A substance that reduced

REDOX Chemical reaction where oxidation and reduction occur simultaneously A sub
stance that oxidized
another substance
another substance
Oxidation (act as reducing agent) Gain oxygen Loss Hydrogen Loss electron Increa
se Oxd. No
Reduction (act as oxidizing agent) Loss oxygen Gain Hydrogen Gain electron Decre
ase Oxd. No CuO + H2 ---> H2O
2Mg + O2 ---> 2MgO H2S + Cl2 ---> HCl + S Na ---> Na+ + e Zn + CuSO4 ---> ZnSO4
+ Cu
(0) (+2) EXAMPLE 1
Br2 + 2HI ---> 2HBr + I2 Cl2 + 2e 2ClZn + CuSO4 ---> ZnSO4 + Cu
(+2) (0)
Magnesium is oxidized (gain of oxygen) Oxidation Mg Reducing agent Mg is reducin
g agent as it causes CuO to be reduced. + CuO MgO Reduction +
Oxidising agent Cu is oxidising agent as it causes Mg to be oxidized. Cu
Rule 1 the oxidation number for atom and molecule is zero Example: Mg, Ca, C, Cu
, Zn, Cl2, O2, H2
Copper(II) oxide is reduced (loss of oxygen)
Rule 2 The sum of oxidation number of all elements in polyatomic ions is equal t
o the charge of the ions Example:
NH4+ +1 SO42-2 MnO4-1 Cr2O72-2
EXAMPLE 1 Na Na+ + e (loss electron) Oxidation 2Na + Cl2 2NaCl NaCl is an ionic
compound. It exist as Na+ ions and Clions
Rule 3 The sum of oxidation numbers of all elements in the compound is zero Exam
ple:
H2SO4 0 KMnO4 0 SO2 0 K2Cr2O7 0
Reduction Cl2 + 2e 2Cl- (gain electron)
Calculate the oxidation numbers for the underlined elements. (ii) S2O32- [polyat
omic ion] 2(x) + 3(-2) = -2 2x - 6 = -2 x = (-2 + 6) /2 2+ 3+ x Type 1: Redox re
action involves Fe ion and ion Fe ion = +2 Thus; Oxidation number of S in SO2 Th
us; = +4 Oxd. number of S in S2O32- = +2 (i) SO2 [compound] 1(x) + 2(-2) = 0 x 4 = 0 x = +4
Rule 4 the oxidation number for monoatomic ion is equal to its charge Example: H
+ Fe2+ Cr3- O2- N3+1 +2 -1 -2 -3

Oxidation (loss e-) Reducing agent Fe2+ Fe3+ Oxd. agent Reduction (gain e-)
Others oxidizing agents that can replaced bromine water: - Chlorine water, Cl2 Acidified potassium manganate(VII), KMnO4 - Acidified potassium dichromate(VI),
Others reducing agents that can replaced zinc: - Magnesium, Mg - Sulphur dioxide
, SO2 - Hydrogen sulphide, H 2S - Sodium sulphide solution, Na2SO3
Change of iron (II) ions to iron (III) ions Observation Iron (II) solution chang
e colour from green to brown FeSO4 Bromine water oxidizes Fe2+ ions to Fe3+ ions
Causing Fe2+ release one electron Fe2+ Fe3+ + e (Oxidation) Fe acts as reducing
agent because it reduced Br2 to Br2+
Observation Brown colour of bromine water decolourised.
Bromine water
Electron released are accepted by bromine molecules Its undergo reduction to for
m bromide ions, BrBr2 + 2e Br(reduction) Br2 acts as oxidizing agent because it
oxidized Fe2+ to Fe3+ ions
Ionic equation: 2Fe2+ + Br2 Fe3+ + BrChange of iron (III) ions to iron (II) ions Observation Zn powder dissolved in s
olution Fe2(SO4)3 Observation Iron (III) solution change colour from brown to gr
een
Zinc powder Fe2(SO4)3
Zinc atom lose electrons to Fe3+ Its undergo oxidation to form zinc ions, Zn2+ Z
n Zn2+ + 2e(oxidation) Zinc acts as reducing agent because it reduced Fe3+ to Fe
2+ ions 2Fe3+
Zinc powder reduced Fe3+ ions to Fe2+ ions Fe3+ accept one electron from Zinc Fe
3+ + e Fe2+ (Reduction) Fe3+ acts as oxidising agent because it oxidized Zn to Z
n2+
Ionic equation: + Zn 2Fe2+ +Zn2+

Type 2: Displacement of metal from its salt solution Observation: Metal dissolve
/become thinner Metal X + Salt Y Observation: Metal dissolve /become thinner Sa
lt X + Metal Y
K Na Ca Mg Al Zn Fe Sn Pb H Cu Ag Au
MORE ELECTROPOSITIVE More a electropositive metal will displace a metal less ele
ctropositive metal from its solution
The copper(II) ions are taken out from the solution to form copper metal . Cu2+
(aq) + 2e Cu (s) Copper(II) ions are reduced. The blue colour of copper(II)sulph
ate solution fades.
Ionic Equation: Mg + Cu2+
Mg2+ + Cu
Zinc is more electropositive than copper ( zinc is in higher position than coppe
r in electrochemical series). Zinc displaced copper from copper(II) sulphate sol
ution. Zn(s) Zn2+(aq) + 2e Zinc is oxidised
Type 3: Displacement Halogen from its halide solution A more reactive halogen di
splaces a less reactive halogen from its aqueous halide solution. F2 Cl2 Br2 I2
The more reactive halogen has a higher tendency to gain electron. F2 Cl2 Br2 I2
LESS ELECTRONEGATIVE /REACTIVE
Chlorine water Potassium bromide Chlorine act as oxidizing agent Chlorine underg
o reduction Cl2 + 2KBr 2KCl + Br2
Bromine water Potassium bromide Bromine act as oxidizing agent Bromine undergo r
eduction Br2 + 2KI 2KBr + I2
Bromine water Potassium bromide
Br2 + 2KI
2KBr + I2
Bromine ion undergo oxidation Potassium bromide act as reducing agent Observatio
n: Yellow solution of chlorine decolorized Colourless solution of potassium brom
ide turn to brown
Iodide ion undergo oxidation Potassium iodide act as reducing agent Observation:
Brown solution ofbromine decolorized Colourless solution of potassium bromide t
urn to brown
Bromine cannot displace chlorine from sodium chloride Bromine is less electroneg
ative than chlorine