Diagram 3.1 shows cell P and cell Q undergoes one of the stages for two types of cell division. Rajah 3.1 menunjukkan sel P dan Q yang sedang menjalani salah saluperingkat di dalam dua pemoahagian se! yang berbeza, Rianeam 34 (2) (i) State the type of cell division shown in diagram 3.1 ‘Namakan jenis pambanagian sel sapeni yang altunjukean dalam rajan 3.1 (ii) State a function of the two cell divisions mentioned in (ai) |Nyatakan satu fungsi bagi setiap pempanagian sel yang dinyatakan oh eo Q: [2 marks} b. Diagram 3.2 shows a cell eycle. On the call cycle, label the stage shown by cell @ witha letter ¥ Flan 22 merunubhan sats har 9, Pads a trea Ibe pana yang unukan leh Interphase¢. Drawa daughter cel of cell P and Q after both cells have completed the cell division. in the boxes provided below. Lakarkan sal ansk bagi sel P dan O selepas kedua-dua sei selesai menjalani proses pembahagian sel di dalam kotak yang telah dsediakan. Cell P CallQ ‘SeiP ‘seid Ahmad hes been exposed to gamma rays which results in the failure of structure Ro be fomed. Explain the effects of this to the formation of the daughter cells of cell P. Ahmad telah terdedan kepada sinaran gamma yang menyebabkan struktur F gagal dinasixan. Terangkan kecannya keatas penghasilan eel-sel anak bagi sel P [3 marks]3(a)(i) | Able to state the type of cell division correctly Answer P: Meiosis Q: Mitosis (i)__ | Able to state one functional difference between the two cell divisions mentioned in (a)\i) Sample answer P: Meiosis is important in producing gametes Q: Mitosis is important in replacing dead // damaged cells // asexual reproduction // increasing the number of cells (growth) Interph Interts| 1(c) Able to draw 2 daughter cell of P and Q correctly Answer Or NOTE : Number of chromosome .n = 2. 1 The type (colour) of chromosomes CellQ NOTE : Number of chromosome .2n = 4. The type (colour) of chromosomes 1(d)__| Able to explain the effect if structure X fails to be formed F1: Structure X isthe spindle fibre 1 2: If sructure X fails to be formed, chromosomes cannot be pulled to the 1 opposite poles. P3 : This causes the reproductive cells to have either extra or less number of 1 3 chromosomes. 3 Diagram 3.1 shows three stages X, Y and Z in meiosis. [Rajah 3.1 menunjukkan tiga peringkat X.Y dan Z dalam meiosis} Diagram 3.1 (Rgjah3.1) (a) (i) Name stages X and Y. [Namakan peringkat X dan Y| R [2 marks] (ii) State two differences between chromosomal behaviour at X and Y.(ji) State two differences between chromosomal behaviour at X and Y. [Nyatakan dua perbezaan perlakuan kromosom di X dan Y] (b) (i) State the occurrence at Z. [Wyatakan kejaaian yang berlaku ai Z] [2 marks] (ii) The chromosome number in somatic cell of this organism is 12. State the chromosome number in each of the daughter cell in Z. Give a reason for your answer. [Bilangan kromosom dalam sel soma bagi organisma ini ialah 12. Nyatakan bilangan ‘Hromosom dalam setigp sel anak 2. Beran alasan anda](c) Diagram 3.2 shows the formation of zygote during fertilization. The sperm has 24 chromosomes after meiosis. [Rajah 3.2 menunjukkan pembentukan zigot semasa persenyawaan. Selepas meiesis ©) ‘Ovum sperma mempunyei 24 kromosom | Sperm ZYGOTE Zor | (OFFSPRING: “ANAK (i) Explain why the sperm has 24 chromosomes? [Torangkan mengapa sperma mempunyai 24 kromosom] (ii) Explain the genetic disease faced by offspring P? [Teranakan penyakit genetik yang dihidapi oleh anak P) [8 marks]3 (a)(i) Able to name stages X and Y . Answ Prophase | Y : Metaphase | (ii) Able to explain the differences in chromosomal behavior At X and Y. Sample Answer: Prophase | Metaphase 1 (Paired homologous (Paired homologous chromosomes) are arranged | chromosomes) are arranged randomly. on the metaphase plate / equatorial plane Spindle fibre doesnothold | Spindle fibre holds on the on the centromer of the centromer of the chromosomes. chromosomes. (The homologous (The homologous chromosomes paired and) | chromosomes paired) crossing over take place. _| crossing over does not take place. Any 2 (b)() Able to explain the occurrence at Z. : P1 : Four daughter cells formed 1 P2 : Each daughter cell has two chromosomes / haploid / n (ii) Able to state the chromosome number in the daughter cell and give reason for the answer. Answer: Six (chromosomes) Beason: (During meiosis) the daughter cell n receives half 1 The number of chromosome from the parent cell / 2n // Daughter cell haploid /n, daughter cell diploid / 2n (d)() Able to explain why the chromosomes contain 24 1 chromosomes. Sample answer: 1. Homologous chromosomes fail to separate equally 1 (during anaphase !) 2. due to exposure tomutagen // any example of mutagens} 1(a) ‘Abie to explain the genetic disease faced by the offspring. ‘Sample answer : 1 1. Offspring has 47 chromosomes 1 2. Down's Syndrome 1 3. Chromosome number 21 has three chromosome 1 4. Has short tongue / broad face // any suitable characteristic. 2 Any 2 Total 2 2 Diagram 2 shows a series of reaction. Process X is the formation of molecules Q, while process Y is the breakdown of polypeptide. [Rajah 2 menunjukkan satu si tnfakbalas. Proses X adalah pembentukan moleku!Q, manakala proses Y adalah penguraian polipeptia) Process X @°e@0 é Molecules @ ®. @0 od @% Molekul Q ° °§ O@ « A 0o08@e Molecules P MoiekulP Process Y Proses Y OC@COO0C0080 Polypeptide Polpepiida(a) Name molecules P and Q. INamakan molekul P dan moleku! Q,] Molecules P : [Motetu! P| Molecules Q [Moteku a [2marks] (b) Explain processes X and Y. [Terangkan proses X dan proses ¥.) (I) Process X [Froses xj [2 marks] (ii) Process Y [Proses Y} [2marks](c) The breakdown of polypeptide molecule to molecule Q through process Y occurs in human digestive system. [Pemecahan molekul polpepiida kepada molekul Q melalui proses Y berlaku dalam sistem pencemaan manusia.} (i) State one organ where process Y occurs. [Nyatakan satu organ dimana proses Y berleku.] i) Name one enzyme secreted by the organ which is needed in process Y, [Namakan satu enzim yarg alrembes olsh orgam tersebut yang dlperlukan dalam ‘preses ¥.] [2 marks] (d) Enzyme is used to wash away the blood stain on a shirt. Explain how the enzyme acts on the blood stain ata maximum rate. [Enzim digunakan untuk mencuci kesan darah yang terlekat pada baju. Terangkan bagamara erzim bertindak kealas kesan darah pada kadar maksimum| (e) Enzyme is made up of chains of polypeptide molecule. The Golgi apparatus in a living cell are malfunction. Explain the effect of the malfunction to the production of extracellular enzyme. [Enzim tertina dari rantaian molekul polipeptda. Alat Golgi dalam sel hidup gagal ‘berfungsi. Terangkan kesan kegagalanitu dalam penghasilan enzim lar sel]2 a) _| Able to name molecules P and Q. Answer: Molecules P : Amino acids Molecules Q: Dipeptides B)_| Able to explain processes X and Y. (o) (i) ‘Sample answer: Process X : * Condensation of amino acids / (molecules) P // (Two unit of) amino acids / (molecules) P combine / link and water (molecules) are released. "Peptide bond formed (between amino acids / P). Process Y * Hydrolysis of dipeptides / (molecules) Q // Dipeptides / Qis broken down by water (molecules). "Peptide bonds are broken down. Able to state the organ in which process Y occurs. Answer: "Stomach / lleum / Small intestine/duoderum ‘Able to name one enzyme neededin process Y. ‘Sample answer: * Pepsin /Erepsin/ Peptidase/ Trypsin / Protease Note: The enzyme named is related to the organ stated in (c)(i). (d) ‘Able to explain how to ensure the process Y ocous at a maximum rate in the washing of blood stain on a shirt Sample answer: * Use (warm) water with temperature of 37°C. * This is an optimum temperature for enzyme (activity) / Enzymes work best at this temperature. oR * Adda littie vinegar / acid (in the water) + Enzymes / pepsin work best in an acidic medium. oR = Add more soap / alkali solution (in the water) * Enzymes / trypsin / protease work best in an alkaline medium.‘Able to explain the effect of the malfunction of golgi apparatus. Sample answer: * Processing/ modifying’ packaging! sorting! transporting of the synthesised _protein_/_carbohydrates/_glycoproteins/ 1 phospholipids could not be carried out * Resulting thesynthesised protein! carbohydrates! glycoproteins are not able to be released out of the cell 1 |2 ‘through the plasma membrane. TOTAL 12 Diagram 2 shows how Adenosine triphosphate molecules (ATP molecules) are produced and utilized during cell metabolism. Glucose + oxygen Sone x ATP synthetase A-P-P4P Enerey y(a) (i) Name the process labeled X.. Namakan proses yang berlabel X Kae {1 mark] (ii) Name the organelle in the cell that is able to synthesise ATP molecules Namakan organel di dalam sel yang boleh mensintesiskan ATP. [1 mark] (b) Based on Diagram 2, explain how AIP molecules are produced in the cells. Berdasarkan rajah 2, terangkan bagaimana molekul ATP di bentukkan. (c) State the uses of ATP molecules in the following cells : (i) Root hair cells of plants (Gi) Neurones in the brain [2 marks] (d)(@)_ Explain why aerobic respiration in the muscle cells generates 38 molecules of ATP for every glucose molecule but anaerobic respiration only generates 2 molecules of ATP for every glucose molecule.i) ay) di) (b) () (avi) Heavy-metal ions such as mercury, silver, arsenic and lead are toxic substances which are harmful to the cells and at high concentrations can lead to the death of an organism. Explain the above statement based on your biological knowledge on enzyme action . X: Respiration / aerobic respiration / cellular respiration 1 Mitochondria 1 2 Able to explain how ATP are formed based on diagram. ‘Sample answer * Oxidation of glucose molecule during cellular respiration 1 + Energy released used to form bond between ADP and 1 inorganic phosphates ‘+ Reaction catalysed by ATP synthetase 1 3 Able to state the uses of ATP moicules } ‘Sample answer : Root hair cells: * Release energy for active transport of mineral salts from the soil into the cell sap. the Sou into tne cell sap. | Fai | Neurones: + Release energy for the synthesis of neurotransmitters Able to explain the difference in number of ATP molecules Sample lanswer: Aerobic respiration: F: All available energy stored in glucose molecule are released 4 E1: Glucose molecule is completely oxidized by oxygen i E2: Carbon dioxide and water are produced as waste products |.) 2 y Anaerobic respiration: F: Much energy still trapped in the lactic acid molecule 1 E14: Glucose molecule not completely broken down in absence of | 1 2 oxygen(d)(ii)_ | Able to relate effect of toxic substances on enzyme action ‘Sample answer: F: Enzyme in!’ s/ stop enzyme action / stop chemical 1 reactions ince »talysed by enzymes E:Cause dena tion of enzyme / change shape of active site/ 1 change shape -nzyme molecule 2 Diagram 2.1 shows the biochemical processes invoive molecule K, ‘enzyme L and molecule M occur in organ X and organ Y. Rajah 2.1. menunjukkan proses biokimia yang melibatkan molekul K, enzim L dan molekul M yang berlaku ai dalam organ X dan organ Y. Muscle cells Organ x pian hepatic portal vein Tf & M = L T T $08 Enzyme L Diagram 2.1(a)(i) Name organ X and organ Y. Namakan organ X dan organ ¥. Organ X : Organ Y : [2 marks] (ii) Name molecule K, molecule Mand enzyme L. Namakan molekul K, molekul M dan Enzim L. Molecule K / molekul K : Molecule M/ molekul M : Enzyme L / enzim L [3 marks] (b) State two characteristics of enzyme L based on Diagram 2.1. Nyatakan dua ciri enzim L berdasarkan Rajah 2.1. [2 marks] (©) Molecules M are transported from organ Y to muscle cells. Explain why molecule M is needed in muscle cells. Molekul M diangkut dari Organ Y ke sel-sel otot. Terangkan kenapa moiekul M diperiukan di dalam sel-sel oiot. [3 marks] (4) Explain the importance of forming glycogen. Terangkan kepentingan pembentukan glikogen.2 Diagram 2.1 shows the action of enzyme maltase on substrate P. Rajah 2.1 menunjukkan tindakan enzim maltase ke atas substrat P. Enzyme Enzyme maliase maltase Enzim Enzim maltase maltase Diagram 2.4 Rajah 2.1 (a) Name molecules P and Q. Namakan molekul P dan Q. P Q [2 marks| [2 markah) {b) (i) The action of enzyme maltase on substrate P is specific. Explain this statement Tindakan enzim maltase ke atas substrat P adalah spesifik. Terangkan pernyataan ini. (ii) Based on Diagram 2.1, state two other characteristics of enzyme maltase. Berdasarkan Rajah 2.1, nyatakan dua ciri enzim maltase yang lain. 1 [2 marks) [2 markah)(c) When a sliced apple is exposed to air, an enzyme in the apple starts a chemical reaction which cause the apple turning brown. Diagram 2.2 shows the observation made on a sliced apple before and after atreatment as follows: Part R: Soaked in an alkali Part S: Soaked ina distilled water Atter 30 minutes Selepas 30 minit @ Based on Diagram 2.2, explain your observation. Berdasarkan Rajah 2.2, terangkan pemerhatian anda. [3 marks} [8 markah] (ii) Explain another treatment to avoid sliced apples from turning brown. Terangkan satu rawatan lain untuk mengelakkan potongan epal bertukar perang.(@)__ | Able toname molecules P and Q. 2 Answer: + P:maltose 1 * Q: glucose 1 ©) i) | Abie to explain the statement, The action of enzyme mallase on 2 substrate P is specitic. ‘Sample answers: * Enzyme maltase only acts on (substrate) P // One enzyme only} 1 acts on one substrate only. * The active site (of the enzyme) is specific to certain substrate. 1 {if)_[ Able to state two other characteristics of enzyme maltase. 2 ‘Sample answers: * Enzyme molecule is not destroyed by the reaction. 1 + Enzyme is needed in small quantity 1 + Enzyme can catalyse a reversed reaction. 1 Any2]} 2 (OW | Able to explain the observation based on Diagram 22. 3 ‘Sample answers: = The apple Part R remains the same but Part S turns brown /black. | 1 * Alkali (medium / condition) is not suitable for the enzyme. 1 = Neutral (medium / condition) is suitable for the enzyme. 1 * Enzyme is denatured / destroyed by the alkali // The alkali] 1 neutralises / change the charges on the active sites of the enzyme W/ The enzyme cannot catalyse / start the chemical reaction / oxidation process /no oxidation in Part R. (i) | Able to explain another treatment to avoid sliced apples from turning 3 brown. Sample answers: * Soak the apple in warm / hot water 1 + Enzymes are destroyed / denatured by heat 1 + No chemical reaction / oxidation process i oR oR + Soak in hydrochloric acid / pineapple juice 1 + Enzymes are destroyed / denatured by low pH 1 + No chemical reaction / oxidation process 1 OR OR * Coat the sliced apple in sugar / oil 1 + Enzymes are not exposed to air / oxygen 1 * No chemical reaction / oxidation process 1