltinin molalitesi

Molalite, 1000g zc iinde znen maddenin mol says olarak tanmlanr.

Molalite =

znenin mol sayisi (n )

1000 g zc

Donma noktasnn alalmas ile ilgili lmeler, kaynama noktas ykselmesinde olduu gibi,
znm maddelerin molekl arlklarnn saptanmasnda kullanlabilir. Donma noktas alalma
sabiti bilinen belli miktarda bir zc iinde, molekl arl bilinmeyen bir madde bir miktar
tartlarak zlr. zeltinin donma noktas saptanr. zeltinin donma noktas alalmas ve
molalitesi hesaplanr.
Bu deneyde zc naftalin, znen madde ise kkrttr. Kkrdn bir mol, 1000 gram
naftalinde zndnde zcnn donma noktasn 6.9C drr (Kd = 6.9C/molal). Bilinen
bir ktledeki naftalin iinde, yine bilinen bir ktledeki kkrd zerek donma noktasndaki
d llecek ve bylece kkrdn molekl ktlesi bulunacaktr.

58

DENEYN YAPILII
Aadaki

ekilde gsterilen dzenei

kurun.

Termometreyi

iki

delikli

mantar tpaya

yerletirirken, termometreyi ve tpay havlu ile sarn ve yava yava dndrerek deliin iine
termometre skalasnn 70C'den yukars grlecek ekilde tpn dibine demeden yerletirin
(aksi durumda termometreyi krabilirsiniz).
5 g Naftalin tartn ve lm deerini m2 zcnn
ktlesi olarak kayt edin. Tp doldurmadan nce
temiz ve kuru olmasna dikkat edin. Naftalinin

Kartrc
Termometre

tamamn byk bir deney tpnn dip ksmna

gelecek

ekilde

boaltn.

Termometre

ve

tel

kartrcy yerletirdiiniz tpayla, tpn azn

kapatn ve tp, iinde su bulunan bir beherin iine
yerletirin. Naftalinin tamam eriyinceye kadar su
dolu beheri yava yava stn. Erime noktas 80C
civarnda gzlenmelidir. Beherin altndan beki aln
ve kapatn. Srekli kartrarak her 30 saniyede bir
scaklk okumalarn kayt edin. Bu ileme scaklk
75C'ye dnceye kadar devam edin. 1 g Kkrt
tartp (tartm deerini m1 znenin ktlesi olarak
not edin) souyup katlam olan naftalinin zerine
ekleyin. Termometre ve kartrcy yerletirdikten
sonra naftalin ve kkrdn tamam eriyinceye
kadar su banyosunda stn. Beki sndrdkten
sonra 85-70C aralndaki scaklk dmesini her
30 saniyede bir kayt edin. Deneyiniz tamamlanmtr.
Deney verilerinizi kullanarak hesaplamalar yapnz.

Deney tpn temizlemek iin iindekiler eriyinceye kadar su banyosunda tekrar stn. Tpn
iindekiler tamamen eridikten sonra termometre ve kartrcy karn. Sonra erimi naftalini
atk naftalin etiketi yaptnlm olan behere boaltn. Erimi naftalini asla lavaboya
dkmeyin.

59

DENEY VERLER ve HESAPLAMALAR

1.

Saf naftalin ve kkrt-naftalin zeltisi iin souma erilerini grafik kadna iziniz.

Naftalinin (zcnn) ktlesi (m2)

Saf naftalin iin souma erisinin verileri:

t (zaman, s)
T (scaklk, C)

t (zaman, s)

Kkrdn (znen) ktlesi (m1)

Naftalindeki kkrt zeltisinin souma erisinin verileri:

t (zaman, s)
T (scaklk, C)
t (zaman, s)

60

T (scaklk, C)

T (scaklk, C)

T (C)

T (C)

t (s)

2.

3.

4.

Souma erilerinden donma noktalarn belirleyin.

Saf naftalinin donma noktas (T1)

zeltinin donma noktas (T2)

Naftalinin Kd deeri 6.9C/molal'dr. zeltinin molalitesini hesaplayn.

Donma noktasndaki dme (T)

zeltinin molalitesi (m)

Molalite (m), m1 ve m2 verilerini kullanarak kkrdn molekl ktlesini hesaplayn.

Kkrdn molekl ktlesi (M)

5.

t (s)

Kkrdn atomik ktlesi 32 g/mol'dr. Bulduunuz molekl ktle deerini kullanarak

kkrdn molekl formln Sn olarak yazn.
n

6.

Kitabnzdan kkrdn gerek molekler formlne bakn. Kkrdn teorik molekler

ktlesini ve deneyinizdeki hata yzdesini hesaplayn.
M deki hata yzdesi

SORULAR
1.

Naftalinin donma noktas deerindeki hata yzdesi nedir?

2.

Kkrdn molekl ktlesini tayin ederken naftalin iin kendi bulduunuz donma noktas
deerini kullanmann avantaj ne olabilir?

61

Kinetic Study of the Reaction

Between Ferric and Iodine Ions

14

Chemicals and Apparatus

Ferric nitrate, Fe(NO3)3
Nitric acid, HNO3
Potassium iodide, KI
Sodium thiosulfate, Na2S2O3

OBJECTIVE
Purpose of this experiment is to study the kinetics of the oxidation reduction reaction between
ferric (Fe3+) and iodide (I-) ions i.e.; to determine order of the reaction with respect to both
ions.
2Fe3+ + 3I- = 2Fe2+ + I3Rate expression for this reaction is

Rate =

d [I3 ]
1 d [Fe 3 + ]
=
= k [Fe 3 + ] a [I - ] b
2
dt
dt

THEORY
Parts A and B of this experiment are concerned with the evaluation of exponents a and b,
respectively, in the rate expression.
The initial rate is determined by measuring the time in seconds required for 4x10-5 mole of Fe3+
to be reduced to Fe2+. This is indicated by adding starch solution and a small, constant amount
of S2O32- to each mixture. The following reactions then occur:
2Fe3+ + 3I- = 2Fe2+ + I3-

slow

I3- + 2S2O32- = 3I- + S4O62-

fast

As soon as the S2O32- has been consumed, any additional I3- formed by the reaction between
ferric and iodide ions will react with starch to form a characteristic blue color. Note that when
the blue color first appears, the decrease in the concentration of Fe3+ from its initial value is just
equal to initial concentration of S2O32- in the mixture. Thus,

62

Initial Rate =

1 d [Fe 3 + ]
1 d [S 2O 3 ] i
=
2
dt
2
t

where [S2O32-]i is the initial concentration of S2O32- , t is the time in seconds between mixing
and the appearance of the blue color.
In order to obtain reasonable reaction times, it is necessary to use initial rate intervals which
allow the Fe3+ concentration to decrease slightly (about 4 to 10 percent) from its initial value. To
compensate for this change, it is suggested that the average Fe3+ concentration during this time
interval be used in place of the initial concentration.

PROCEDURE
Cautions
1. Be careful about performing all the experiments at the same temperature since temperature
changes affect the rate constant; use water bath to keep temperature constant.
2. HNO3 does not participate in the reaction between ferric and iodide ions but it is used to
prevent hydrolysis of the Fe3+ in the water environment.
3. Use 50 mL burettes to dispense H2O, Fe(NO3)3, and HNO3 solutions; 10 mL pipettes to
dispense the KI and Na2S2O3 solutions, and a 10 mL graduated cylinder to dispense the starch
solution.

A. Reaction order with respect to Fe3+

1.

Prepare solutions described in the following table.

Volume (mL) added to 250 mL beaker

Volume (mL) added to 100 mL beaker

exp
0.04M Fe3+

0.15M HNO3

H2O

0.04M KI

0.004M S2O32-

Starch

H2O

10

10

30

10

10

25

15

50

30

10

10

25

20

10

30

10

10

25

25

10

30

10

10

25

30

10

30

10

10

25

10

10

30

10

30

10

10

30

15

10

20

10

10

30

20

10

15

63

2.

Swirl the contents of each beaker for a short time and place the beakers in a constant
temperature water bath set at room temperature to reach temperature equilibrium (10 to
15 minutes will be sufficient for this).

3.

Meanwhile, prepare the solutions for experiment 2 in a second set of beakers, and place
these beakers also in the water bath. By this time the solutions for experiment 1 should be
at water bath temperature.

4.

Measure and record the initial temperature of the solutions, then simultaneously start the
timer and add (rapidly) the contents of the 100 mL beaker to the 250 mL beaker. You may
remove the solutions temporarily from the water bath to do this.

5.

Swirl the solutions until mixed, then return the 250 mL beaker to the water bath.

6.

Stop the timer at the first appearance of the blue color. Again measure the temperature,
and calculate the average temperature of the solution during the reaction. Record the time
interval, t in Table 1 in your report sheet.

7.

Clean and dry the beakers, add the solutions for experiment 3, and place the beakers in
the water bath.

8.

Then measure the temperature of the solutions for experiment 2, mix the solutions and
follow the same procedure as for experiment 1.

9.

Continue in this manner through experiment 5.

B. Reaction order with respect to I1.

This part is performed exactly as in Part A, except that the concentration of ferric ion is
kept constant while the concentration of iodide ion is varied. The composition of the
various reaction mixtures to be used is given in Part A.1 Table for Experiments 6, 7 and 8.

CALCULATIONS
1.

Fill up the Table 3 in your report sheet.

a) Calculate [S2O32-]i which is constant in all experiments.
b) Calculate initial reaction rate by using time data above.
c) Take logarithm of the rate.
d) Calculate initial Fe3+ concentration.
e) Calculate average Fe3+ concentration by using the equation below:
[Fe 3 + ]

av

( [Fe

3+

] i + [Fe 3 + ] f / 2 4 10 4 / 2 = [Fe 3 + ] i 2 10 4

f) Take logarithm of average Fe3+ concentrations.

64

2.

Calculate initial I- concentration. This will be equal to average I- concentration. Take

logarithm of average I- concentrations.

3.

Plot log rate vs. log[Fe3+]av for experiments 1 to 5.

4.

Find the slope of the line, this will be equal to a, reaction order with respect to ferric ion.

5.

Plot log rate vs. log[I-]av for experiments 1, 6, 7, 8.

6.

Find the slope of the line, this will be equal to b, reaction order with respect to iodide ion.

QUESTIONS
1.

What is the overall rate order of this reaction?

2.

Calculate the reaction rate constant, k, of this reaction.

3.

Comment on any deviation which could be observed in Experiment 5.

4.

Comment on the long period needed to observe blue color in Experiment 6.

65

15

Le Chatelier Kural

Kimyasallar
0.1 M nikel nitrat
6 M amonyum hidroksit
6 M hidroklorik asit
CaCl2 zeltisi
Na2CO3 zeltisi
6 M HCl

AMA
Le Chatelier Kuraln kimyasal reaksiyonlar zerinde uygulamak.

TEORK BLG
1884 Ylnda Henri Le Chatelier tarafndan ileri srlen kurala gre dengedeki bir sisteme
dardan herhangi bir etki yaplrsa (deriim, scaklk ve basn gibi artlarn deitirilmesi),
sistem bu etkiyi azaltacak yne kendiliinden kayar.
Bu deneyde yeil renkli sulu nikel nitrat zeltisi, amonyak zeltisinin ilave edilmesiyle mavi
renge dnerken hidroklorik asit zeltisi ilavesiyle de tekrar yeil renge geri dner. Bazen
amonyak ilavesiyle kelti oluumu gzlenir. kelti, asit ilavesiyle znr.

DENEYN YAPILII
A. Le Chatelier Kuralnn Gzlenmesi
Deneyde kullanlacak kimyasallar: 0.1 M nikel nitrat, 6 M amonyum hidroksit, 6 M hidroklorik asit.

NOT: Nikel nitrat zeltisi toksiktir. Konsantre asit ve baz zeltileri sradnda derinizi yakar ve
kyafetlerinize zarar verir. NH3 buharna kar dikkatli olun ve NH3 zeltisi hazrlarken eker
oca kullann. Deney srasnda eldiven ve koruyucu gzlk kullanlmal.

66

Uzun formdaki 1 L'lik behere, 350 mL nikel nitrat zeltisi ve bir tane manyetik balk koyarak
beheri manyetik kartrc zerine yerletirin. Oda scaklnda kartrlan karma renk maviye
dnnceye kadar amonyum hidroksit ilave edin. Maviye dnen karma bu sefer de hidroklorik
asit zeltisinden renk yeile dnnceye kadar ilave edin. Eer isterseniz son iki ilemi yeni nikel
nitrat zeltisi kullanmadan bir kez daha tekrar edebilirsiniz (yani srasyla amonyum hidroksit ve
hidroklorik asit ilavesiyle renk deiimlerini gzlemleyebilirsiniz).
Nikel-su kompleksi yeil, nikel-amonyak kompleksi ise mavi renklidir. Amonyak ilavesiyle
dengedeki sistem saa kayar ve renk maviye dner. Amonyan ortamdan uzaklatrlmasyla da
(HCl ilavesi) dengede ki sistem tekrardan sola kayarak balang rengi yeile dner.
[Ni(H2O)6]+2(aq) + 6NH3 [Ni(NH3)6]+2(aq)
Bazen, kelti oluumu gzlenebilir. Nikel zeltisine, asit ilave edildiinde oluan kelti
znr.
Ni(NO3)2(aq) + 2NH4OH(aq) Ni(OH)2(k) + 2NH4NO3(aq)

B. znrlk zerine pH'n Etkisi

Bir reaksiyon sonunda oluan kalsiyum karbonat kelei, hidroklorik asit gibi gl bir asidin
ilavesiyle znr. Bu esnada gaz k da gzlenir.
Ca+2(aq) + CO3-2 (aq) CaCO3 (k)

(1. reaksiyon)

Asit (H+) ilave edildiinde,

2H+(aq) + CO3-2 (aq) H2CO3 (aq)

(2. reaksiyon)

H2CO3 (aq) H2O (s) + CO2 (g)

(3. reaksiyon)

CO3-2 iyonlar, asitle Le Chatelier Kuralna gre reaksiyona girer. 1. Reaksiyon sola kayarak
CaCO3 znr, 2. ve 3. reaksiyonlarda da grld gibi CO2 gaz k gzlenir.
Deneyde kullanlacak kimyasallar: CaCl2 zeltisi, Na2CO3 zeltisi, 6 M HCl.
25 mL CaCl2 zeltisini 400 mL'lik behere koyun. zerine, 25 mL Na2CO3 zeltisi ilave edin.
kelti oluumunu gzlemleyin.
5mL 6 M HCl'i reaksiyon karmnn bulunduu behere ilave edin. Kat keltinin yok oluunu ve
gaz kn gzlemleyin.

67

16

Asit Baz Titrasyonu

AMA
Standart bir asit zeltisi yardmyla bazn deriiminin belirlenmesi.

TEORK BLG
Deriimi bilinen bir zelti ile reaksiyona giren deriimi bilinmeyen zeltinin hacminin
belirlenmesi ilemine titrasyon denir. Bir zeltideki asit miktar, bu zeltinin, deriimi bilinen
standart bir baz zeltisi ile titrasyonu sonucu bulunabilir. Bir titrasyonda asit veya bazlardan
birinin tamamen reaksiyona girdii noktaya edeerlik noktas denir. Titrasyon devam ederken,
edeerlik noktasnn duyarllkla belirlenmesi gerekir.
Deriimi bilinmeyen asit veya baz zeltileri, deriimleri kesin olarak bilinen baz veya asit
zeltileri ile titre edilerek deriimleri bulunur. Her titrasyon ileminde deriimi belirlenmi
standart zelti gereklidir. Standart zelti, ok saf maddelerden balon joje kullanlarak
hazrlanr.
Titrasyonun tamamlanmas, edeerlik noktasna ulap ulamad indikatr yardmyla anlalr.
Titrasyon, gerekte bir ntrallemedir. ndikatrn rengi H3O+ iyonunun OH- iyonu tarafndan
balanmas ile deiir. Asit-baz titrasyonlarnda kullanlan indikatrler farkl pH aralklarnda renk
deitirirler. Kullanlacak indikatrlerin seiminde buna dikkat edilmesi gerekir. Asit-baz
titrasyonlarnda kullanlan indikatrler ntralleme annda renk deitiren zayf asit veya
bazlardr. rnein, fenolftalein indikatr zayf bir organik asittir, bunu HIn ile simgelersek, HIn
suda az oranda H+ ve In- 'a ayrr.
HIn + H2O
renksiz

In- + H3O+
pembe

Kuvvetli bir asit, rnein HCl, NaOH ile titre edilirken ok az miktarda indikatr HCl zeltisine
damlatlr. Bu zelti renksizdir. Titrasyon srasnda NaOH nce HCl ile reaksiyona girer ve onu
ntralletirir. Ntralleme gerekleince, yani edeerlik noktasna ulanca eklenen son NaOH

68

damlas HIn ile reaksiyona girer ve NaIn tuzunu oluturur. Bu tuz, Na+ ve koyu pembe Iniyonlarndan olumutur. Bylece titrasyonun dnm noktas pembe rengin grlmesiyle
belirlenmi olur. Kartrlan iki zeltinin hacimleri llmse ve bunlardan birinin deriimi
biliniyorsa dierinin deriimi hesaplanabilir.
Bu deneyde, nce NaOH zeltisi, deriimi bilinen bir asit ile ntralletirilecek ve bazn deriimi
belirlenecektir. Daha sonra da baz zeltisi, deriimi bilinmeyen bir asidin deriimini belirlemekte
kullanlacaktr.

DENEYN YAPILII
Fenoftalein ieren baz ilalarn insanlarda kansere sebep olduu tespit edilmitir. Bu bileikle
alrken, eldiven ve koruyucu gzlk kullanlmaldr.
0.005 M standart slfrik asit zeltisi hazrlayn. Laboratuvardaki deriimi bilinmeyen NaOH
zeltisinden temiz bir behere 25 mL aln ve buna 175 mL su ekleyerek seyreltik bir NaOH
zeltisi yapn. Tamamen karncaya kadar alkalayn. 50 mL'lik temiz bir breti nce damtk su
ile ardndan da iki kere 5'er mL kendi yaptnz NaOH zeltisiyle alkalayn. Breti doldurun ve
balang dzeyini okuyun. erlene 15'er mL baz zeltisi aln ve 2 damla fenolftalein zeltisi
ekleyin.
Bretteki baz zeltisini boaltn, nce damtk su sonra da iki defa 5'er mL standart asit zeltisi
ile alkalayn. Bret iinde hava kabarc kalmayacak ekilde standart asit zeltisi ile doldurun.
zelti dzeyini 0.1 mL duyarllkta okuyun.
NaOH zeltilerinin herbirini standart asit zeltisiyle titre edin. lk erlendeki zelti yaklak
dnm noktasn belirlemek iin kullanlacaktr. lk erleni hzl hzl kartrarak srekli bir pembe
renk grnceye kadar abuk bir ekilde asit zeltisi ekleyin. Bu ilemi gerekletirirken breti
sol elinizle idare ederken erleni sa elinizle alkalamalsnz. Erlenin altna beyaz bir kat
koyarsanz pembe rengi daha kolay grrsnz. Bretteki zelti dzeyini okuyun, bu sonu size
dier zeltileri daha dikkatli titre etmenizi salayacaktr. Gerekli olduunu tahmin ettiiniz asit
zeltisinin yzde yetmi beini bretten erlene aktn. Bu arada asit zeltisini srekli olarak
kartrn. Erlenin i yzeyini pipetten pskrteceiniz damtk suyla ykayn. Pembe renk en az 30
s kalncaya kadar kartrarak, damla damla asit zeltisini ekleyin. Bretteki asit zeltisinin
dzeyini okuyun.

69

DENEY VERLER ve HESAPLAMALAR

Standart asidin deriimi

Standart asidin hacmi

Kullanlan bazn hacmi

Kullanlan bazn deriimi

Ortalama deriim (Mort)

Seyreltmeden nce bilinmeyen bazn deriimi

Asistannzdan deriimi bilinmeyen bir slfrik asit rnei aln. Breti ykayn ve deneye yukarda
anlatld ekilde devam edip bilinmeyen asidin deriimini bulun.

SORULAR
1.

ndikatr nedir? Dnm noktasn belirlemek iin fenolftalein yerine hangi indikatrler
kullanlabilir.

2.

Gravimetrik analiz ve volumetrik analiz nedir? Aklaynz.

70

pH ve ndikatrler

17

AMA
pH kavramn renerek, indikatrleri tanmak. Bir zeltinin pH'n belirlemek amacyla,
indikatrlerin nasl kullanlacan renmek.

TEORK BLG
pH, hidronyum iyonlar deriiminin negatif logaritmas olarak tanmlanr (pH = -log[H3O+]).
Kimyasal problemlerde olduu kadar biyolojik ve ntral ortamlarda da nemi byktr.
Asit-baz indikatrleri, zayf asit ve zayf baz olan organik molekllerdir ve proton aldklarndan
protonlanmam biimlerinde farkl renkler verirler. Zayf asit olan bir indikator iin (In-)'in (HIn)'e
oran H+ 'nn deriimine baldr.

HIn

H+ + In-

[H + ] [In - ]
[HIn]

zeltide In- ok olduunda baz rengi, HIn ok olduunda indikatrn asit rengi gzlenir. Genel
olarak aadaki artlar salandnda asit-baz rengi gzlenebilir. Her indikatrn, pH birimlerine
ve Ki deerine dayanan zel bir renk deitirme aral vardr. rnein, fenolftalein renk
deitirme aral pH=0-10 arasndadr. Asit rengi renksiz; baz rengi ise pembedir. 5x10-3 M
NaOH zeltisine 1 damla fenolftalein zeltisi ilave edildiinde zelti rengi pembe olacaktr.
[OH-]=5x10-3 M, [H+]=2x10-12 M, pH= 11.70 ise (pH=10 baz rengi) zelti pembe renk olur.
pH pKi asit rengi gzlenir.
pH pKi baz rengi gzlenir.
PH = pKi renk deitirme aral.

71

DENEYN YAPILII
Fenoftalein ieren baz ilalarn insanlarda kansere sebep olduu tespit edilmitir. Bu bileikle
alrken, eldiven ve koruyucu gzlk kullanlmaldr.
Hazrlam olduunuz 10-3 M HCl zeltisinden 5 mL alp 45 mL kaynatlm damtk su ekleyerek
seyreltin. zeltiyi iyice kartrn. Son zeltinin H+ iyonu deriimi 10-4 M (pH=4)'dr.
pH=4 olan bu zeltiden 5 mL aln ve buna 45 mL kaynatlm damtk su ekleyerek pH=5 olan
bir zelti hazrlayn. pH' be olan bu zeltiden 5 mL aln ve buna 45mL kaynatlm damtk su
ilave ederek pH=6 olan bir zelti hazrlayn. Ayn ekilde hazrladnz 10-3 M NaOH zeltisini
de seyrelterek pH' 10, 9, 8 olan zeltiler hazrlayn. Hazrladnz her bir zeltiden 5 mL alarak
temiz ve kuru olan deney tplerine koyunuz. Her deney tpne 2 damla metil oranj indikatr
zeltisinden damlatnz. Deney tplerini iyice alkaladktan sonra oluan renkleri aadaki
tabloya not ediniz. ki tp alp bunlardan birine 5 mL 0.10 M H3BO3 zeltisi dierine ise 5 mL
0.050 M NH3 zeltisi koyup bunlara da 2 damla metil oranj indikatr zeltisinden damlatnz.
Oluan renklerin hangi pH'taki standart zeltinizle uyutuunu yaznz.
Yukardaki ilemleri, metil krmzs, bromtimol mavisi, fenolftalein ve alizarin sars indikatrleri
iin tekrarlaynz.

DENEY VERLER ve HESAPLAMALAR

1.

pH

metil oranj

metil krmzs

bromtimol mavisi

fenolftalein

alizarin sars

10

11

72

2.

ndikatr

Renk (borik asitle)

Renk (amonyakla)

Metil oranj

Metil krmzs

Bromtimol mavisi

Fenolftalein

Alizarin sars

3.

H3BO3 ve NH3 'n iyonlama reaksiyonunu yazp ayrma sabitlerini hesaplaynz.

4.

Deneyde kullandnz zayf asit ve zayf bazn ayrma yzdesini hesaplaynz.

73

18

Oxidation-Reduction
Electron Transfer Reactions

Chemicals and Apparatus

Small pieces of copper, zinc, and iron (in the form of wire or 5 x 15 mm
strips; the iron may be in the form of small, bright nails or clean
steel wool (to minimize rusting, nails can be cleaned in 6 M H2S04,
then rinsed and dried in an oven)
copper, Cu (turnings)
6 M hydrochloric acid, HCl
6 M ammonia, NH3
0.1 M copper(II) sulfate, CuSO4
0.1 M zinc sulfate, ZnSO4
iron(II) sulfate, FeSO4 7H2O(s)
bromine water, Br2 (saturated solution)
0.05 M iodine, I2, in methanol
hexane, C6H14(/)
0.1 M iron(II) chloride, FeCl3
0.1 M potassium bromide, KBr
0.1 M potassium iodide, KI
0.1 M potassium ferricyanide, K3Fe(CN)6
0.1 M silver nitrate, AgNO3
6 M sulfuric acid, H2SO4

OBJECTIVE
To study a number of chemical reactions that involve the transfer of electrons from a reducing
agent to an oxidizing agent. To establish a qualitative chemical redox couple table for seven
redox couples by mixing the oxidized form of one redox couple with the reduced form of
another couple and observing whether a reaction takes place. The redox couples are Cu(II)/Cu,
Zn(II)/Zn, Fe(II)/Fe, H+/H2, Fe(III)/Fe(II), Br2/Br-, and I2/I- .

74

THEORY
A Definition of Oxidation and Reduction
There is a problem in defining an oxidation-reduction, or redox, reaction as a chemical reaction
that involves the transfer of electrons from the substance oxidized to the substance reduced
because, strictly speaking, every chemical reaction involves changes in the electron density on
atoms and therefore involves charge transfer from one atom to another. Thus this definition
could encompass every chemical reaction.
For this reason, some have suggested (see the Bibliography) that there is no consistent basis for
distinguishing so-called oxidation-reduction reactions from other chemical reactions, other than
by change in oxidation numbers; and we have pointed out that oxidation numbers are assigned
using arbitrary rules and do not accurately reflect the actual distribution of charge in a molecule
or polyatomic ion.
This somewhat unsatisfactory state of affairs forces us to conclude that the classification of a
reaction as an oxidation reaction is somewhat artificial and arbitrary because it is based on the
purely arbitrary notion of oxidation number. To be logically consistent, we must define oxidation

as an increase in oxidation number and reduction as a decrease in oxidation number.

Only for simple reactions involving elements and their ions will there be a direct connection
between the changes in oxidation number of the elements and the transfer of electrons. For
example, when you put a piece of zinc metal in an aqueous solution of copper(II) sulfate, the
zinc reacts with Cu2+ to form Zn2+ and Cu metal. Thus each Cu2+ ion has gained two electrons
and each zinc atom has lost two electrons. In other words, there has been a net transfer of two
electrons from a Zn atom to a Cu2+ ion.
Likewise, zinc goes from oxidation state 0 to +2, and each Cu(II) ion is reduced from oxidation
state +2 to 0. The oxidation number of Zn has increased, so we say it has been oxidized. The
oxidation number of Cu has decreased, so we say it has been reduced.
In the reaction of zinc with Cu2+, represented schematically in Figure 18-1, zinc acts as a

reducing agent, or reductant, and Cu2+ acts as an oxidizing agent, or oxidant.

Writing the net stoichiometric reaction as the sum of two half-reactions shows explicitly that the
transfer of electrons is involved:
Oxidation half-reaction
Zn (s) Zn2+(aq) + 2e-

(1)

Reduction half-reaction
Cu2+ (aq) + 2e- Cu(s)

(2)

Net reaction
Zn(s) + Cu2+(aq) Zn2+(aq) + Cu(s)

75

(3)

Note that no electrons appear in the overall reaction. This is why it may sometimes be difficult
for you to look at a chemical reaction and try to decide whether it can be classified as an
oxidation-reduction reaction. Keep in mind the fact that this decision is arbitrary. Certain
conventional rules have been adopted about the definition of oxidation number. We will classify
a reaction as an oxidation-reduction reaction only if there is a change in oxidation state (or
oxidation number) of atoms involved in the reaction according to our previously defined rules.
(These rules are summarized in Study Assignment A, together with some examples of how they
are applied.)

Solution containing copper

Aquo complex
Cu

Aquo complex

2+

Partially deaquated
complex

2+

Zn
++

Cu

Zn

2+

FIGURE 18-1
Direct chemical reaction of zinc
with Cu2+. As the zinc dissolves,
Cu is plated out on the surface of
the zinc. A Cu2+ ion is reduced by
transfer of two electrons from a
Zn atom.

Cu

zinc metal

The Relative Strength of Oxidizing and Reducing Agents

Oxidation-reduction processes involve a relative competition of substances for electrons. The
stronger oxidizing agents are those substances with greater affinity for additional electrons; the
stronger reducing agents are those substances with the least attraction for electrons that they
already possess. Thus silver(I) ion is a stronger oxidizing agent than is copper(II) ion because
the reaction
2Ag+ + Cu(s) Cu2+ + 2Ag(s)
takes place in the forward direction, but not appreciably in the reverse direction. From this fact
we may deduce that Ag+ is a stronger oxidizing agent than Cu2+, meaning that silver(I) ion has

76

a greater affinity for electrons than copper(II) ion. Another way of looking at this competition is
to say that copper metal is a stronger reducing agent than is silver metal, because copper atoms
give up their electrons more easily than do silver atoms.
Strictly speaking, we need to look at the tendency to transfer electrons from one species to
another as a property of each redox couple, because the tendency of a Ag(I) ion to accept an
electron and become a silver atom depends on the difference in the Gibbs energy between an
Ag(I) ion and a silver atom and the tendency of the copper atom to give up two electrons and
become a Cu(II) ion depends on the difference in the Gibbs energy of the copper atom and the
Cu(II) ion. So we are really comparing the tendency of redox couples to exchange electrons in
an oxidation-reduction reaction. Thus it is only possible to arrange the various oxidizing and
reducing agents as redox couples in a table, according to their relative tendencies to gain or
lose electrons. In this experiment, we shall explore such relative tendencies for a limited number
of reactions.

F2 + eincreasing strength
as oxidizing agents

Li+ + e-

F-

FIGURE 18-2
Schematic diagram illustrating the most
powerful and the weakest oxidizing and
reducing agents.

increasing strength
as reducing agents

Li

Fluorine is one of the strongest oxidizing agents known, and lithium is one of the strongest
reducing agents; therefore these two redox couples would be at opposite ends of the table, with
most other redox couples falling somewhere in between. (See Figure 18-2.)

A Qualitative Chemical Redox Scale

In this experiment we establish qualitatively the relative position of a limited number of
oxidation-reduction couples in a redox couple table. We will start with only three metals and
their ions, and then expand our study until seven couples in all have been considered.

PROCEDURE
NOTE: Before beginning this experiment, complete the preliminary exercise in your
experiment report form, indicating as directed there the substances oxidized and reduced in the
several equations given and the change in oxidation state, if any.

77

SAFETY PRECAUTIONS: Hexane is volatile and flammable. Carry out the tests requiring hexane
in a fume hood away from all open flames.
WASTE COLLECTION: The metal wire or strips should be collected, and can be reused if they
are cleaned off. A waste container should be provided, in the hood if possible, for the hexaneand methanol-containing mixtures. Also collect the metal ion solutions in a beaker, neutralize
with NaHCO3(s), and put the solid residue in a waste container.

A. A Qualitative Redox Series for Copper, Zinc, Iron, and Their Ions
Explore the behavior of small pieces of Cu, Zn, and Fe metals (if the iron is rusty, it should first
be cleaned in 6 M H2SO4, then rinsed in water), putting each metal in 3 mL of 0.1 M solutions of
the ions of the other metalsthat is, Cu with Zn2+ and with Fe2+, Zn with Cu2+ and with Fe2+,
and Fe with Cu2+ and with Zn2+to determine the order in which the redox couples should be
placed in a table like that shown in Figures 18-2 and 18-3. The metal ion/metal couple that
appears lowest in the table will correspond to the metal that visibly reacts with all the other
metal ions and is therefore the strongest reducing agent. Sometime the evidence for reaction is
subtle. Keep in mind that when most metal ions are reduced chemically they do not produce a
shiny metal surface. More often the metal deposited is in the form of finely divided crystals that
appear black or brown. Write equations for the reactions that occur.
Solutions containing Fe2+ should be freshly prepared by dissolving 0.1 g of FeSO4 7H2O in 3
mL of water.
Note that the oxidized form of one redox couple is always mixed with the reduced form of the
other couple, or vice versa. (The oxidized form of the couple is always the one with the higher
charge or higher oxidation number.) Prepare a table as directed in the report form, under part 1
of the Experimental Data.

+eRA

OA

RA

OA

RA

OA

RA

OA

RA
- e-

stronger

stronger

OA

FIGURE 18-3
Tendencies for reactions between oxidizing and
reducing agents. The dashed arrows indicate
possible redox reactions. An oxidizing agent can
react with any reducing agent that lies below it
in the table.

78

B. The Hydrogen Ion/Hydrogen Couple

Test the ability of each metal to reduce H+ to H2(g) by placing a small piece of copper, zinc, and
iron metal in three separate test tubes with a enough 6 M HCl to cover the metal. (Nitric acid,
HNO3, cannot be used in place of HCl in this test because nitrate ion in acid solution is a
stronger oxidizing agent than H+ and would react first and confuse the results.) If there is no
immediate reaction visible, warm the solution gently (be careful not to confuse bubbles of water
vapor for hydrogen gas). If H+ reacts with a particular metal, then the H+/H2 couple should be
placed above the metal ion/metal couple as shown in Figure 18-3. Your table should now
contain four redox couples.

C.

The Oxidizing Power of the Halogens

First, if you are not familiar with the colors of the free halogens in hexane, add a little Br2 water
to 3 mL of H2O and 1 mL of hexane. (Caution: Hexane is flammable.) Mix the liquids together by
shaking, and observe the color of the hexane layer floating on top. Dispose of the hexanesolution mixture in the appropriate waste container. Repeat, using 0.05 M I2 in methanol instead
of Br2 water. Dispose of these mixtures in the appropriate waste container.
Now explore the behavior of 3-mL samples of 0.1 M solutions of KBr and KI (with 1 mL of
hexane added to each) when each is treated with a little of the other free halogenthat is, mix
KBr with a few drops of I2 in methanol, and KI with a few drops of Br2 waterto determine the
relative order of the Br2/Br- and I2/I- redox couples. Dispose of these mixtures in the appropriate
container. Write equations for the reactions that take place. Then arrange the two halogens in a
separate redox couple table, as directed in the report form.

D. The Iron(III) Ion/Iron(II) Ion Couple

Determine whether the Fe3+/Fe2+ couple is a stronger or weaker oxidizing couple than the I2/Ior Br2/Br- couple by adding 1 mL of 0.1 M FeCl3 to 2 mL each of 0.1 M KBr and 0.1 M KI in
separate test tubes. (Note that this mixes the oxidized form of the Fe(III)/F(II) couple with the
reduced forms of the halogens, I- and Br-.) Add 1 mL of hexane to each test tube, shake to mix
and from the color of the hexane layer note any evidence for the formation of free halogen.
Dispose of these mixtures appropriately. To conduct a separate test for any reduction of Fe3+ to
Fe2+, prepare two fresh reaction mixtures, omitting the addition of hexane, and add to each a
little potassium ferricyanide solution, K3Fe(CN)6. If Fe2+ is present, the deep blue precipitate of
Fe3(Fe(CN)6)2 will form.
Write equations for any reactions in which iron (III) is reduced. Note that Fe(III) does not go to
metallic iron. Place the Fe3+/Fe2+ couple in its proper place in your table of redox couples
already containing the halogens.

79

E. The Reaction of the Halogens with Metals

Now we want to join the table produced in parts 1 and 2 with the table produced in parts 3 and
4. Test the ability of the halogens to oxidize metals by adding 10 mL of Br2 water and 15 mL of
0.05 M I2 in methanol to two different samples of one of the less active metals some Cu
turnings in a 15 x 125 mm test tube. Shake the mixtures for several minutes. If a precipitate
forms, allow it to settle for a few minutes. Pour off some of each solution into two separate test
tubes. (When you have finished you will have a set of two tubes containing reaction products
from the Cu/Br2 reaction and another set of two tubes containing reaction products from the
Cu/I2 reaction.)
Test for the formation of any halide ion by adding a few drops of 0.1 M AgNO3 to one of the
tubes from each set. A precipitate indicates the presence of AgBr (or AgI). Also test for the
formation of any Cu(II) ion by adding 1 mL of 6 M NH3 to the remaining tubes from each set.
The formation of the blue Cu(NH3)42+ complex ion indicates the presence of Cu(II). If both tests
on the products of a copper/halogen reaction are positive, it is probably safe to conclude that
copper metal reacts with the halogen.
Considering the results of the tests with copper metal and looking at the table you established
for the three metal ion/metal redox couples, what would you predict about the ability of other
metals, such as Fe and Zn, to be oxidized by bromine or iodine?
NOTE: The interaction of the Cu2+/Cu and I2/I- couples can be complicated by the fact that Cu+,
if formed, can be stabilized by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, CuI. So if your reaction
mixture contains Cu2+ and I-, or if you deliberately chose to mix Cu2+ and I-, you might discover
that the reaction 2Cu2+ + 5I- I3- + 2CuI(s) readily proceeds. The formation of I2 is also
promoted by the reaction of I2 with I- to form the soluble I3- complex ion. But this set of
reactions really involves two redox couples (Cu2+/CuI and I3-/I-) different from the two we are
interested in studying (Cu2+/Cu and I2/I-).

F. Summary of Data
Your experimental observations, together with the preceding data, will enable you to combine
your two separate redox couple tables into one general redox couple table. The final table will
contain all seven redox couples studied and show the relative tendencies of the various elements and ions to lose or gain electrons. Note that each redox couple is written so that the
change from left to right represents gain of electrons (reduction). In the table in your report
form, designate clearly which are the reducing agents, which are the oxidizing agents, which
end of each column is the stronger (S), and which end is the weaker (W).
Such a table can be expanded to include many more oxidation-reduction couples and is useful in
predicting the course of many reactions. (Refer to Table 10 in the Appendix.) In reading Table

80

10, note that any oxidizing agent (in the left column) has the possibility of reacting with any

reducing agent (in the right column) that lies below it in the table (see Figure 18-3). The table
makes no prediction, however, of the rate of a given reactionsome reactions are too slow to
be practical. Also, you should note that the concentration of the ions in a solution has a definite
effect on the tendency for reaction, in accordance with the Le Chatelier principle.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Sisler, H. H., and VanderWerf, C. A., "Oxidation-Reduction: An Example of Chemical Sophistry,"

/. Chem. Educ. 57, 42-44 (1980).

81

19

The Solubility Product Constant of

Calcium lodate, Ca(IO3)2

Chemicals and Apparatus

1-ml microburet (see Introduction at the front of the lab manual)
1-mL serological pipet (also a 2-ml pipet if students are to standardize the
sodium thiosulfate titrant)
fine-tipped (50 drops/ml) polyethylene transfer pipets
standardized 0.15 M Na2S2O3 (sodium thiosulfate) solution
KI(s)
1 M HCl
0.1% starch indicator solution
saturated solution of Ca(IO3)2 6H2O in pure water
saturated solution of Ca(IO3)2 6H2O in 0.0100 M KIO3
The saturated solutions should be prepared a week in advance;
see Notes to Instructor

OBJECTIVE
To understand the relation between the molar solubility and the solubility product constant of a
sparingly soluble salt. To measure the molar solubility of calcium iodate in pure water and to
determine the solubility product constant. To investigate the common ion effect by measuring
the molar solubility of calcium iodate in a solution containing added potassium iodate.

THEORY
When soluble ionic compounds are dissolved in water, the solution usually contains just the ions
that were present in the solid salt. For example, in a saturated solution of KNO3, the solution
contains only K+ ions and NO3- ions, and the dissolved salt is completely dissociated.1
KNO3(s)

K+(aq) + NO3-(aq)

(1)

In solid KNO3 each ion is surrounded by ions of the opposite charge. This is still largely true when the KNO3 is
dissolved in water, but the ions are farther apart and each ion is surrounded by a cluster of water molecules that are
more or less tightly bound to the ion. The ions in solution are therefore said to be "hydrated" or "aquated."

82

When a salt is sparingly soluble it suggests that the attractive forces between the ions in the
solid are greater than the attractive forces between the ions and the solvent (usually water).
Many sparingly soluble salts do not completely dissociate into the ions present in the solid, but
interact with one another to form aggregates, called complexes, or react with water to form new
species.
For example, a saturated solution of Ca(OH)2 contains Ca(OH)+ ion as well as Ca2+ and OH- ions,
as shown by the following equilibria:
Ca(OH)2 (s)
Ca(OH)+ (aq)

Ca(OH)+ (aq) + OH-(aq)

(2)

Ca2+ (aq) + OH-(aq)

(3)

A saturated solution of CaCO3 contains appreciable concentrations of HCO3- and OH- as well as
Ca2+ and CO32- ions. Here, carbonate ion (CO32-) reacts with water to produce bicarbonate ion
and hydroxide ion as shown in the following equilibria:
CaCO3(s)

Ca2+(aq) + CO32- (aq)

(4)

CO32- (aq) + H2O

HCO3- (aq) + OH-(aq)

(5)

The behavior shown in Equation (5) is typical of all salts (such as carbonates, sulfides, and
phosphates) in which the anion can react with H2O to form an acid that is only weakly
dissociated.
The two examples whose solubility equilibria are described by Equations (2) through (5) show
that it is not always safe to make the assumption that only the ions produced by complete
dissociation of the salt are present. The solubility behavior of every salt must be determined by
an experimental investigation.

The Relation Between Molar Solubility and the Solubility Product

Constant
Calcium iodate, the salt you will study in this experiment, has been shown to be completely
dissociated in water into calcium ions, Ca2+, and iodate ions, IO3-.2
Ca(IO3)2 (s)

Ca2+ (aq) + 2 IO3- (aq)

(6)

For any salt that dissolves to give just the ions originally present in the salt there is a simple
relation between the molar solubility of the salt and the solubility product constant of the salt.
The concentration of each ion will be equal to the molar solubility or equal to some multiple of
the molar solubility.

The actual composition of the solid that is in equilibrium with the ions in solution is the hexahydrate, Ca(IO3)2 6H2O.

83

What do we mean by the molar solubility of the salt? This quantity is just the concentration of
the dissolved salt, expressed in units of moles per liter. In the calcium iodate example, the
calcium ion concentration is equal to the molar solubility, and the iodate ion concentration is
equal to two times the molar solubility. This will be true because each mole of calcium iodate
that dissolves gives one mole of calcium ions and two moles of iodate ions.
If we let the symbols s represents the molar solubility of calcium iodate (in units of moles per
liter), the concentrations of Ca2+ and IO3- ions will be related to the molar solubility, s, by the
following equations:
[Ca2+] = s

(7)

[IO3-] = 2s

(8)

Equation (6) shows the reaction for the dissociation of solid Ca(IO3)2 in a saturated aqueous
solution. The equilibrium constant expression for this reaction (often called the solubility product
expression) is written as shown in Equation (9), observing the convention that the activity of the
pure solid is taken to be equal to 1 so that it does not appear in the equilibrium constant
expression.3
Ksp = [Ca2+] [IO3-]2

(9)

If we substitute for the concentration of each ion its equivalent in units of molar solubility, s, by
substituting Equations (7) and (8) into Equation (9), we obtain an equation that shows that
there is a simple relation between the Ksp and the molar solubility of the salt.
Ksp = [Ca2+] [IO3-]2 = s(2s)2 = 4s3

(10)

The situation is more complicated in the case of calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2. The equations for
the dissociation of Ca(OH)2 are written as shown in Equations (2) and (3) with equilibrium
constant expressions given by
K2 = [Ca(OH)+][OH-]
K3 =

(11)

[Ca 2 + ][OH - ]

(12)

[Ca(OH) + ]

The relationship between the molar solubility, s, and the concentrations of the ions in solution is
obtained by summing the concentrations of the species that contain Ca2+ (calcium material
balance):
[Ca(OH)+] + [Ca2+] = s

(13)

The effective concentration, or "activity," of a pure solid that participates in a chemical reaction does not change. By
thermodynamic convention the pure solid is chosen as the thermodynamic reference state, which is equivalent to
assigning the value 1.00 to the activity of solid.

84

or by summing the concentrations of the species that contain OH- (hydroxide material balance):4
[Ca(OH)+] + [OH-] = 2s

(13)

Substitution of Equations (11) and (12) into Equations (13) and (14), respectively, with elimination of [Ca2+] and [Ca(OH)+] leads to the equation
K2 K3 = [OH-]2 ([OH-] s)

(15)

This result shows that it is necessary to know both s and [OH-] in order to have enough
information to calculate K2 and K3.
To summarize we emphasize two important points about solubility equilibria: (a) The identity of
all of the solution species in equilibrium with the solid must be determined by experiment. It is
not safe to assume that all salts dissociate completely to give just the ions in the solid salt, (b)
The solubility product constant can be calculated directly from the molar solubility only if the
dissolved salt completely dissociates into its constituent ions, these ions neither reacting with
one another to form complexes nor reacting with water to form weak acids or bases.
In the case of calcium iodate, a single equilibrium describes the system, and the value of the
equilibrium constant can be calculated from the molar solubility. For the other salts we
described (Ca(OH)2, CaCO3), it requires two equilibria to describe each system, and a
measurement of just the molar solubility does not provide enough information to calculate two
equilibrium constants.

The Solubility of Ca (IO3)2 in KIO3 Solution:

The Common Ion Effect
From Le Chatelier's principle we would predict that the molar solubility of calcium iodate would
be smaller in a solution of potassium iodate, KIO3, which is a strong electrolyte that completely
dissociates in water. The hypothesis is that the addition of KIO3 would shift the equilibrium
shown in Equation (6) toward the left. This situation, where a salt is dissolving in a solution
which already contains one of the ions in the salt, is referred to as the common ion effect. To
test this hypothesis you will measure the solubility of calcium iodate in 0.01 M KIO3. Under these
conditions the concentrations of the ions will be related to the molar solubility of Ca(IO3)2 in the
following way (compare Equations (16) and (17) with Equations (7) and (8)):
[Ca2+] = s

(16)

[IO3-] = 0.01 + 2s

(17)

Equation (14) contains the implicit assumption that the dissociation of water produces a negligible contribution to the
OH- concentration.

85

Note that all of the calcium ion must come from dissolved calcium iodate. However, the iodate
ion comes from both KIO3 and dissolved Ca(IO3)2. As before, we get two moles of iodate ions
and one mole of calcium ions for every mole of calcium iodate that goes into solution.
The relation between the solubility product constant and the molar solubility will also be
changed (compare Equation (18) with Equation (10)).
Ksp = [Ca2+][IO3-]2 = s (0.01 + 2s)2

(18)

If we know the concentration of potassium iodate, a single measurement of the total iodate
concentration allows us to calculate the molar solubility of calcium iodate and the solubility
product constant.

Determination of the Molar Solubility of Calcium Iodate

When calcium iodate dissolves in solution, both the solid and the solution remain electrically
neutral. This principle of electroneutrality requires that for Ca(IO3)2 two IO3- ions will go into
solution for each Ca2+ that goes into solution. So the molar solubility can be determined by
measuring either the concentration of calcium ion or the concentration of iodate ion. We will use
a procedure for measuring the IO3- concentration that makes use of the fact that IO3- oxidizes
iodide ion.
IO3- + 5I- + 6H+ 3I2 + 3H2O

(19)

The I2 produced is in turn titrated with sodium thiosulfate.

I2 + 2S2O32- 2I- + S4O62

(20)

Note from the overall stoichiometry that each mole of IO3- will produce enough I2 to consume 6
moles of S2O32-. Therefore the concentration of IO3- ion will be given by
2

[IO 3 ] ,

mol mL S 2 O 3
=

L
mL IO 3

mol S 2 O 3
L

1mol IO 3

6mol S 2 O 3

(21)

PROCEDURE
NOTES TO INSTRUCTOR: The instructions are given for reduced scale measurements using a 1mL microburet. The iodate containing sample volumes may be measured using 1- and 2-ml
serological pipets or weighing the samples (1.00 g = 1.00 mL).
If you prefer to use larger samples and a 50-mL buret, increase the volume of iodate containing
samples to 10 mL in parts 1, 2, and 3 and use 0.05 M Na2S2O3 as the titrant. The 10-mL sample
containing iodate is added to a 250-mL Erlenmeyer flask containing 50 mL deionized water, 2 g

86

KI, 10 mL 1 M HCl, with the addition of 5 mL of 0.1% starch indicator when the solution has
turned from brown to yellow.
Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate that has been kept in a well-sealed bottle is normally pure
enough so that a solution made up by accurately weighing the salt will be within 1% of the
target concentration, so that standardization of the solution is not absolutely necessary. As an
option the standardization of the nominal 0.15 M Na2S2O3 may be performed by the students if
they are supplied with a solution of 0.0100 M KIO3. The titration is performed as described for
the determination of the molar solubility of calcium iodate.
The solid in equilibrium with the saturated solution of calcium iodate is the hexahydrate. We
have found, however, that use of anhydrous calcium iodate to prepare the saturated solutions
gives the same results. Anhydrous calcium iodate is available commercially, but a quantity of the
hexahydrate sufficient for 100 students is easily prepared. Dissolve 0.5 mol (112 g) of KIO3 in
600 mL of hot water in a liter beaker. To the hot solution, slowly add with stirring 0.25 mol of
Ca(NO3)2 (or CaCl2) dissolved in 200 mL water. Allow to cool. Filter off the solid on a large
Bchner funnel and wash the solid with three 50-mL portions of cold water. Allow the solid to air
dry or use the moist cake to prepare the saturated solutions.
The saturated solution in pure water is prepared by adding 8 g Ca(IO3)2 6H2O per liter of
water. The saturated solution in 0.0100 M KIO3 is prepared by adding 2.14 g KIO3 + 4 g Ca(IO3) 6H2O
per liter of water. Stir the solutions for at least 24 h, then allow to stand for 48 h before use.
Ideally, the solutions should be thermostatted at 25C, but if this is not possible a temperature
correction can be made to estimate the molar solubility at 25C using data at a different
temperature (see Problem 2 of the Report form). Use a siphon or centrifuge individual 5-mL
samples so that students may receive samples that are free of particles of solid calcium iodate.

A. Standardization of the Sodium Thiosulfate Solution (Optional)

Use the procedure described in part 2, substituting 2.0-mL samples of 0.0100 M KIO3 for the 1.0
mL samples of saturated Ca(IO3)2 solution. Titrate at least two samples. Calculate the exact
molar concentration of sodium thiosulfate, keeping in mind that one mole of KIO3 produces
enough I2 to consume six moles of sodium thiosulfate. The calculated molarities for the two
samples should agree to within 5 to 10%.

B. The Molar Solubility of Ca(IO3)2 in Pure Water

If you did not perform the standardization procedure in Part 1, record the exact concentration of
the nominal 0.15 M Na2S2O3 titrant. Fill a 1-mL microburet with the 0.15 M sodium thiosulfate
solution, taking care to expel all bubbles from the buret. Record the initial buret reading. Put 5

87

mL of deionized water in a 10- or 25-mL Erlenmeyer flask. Add 0.2 g KI and swirl to dissolve.
Record the temperature of the saturated calcium iodate solution.
Obtain a 5-mL sample of saturated calcium iodate solution in a 13 x 100 mm test tube. (If the
sample shows any visible solid particles it should be centrifuged to settle them to the bottom of
the tube.) Then pipet 1.00 mL of the saturated solution to the Erlenmeyer flask. (A 1.00-mL
serological pipet may be used or, if one is not available, weigh out
1.00 0.02 g (1 g = 1 mL) of sample directly into the Erlenmeyer flask, using a fine-tipped
polyethylene pipet to dispense the sample solution.) Then add 1 mL of 1 M HCl. The solution
should turn brown. Without delay, titrate the solution with sodium thiosulfate until the solution
is yellow. Then add 1 mL of 0.1% starch indicator; the solution should turn blueblack, the color
of the starch-iodine complex. Continue the titration until you get a sharp change from blue to a
colorless solution. Record the final buret reading. Repeat the titration procedure with a second
sample. The volumes should agree to within 5 to 10%. (A possible source of error is the air oxidation of I- to give I2. This will result in values that are too high if the solution is allowed to
stand for too long before it is titrated.)
Calculate the concentration of iodate ion in the sample of saturated solution (see Equation (21)).
The molar solubility of calcium iodate will be equal to one half the iodate concentration (see
Equations (7) and (8)). Calculate the solubility product constant for calcium iodate (see Equation
(10)).

C. The Molar Solubility of Calcium Iodate in

0.0100 M Potassium Iodate
Using the procedure described in part 2, titrate two 1.00-mL samples of the saturated solution
of Ca(IO3)2 in 0.0100 M KIO3. Record the temperature of the saturated solution. Record the
initial and final buret readings for each titration.
Calculate the total iodate concentration, as in part 2. Subtract 0.0100 M from the total
concentration to obtain the concentration of iodate ion that comes from dissolved calcium
iodate. Divide this result by 2 to obtain the molar solubility of calcium iodate. Is it smaller, as we
predicted from Le Chatelier's principle? Calculate the solubility product constant for calcium
iodate (see Equation (18)). Does the calculated value of Ksp agree with the value for Ksp calculated in part 2? Note that a 10% error in measuring the molar solubility will lead to a larger
error in the calculation of Ksp because Ksp depends on s3 which magnifies the error.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Ramette, R. W., "Chemical Equilibrium and Analysis," Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., Inc.,
Reading, MA, 1981, p. 109-112.

88

20

Sabun

AMA
Sabunun yapln renmek ve sabun rneindeki su yzdesini bulmak.

TEORK BLG
Yalarn alkali hidroksitleri ile hidrolizi sonucu oluan karboksilik asitlerin sodyum veya potasyum
tuzlarna sabun ve bu hidrolize sabunlama denir. Ya asitlerinin sodyum tuzu beyaz sabun,
potasyum tuzu ise yumuak sabun (arap sabunu) dur. Yalar, teorik miktardan biraz fazla alkali
hidroksit zeltisi ile uzun sre kaynatlarak veya su ile basn altnda yksek scaklkta stlarak
hidroliz edilir. Sabun yapmnda ya asitlerinin sodyum tuzlar, sodyum klorr ile ktrldkten
sonra geriye kalan sulu zeltide gliserin bulunur. Suyun buharlatrlmasyla gliserin elde edilir.
zeltiden ayrlan sabun birka kere su ile ykanarak tuzlardan temizlenir ve basn uygulanarak
kalplanr. Beyaz sabunda %60-70 sabun, %0.2-0.5 tuz ve %30 su vardr.

O
H2C

(CH2 )16

H2C

CH 3

OH

HC

C
O

(CH2)16

CH 3 + 3NaOH

H 2C

(CH2)16

CH 3

HC

H 2C

OH + 3 Na +O-

(CH 2)16

CH3

OH

Gliserin

Gliserin stearik asit triesteri

(Tristearin)

Stearik asit sodyum tuzu

Triailesteri (triailgliserol), bitkisel ve hayvansal yalardr. Oda scaklnda sv halde bulunan

triailgliserollere sv yalar; kat halde bulunanlara kat yalar ad verilir. ail grubu da ayn

89

olan triailgliseroller basit triailgliserollerdir. Ail gruplarnn farkl olduu triailgliseroller ise
kark triailgliserollerdir ve en yaygn olandr.
Bu deneyin ilk ksmnda hayvansal veya bitkisel bir ya (byk molekll esterler karm) ile
NaOH zeltisinin reaksiyonundan sabun elde edilecektir.
Deneyin ikinci ksmnda, sodyum stearat ierdii kabul edilen bir sabun rneindeki su yzdesi
belirlenecektir. Miktar bilinen bir sabun rnei, deriimi bilinen bir asidin belirli hacmiyle
kartrlacak ve stearat iyonunun hidronyum iyonu ile reaksiyona girmesiyle stearik asit
ktrlecektir. Daha sonra da hidronyum iyonunun ars deriimi bilinen bir baz ile titre
edilecektir. Bir mol stearat iyonu ile bir mol hidronyum iyonu reaksiyona girdii iin sabun ile
reaksiyona giren hidronyum iyonunun mol says orijinal rnekteki sodyum stearatn mol saysna
eit olacaktr. Sodyum stearatn molekl arlndan ve rnein orijinal ktlesinden rnekteki su
yzdesi hesaplanacaktr.

DENEYN YAPILII
A. Sabun elde edilmesi
250 mLlik behere 2 mL sv ya koyun ve zerine 20 mL 10 M NaOH ve 10 mL glikol
(HOCH2CH2OH, kaynama noktasnn ykselmesine ve yan znmesine yardmc olur) ilave
edin. Dk s da hafife kaynatn (sy arttrrsanz yanz yanabilir). Zaman zaman su ilave
ederek eksilen suyu tamamlayn. Karmda gzle grlebilen ya damlacklar kayboluncaya
(reaksiyon tamamlanncaya) kadar kaynatmaya devam edin. Karm soutun. 120 mL su ve 10
g NaCl ilave edin, iyice kartrn. Elde edilen sabunu beherden syrp aln. Bir ksmn bir tpe
aln ve suyla alkalayarak sabun olup olmadn test edin.

B. Sabundaki su yzdesinin bulunmas

2.0 g Sabun rneini tartn. Bir erlen iinde 20 mL suda starak zn ve sonra soumaya
brakn. 20 mL 1 M HCl zeltisini bir mezrden yava yava ve kartrarak ekleyin. kelme
tamamlanncaya kadar kartrmaya devam edin. Oluan kelei szerek ayrn ve birka kez
damtk su ile ykayn. Ykama sularn szntyle birletirin. Szntye birka damla fenolftalein
ekleyin ve reaksiyona girmeyen asidi 1 M NaOH ile titre edin.

DENEY VERLER ve HESAPLAMALAR

kinci ksmda kullanlan sabun rneinin ktlesi

..........................

Harcanan NaOH miktar

..........................

Sabun rneindeki su yzdesi

..........................

90

SORULAR
1.

Birinci ksmda sabun elde edilirken ortama neden NaCl ilave edildi? Aklaynz.

2.

Zeytin ya, susam ya, fndk ya ve soya yanda hangi ya asitleri bulunur? Aratrnz.
Ya asitleri arasndaki farkllklar aklaynz.

91

References

1.

Laboratory Experiments for Chemistry, John H. Nelson, Kenneth C. Kemp, Prentice-Hall Inc,
New Jersey, 7th edition, 1997.

2.

Chemistry in the Laboratory, Julian L. Roberts Jr, J. Leland Hollenberg, James M. Postma,
W.H. Freeman and Company, New York, 1st edition, 1997.

3.

Genel Kimya Laboratuvar Kitab, irin Glten, Beta Basm Yaym Datm A.., 1. Bask, 2006.

4.

Genel Kimya Laboratuvar Kitab, Jale Hacalolu, Orta Dou Teknik niv. 2006.

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